Water and Solutions Unit Notes

Spring 2012

Polarity
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. Therefore: Oxygen pulls the electrons in the bond closer and has a partial negative charge. Hydrogen is left with a partial positive charge. As you will see, polarity explains all the unique properties of water!

Polar vs. Non-polar

Polar has (+) side and (-) side Non-polar - electrons are distributed more symmetrically Oil (non-polar) and water (polar) don t mix LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE Polar + Polar = DISSOLVES Nonpolar + Nonpolar = DISSOLVES Polar + Nonpolar = DOESN T DISSOLVE (oil and H2O)

2. Cohesion
water forms hydrogen bonds (stick) with other water molecules

Cohesion causes High Surface Tension ( skin on surface of water)

Requires energy to break hydrogen bonds, so surface sticks together

droplets form skin can support weight

3. Adhesion
water sticks to other substances, too

Adhesion causes Capillary Action

movement of water within the spaces of a porous material

4. Density
Ice floats (less dense than water) Lakes freeze on the surface, not on the bottom Coke explodes in freezer because water molecules expand when frozen

5. High heat capacity

water is resistant to temperature change requires more heat energy to raise the temperature of water than almost any other substance

Relevant Temperature Range

* only natural substance found in all three states (liquid, solid, and gas) at temps normally found on Earth

Solutions and Dissolving Rate

Parts of a Solution
solute: what is dissolved in another substance solvent: a fluid that dissolves another substance

How does salt dissolve?

The green and blue magnets in your water kit represent table salt (NaCl)
Notice they stick together

Split them up and mix each one with the water molecules. What happens?

Magnets surround the salt

The blue magnet is surrounded by oxygens and the green magnet is surrounded by hydrogens. Think-Pair-Share: Which color is Na? Which color is Cl? How do you know?

Solutions
Solute is surrounded by solvent It is evenly distributed (homogenous) Exist in every phase

Water is the Universal Solvent

Water is a Universal Solvent

Think-Pair-Share: Where have you heard the term universal before? What does it mean?

universal - of all existing things solvent - substance that can dissolve another substance

Universal solvent

Almost everything will dissolve in water

Polar molecules Ionic compounds (salts) Proteins and other biomolecules

Happens because water is polar

To Dissolve Faster
Increase hits between molecules 1. Heat the solvent water molecules move faster 2. Make solute smaller more surface area is exposed 3. Stir brings solute to solvent

How much will dissolve?

Changes with temperature more solid dissolves in heated solvent - Ex. sugar in tea Saturated - maximum amount is dissolved Solubility the amount of solute that will dissolve in the solvent (g/100mL of water)

Solubility

Solubility Review
You will need to get out your Solubility Note-taker, and check your responses.

Solubility
Definition: Amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific volume of solvent under certain conditions

Units of Solubility
X grams of solute per 100 grams of solvent Solubility must be reported at a given temperature!

How much will dissolve?

A saturated solution!

The solubility of a substance stops when the system reaches equilibrium Saturated - maximum amount of solute has dissolved Unsaturated - more solute can still be dissolved

Like Dissolves Like

miscible: Two liquids that can be dissolved in each other Example: ethanol and water immiscible: Two liquids that cannot be dissolved in each other
Example : oil and vinegar

Polar dissolves polar and nonpolar dissolves nonpolar.

Solubility Curves
Represents the amount of solute that will dissolve at different temperatures Different for each solute/solvent

Solubility Basics
For most solids, solubility increases with:
volume of solvent temperature
Which of these lines might represent a typical GAS?

For most GASES, solubility:

decreases with temperature

Gases and Solubility

PONDER: As you heat a solution of a gas in a liquid, the dissolved gases will start to bubble out. Think about a soda bottle left uncapped on a hot day it would go flat pretty quickly!

Gases and Solubility (contd.)

Increased PRESSURE can lead to more gas solute molecules in solution (higher solubility) For example, a soda goes flat when it is not kept at pressure

Gas Solubility and The Bends

Deep sea divers may experience a condition called the "bends" if they do not readjust slowly to the lower pressure at the surface. As a result of breathing compressed air and being subjected to high pressures caused by water depth, the amount of nitrogen dissolved in blood and other tissues increases. If the diver returns to the surface too rapidly, the nitrogen forms bubbles in the blood as it becomes less soluble due to a decrease in pressure. The nitrogen bubbles can cause great pain and possibly death.

Colligative Properties

What is a colligative property? (Definition)

Differences between a solution and the original solvent
due to the presence of solute particles depend only on the number of particles dissolved in a given mass of solvent

3 Main Colligative Properties:

1. Vapor-pressure lowering 2. Boiling-point elevation 3. Freezing-point depression

1. Vapor-Pressure lowering
Vapor pressure - exerted by vapor (gas) on its liquid in a closed system vapor pressure is INDIRECTLY proportional to amount of solute

2. Boiling-Point Elevation
difference in boiling point of solvent and solution solution needs more kinetic energy to boil

3. Freezing-point depression
difference in freezing point of solvent and solution solids have orderly pattern solutes disrupts pattern, so harder to freeze

Concentration of Solutions

Units for Concentration

Molarity is the most common concentration unit. It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per Liter of solution Molarity (M) = moles of solute liters of solution

Dilute vs. Concentrated Solutions

A dilute solution is one that contains only a low concentration of solute A concentrated solution contains a high concentration of solute

Making Dilutions
You can make a solution less concentrated by diluting it with solvent All you need are beakers, a graduated cylinder and more solvent (water)!

Making Dilutions
Moles of solute = M1 x V1 = M2 x V2 M = Molarity (moles/L) V = volume (L) 1 = initial solution 2 = final solution Concentration x Volume of 1 = Concentration x Volume of 2