EE 2092 LABORATORY PRACTICAL III

PRACTICAL 04 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

CONDUCTED BY : MRS. G.N.T. SILVA GROUP MEMBERS: D.U.I. PERERA P.W.P.C. PETHIYAGODA L.G.H.M. PRABHANI NAME INDEX NO FIELD GROUP DATE OF PER DATE OF SUB : W.H.K. PATHUM : 090366G : EE : G 10 : 15-10-2010 : 29-10-2010

Theoritical and measured voltage distribution in uniformly loaded distributor

230 225 220 215

Voltage (V)

210 205 200 195 190 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

O/S Observed Value O/S Theoretical Value 90V Observed Value 90V Theoretical Value

Section

Voltage distribution for the three lines in uniformly loaded radial distributor
226 224 222 220

Voltage (V)

218 216 214 212 210 208 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Model 1 Model 4 Model 5

Section

Voltage distribution in uniformly loaded ring main distributor

250

200

150

Voltage (V)

Without the tie line With the tie line 100

50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Section

CALCULATIONS Maximum percentage drop of voltage Without the tie line

225174.75 x 100 = 22.33 % 225

With the tie line

225199.5 x 100 = 11.33 % 225

DISCUSSION

1) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of radial and ring distribution systems. Radial Distribution Advantages Low expanding cost Low initial cost Low maintenance cost Simple More useful when the generation is at a low voltage More suitable when the sub-station is at the centre of the load Disadvantages The higher it is from the feeding point the higher the voltage drop is. Far end consumers will experience a significant voltage fluctuation time to time depending on the load of the other consumers In case of a maintenance the whole consumers in the branch will not be supplied power.

Ring Distribution

Advantages Voltage drop along the distribution is less In case of maintenance only the relevant section will get affected while other sections remained powered More than one distributor can contribute Significant voltage drops and fluctuations can be avoided using a tie line

Disadvantages High initial cost High maintenance cost Complicated

2) Discuss the methods that can be used to improve voltage profile in a distribution system. To improve the voltage profile, we can use capacitor banks. If it is a radial distribution feeding at both ends or rearranging the system so that the junction is placed near to the minimum voltage point and by supplying to the junction, voltage profile can be increased. Rearranging the system to a ring distribution with sub stations nearby is another way to increase the voltage profile. Placement of small step-up transformers at points far away from the feeding point will also help to compensate the voltage drop and thus increase the voltage profile.

3) What are the allowable limits for distribution voltage and frequency in Sri Lanka? Voltage Frequency 230V 6% (216.2V 243.8V) 50Hz 1% (49.5Hz 50.5Hz)

4) In distribution systems both underground cables and overhead lines are used. Compare and contrast the two options. Underground cables High initial cost cannot be reached easily by people. So much safer Not exposed to bad weather. So last long and low maintenance and that result in low maintenance cost low interference with communication systems fault finding is hard cannot be used over long distance due to shunt capacitance Overhead lines Low initial cost Easy to extend and distribute power to houses Although there are frequent maintenances the cost is low Can be used over long distances due to low shunt capacitance Easy to figure out faults Expose to bad weather and natural effects such as lightening and result in less life time Cause interference with communication lines.