C4008-GEOTECHNICS 2

LECTURE :

KHAIRUL AZMAN BIN MD YUSOF

CONTINUOUS EVALUATION (CE) A. ASSIGNMENT/TUTORIAL - 30% B. QUIZ - 20% C. TEST 50% FINAL EXAMINATION (FE) 50% - 6 QUESTIONS (ANSWER 4 QUESTIONS)

TOPIK
1. RESIPAN (seepage) 2. TEKANAN SISI TANAH (lateral earth pressure) 3. KESTABILAN CERUN (slope stability) 4. PENGUKUHAN (consolidation)

BAB 1 RESIPAN (SEEPAGE)

CERUCUK KEPING (SHEET PILE)

EMPANGAN TANAH (EARTH DAM)

EMPANGAN KONKRIT (CONCRETE DAM)

RESIPAN (SEEPAGE)
DEFINITION:
Seepage can be defined as the flow of water through the soil mass. It can occur because of the existence of soil permeability.

RESIPAN (SEEPAGE)

Garis aliran (Flow lines)

The path or paths followed by water particles when seepage occurs

Garis sama upaya (Equipotential lines) Lines connect the dots with the same pressure head height on the flow line

Jaringan aliran (Flow Net)

Flow net is a series of squares produced by the intersection between the flow lines and equipotential lines with the same line of effort Is also strips the water flowing through a material, and drawn in scale It consists of the flow line and equipotential line

Kegunaan Jaringan Aliran (Flow Net)

i. kadar kehilangan air ii. tekanan resipan. iii. tekanan berkesan dalam pengiraan kestabilan tanah
Kesemua nilai-nilai ini amat diperlukan untuk menentukan kawasan merbahaya di dalam atau di bawah binaan dan sebagai kawalan terhadap kestabilan struktur hidraulik.

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

a) KADAR ALIR RESIPAN, Q @ q (seepage flow @ discharge of diffusion)

Q = k H Nf/Ne
Di mana ; k = Pekali keboleh telapan tanah (coefficient of permeability) H = perbezaan tekanan antara bahagian hulu dengan bahagian hilir cerucuk atau empangan Nf = bilangan garisan jalur aliran (flow lines) Ne = bilangan garisan jalur sama upaya. (equipotential lines)

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

b) TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) (pore water pressure)

U = hw x Kw
di mana : hw = tinggi turus piezometer dari titik yang dicari. (hw = h - z) h = kehilangan keupayaan/turus pada titik yang di cari (h = H Nx/Ne) z = tinggi titik (point) yang dicari dari datum. Ambil datum dari hilir.

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

c) Kecerunan hidraul (i) (hidraulic gradient)

i
di mana : (h (s = = H / Ne jarak antara dua garis sama upaya yang terakhir.

= h / s

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

d) Kecerunan hidraul genting (ic) (critical hidraulic gradient)

ic = K ' / Kw
di mana : K ' = Ksat - Kw Kw = berat unit air, 9.81 kN/m3

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

e) Daya resipan (Ps) (seepage pressure)

Ps
di mana : h Kw = = H - H Nx/Ne berat unit air, 9.81 kN/m3

h. Kw

PENGIRAAN KADAR KEHILANGAN AIR (KADAR ALIR RESIPAN), TEKANAN AIR LIANG (U) , KECERUNAN HIDRAUL (I), DAYA RESIPAN DAN FAKTOR KESELAMATAN.

f) Faktor keselamatan, F (factor of safety)

F
di mana : K' Hm Kw d = = = = Ksat - Kw H Nx/Ne berat unit air, 9.81 kN/m3 kedalaman cerucuk

K d Hm K w

example 1

The figure shows a sheet pile digging pieces of the lining of the sand. Upstream water level is 1.5 m from the surface. Coefficient of Permeability of the sand is 12.5 x 10-3 mm / s, sketch the flow net (scale) and calculate a. seepage flow in m3/day/m long b. pore water pressure A

FLOW NET

Diberi :

K = 1950 kg/m
k = 12.5x10 mm/s

Kadaralir resipan dalam unit m/hari/m pjg H = 4m K = 12.5x10 mm/s (1m/1000mm) (3600s/1jam) K = 0.045 m/j Daripada graf didapati : Nf = 4, Ne = 10, NA = 2.6 Q = KH (Nf/Ne) Q = (0.045)(4)(4/10) = 0.072 m/j Q = 0.072 (m/j) (24j/1hari) (1m pjg) Q = 1.728 m/hari/m pjg

Tekanan air liang pada titik A Up = hw x K

w

= [ ( h z )] ( K w ) Dapatkan : h = H (NA/Ne) = (4) (2.6 / 10) = 1.04 Z = - 1.5 m Up = hw x K

w

= [ 1.04 (-1.5) ] (9.81) = 24.92 KN/M

example 2 From the figure below, A. Draw the Top Flow Lines B. Find the quantity of seepage in unit m3 / day / metre and pore water pressure at point R.

10 m 2m 10 m

14m

1 1.5 k = 10-5 mm/s

X R 1 1.5 filter

8m

3m

Penyelesaian : k = 10-5 mm/s x 86400 s hari -4 m/hari = 8.64 x 10

1 m 1000 mm

Q = kH Nf Nd = 8.64 x 10-4 (14) x 4 8 = 7.56 x 10-3 m3/hari/m panjang Turus tekanan pada titik R hR = NR H Nd = 1.6 (14) 8 = 4.55 m Tekanan air liang pada titik R UR =
w

(ZR) hR

= 9.81 x ( 10 4.55 ) = 53.46 KN/m2

CONTOH 2

Keratan empangan yang ditunjukkan didalam rajah di atas terletak diatas tanah tak isotropik. Pekali kebolehtelapan tanah ialah 1.37 x 10-10 mm/s. Tentukan kuantiti resipan dibawah empangan dalam unit m3/hari.

jawapan
Tukarkan unit , K = 1.37x10 mm/s K = 1.37x10 mm/s (1m/1000mm)(3600s/1j) K = 4.93x10 m/j

Daripada graf didapati :

Nf = 3,

Ne = 7, H = 20

Kuantiti resipan = kadaralir resipan Q = kH ( Nf/Ne) Q = (4.93X10 ) (20)(3/7) = 4.23X10 m/jam Q = 4.23X10 (m/j) (24j/1hari) = 1.02x10 m/hari