JAVA Developer Guide WWW - Nyinaymin

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JAVA Developer Guide

1.3 S
tatements Expression and Operators
Statements
Statements and Expression
d mu JAVA Programming Language
Statements qkw
rSmomru Programming Language wkdif;rSmvkdvkd yg0ifyg
w,f/ tajccHoabmw&m;uawmh twlwlygyJ/ 'Dtcef;

u@rSmqkd&if vufeJYcswGuf&r,fhtykdif;awG run vkyfNyD; avh
vm&r,fh sample code awG? Listing awG yg0ifrIenf;NyD;
xyfcgwvJvJ usurf w
S zf wf&I r,fh theory oabmw&m;awG
yJ yg0ifwmrdYk pepfwus zwfrw
S Nf yD; avhvmrSomvQif JAVA
Language ukd wu,fwwfajrmufrSmjzpfygw,f/ uJ Statements qkdwm bmvJqkdwmudk atmufrSm &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
avhvmvkdufygOD;/
JAVA Language rSm Statements awGukd atmufyg
twkdif; trsKd;tpm;cGJvkdufvkdY &ygw,f/
Control Statements
Evaluates Statements (expression)
Null Statements
uJ 'Dacgif;pOfawGudk wpfckcsif;pD avhvmMuwmaygh/

atmufrSm Control Statements taMumif;upNyD; avhvm
vkdufygOD;/
Control S
tatements
Statements
Control Statements qkdwmuawmh uRefawmf a&SUrSm
oifMum;ay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/ if, else-if, case, for, while, whiledo, break, continue pwJh control structure awGukd tok;H jyK
NyD; a&;om;&wJh statements awGudk ac:wmyg/ 'D statements awG[m program flow ukd xde;f csKyf&mrSm t"dutok;H
jyKygw,f/ OyrmtaeeJY ajym&&ifawmh

if (jzpfcr
hJ o
S mvQif)
> 'Dtvkyfudkvkyf/
while ( pOfrSm )
> { 'Dtvkyfudk vkyf/ }
pojzifhaygh/ Program flow udk xdef;csKyfw,fqkdwmuawmh
if (jzpfcJhrSomvQif)wkdY? while (pOfrSm)qkdwJh control structure awGaMumifhrjzpfcJhvQif escape jzpfNyD; aemufwpfaMumif;
udk qif;oGm;wmwkdY block tjyifukd xGufoGm;atmifwkdY &nf
&G,fNyD; a&;om;tokH;jyK&wJhtwGuf control statement vkdY
190
ac:wmyg/ Listing 1.3 u pNyD;awmh a&;jyxm;ygw,f/

aemuf chapter eJY Listing awGrSmvnf; xnfhoGif;a&;om;
&Si;f jyOD;rSmyg/ Exam; awGrmS objective type taeeJY ar;vm
cJh&if ajzqkdEkdifatmifvkdY control statements qkdwm bmvJ
qkdwmudk aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jy&wmyg/ vkdtyf&if Listing
1.3 u pNyD;awmh jyefavhvmMunfhyg/ uJ atmufrSm evaluates (expression) statements ukd &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ avh
vmvdkufygOD;/
Evaluates (expression) Statements
Expression qkdwmuawmh a&SUu Listing awGudk avh
vmcJNh yD;&if tac:ta0: rpdr;f avmufygbl;/ tvG,af jym&&if

d m program udk tvkyf qufvyk o
f if^h
awmh expression qkw
d w
f pfa'o
rvkyo
f ifu
h kd pdppfwhJ control statement &JU wpfpw
vkdY ajym&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/ uJ em;vnfoGm;atmif atmuf
rSm a&;jyxm;wmudk avhvmMunfhyg/
sample
if(marks = >40)
System.out.println
("PASS!");
expression
statements
control statements
if udk tokH;jyKNyD;a&;xm;wJh 'D control statements xJ

h Qiq
f w
dk hJ expression yg0ifyg
rSm marks [m 40 eJY nDchJ BuD;cJv
w,f/ 'D expression av; rSefrSomvQif aemufu statements udk tvkyfqufvkyfvkdY&rSmr[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh expression statements ukd Evaluates Statement vkdYvnf;
ac:a0:wmaygh/
Note: Expression awGudk a&;wJhtcgrSm program pwif
hJ hJ constant, variable, array pwm
a&;pOfrSm declare vkycf w
awGudk operator awGeJY csdwfqufa&;om;&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/
Oyrm tay:rSma&;jycJhwJh sample code rSmqkd&if marks ukd
int date type ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh aMunmcJ&
h rSmyg/ 'D marks
ukd Relational operator jzpfwJh Greater Than or Equals
Sign udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh rSefrrSef ppfaq;wmr[kwfvm;/
'gukd test expression vkyfw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ uJ 'gqkd&if
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awmh expression statements taMumif;udk em;vnf oabm
aygufoGm;avmufygNyD/
Null S
tatement (the do nothing operator)
Statement
d muawmh program flow udk xde;f
Null Statements qkw
csKyfxm;wJh control statements awGudk &yfem;oGm;apwJh
a&;om;enf;ygyJ/ trSefuawmh semicolon(;) udk pepfwus
tokH;jyKjcif;ygyJ/ semicolon (;) qkdwm JAVA Language
rSm program code ukd wpfaMumif;a&;om;NyD;wkdif; end sign
tjzpf a&;om;ay;&ayr,fh Null Statements tjzpf a&;om;
vkdYvnf; &ygw,f/ uJ atmufrSmavhvmvkdufygOD;/

sample
if (SomeValue<10 );// null statement
SomeValue = 10;
'D code &JU t"dym,fuawmh SomeValue [m 10 xuf

i,fcJh&ifqkdwJh test expression ukd if control structure
ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ SomeValue [m
10 xuf i,fw,fqw
dk meJY wpfNydKifeuf atmufwpfaMumif;udk
f ufvyk yf gw,f/
qif;oGm;NyD; SomeValue [m 10 eJYyJ tvkyq
f ufvyk af eoa&GU
atmufrmS yg0ifwhJ code-Line awGukd tvkyq
awmh SomeValue udk 10 taeeJYyJ Set vkyNf yD; wGucf sufomG ;
awmhrSmyg/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh if Statement [m expression aemufrmS a&;xm;wJh Semicolon (;) udak wGUwmeJY tvkyf
vkyfEkdifpGrf;r&SdawmhbJ terminate jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ tvkyfquf
vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Sad wmhbeJ YJ atmufwpfaMumif;udk qif;vm&ygNyD/
'Dvjdk zpfatmifa&;wmudk Null Statements enf;eJYa&;w,fvYdk
ac:ovkd do-nothing operator eJY a&;w,fvkdYvnf; ac:yg
w,f/ tay:u sample ukd aemufwpfrsKd;a&;jyygOD;r,f/
avhvmvkdufygOD;/
sample
if (SomeValue<10) // test
;
// do-nothing
SomeValue = 10;
// assign
if statement [m tay:qkH;pmaMumif;rSmawmh control

vkyfNyD; test expression vkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdayr,fh aemufwpf
aMumif;udk a&mufwJhtcgrSmawmh Semicolon(;) ukd awGUwJh
tcgrSm do-nothing operator taeeJY a&;xm;wmjzpfwJh
twGuf tvkyfvkyfEkdifpGrf;r&SdawmhbJeJY atmufrSma&;xm;wJh

code ukd qufqif;vm&ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm SomeValue &JU
wefzkd;[m tay:rSm b,favmufyJjzpfcJhjzpfcJh SomeValue
= 10 vkYd assign vkyf aMunmvkdufygw,f/ aemufxyf quf
wGufcsufaeoa&GU 'Dwefzkd;ukdomvQif tajccHNyD; wGufcsuf
oGm;awmhrmS yg/ tay:u sample eJY atmufu sample code

[m twlwyl gyJ/ uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh Null Statement taMumif;
udk em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;avmufygNyD/ Statements eJY
Expression taMumif;udk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;NyD
qkad wmh operators taMumif;udk qufvuf avhvmMuygOD;pkYd/
Note: 'Dae&mrSm ajymp&m&Sdwmuawmh tcsKdUpmtkyfrSm
learn vkyw
f t
hJ cgrSm Expression eJY Statements ukd cGrJ a&;bJ
Statements Expression vkYd a&;Muovkd Expression Statements vkdY a&;Muygao;w,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh ykdNyD;
&Sif;vif;atmif Expressions eJY Statements ukd oD;jcm;pD
a&;NyD; &Sif;jy&wmyg/ JAVA Developer Guide Book rSm
a&;xm;wmuawmh All expression are statements vkdY
tqkjd yKxm;ygw,f/ Complexy jzpfrmS pk;d vkYd oD;oefYcNJG yD; a&;
om;wifjy&wmyg/ uJ operators taMumif;udk qufvuf
avhvmvkdufygOD;/
Operators
Operators
qkdwmuawmh programming language

wkdif;rSm tNrJvkdvkdyg0ifNyD; formula awG? logical qkdif&m
condition awGa&;&mrSm ulnDay;wJh Helping Objects
av;awGvkdY ajym&ifvnf; rrSm;bl;aygh/ Operators awGudk
tkyfpkcGJjy&ifawmh tkyfpk 4 pk&SdNyD; tJ'gawGuawmh atmufyg
trsK;d tpm;awGygyJ/ Logical operator, Arithmetic (Maths)
operator, Assignment operator, Relational operator
qkdNyD;awmh awGU&rSmyg/ Operator wpfckpDtvdkuf oD;oefY

&Sif;jyygr,f/
Table 1.3 The Arithmetic Operator
Operator
Evaluates
+
addition
subtraction
*
multiplication
/
division
%
remainder after division (modulus)
'D Table 1.3 rSmyg0ifwhJ operator awG&UJ pGr;f &nfuawmh
maths operator ygyJ/ aygif;? Ekwf? ajrmuf? pm; pwmawGukd
vkyfay;Ekdifygw,f/ pm;wJhoauFwrSm ESpfrsKd;uGJwJhtwGuf

aMumifh (/) division ukd pm;v'fjyvkdYrSwfNyD; (%) remainder
after division udk Mod vkdY ac:ygao;w,f/ Oyrm BASIC Language Arithmetic Operator taMumif;udk t&if
Listing awG &Sif;jy&mrSmyg0ifNyD;om;qkdayr,fh ykdNyD;em;vnf
atmif Listing 1.9 eJY Demonstrate vkyfjyygr,f/ avhvm
Munfhyg/
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191
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Listing 1.9 A demonstration of Arithmetic
operator (OR) Maths operator
1. class ArithClass {
2. public static void main (String [ ]
args) {
3. int a, b, x;
4. a = 100, b = 50;
5. x = a-b;
6. System.out.print("Diffterence = "+ x);
7. }
8. }
Output
Difference = 50
Analysis
1/ vkid ;f eHygwf 1 rSm ArithClass qkw

d hJ Java primary class
wpfcu
k kd zefw;D NyD;awmh tzGihf brace { ukd zGix
hf m;ygw,f/
vkid ;f eHygwf 2 rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;
wmudak wGU&rSmyg/ tzGihf brace { udv
k nf; owdjyKrdrmS yg/
2/ vdik ;f eHygwf 3 rSmawmh a, b, x qkw
d hJ uk,
d pf m;vS,u
f ed ;f awG
udk int data type okH;NyD;awmh Declase vkyfxm;ygw,f/
aemufwpfaMumif;rSmrS a &JUwefz;dk [m100, b &JU wefz;dk [m
50 vdkY oD;oefYaMunmxm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh program
wGufcsufaeoa&GUawmh 'Dwefzkd;[m udef;aoyJaygh/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSmawmh x [m a xJu b ukdEkwfw,fqkdwJh
formula udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh a u 100
yg/ b u 50 yg/ x = 100-50 vdkY a&;xm;wmeJY twlwl
ygyJ/ 'Dawmh x = 50 qkdwJhtajzudk &NyD;awmh Java Byte
code taeeJY memory rSm Load vkyfxm;ygw,f/
4/ vkid ;f eHygwf 6 rSmawmh System.out.print(" Diff u
dk w
f t
hJ cgrSm Out
ference ="+x);qdNk yD; tajzxkwv
d t
hJ ajzudk vmjyygw,f/
put taeeJY Difference = 50 qkw
5/ vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSm main ( ) function &JU close brace }
ukd vmydwfxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSmawmh primary class &JU close brace } udk vmydwfxm;wmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ 'D Listing [m Arithmetic operator taMumif;udk em;vnfomG ;
atmif &Sif;jywJh sample av;ygyJ/ odyfrcufcJygbl;/
'gayr,fh 'gudk avhvmoabmaygufro
S mvQif aemufxyf
ykdYcsr,fh Java programming step awGudk oabmayguf
rSmrkdY aoaocsmcsm avhvmxm;apvkdygw,f/
Assignment Operator
Assignment Operator &JU t"dym ,fuawmh A &JU wefz;dk
[m 10 jzpfw,f/ B uawmh ol[m A &JU 2 q&Sdw,fvkdY ajym
192
&if 20 aygh/ b,fvkdodwmvJvkdYajym&if yxrtcsuf A ukd

tajccHrS wGuv
f Ydk &wmjzpfvYdk yg/ 'Dvt
dk csufwpfcsufudk tajc
cHNyD; wGufvkdY&wmudk programming vkyfwJhtcgrSm assign
vkyw
f ,fvYdk ac:ygw,f/ Listing awGeYJ aemufyidk ;f rSm aoao
csmcsm&Sif;jyay;ygr,f/ tay:rSma&;jycJhwmudk sample a&;jy
ygr,f/
sample
int a=10;//declare a and his amount is 10
int b = a + a;//b = 20
uJ 'g[m assignment operator ukd tajccHa&;jywm

ygyJ/ trSefwu,f Assignment operator taMumif;udk
a&;&wmuawmh Increment operator ( + +), Decrement
operator (- -) tygt0if tjcm; Logical qefqef a&;om;
&wmygyJ/ 'gawGudk atmufrSm OyrmtaeeJYyJ &Sif;jyNyD;awmh
usef wmawGukdawmh Listing awGeJY wGufjyNyD; Line By
Line Method eJY &Sif;jyyghr,f/
a = 10; a = b;//b is 10
a [m 10 yg/ a eJY b [m nDw,f/ 'Dawmh b &JU wefz;dk uvnf;

10 yJaygh/
a = 6;b = a++;//b is 7
a [m 6 yg/ b [m a xuf (a udk 1 aygif;xm;w,fqkdawmh)

b [m 7 aygh/ 'Dae&mrSm a + +; qkdwm increment operator
udk ok;H xm;wmaygh/ a&SUrSm aoaocsmcsm&Si;f jycJNh yD;ygNyD/ txl;

owdjyK&r,fhtcsufuawmh assignment operator rSm
Lvalue eJY Rvalue qkdNyD; em;vnf&r,fhtcsuf&Sdygw,f/
t"dym,fuawmh ajymif;vJEkdifwJhwefzkd;awG[m (=) Equal
sign &JU right side bufrSm &Sd&ygr,f/ 'gukd rvalue vkdY
od&ygr,f/ uJ tvG,fa&;jyygr,f/
x = 35;//OK
'Dvkda&;awmh x &JU wefzkd;[m 35 aygh/ rSeyf gw,f/ wu,fvYdk

10 xnfhNyD; aygif;r,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
x + 35 + 10;//OK! right
'gvnf; rSefygao;w,f/ nmbufuajymif;vJEdkifwJh udef;

wef;zk;d yg0ifEidk v
f Ydk rvalue vkYd ac:wmaygh/ uJ qufMunhyf gOD;/
35 = x;//error, not an Lavalue
'Dvkda&;&ifawmh rSm;oGm;ygNyD/ 10 + 35 = x; // 'Dvkdvnf; a&;

vkdYr&Ekdifygbl;/ ajymif;vJEkdifwJhudef;wefzkd;[m Equal Sign
(=) &JU b,fbufukda&mufvmwJhtwGuf Lavalue jzpfaeyg
d w
dk m
w,f/ Lvalue [m (+), (-), (*), (/), (%) vkyEf idk pf rG ;f r&Sq
udk odxm;&if aemufykdif;rSm trSm;udk owdjyKa&Smif&Sm;EkdifrSm
yg/ uJ 'gqk&d if Lvalue eJY Rvalue ukd tvG,rf w
S Mf u&atmif/
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
ajymif;vJvkdYr&wJh
ukd,fpm;vS,fudef;
tu&m (char) onf
(+) (-) (+) (/) (%) vky&

f r,fw
h efz;dk
(OR) uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f u&m
(char) onf
Lvalue
= Rvalue
uJ 'DvkdrSwfxm;r,fqkd&ifawmh Assignment Operator
taMumif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;awmh a&;wJhtcgrSm

rrSm;Ekdifawmhbl;ayghaemf/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Arithmetic
(Maths) operators eJY Assignment operators wkdYudk aygif;
pyf tokH;jyKenf;ukd a&;om;&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfh
ygOD;/
Combining the Assignment and Arithmetic operators
Assignment eJY Arithmetic operators awGukd &Sif;jy
NyD;wJhtcgrSm 'D operator awGudk aygif;pyftokH;jyKvkdY&wJh
Method awGudk a&;jyyg/ Operator udk Eki
d ef if;atmif tok;H jyK
EkdifrSomvQif programmer aumif;wpfa,muf Developer
aumif;wpfa,muf jzpfvmrSmyg/ uJ atmufrSma&;xm;wJh

sample av;upNyD; avhvmMumwmaygh/
JAVA Interpreter taeeJYuawmh myAge &JU rlvwefzkd; 5

xJudk 2 aygif;csif;[m myAge yJvkdY oabmaygufNyD; aemuf
wpfaMumif;rSm myAge &JUwefzkd;[m 7 vkdY vmjyrSmyg/
uJ 'gqkd&if 'DxufvG,fwJhenf;vrf;ukd a&;jyygOD;r,f/

sample
int myAge = 5;
myAge + = 2; // self-assign addition
'Dvkda&;NyD; tajzxkwfvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh 7 qkdwJhtajzudk

f ,fvYdkac:ygw,f/
&rSmygyJ/ 'Dvadk &;wmudk Self-assign vkyw
Self-assign vkyf&mrSm (+=) addition tjyif Substraction
(- =), division (/ =), multiplication (* =) eJY modulus (%
=) awGudkvnf; a&;vkdY&ygw,f/ Listing 1.7 tNyD; Increment eJY Decrement operator tcef;rSm &Sif;jyNyD;ayr,fh
oufqidk &f m operator tykid ;f taeeJY xyfrH &Si;f jywmyg/ tok;H
tEIef;? tac:ta0:av;awGutp *kpkdufNyD; avhvmr,f
qkd&if tvGeftusKd;&SdrSmyg/
Relational Operator
Relational Operators awGukd Table 1.4 rSm a&;jyxm;
sample
ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
int myAge = 5;
Table 1.4 The Relational Operator
int temp;
Name
Operator
Sample
Evaluates
Equals
==
Not Equals
!=
Greater Than
>
Greater Than
or Equals
Less Than
>=
100 = =50;
50 = = 50;
100! = 50;
50 != 50;
100 > 50;
50 > 50;
100 > = 50;
50 > = 50;
100 < 50;
50 < 50;
100 < = 50;
50 < = 50;
false
true
true
false
true
false
true
true
false
false
false
true
temp = myAge+2; //add 5 + 2 put it in temp

l//put it back myAge
myAge = temp;
System.out.println (myAge); //output
'D sample av;udkMunfh&if myAge &JU wefzkd;u 5 yg/

temp = myAge + 2; vkdY a&;wJhtwGuf temp = 5 +2; temp
= 7 &vmNyDaygh/ 'Dae&mrSm odxm;&rSmu temp qkdwm ukd,f
pm;vS,fudef;yg/ ukd,fpm;vS,fvkdY bmvkdYajymovJqkdawmh
temp [m wGufcsufvkdY&xm;wJhtajzudk olYtaeeJY ,m,D
okdavSmifNyD; odrf;rSwfay;xm;wmyg/ aemufwpfaMumif;rSm
awmh myAge = temp; vkdYa&;NyD; temp &JU wefz;dk udk myAge
xJukd jyefvaJT y;vku
d yf gNyD/ tajzxkww
f t
hJ cgrSmawmh myAge
eJYyJ xkwfay;rSmyg/ uJ tay:rSma&;cJhovkd a&;wJhtcgrSm
tenf;i,f complex jzpfovkd odyfruRrf;usif&if trSm;awG
a&;rdNyD; error awG wufvmEkdifygw,f/ 'Dawmh assignd ,
G rf mS aygh/
ment operator ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh 'Dvadk &;&if ykv
sample
int myAge = 5;
myAge
= myAge + 2; //add 5 + 2
uJ 'Dvkda&;vkdufawmh ykdrvG,fbl;vm;/ Algebia extaeeJYMunfhr,fqkd&ifawmh t"dym,fr&Sdayr,fh
pression
<
Less Than
<=
or Equals
'D operators awGuawmh
tao;pdwf&Sif;jyp&mrvdkyg
bl;/ tvG,fwulodNyD;om;awGyJrkdY Listing awGrSmyJ aoao
csmcsm &Sif;jyygawmhr,f/ rSwfrdatmifawmh avhvmxm;yg/
Relational operators &JU Statement evaluales [m [kwfcJh
&if 1 (TRUE)? r[kwfcJh&if 0(FALSE) qkdNyD; a&G;cs,fp&m
choice ESpfvrf;xJrSmyJ tvkyfvkyfwmyg/ 'Dawmh tvG,frSwf
f m;yg/ 'Dawmh Data
&if 1 (TRUE) OR ) (FALSE) vkYd rSwx
type Z,m;rSmyg0ifwJh Boolean type eJY ,SOfwGJNyD;vnf;
tok;H jyKEkid yf gw,f/ tcktcgrSmawmh Boolean type ukd tok;H
193
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rjyKao;bJ sample taeeJYyJ a&;jyygr,f/ Relational
Operators taMumif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;atmif
Listing 1.10 eJYa&;NyD; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkuf
ygOD;/
Listing 1.10 A demonstration of braching bared
on relational operators
1. class RelaClass {
2. public static void main ( String args
[ ] ) {
3. int RedSox, Yankee;
4. RedSox = 9, Uamlee = 18'
5. if (RedSox > Yankee) System.out.println
("RedSox Score!");
6. if (RedSox < Yankee) System.out.println
("Yankee Score!");
7. if(RedSox == Yankee) System.out.println
("Equal Score!");
8.
}
9. }
output
Yankee Score!
Analysis
1/ 'D program uawmh relational operators ukd jrifwwf

atmif a&;jywJh sample av;ygyJ/ i,f nD BuD;qkdwJh
relational operator awGudk if statement eJY wGJNyD;awmh
tokH;jyKxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm RelaClass qkdwJh
primary class ukd zefw;D NyD;awmh open brace { ukd pwif
xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/
2/ vkid ;f eHygwf 2 rSmawmh main ( ) function ukd a&;om;xm;
ygw,f/ main ( ) function &JU open brace { ukdvnf;
owdjyKrdrSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSmawmh int data type ukd
tokH;jyKNyD;awmh RedSox eJY Yankee qkdwmudk decalare
vkyfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh RedSox &JU wefzkd;
onf 9 jzpfNyD; Yankee &JU wefzkd;onf 18 ygvkdY aMunm
ygw,f/ 'D program udk Run vkyaf eoa&GUawmh 'Dwefz;dk
awG[m udef;aoygyJ/ int data type udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
Declare vkyp
f Ofxu
J wefz;dk awGukd xnfo
h iG ;f aMunmvkYd
&ayr,fh tckrS tajccHupNyD; avhvmolawG rsufpd&Sif;
atmifvkdY vkdif;cGJNyD;awmh a&;jy&wmyg/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSmawmh if statement udk okH;NyD; Relational operator eJY wGJzufNyD;awmh RedSox [m Yankee xuf BuD;ovm;? vdkY ar;ygw,f/ RedSox &JU
wefzkd;u 9 jzpfNyD; Yankee &JUwefzkd;u 18 yg/ 'Dawmh
rBuD;bl;qkdawmh if (expression) aemufuygwJh state194
ment ukd tvkyfqufvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;/ Escape jzpfNyD;
awmh aemufwpfaMumif;udk qif;oGm;rSmyg/

4/ vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSmawmh RedSox [m Yankee xuf
i,fovm;vkYd vmNyD; test vkyyf gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm RedSox
[m Yankee xuf i,faeNyDqadk wmh rSeo
f mG ;ygNyD/ tJ'aD wmh
expression aemufu statement ukd tvkyfqufvkyfwJh
tcgrSm Yankee Score! qkdwJhtajzudk Output taeeJY
vmjyygw,f/
5/ vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSmawmh RedSox eJY Yankee [m wlnD
ovm;qkdwJh expression ukd vmNyD; test vkyfygw,f/
tajz rSefukd&NyD;ayr,fh break; Control Statement ukd
tokH;jyKxm;jcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf qufvufNyD;awmh test
vkyw
f myg/ 'gayr,fh rnDwt
hJ wGuf olY&UJ aemufu Statement udk tvkyf qufrvkyfbJ escape jzpfNyD;awmh vkdif;
eHygwf 8 rSm a&;xm;wJh min ( ) function &JU close
brace } qDukd qif;oGm;ygNyD/
6/ vkdif;eHygwf 9 rSmawmh primary class &JU close brace}
ukd vmydwfxm;NyD;awmh program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ uJ
'gqkd &if output xGufwJhtxdukd aoaocsmcsm avhvm
cswGufNyD; avhvmyg/ Run vkyfNyD;awmhvnf; output
udk test vkyfMunfhyg/
trSew
f u,fuawmh 'D Relational operators taMumif;
h iG ;f a&;om;NyD;ygNyD/ 'gayr,fh ouf
udk Listing 1.4 rSm xnfo
qkdif&mtcef;u@tvkduf jzpfapcsifwJhtwGuf xyfrHNyD;
sample taeeJY a&;om;&Sif;jy&wmyg/ Sample awG[m
tvG,fawGyJjzpfaewJhtwGuf avhvmoif,l&mrSm rayghq
apcsiyf gbl;/ avhvm&mrSm ykw
d ,fqw
dk m r&Syd gbl;/ aemufyidk ;f
chapter 2 upNyD;awmh tqifhjrifhykpmawGcsnf;yJ wGufcsuf&
awmhrmS yg/ wcsKdUae&mawGrmS qk&d if Ekid if w
H umtqifh Exam;
awGu JAVA Question ta[mif;awGudk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
oifMum;ykdYcsay;oGm;rSmyg/ 'D chapter 1 rSm JAVA Language taMumif;udk pwif avhvmoif,lwmjzpfvkdY tvG,f
qk;H t&Si;f qk;H jzpfatmif sample awG Listing tvG,af v;awG
eJYyJ &Sif;jyaewmyg/ tvG,fulqkH;ajym&&ifawmh
u? c rwwfbJeJY jrefrmpma&;vkdYzwfvkdY r&Ekdifawmhygbl;/
A, B, C, D rwwfbe
J YJ t*Fvyd pf m a&;vkYdzwfvYdk r&Ekid yf gbl;/
+, -, *, / udk em;rvnf&ifvnf; ocsFmwGufvkdYr&Ekdifygbl;/
tajccH JAVA Language taMumif;udk ykdifEkdifrSomvQif

Theory oabmw&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufrSomvQif
programmer tqifh Developer tqifh Software Engi-
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
neer tqifah wGukd wufvr
S ;f Ekid rf mS jzpfygw,f/ Sommerville
a&;om;wJh Software Engineering pmtkyf[m Lancoster
University u xkwfa0wmyg/ tJ'DpmtkyfrSmqkd&if c + + eJY
Ada programming language ukd tajccHNyD;rS &Si;f vif;oGm;
wmudk awGU&&if uRefawmf bmudq

k v
dk o
dk vJqw
dk mudk owdjyK
em;vnfEkdifrSmyg/ 'gaMumifh tajccHykdifEkdifatmif enf;rsKd;pkHeJY
&Si;f jyaewmyg/ Software Engineering oif;dk udk ,ckvuf&dS
Computer Universiy & College awGrSm jy|mef;xm;yg
w,f/
uJ 'Dawmh tqkdjyKcsuf expression 1 uawmh rSefygNyD/ qm

aew,faygh/ Expression 2 uawmh rif;aiGa&myg&JUvm;?
qkdNyD; tqkdjyKxm;ygw,f/ xrif;qmayr,fh aiGomryg&if
dk hJ
awmh pm;vkYd&yghrvm;? r&Ekid yf gbl;/ 'Dawmh aiGygygw,fqw
tqkdjyKcsufukd vufcHvkdufygNyD/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh
xrif;vnf;qmw,f/ AND (NyD;awmh) aiGvnf;yg
w,f/ 'Dawmh xrif;pm;vkdY&NyDayghaemf/ 'DtawG;tac:enf;
Method av;udk avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&if AND (&&) operator taMumif;udk tajccHawmh em;vnfoGm;rSmyg/ Expression 1 eJY expression 2 qkdwJh tqkdjyKcsufESpfcsufpvkH;
rSefrSomvQif aemufu tvkyfukd qufvkyfrSmyg/ Program
code taeeJYa&;&ifawmh AND vkdY a&;vkdYr&ygbl;/ (&&)
qkdwJh Symbol av;udkyJ tokH;jyK&rSmyg/ atmufrSm sample
taeeJY a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/ Logical
poerator AND ukd if statement eJYwGJNyD; okH;jyxm;ygw,f/
Logical Operator
Logical operators awGuawmh atmufrSm Table 1.5
taeeJY a&;jyxmygw,f/ Logical operators [m omref
operators (tjcm; Arithmetic, Assign, Relational pwJh
operators)awGxuf ykdeufeJNyD;awmh awG;ac:arQmfjrifokH;oyf
rIawG yg0ifygw,f/ Operators wpfcck sif;pDukd oD;oefY &Si;f jy
sample
ygr,f/
if((x==5)&&(y==5))System.out.print("Equal!");
Table 1.5 The Logical Operators

Operators Symbol
AND
OR
NOT
Example
&&
||
|
expression 1 && expression 2

expression 1 || expression 2
|expression
uJ 'DZ,m;rSmyg0ifwJh Logical operators &JU symbol
av;awgudk rSwfrdatmifMunfhNyD;&ifawmh atmufrSm Logical operators awGudk wpfckcsif;pD&Sif;jywmudk avhvmMunfh
yg/ tvGefta&;BuD;wJhtwGuf aoaocsmcsmavhvmyg/

Logical AND
I awmh tqkjd yK
Logical AND operator &JU pGr;f aqmifru
csuEf pS cf v
k ;Hk rSeu
f efro
S mvQif tJ't
D qkjd yKcsuu
f dk vufcrH mS yg/
tu,f wpfcsufcsufuom rSm;ae&ifawmh tJ't
D qkjd yKcsuf
awG[m vufcjH cif; r&SEd idk af wmhygbl;/ OyrmtaeeJY &Si;f jy&&if
awmh
expression 1
expression 2
t"dym,fuawmh x uvnf; 5 eJYnDNyD; y [mvnf; 5 eJY

d t
hJ ajzudk xkwaf y;Ekid rf mS yg/ tu,f
nDro
S mvQif Equal! qkw
x onf 5 eJYrnD&ifjzpfap okdYwnf;r[kwf y onf 5 eJY
d hJ
rnDcJh&ifjzpfjzpf wpfckckuom 5 eJYrnDc&hJ ifawmh Equal qkw
output ukd xkwfay;Ekdifyghrvm;? rxkwfay;Ekdifygbl;/ 'g[m
AND (&&) operator ukd use vkyw
f ehJ nf;ygyJ/ aoaocsmcsm
om avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&if tvGeftokH;0ifwJh operator jzpf
aMumif;udk awGU&rSmyg/ aemuf chapter awG&UJ Listing awGrmS
xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKNyD; &Sif;jyygr,f/ qufvufNyD; Logical
Or (!!) operator ukd avhvmMunfhMuygOD;pkdY/
Logical OR
Logical OR operator &JU pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIuawmh wpfck
r[kwf wpfckqdkwJh pGrf;aqmif&nfyJjzpfygw,f/ tqkdjyKcsuf

expression ESpfckxJu wpfckrSef&ifjzpfap? ESpfckpvkH;rSefonf
jzpfap olY&JUaemufu tvkyfukd qufvkyfcGifhjyKrSmyg/ Oyrm
taeeJYa&;jyygr,f/
statement
rif;xrif;wu,f AND (NyD;awmh) aiGa&m 'grSom xrif;

yg&JUvm;? pm;vkdY&rSmaygh/
qmaeovm;?
operator
'Dtqkdukd avhvm&if expression 1 eJY expression 2

qkw
d hJ tcsuEf pS cf suu
f dk AND operator cHNyD; a&;xm;ygw,f/
Expression 1 u xrif;wu,fqmaeovm;? qkad wmh rqm
&ifvnf; pm;vkdY&yghrvm;? r&ygbl;/ qmrS pm;csifraS yghaemf/
expression 1 operator expression 2 statement
rif;rSm
OR
ta<u;0,fuwf 'grSomvQif
vkdcsifwmukd
aiGyg&JUvm;? ('grSr[kw)f yg&JUvm;?
0,fvkdY&rSmaygh/
uJ 'DOyrmav;udk avhvmr,fqkd&ifawmh aiGyg&JUvm;?
qkdwJh expression 1 rSm aiGygvmcJh&if vkdcsifwmudk0,fvkdY&
hf wfjym;
NyDayghaemf/ OR ('grSr[kw)f aiGrygbJ ta<u;0,fciG u
195
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
d hJ expression 2 rSefcJh&ifvnf; vkdcsifwmudk 0,f
ygcJh&if? qkw
cGifh&rSmaygh/ tJ'D expression ESpfckxJu expression wpfckck
k ;Hk jzpfap rSecf &hJ if aemufutvkyjf zpf
jzpfap? expression ESpcf v
wJh vkdcsifwmudk 0,fvkdY&rSmayghqkdwJh statement ukd tvkyf
qufvkyfrSmyg/ OR operator udk tvG,fwulrSwf&ifawmh
wpfckr[kwf wpfckvdkY tvG,frSwfyg/ ESpfckpvkH;rSefcJh&ifvnf;
statement u tvkyfqufvkyfrSmyg/ tvG,frSwf&atmif
a&;jyygr,f/
wpfckr[kwfwpfckjzpfcJhvQifjzpfap
Statement ukd
tvkyfvmvkyf
ESpfckpvkH;jzpfcJhvQifjzpfap
Programming vkyf&mrSmawmh OR vkdY a&;vkdYr&ygbl;/
(!!) symbol av;eJY a&;&ygw,f/ Sample taeeJY code
Line av; a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
sample
if((x==5)11(y==5))System.out.print("OK1");
'D program code a&;xm;yku

H awmh x onf 5 eJYnw
D ,f/
OR ('grSr[kwf) y [m 5 eJYnDr,f/ 'Dawmh ESpfckpvkH;jzpfap?
wpfckckjzpfap 5 eJYnDcJh&if OK: qkdwJhtajzudk output taeeJY
xkwfay;rSmyg/ uJ 'D sample av;udkMunfhNyD; aoaocsmcsm
avhvmr,fqkd&if Logical OR (||) taMumif;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ Logical AND (&&) eJY Logical
dk ifawmh Logical NOT
OR (||) taMumif;udk em;vnfomG ;NyDq&
(!) taMumif;udk qufvufavhvmygOD;/
Logical NOT
Logical NOT ukd tokH;jyKwJh method uawmh rjzpfcJh
vQif (rjzpfcJhrSomvQif) ol&JUaemufu statement ukd tvkyf
qufvyk rf mS yg/ uJ 'D operator taMumif;udak wmh Oyrmtae
eJY ra&;jyawmhbJ sample coede taeeJYyJ a&;NyD; &Sif;jyyg
awmhr,f/ t"dym ,feufew

J t
hJ wGuf aoaocsmcsmavhvmyg/
sample
if(!(x==5))System.out.print("Hello JAVA|);
'D code &JU t"dym ,fuawmh x [m 5 eJYrnDro

S mvQif
Hello JAVA! qkdwJh output statement ukd xkwfay;rSmyg/
rnDrS xkwfay;rSmaemf/ wu,fvkdY x &JUwefzkd;[m 5 eJYnDcJh&if
d hJ output statement udk tvkyv
f mNyD;
awmh Hello JAVA! qkw
vkyfygOD;rvm;? rvkyfawmhbJ escape jzpfNyD;aemuf code
Line wpfaMumif;udk qif;oGm;rSmyg/ 'g[m NOT (!) operator udk tok;H jyKwJh method ygyJ/ uJ 'gudk tvG,r
f w
S Mf u&
atmif/
196
r[kwfcJh&if
> statement ukd tvkyfvmvkyf
ykdNyD;em;vnfoGm;atmifvkdY tay:rSma&;xm;w sample
code udkvnf; aemufwpfenf; a&;jyygr,f/ ykdNyD; compact jzpfNyD;awmh trsm;qkH; use vkyfwJhenf;vrf;ygyJ/ tajz
uawmh twlwlygyJ/ ESpfoufwJha&;enf;udk tokH;jyKEkdifyg
w,f/
sample
if(x!=5)system.out.print("Hello JAVA|");
uJ 'Dvkda&;&ifvnf; tay:u sample code xuf ykdNyD;

awmh vG,fulNyD;awmh compact jzpfwmaygh/ 'D Logical
operator awG[m tjcm; Assignment operator, Arithmetic operator (Maths), Relational operators awGxuf
ykNd yD;eufeyJ gw,f/ Programming vky&f mrSm program flow
udk xde;f csKyf&mrSmjzpfap Limited data system ukd tok;H jyKwJh
tcgrSmjzpfap tokH;jyK&wJh operators awGyJjzpfvkdY example
rsKd;pkHay;NyD; enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd;eJY &Sif;jyaewmyg/ xyfcg
wvJvJ zwfINyD;awmh awG;ac:Munfhyg/ 'grSomvQif xl;cRef
xufjrifwhJ Ekid if w
H umtqifrh D JAVA ynm&Siw
f pfa,mufjzpf
vmrSmyg/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHrSmomru EkdifiHawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm
pdwf0ifwpm; ajzqkdaeMuwJh *syefEdkifrSppfaq;wJh JITEC
Fundamental Engineering Examination tygt0if EkdifiH
wumtqifhrD Examination awGrSmyg 'D operators awG
taMumif;udk objective type (All questions are compulsory) ykHpHeJY ar;ovkd select one of the four questions qkNd yD; JAVA Language, C Language, Fortran Language, Assembler Language pwmawGeJY program
decription awGay;NyD;rS sub-questions awGukdjzpfap? operators awGeJY expression awG? statements awG? control structure awGudk aygif;pyfNyD; a&;zGJUwJhae&mawGrSmyJ
Blank cseNf yD; jznfp
h u
G &f r,fh Answers awGuakd wmh atmufrmS
choice vkyaf pygw,f/ 'gqkd aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfr
h ,f
qkd&if Exam Type awG ajzqkdatmifjrifEkdifzkdYtwGuf operators tykdif;udk em;rvnf&if ajzqkdEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;qkdwm
udk od&edS m;vnfxm;apcsiyf gw,f/ OyrmtaeeJY JITEC Examination u JAVA ar;cGef;a[mif;wpfyk'fukd a&;jyxm;yg
w,f/ avhvmNyD;&if operators awG&UJ tok;H 0ifyeHk YJ uRefawmf
oifwJh JAVA Language &JU pepfusykHudk em;vnfoabm
aygufoGm;rSmyg/ JAVA Question program type ukdyJ
xnfhay;xm;wmyg/ Sub-questions awGudkawmh xnfhray;
xm;ygbl;/ Sample taeeJY yJjzpfvkdYyg/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2005 ckEpS f
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
Q13
Consider the following JA
VA program then answer
JAV
Sub-questions 1-4
(Program)
line no.
1. public class Swapper {
2. byte myData [][];
3. public static void main (String args
[]) {
4.
Swapper obj = new Swapper();
5.
obj.init();
6.
obj.sorting();
7.
obj.printData();
8. }
9. public void init () {
10.
myData = new byte[5] [];
11.
for (int i = 0; i < myData.length;
i++){
12.
myData[i] = new byte[5-i];
13.
}
14.
for (int i = 0; i<myData.length;
i++)
15.
for (int j=0; j<myData[i].
length; j++){
A
16.
}
17. }
18. public void sorting( ){
19.
int length = 0;
20.
for (int i = 0; i<myData.length;
i++){
21.
length +=myData[i].length;
22.
}
23.
boolean isSwap;"
24.
do {
25.
isSwap = false;
B
26.
for (int i=0; i<myData.
length; i++} {
27.
int j;
28.
for (j = 0; j<myData
[i].length 1;j++){
29.
if (myData [i]
[j]<myData
[i]
[j+1]){
30.
isSwap = true;
31.
Swap (i,j,i,j+1);
32.
}
33.
}
34.
if (myData [i][j]< myData
[i+j] [0]) {
35.
isSwap = true;
36.
Swap (i,j,i+1,0);
37.
}
38.
}
39.
} while (isSwap);
40. }
41. public void swap (int i1, int i1, int
i2, int j2) {
42.
byte temp = myData [i1][j2];
43.
myData[i1][j2]=myData[i2][j2];
44.
myData[i2][j2]=temp;
45. }
46. public void printData(){
47.
for (int i=0;i<myData[i].length;
j++){
48.
for (int j=0; j<myData[i].
length; j++){
49.
System.out.print (myData
[i][j]+" "};
50.
}
51.
System.out.println();
52.
}
53.
}
54. }
Sub-question I
Select the expression that can be inserert
into block A to generate an integer of
type byte which has value between 11 to
65 and the program can be compiled correctly?
(a) myData[i][j] = (byte)11+(byte);(Math.
random()*55};
(b) myData [i][j] = 11+(byte)(Math.random
() *55);
(c) myData[i][j] = (byte)11+(byte)Math.
random() *55
(d) myData[i][j] = (byte)(11+(Math. random()*55);
Sub-question 2
While of the following answers is the
correct result of executing the program?
a)
28 28 2934 38
44 47 51 52
53 56 60
62 63
65
b)
60 52 48 44 43
42 39 37 30
29 23 23
22 17
12
c)
30 34 33 38 62
18 28 42 43
34 39 62
33 45
46
d) The program yields Runtime Error because of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExpection
'D sample question ukd avhvmMunfh&if operators

awG&JU tokH;0ifykHeJY program flow ukd xdef;csKyfykHudk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ Operators awG&JU tokH;0ifykH[m
'DavmufyJvm;qkd&if rSm;oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ ,aeY DataBase
Technologies tykdif;rSm tokH;jyKaewJh DataBase Lan-
D ? 2005 ckESpf
197
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
guage (SQL) rSmqkd&if 'D operators awGukd tokH;jyK tajccH
NyD;rS DataBase Command Control System (DBCCS)
taeeJY tok;H jyK&wm yg/ 'Dtcsuaf wGukd od&x
dS m;NyDq&dk ifawmh
operators qkdwm[m programming languague awGrSm
b,favmufta&;ygw,fqkdwmudk od&Sdem;vnfEkdifrSmyg/
Note: SQL qkdwm Structure Query Language ukd
ajymwmyg/ DataBase Technologies tykdif;rSm tokH;jyKwJh
DataBase Language awGxuf ,aeYacwfrSm SQL Language [m taumif;qkH; DataBase Language wpfcktjzpf
ausmfMum;ygw,f/ SQL ukd 1970 rSm developed vkyfcJhyg
w,f/ 'D Language ukd pwif Design cscJhuwnf;u data
manipulation vkyfzkdY &nf&G,fNyD; Design cscJhwmyg/ E.F
f NhJ yD; SQL query language
Codd, uaeNyD;awmh traced vkyc
udk ANSI u standard vkycf yhJ gw,f/ ANSI SQL 89 standard eJY ANSI SQL 92 sandard qkdNyD; owfrSwfay;xm;cJh
ygw,f/ 'D language [m DataBase Technologies tykdif;
rSmomru web developement vkyif ef;awGrmS Script LanJ ufNyD; tok;H jyK&ygw,f/ Script Language
guage awGeYJ wGz
qdw
k mawGuawmh SGML (Standard Gnerralized Markup
Language), HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language),
XML (Extensible Markup Language) tp&SdwJh Language awGygyJ/ 'gaMumifh tcsKdUuvJ Script Language
awGukd Markup Language vkYd vnf; ac:ygao;w,f/ ,aeY
acwfrmS odxm;oifw
h t
hJ aMumif;awGygyJ/ 'gaMumifh uReaf wmfh
taeeJY DataBase Technologies and DataBase Language with SQL qkdNyD; oD;oefY a&;om;wifjyxm;ygw,f/
JAVA Developer Guide taMumif;tNyD;rSm tJ'Dpmtkyfukd
wifjyay;EkdifzkdY taumif;qkH; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
ta&;tBuD;qkH;tcsufuawmh b,f programming
language udkyJ avhvmavhvm Program Flow ukd odatmif
vkdY tacgufacguftcgtcg vufeJYcswGufNyD; Analysis awG
udk aoaocsmcsmzwfMunfhjcif;[m code awGukd interpreter
rSm run vkyfNyD;rS avhvmwmxuf ykdNyD;wwfajrmufvG,fw,f
qkdwmukd uRefawmfh&JUtawGUtBuHKtaeeJY wifjyvdkygw,f/
'gaMumifh Listing wpfyk'fcsif;ukd vufeJYcswGufyg/ NyD;rS run
vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmyg/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Relational
operators eJY Logical Operators ESpfckudk ,SOfwGJtokH;jyKwJh
Relational tykdif;ukd avhvmMunfhygOD;pkdY/
Relational Precedence
Relational Precedence qkdwmuawmh Relational
operators eJY Logical operators ESpfckukd ,SOfwGJNyD; tokH;jyK
198
wmyJjzpfygw,f/ Complexy jzpfw,fvYdk xif&ayr,fh tvGef

tokH;0ifwJhenf;ynm&yfjzpfwmaMumifh aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jy
xm;ygw,f/ Sample taeeJY a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvm
Munfhyg/
sample
'D code av;udak vhvmNyD; tajzxkwv
f u
dk &f if atmufrmS
exp1
exp2
exp3
statement
if (x > 5 && y>5) || z>5) System.out.print ("OK!");
a&;jyxm;wJhtajzawGudk &rSmyg/
x onf 5 xufBuD;r,f (AND NyD;awmh) y uvnf; 5 xuf
BuD;r,f (OR 'grSr[kwf) z onf 5 xufBuD;r,fqkd&if OK!
qkw
d hJ Output ukd vmjyrSmyg/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh Logical
taeeJY x eJY y onf 5 xufBuD;&ifjzpfap (OR) z onf 5
xuf BuD;onfjzpfap aemufu Statement ukd tvkyfoGm;
vkyfNyD;awmh output udk xkwfay;rSmyg/
aemufwpfenf;uawmh x u 3 jzpfaeNyD; y uawmh 10
jzpfaeygw,f/ z uawmh 10 yg/ 'gvnf; Statement ukd
tvkyfqufvkyfNyD; output ukd xkwfay;ygw,f/ bmaMumifh
vJqkdawmh x uvnf; 5 xufBuD;rS&rSmyg/ y u 10 jzpfwkdif;
r&ygbl;/ Expression 1 eJY Expression 2 udk AND eJY cHa&;
xm;vkdYyg/ 'gayr,fh 'Dbufu OR (!!) cHa&;xm;wmu z
onf 5 xufBuD;vQifqkdawmh x eJY y [m wpfwGJaygh/ olwkdY
rSm;oGm;ayr,fh z uawmh 10 qkdawmh aemufu statement
ukd tvkyfqufvkyfvkdY &oGm;wmyg/ ykHpHjyNyD; a&;jyygr,f/
'DtcgrSm a&SUu expression 1 u rSm;oGm;awmh exx u 3 NyD;awmh y u 10 jzpf&r,f? 'grSr[kwf z u 10
if (x > 5
&&
y>5
||
z > 5)
exp 1
exp 2
exp 3
x eJY y ESpfckpvkH;xuf OR z u 5 xufBuD;&ifjzpfjzpf
BuD;&ifBuD;&r,f
pression 2 uvnf; tusLH;r0ifawmhygbl;/ 'gayr,fh expression 3 u rSefaeawmh aemufu statement ukd tvkyf
qufvyk yf gw,f/ uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh aemufypHk w

H pfrsKd; a&;jyyg
r,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvadk &;wm[m trSm;BuD;qkw
d mudak wmh owd
jyKyg/ Sample taeeJY a&;jywmyg/
sample : if((x>5)&&(y>5)||z>5))System.out.
print ("OK!");//error!test
t&ifa&;jycJhwJh sample code a&;jywm eJYwlovkd&Sday

r,fh trSew
f u,fawmh rwlygbl;/ olY&UJ t"dym ,fudk atmufrmS
a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ aocsmavhvmMunfhyg/
D ? 2005 ckEpS f
uGefysLwmoifcef;pm
x [m 5 xuf BuD;&r,f/ AND (NyD;awmh) y OR (okYdr[kw)f
z onf 5 xufBuD;rSomvQif taemufu statement ukd
tvkyfvkyfNyD; output jzpfwJh OK! qkdwJhtajzudk vmjyay;
rSmyg/
t&ifa&;jycJhwJh sample code eJYwlovkd&Sdayr,fh y eJY z
udk OR (!!) oauFwcHa&;wJhtcgrSm tzGifhtydwf bracket
d w
f t
hJ wGuf tckvkd awG;ac:ajz&Si;f rIajymif;
( ) awG cHa&;vku
oGm;wmyg/
'gaMumifh program awGudk Line By Line Method eJY
&Sif;jywJhtcgrSm tzGifh^tydwf pwJh brace awGutp twd
tus &Sif;jywmudk owdjyKrdrSmyg/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh
Logical test awGtaeeJY operator awGudk use vkyfwmudk
avhvmMunfhygOD;/
More About test the Logical Statements
tay:rSm a&;jycJhwJh sample code awGudk em;vnf
oabmaygufNyDqkd&ifawmh ykdNyD; vG,fulwJh clear cut style
udk a&;jyygr,f/ JAVA Language rSm zero qkd&if False
vkdY odxm;&ygr,f/ uJ 'gudkrSwfxm;NyD;awmh atmufrSma&;

xm;wJh sample code udk avhvmMunfhyg/
sample
if (x)
// if x is true (nonzero)
x = 0;
// set it to o (zero)
t"dym ,fuawmh if(x) qkw

d mu x onf 0 (zero) r[kwaf om
udef;wpfckckjzpfcJhvQif atmufwpfaMumif;upNyD;awmh program udk calculs vkyfaeoa&GU 0 (zero) taeeJYyJ set vkyfNyD;
awmh wGufcsuf&rSmyg/ 'D code udkyJ clear jzpfatmif a&;jy
ygOD;r,f/ t"dym,fuawmh twlwlygyJ/
sample : if (x!= 0)
x = 0;
// if is nonzero
// set it to 0(zero)
tay:ua&;jycJhwJh sample eJY t"dym,fuawmh twlwlygyJ/

x onf 0 (zero) r[kwfbl;r[kwfvm;? qkdNyD; (!) Logical
NOT operator udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;wmyg/
hJ meJY set vkyNf yD;awmh wGucf suf
'Dawmh x [m 0 (zero) r[kwcf w
awmhrSmyg/ uJ tJ'Dtay:rSm a&;jycJhwmawGeJY same mean
jzpfwJh sample code udk a&;jyygr,f/ avhvmMunfhygOD;/
sample : if (!x)
// if x is false(zero)
if (x = 0) // if x is zero
'Dvkda&;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh tay:u a&;jycJhwJh sample awGeJY

t"dym,fwlnDayr,fh tckaemufqkH;a&;jywJh sample u ykdNyD;
awmh easier to understand jzpfwmaygh/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh
operators taMumif;udk vkH;0em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;awmh

JAVA Language ukd Eki
d ef if;atmif a&;om;Ekid rf ,fvYdk ,kMH unf
h iG ;f NyD; &Si;f jy
ygw,f/ oufqidk &f m Listing awGrmS vnf; xnfo
ay;ygOD;r,f/
Note: owdjyKrSwfom;&rSmuawmh Logical ANd &JU
symbol [m (&&) symbol yg/ Single (&) symbol qk&
d if
r[kwyf gbl;/ 'D single (&) symbol taMumif; aemuf chapter awGrSm &Sif;jyygr,f/ OR &JU Symbol uvnf; (||) yg/
Single (|) Symbol [m different operator ygyJ/ 'DtaMumif;
awGudk oD;oefY a&;om;&Sif;jyygr,f/ tvG,fwifjy&&ifawmh

(&) eJY (|) symbol awG[m AND operator eJY OR operator awGrmS similar jzpfayr,fh boolean type rSmyJ tok;H jyKyg
w,f/
Case Sensitivity
'Dae&mrSm JAVA Language taMumif;udk tawmftoifh
oabmaygufomG ;NyDqadk wmh txl;owdjyK&r,ft

h csuu
f awmh
JAVA [m C & C ++ wkYdvy
dk J Case Sensitivity jzpfw,fqw
dk hJ
tcsufygyJ/ OyrmtaeeJY &Sif;jy&&ifawmh age vkdY aMunm
xm;wJt
h rnfudk Age vkYd ac:ok;H vkYd r&ovkd AGE vkYd ac:,l
tokH;jyKvkdYvnf; r&ygbl;/ Error wufvmrSmyg/ age vkdY
Declare vkyfcJh&if ac:,ltokH;jyKwJhtcgrSmvnf; age vkdYyJ
ac:,ltok;H jyK&rSmyg/ Age vkYd Declare vkycf &hJ ifvnf; Age
taeeJYyJ ac:,ltokH;jyKrSmyg/ tJ'Dvkdjzpfwmudk case senitivity jzpfw,fvkdY ac:ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wcsKdU Language
awGrSmawmh rjzpfygbl;/ age vkdY Declare vkyfcJhayr,fh Age
yJjzpfjzpf? AGE yJjzpfjzpf ac:,ltokH;jyKvkdY&ygw,f/ Oyrm
taeeJYajym&&ifawmh 'DaeY jrefrmEkid if t
H ygt0if Ekid if aH wmfawmf
rsm;rsm;rSmyg family jzpfaewJh Visual Basic &JU rdcif BASIC Language, Pascal pwJh High-Level-Language awGrmS
case sensitivity rjzpfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh JAVA Language
rSmawmh program code awGa&;&mrSm Declare vkyw
f t
hJ rnfeYJ
ac:,ltokH;jyKwJhtrnfukd owdjyKrSomvQif Case Sensitivity rjzpfrSmyg/
k jf rpfeYJ
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh JAVA Language &JU tajccHtw
operator awGtaMumif;udk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH oabmaygufoGm;NyD
vkdY xifygw,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh ykdYcsay;zkdY usefaeao;wJh
Looping Structure eJY control statement awGtaMumif;udk
1.4 Appendix of control structure in JAVA qkdNyD; ykdYcsay;
xm;ygw,f/ qufvufavhvmMuygpkdY/
ausmaf Z,smav; (uom)
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2005 ckEpS f
199
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

1.4 Appendix of control statements in JA
VA
JAV
JAVA Language taMumif;udk wifjywJah e&mrSm tajccH
aumif;jzpfatmif NyD;awmh tjcm; Language awGeJY odyfNyD;
family rjzpfcJhwJholawGtwGufyg &nf&G,fcJhwJhtwGuf oif
Mum;ykYd cswahJ e&mrSm pepfusatmif? vG,u

f al tmif oufqidk w
f hJ
Listing awGeJY ,SOfwGJNyD; ykdYcsavh&Sdygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm 1.3
Statements Expression and Operators tcef;rSm ykdYcscJh
wmawG[m vkdtyfvmNyDjzpfvkdY Mum;jzwf ykdYcs&jcif;yJ jzpfyg

w,f/ 'gaMumifhrkdY tckykdYcswJh tcef;u@[m 1.2 Decision,
control Structure and Looping Statements of JAVA &JU
tqufvkdYyJ rSwf,lxm;yg/ ykdNyD;jynfhpkHoGm;atmifvkdY aemuf
qufwt
JG aeeJY jznfph u
G w
f ,fq&dk ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/ uJ quf
vufNyD; avhvmvkdufygOD;/
The While S
tatement
Statement
JAVA Language rSm for statement vkdyJ Looping
(OR) Repetition vkyfay;wJh control statement wpfck&Sdyg
w,f/ tJ'guawmh while statement ygyJ/ While Statement &JU Syntax_form ukd atmufrSm a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
while (boolean expression){
statement 1;
statement 2;
. . . . . . . .
}
While Statement rSm yg0ifwJh Syntax_form [m

tay:rSm a&;jyxm;wJhtwkdif;ygyJ/ Program statement [m
while ukd a&mufwJhtcsdef while &JUaemufu expression ukd
rSefrrSef pDppfygw,f/ Boolean expression vkdY a&;xm;&wJh
taMumif;&if;u data type Z,m;udk avhvmrd&if Boolean Type rSm TRUE (OR) FALSE qkw
d hJ conditions ESpcf yk J
&Sw
d ,fqw
dk mudk odxm;rSmyg/ t"dym ,fuawmh tqkjd yKcsurf eS f
aeoa&GU while &JUaemufu brace { xJukd0ifNyD; statement
ukd tvkyv
f yk af erSmyg/ tu,f while &JUaemufu expression ukd pDppfvkdY FALSE qkdwJh condition ukd &vmNyDqdk&if
awmh While &JUaemufu brace { xJudk r0ifawmhbJ Looping [m &yfoGm;NyDawmh while Loop &JU close brace }
atmufu program statement awGuykd J tvkyq

f ufvyk o
f mG ;
awmhrmS yg/ uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh while loop &JU flow ukd em;vnf
oGm;NyDvkdYxifygw,f/ ykdNyD;em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;atmif
vkYd Listing 1.11 eJYa&;NyD; &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfyh g/
owdjyK&r,fhtcsufuawmh while statement &JUaemufu
test expression (boolean expression) rSm semicolon (;)
ryg&Sd&ygbl;/ uJ pwif avhvmMuygpkdY/
Listing 1.1
1 Demonstration the while Loop
1.11
1. class WhileClass{
[]){
3. int i=0;
4. while (i<5){
5. i = i +1;
6. System.out.println("Value of i=:"+i);}
7.
}
8. }
output
Value of i=1
Value of i=2
Value of i=3
Value of i=4
Value of i=5
Analysis
1/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm a&;xm;wmuawmh whileClass qkdwJh

primary class wpfckudk a&;zGJUxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf
2 rSmawmh public static void main (String [ ]args)
qkdwJh WhileClass &JU main ( )function ukd a&;zGJUxm;
ygw,f/ tzGifh brace { awGukdvnf; owdjyKrdrSmyg/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSmawmh i=0; qkdNyD; int data type ukd
tokH;jyKNyD;awmh aMunmygw,f/ t"dym,fuawmh program pwifwt
hJ csed rf mS i &JUwefz;dk onf (0-Zero) omvQif
jzpfygw,f/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh while statement ukd use vkyfNyD;
awmh boolean expression ukd pDppfygw,f/ t"dym ,fu
awmh i [m 5 xufi,f&JUvm;? qkdNyD; pDppfwJhtcgrSm i
[m 0 qkad wmh 5 xufi,fw,faygh/ 'Dawmh TRUE qkw
d hJ
uGefysLwm*sme,f azazmf0g&Dv? 2005 ckESpf
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
condition ukd &NyD;awmh while &JU block brace { xJudk
d hJ statement ukd tvkyv
f mvkyf
0ifvmNyD;awmh i = i+1; qkw
ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm i &JU rlvwefzkd;[m 0 qkdawmh i =
0+1; qkdwJh tajzudk &vmNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSm a&;
xm;wJh print statement ukd tvkyfoGm;vkyfNyD;awmh
value of i=1 qkdwJhtajzudk vmjywmyg/ NyD;wJh while
statement &JU close brace} udk awGUwJhtcgrSm vkdif;
eHygwf 4 rSma&;xm;wJh while loop &JUtpukd jyefoGm;yg
w,f/
f ufvyk w
f ,f
4/ While Statement [m rSeaf eoa&GU tvkyq
f t
hJ cgrSm
qkad wmh jyefNyD;awmh test expression vkyMf unhw
i [m 1 jzpfaeygNyD/ 1 [m 5 xufi,fovm;? qkw
d t
hJ qku
d dk
pDppfwt
hJ cgrSm i,fygw,f/ 'Dawmh i [m 5 xufi,fpOfrmS
qkdwJh brace { xJudk 0ifvmNyD;awmh i &JUwefzkd;udk 1
vmNyD;awmh Add vkyfygw,f/ NyD;awmh Value of i=2
qkdwJhtajzukd vmNyD; output vmjyay;ygw,f/
5/ 'Dvkdenf;eJY i [m 5 xuf rBuD;rcsif; pDppfNyD;awmh value
of i=3, value of i=4, value of i=5 qkdwJhtajzudk print
xkwfay;rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh i &JUwefzkd;ukd 5 tjzpf print
xkwfay;NyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh while loop &JUtpudk jyefoGm;
NyD;awmh test expression vkyfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSmawmh
i &JUwefzkd;[m 5 jzpfaeygNyD/ 5 [m 5 xufi,fovm;?
qkw
d hJ pDppfcsurf mS ri,fawmhb;l vkYd tajzudk xGuyf gw,f/
'Dawmh boolean expression rSm FALSE jzpfoGm;ygNyD/
FALSE condition ukd &vmNyDqkdawmh while looping
ukd escape jzpfNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSm&SdwJh main ( )
d ;f eHygwf
function &JU close brace } ukd qif;oGm;ygNyD/ vki
8 rSm a&;xm;wJh whileClass &JU close brace } udk
awGUwJhtcgrSmawmh program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ While
Loop &JU oabmw&m;ukd aoaocsmcsm em;vnfatmifvYdk
trace vkyfMunfhyg/ Run vkyfNyD;awmhvnf; avhvmyg/
uJ 'D program udk avhvmMunfh&if while looping &JU
control flow udk oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ ykdNyD;em;vnfoGm;
atmifvkdY Listing 1.12 eJY xyfrHNyD;awmh &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunfhygOD;/
Listing 1.12 Using while statement for
More compact
1 . class whiletest{
2 . public static void main(String
args [ ]){
3 . int i=1;
4 . while (i !=6){
170
5 . System.out.println(i);
6 . i=i+2; }
7.
}
8. }
Output
1
3
5
6
7
9
.....
Analysis
1/ 'D Listing rSm Logical operator jzpfwJh (!=) Not equal

to qkdwJh operator ukd tokH;jyKxm;ygw,f/ For statement ukd a&;wJhtcgrSm nerver ending loop qkdwJh for
(;;) a&;enf;av;udk owdjyKrdrSmyg/ 'D while statement
av;[mvnf; tJ'D for (;;) statement a&;enf;av;eJY
cyfqifqifygyJ/ 'gayr,fh oluawmh Not equal to (!=)
qkdwJh Logical operator aMumifh infinite loop jzpf
oGm;wmyg/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm whiletest qkdwJh JAVA primary class
wpfcu
k kd create vkyyf gw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf 2 rSmawmh main
( ) function ukd a&;zGJUxm;ygw,f/ tzGifh brace awGudk
rarhygapeJY/
3/ vkid ;f eHygwf 3 rSmawmh int i &JU program ppOf wefz;dk onf
1 ygvkYd aMunmygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf vki
d ;f eHygwf 4 rSmawmh
while statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh test expression
vkyyf gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm i &JUwefz;dk onf 1 qkad wmh 6 eJY rnD
pOfrSm while Loop &JU brace xJukd 0if&r,fvkdY a&;xm;
wJhtwGuf brace { xJukd0ifNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSm
i &JUwefzkd;ukd print vkyfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSmawmh
i &JU rlvwefzkd;ukd 2 vmaygif;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh i &JUwefzkd;
onf ,cktcgrSm 3 jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ NyD;wJhtcgrSm while
&JU close brace } ukd awGUwJhtcgrSm vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSma&;
xm;wJh while statement &JU expression qDudk jyefoGm;
ygw,f/ tay:udk jyefwufoGm;wmaygh/
4/ 'DtcgrSm i [m 3 jzpfaeygNyD/ 3 [m 6 eJYrnDpOfrSm while
block xJudk jyef0ifoGm;NyD; output ukd xkwfay;ygw,f/
NyD;awmh 2 aygif;NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 4 ukd jyefa&mufoGm;
NyefygNyD/ aemufwpfBudrf test vkyfpOfrSmawmh i &JU wefzkd;
onf 5 jzpfaeygNyD/ tJ'DtcgrSmvnf; while &JU block
{ xJudk0ifNyD;awmh statement awGudk tvkyfvkyfNyD;awmh
tajzxkwfay;OD;rSmyg/ 'Dvkdenf;eJY Loop ywf&if;eJY 1 3
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
5 7 9 . . . tp&SdwJh r*Pef;awGudk output tjzpf xkwfay;
aeygw,f/ Program [m owfrw
S af Munmxm;wJh data
type &JU Limit ukd ra&mufrcsif; never ending Loop
jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
5/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh Logical NOT Equal to operator ukd tok;H jyKNyD; a&;xm;wJh i !=6 vkYd a&;xm;wJt
h cgrSm
rnDrcsif;vkdY ajymxm;wJhtwGuf condition [m always
TRUE jzpfaeygw,f/ Condition [m FALSE jzpfrS
omvQif Looping u &yfrSmqkdawmh i !=6 qkw
d hJ expression [m nDp&mtaMumif;r&Sdawmh Looping uvnf;
never ending Loop jzpfoGm;ygawmhw,f/ 'Dawmh condition [m FALSE rjzpfawmhovkd &yfvnf; r&yfawmh
ygbl;/
ukd ydwfxm;NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSmawmh whiletest
qkdwJh Java primary class &JU close brace } ukd vmydwf
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm program [m NyD;oGm;NyDqadk yr,fh
trSefwu,fawmh while condition [m FALSE rjzpf
awmh while block xJuae xGufvkdYr&awmhwJhtwGuf
aMumifh main ( ) function eJY primary class &JU close
brace } awGudkawmif vmvkdYr&awmhygbl;/
Note: 'D program ukd Run vkyfNyD; ravhvmoifhygbl;/
vufeJYpm&Gufay:rSm cswGufjzpfap? xyfcgxyfcg aoao
csmcsmzwfjzpfap avhvmoifhygw,f/ Logical Operator
tygt0if operators rsKd;pkHtaMumif;udk 'Doifcef;pmrwkdifcif
rSm bmaMumifh ykdYcs&ovJqkdwmudk tcktcgrSm oabmayguf
oGm;rSmyg/ NyD;awmh while statement &JU control flow ukd
odatmif Listing awGudk wGucf sujf ywJt
h cgrSm output awGukd
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;jrif&atmifvYdk System.out.println ( )qkw
d hJ
aemufwpfaMumif;udq
k if;NyD;rS outputukd xkwaf y;apwJh print
command ukd tokH;jyKxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhom output
awG[m Line By Line azmfNyD; vmjywmyg/
The do-while statement
JAVA Language rSm Looping wpfckudk while statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh ywfwJhtcgrSm Looping block
xJudk 0ifoif^h r0ifoifu
h kd Looping &JU tprSmwif test vkyyf g
w,f/ Test vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmh boolean expression tae
eJYaygh/ 'gayr,fh yxrtBudrrf mS awmh tuefYtowfr&Sd vyk cf iG hf

jyKNyD;awmh aemufwpfBudrfrSmrS pDppfcGifhjyKcsifw,fqkd&if dowhile statement udk tokH;jyKygw,f/ atmufrSm do-while
statement &JU Syntax_form ukd a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvm
Munfhyg/
do {
statement 1;
statement 2;
.............
}while(boolean expression);
'D syntax_form rSm a&;xm;wmudk avhvmMunfhr,f

qkd&if program tvkyfpvkyfpOfrSm tuefYtowf wm;qD;rI
r&SdbJeJY while block { } xJudk 0ifapygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
aemufwpfBudrf tvkyfqufvkyfcGifhjyK^rjyKudkawmh while
block &JUtqkH;rSm test vkyfapygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm while &JU
aemufu (test expression) ukd ppfvkdufwJhtcgrSm TRUE
condition jzpfvmcJh&if do-while Loop ukd aemufwpfBudrf
ywfcGifhjyKrSmyg/ tu,f test expression [m FALSE
condition jzpfvmcJ&
h ifawmh Looping ukd ywfciG rhf jyKawmhbJ
while &JUatmufrSm&SdwJh tjcm;aom program statement
awGqDudkyJ oGm;NyD; tvkyfqufvkyfawmhrSmyg/ uJ 'gqkd&if
awmh do-while statement &JU oabmw&m;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ Listing 1.3 ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh dowhile statement ukd &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ tajccHoabmw&m;
awGyg0ifwt
hJ wGuf aoaocsmcsm pepfwus avhvmMunfyh g/
Listing 1.13 Illustrate in do-while Looping
In JAVA Language
1. class doWhileClass {
[ ]){
3. int i=0;
4. do { System.out.println ("Value of i="
+i);
5. i=i+1;
6.
} while (i<5);
7.
}
8. }
output
value of i=0
value of i=1
value of i=2
value of i=3
value of i=4
Analysis
1/ 'D program &JU vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm doWhileClass qkdwJh

JAVA &JU primary class ukd zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf 2 rSmrS main ( ) function ukd a&;om;xm;wmyg/
vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSmawmh int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
i=0; vkdY declare vkyfygw,f/ 'Dawmh program tprSm
awmh i &JUwefzkd;[m 0 jzpfaeygNyD/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh do statement ukd a&;om;cJhyg
w,f/ ppcsif;rSmawmh do &JU block xJudk twm;tqD;r&Sd
d hJ output ukd vmjyygw,f/
0ifvmcJNh yD; value of i=0 qkw
vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSmawmh i ukd 1 vmaygif;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh
vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSm a&;xm;wJh while (i<5) qkdwJh test
expression ukd vmpDppfwJhtcgrSmawmh i &JUwefzkd;[m 1
taeeJYyg/
3/ 'DtcgrSm do-while block xJukd 0ifoifrh 0ifoifh qk;H jzwf
wJhtcgrSm i [m 5 xuf i,faeao;wJhtwGufaMumifh
'kwd,tBudrf Looping block xJudk jyef0ifvmjyefyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh value of i=1 qkdwJhtajzudk vmjyygw,f/
NyD;awmh 5 xuf i,f^ri,fukd while eJY use vkyfNyD;awmh
ppfaq;ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm condition [m TRUE jzpfawmh
do-while Looping ukd tvkyfqufvkyfcGifhjyKwmaygh/
4/ 'Dvdkenf;eJY ppfaq;NyD;awmh do-while statement ukd
tvkyfqufvkyfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSmawmh Loop ukd 5 Budrf
ajrmuf ywfwJhtcgrSm (i &JUwefzkd;[m 5 jzpfpOfrSmawmh) i
&JU wefzkd;[m 5 xufri,fawmhwJhtwGuf Looping ukd
cGifhrjyKawmhygbl;/ 'gqkd&ifawmh Looping [m 4 BudrfyJ
cGifhjyKwmaygh/ [kwfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfh
d hJ vmjypOfuawmh do-while Loop
&if value of i=0 qkw
xJukd twm;tqD;r&Sd 0ifvmwmyg/ i &JUwefzkd; 1 u
pNyD;awmhrSom Looping ywfcGifhjyKwmrkdY Looping ukd
4 Budrfom ywfcGifhjyKw,fvkdY ajymwmyg/
ukd vmydwfxm;NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSmawmh primary
f m;wmudk awGU&rSmyg
class &JU class brace } ukd vmydwx
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh do-while statement taMumif;udk
em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;avmufygNyD/ oufqidk &f m project
awGxJrSmawmh xnfhoGif;NyD; a&;om;&Sif;jyay;OD;rSmyg/ tck
awmh tajccHtaeeJYyJ &Sif;jywmyg/
Note: while Loop ukd a&;om;tokH;jyKwJhtcgrSm while
d gbl;/ 'gayr,fh
statement &JUaemufrmS semicolon (;) ryg&Sy
do-while statement rSmawmh while &JUaemufrSm (do-while
block &JU tydwf while (boolean expression) &JUaemufrSm)
Semicolon (;) ygrSomvQif tvkyfqufvkyfwmyg/ 'Dtcsuf
udk aoaocsmcsmavhvmxm;yg/ While Statement eJY dowhile statement uGmjcm;ykHuawmh while statement onf
program pwifpOfrSmxJu tvkyfvkyfcGifhjyKoifh^ rjyKoifhudk
172
pDppfNyD;awmh do-while statement rSmawmh program pvQif

pjcif; twm;tqD;r&SdbJ tvkyfukd wpfBudrfcGifhjyKygw,f/
aemufwpfBudrfrSomvQif test vkyfNyD;awmh vkyfcGifhjyKoifh^
rjyKoifhukd qkH;jzwfwmygyJ/
uJ 'gqkd&if Looping statement awGtaMumif;udk
em;vnf oabmaygufomG ;avmufygNyD/ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;
continue statement eJY break statement wkdYtaMumif;udk
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ qufvufavhvmMunfhygOD;/
The Continue S
tatement
Statement
k muawmh Looping wpfcu
k kd
Continue Statement qdw
ywfaeqJrSm statement awGudk tukef excute rvkyfbJeJY
owfrSwfxm;wJh continue statement &JUae&mudk a&mufwJh
tcgrSmawmh Looping ukd tpuaeNyD;awmh jyefywfygw,f/
Continue statement udk for, while, do-while pwJh Loopd yf gw,f/ atmufyg
ing Technique awGeYJ aygif;pyftok;H jyKEki
continue statement &JU syntax_form ukd a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
vG,fulNyD; kd;&Sif;ygw,f/
continue;
uJ vufawGUtaeeJY continue statement ukd Listing

1.14 rSm a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/ Continue
Statement taMumif;ukd oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
Listing 1.14 Demonstrate the continue statement
1. class continueClass{
[ ]){
3. int i=10;
4. while (i<=100){
5. i + = 10
6. if (i<=50)continue; //goto while test
expression
7. System.out.println ("Value of i="+i);}
8.
}
9. }
Output
Value of i=60
Value of i=70
Value of i=80
Value of i=90
Value of i=100
Value of i=110
Analysis
1/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm continueClass qkdwJh primary class

udk a&;zGJUxm;ygw,f/ main ( ) function ukdawmh vkdif;
eHygwf 2 rSm a&;xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf 3
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
rSmawmh int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh i = 10; vdkY

declare vkyfygw,f/
vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh while statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;
awmh i [m 100 eJYnrD ,f^ i,fr,fq&dk if brace { (while
block) xJukd 0ifci
G jhf yKr,fqNdk yD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 100
xufi,f&ifjzpfap? nD&ifjzpfap while &JU block { xJukd
0ifcGifh&Sdygw,f/ uJ 'Dtxd&NyDaemf/
vkid ;f eHygwf 5 rSmawmh i &JUwefz;dk xJukd 10 xnfah ygif;apzkYd
twGuf self-assign (+=) symbol ukd ok;H NyD;awmh a&;o;
xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh i &JUwefzkd;[m
20 jzpfoGm;NyDqkdwm odxm;&r,faemf/ vkdif;eHygwf 6
rSmawmh if (i<=50) continue; vkdY a&;xm;wmuawmh i
[m 50 eJY nDcJh^ i,fcJhvQif qufvkyfygqkdawmh i,fcJh&if
qkdwJh tajctaeaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSm&SdwJh print
command ukd tvkyo
f mG ;rvkyb
f eJ YJ vkid ;f eHygwf 4 rSm&Sw
d hJ
while Loop qDukd jyefoGm;NyD;awmh i=20 qkdwJh wefzkd;eJY
oGm;NyD; test vkyfygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSmvnf; i wefzdk;[m
100 eJYnr
D ,f^ i,fr,fqw
dk hJ taetxm;txd cGijhf yKxm;
wmaMumifh while Loop &JU block xJudk jyef0ifvmcGifh
jyKygw,f/
'DtcgrSmawmh i &JUwefzkd;ukd self-assign (+=) symbol
operator udk tok;H jyKNyD;awmh 10 aygif;jyefygw,f/ 'Dtcg
rSm i &JUwefzkd;[m 30 jzpfoGm;jyefygNyD/ vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSm
if statement udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh i [m 50 eJY nDcJh^
i,fcJhvQifvkdY xyfppfygw,f/ i &JUwefzkd;u 30 qkdawmh
i,faeygao;w,f/ 'Dawmh if (expression) &JUaemufrSm
a&;xm;wJh continue statement t& vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSm
&SdwJh while ukd jyefoGm;jyefygNyD/
'Dvkdenf;eJY tvkyfvkyfwJhtcgrSm Looping ukd 6 Budrf
wdwd ywfygw,f/ 'Dawmh i = 60 qkw
d hJ tajzudk &wJt
h xd
ayghaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh i = 60 vkdY &vmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh
vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSma&;xm;wJh if (i<=50) qkdwJhae&mudk
vmpDppfwt
hJ cgrSm 60 [m 50 xufri,fovkd nDvJ rnD
awmhygbl;/ 'DtcgrSm continue statement [m tvkyf
qufrvkyfawmhbJeJY aemufwpfaMumif; vkdif;eHygwf 7udk
qufqif;vmygNyD/
vdkif;eHygwf 7 ukd a&mufwJhtcgrSm value of i=60 qdkwJh
output udk xkwfay;vkdufygw,f/ 'gayr,fh loop uae
xGufroGm;Ekdifao;wm owdjyKyg/ i &JU wefzkd; 60 eJY
Loop udk qufywfygw,f/ 100 xuf i,fqJrkdY Loop
xJudk quf0ifNyD; 10 xyfaygif;xnfhw,f/ if statement
xJrSm 50 xuf i,f(okdY)nDjcif;r&SdwJhtwGuf continue

statement okdY ra&mufawmhyg/ i=70 ukd print out xkwf
ygw,f/ 'Denf;twkdif; yif&if; while Loop &JU test
boolean expression &JUwefzkd; true jzpfaeoa&GU Loop
qufywfygw,f/
'D Listing 1.14 ukd avhvmMunf&h if i &JUwefz;dk 50 xuf
i,f(odYk)nDaeao;&if print out xkwrf jywmudk awGU&ygr,f/
bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh txufygtajctaerSefaeao;oa&GU
continue statement ukd vkyfaqmifwmaMumifh System.
out.println("Value of i="+i); qk d w J h statement ok d Y
ra&mufawmhbJ while Loop &JU test boolean expression
(i<=100) okYd jyefjyefa&mufomG ;vkYd yJ jzpfygw,f/ Loop xJu
tNyD;xGufoGm;wmawmh r[kwfyg/ 'g[m qufavhvmr,fh
break statement eJY uGmjcm;ygw,f/
The break statement
Break Statement qkw
d muawmh Looping ywfae&mu
ae ckefxGufzkdY? wdwdususajym&&ifawmh a&mufqJ currernt
Looping uae exit vkyfzkdYtwGuf tokH;jyK&wJh control
statement wpfckygyJ/ Switch statement eJY wGJzufNyD; exit
vkyfzkdYvnf; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh break statement
ukd while, do-while, for eJY switch statement awGrmS wGzJ uf
NyD; tokH;jyKEkdifygw,f/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh break statement
&JU syntax_form ukd a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
break;
Break Statement taMumif;udk Listing 1.6 using the
Switch Statement qkdNyD;rS Switch Statement eJY wGJzufNyD;
oifMum;ykYd csay;cJNh yD;ygNyD/ 'gayr,fh 'Dae&mrSmawmh oufqidk f

&mtcef;u@tvdkufawmh &Sif;jy&rSmjzpfvkdY Listing 1.15
taeeJY a&;NyD; &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ tcka&;jywJh Listing 1.15
ukd avhvmNyD;&ifawmh Listing 1.6 ukd jyefavhvmoifyh gw,f/
'grSomvQif break statement taMumif;udk aoaocsmcsm
em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ uJ Listing 1.15 taeeJY
break statement ukd avhvmvkdufygOD;/
Listing 1.15 Using the break statement
in JAVA
1 . //exit the current Looping in current block
2 . class breakClass{
3 . public static void main (String
args[]{
4 . int i=10;
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
5 . while(i<=100){
6 . i+=100;//use in self-assign operator
7 . if (i= = 50) break;
8. System.out.println ("Value of
i="+i);
9.
}
10.
}
11. }
output
value of i=20
value of i=30
value of i=40
Analysis
4/
5/
1/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSma&;xm;wJh (// Backslash symbol)

oauFwcHNyD; a&;xm;wJh pmaMumif;uawmh comments
taeeJY a&;xm;wmyg/ xnfha&;&ifvnf; JAVA Interpretor u todtrSwfrjyKygbl;/ xnfha&;vkdYvnf; &yg
w,f/ a&SUu Double Backslash (//) oauFwukdawmh
rarhapeJYaygh/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 2 rSmawmh breakClass qkdwJh Java &JU primary class ukd zefwD;NyD; vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh main
d ;f eHygwf 4 rSmawmh
( ) function ukd a&;zGUJ xm;ygw,f/ vki
int data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh i = 10 qkdwJhwefzkd;udk
Declare vkyfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSmawmh while
statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh i &JUwefzkd;[m 100 xuf
i,fpOfBuD;pOfrSmqkdNyD; test vkyfygw,f/ While statement ukd tokH;jyKxm;wmjzpfwJhtwGuf program ukd
ppcsif;rSmyJ test vkyfNyD;awmh pDppfygw,f/ do-while
statement rSmvkdrsKd; block xJudk 'Dtwkdif; r0ifapcsif
ygbl;/ uJ pDppfvkdufwJhtcgrSm i &JUwefzkd;[m 100 xuf
i,fawmh while &JU looping block xJudk 0ifvmNyDaygh/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSmawmh i &JUwefzkd;udk self-assign (+ =)
f gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
operator ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh Add vkyy
i &JUwefzkd;[m 20 jzpfvmygNyD/ 'DtcgrSm i &JUwefzkd;[m
20 qkdwmudk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh i &JUwefzkd;[m 50 eJY nDNyD
d ;Hk NyD; pDppfygw,f/ tu,f
vm;?qkNd yD; if statement uko
i &JUwefzkd;onf 50 eJYnDcJhvQifawmh break statement
aMumifh tajz output udk du
k x
f w
k rf jyawmhbJ vkid ;f eHygwf
9 rSm vmydwfxm;wJh while block &JU close brace } ukd
a&mufNyD; block tjyifukd ckefxGufoGm;rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh
i &JUwefzkd;onf vuf&SdtcsdefrSm 20 yJjzpfaeawmh 50
eJYrnDygbl;/ 'Dawmh while &JU block tjyifukd ckefxGuf
vkdYr&ygbJeJY vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSma&;xm;wJh print state174
d t
hJ ajzudk output taeeJY
ment aMumifh value of i=20 qkw
6/
7/
8/
vmjyay;ygw,f/
vkdif;eHygwf 9 rSm a&;xm;wJh while block &JU close
brace } ukd awGUwJhtcgrSmawmh while &JU tpOD; test
expression udk jyefomG ;NyD;awmh while looping &JU block
xJudk 0ifoifhr0ifoifh test vkyfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm olY&JU
Limited data [m 100 eJYn&
D ifjzpfap? i,f&ifjzpfap 0ifciG hf
jyKwJhtwGuf Looping &JU block xJudk 'kwd,tBudrf
jyef0ifvmjyefygNyD/
Looping block xJudka&mufa&mufcsif; i + = 10; qkdwJh
statement aMumifh rlvwefzkd; 20 xJukd 10 xnfhaygif;NyD;
30 jzpfvmygNyD/ 'DtcgrSm if (i= = 50) break; qkdNyD;
a&;xm;wJh statement taeeJY test vkyfwJhtcgrSm i &JU
wefzkd;[m 30 qkdawmh if statement eJY rukdufnDygbl;/
'Dawmh i &JUwefzkd;[m 30 qkdawmh vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSm a&;
xm;wJh print statement ukd tvkyfoGm;vkyfNyD;awmh
value of i=30 qkdwJh output ukd vmxkwfay;ygw,f/
'Dvedk nf;eJYyJ wwd,tBudraf jrmuf i &JUwefz;dk [m 30 tae
eJYyJ while block xJudk 0ifvmjyefrSmyg/ 'DtcgrSmawmh i
&JUwefz;dk [m 40 jzpfomG ;rSmyg/ bmaMumifv
h q
J adk wmh block
xJukd a&mufa&mufcsif; i+ = 10; qkdawmh 30 + = 10;
qkad wmh i=40 jzpfomG ;NyDaygh/ oluvnf; 50 eJY rnDao;wJh
d t
hJ ajzudk
twGuf tjyifurdk xGuEf idk b
f J value of i=40 qkw
output xkwfay;OD;rSmyg/
h cgrSmawmh
aemufwpfBudrf while block xJukd 0ifvmwJt
i &JUwefzkd;[m 40 yg/ 'Dtcg Looping &JU block xJrSm
i+ = 10; qkw
d hJ self-assign method eJY 10 ukd xnfah ygif;
vdu
k w
f hJ tcgrSm i &JUwefz;dk [m 50 vkYd jzpfvmygNyD/ 'Dawmh
vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSma&;xm;wJh if (i= = 50) break; qkdwJh
statement expression eJY oGm;a&mufppfaq;wJhtcgrSm
rSefaewJhtwGuf break statement [m ouf0ifvmNyD;
awmh vkdif;eHygwf 9 rSma&;xm;wJh while block &JU close
brace } tjyifudk ckefxGufoGm;ygNyD/
'DtcgrSm program [m while Loop &JUaemufu statef ufvyk v
f Ydk &NyD;awmh vkid ;f eHygwf 10
ment awGukd tvkyq
rSma&;xm;wJh main ( ) function &JU close brace } qDukd
qufNyD; qif;vmygw,f/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh vkdif;eHygwf
11 rSm a&;xm;wJh close brace } qDudkyg quf qif;vm
NyD;awmh program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh
break statement taMumif;udk aoaocsmcsm em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;avmufygNyD/ tvGefw&m tokH;0ifwJh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
method jzpfwJhtwGuf pepfwus avhvmxm;apcsifyg
w,f/
Note: 'D program rSm owdjyK&rSmuawmh i [m while
statement &JU looping block xJudk 10 taeeJY 0ifw,f/
i + = 10; xnfhaygif;NyD; output taeeJY value of i=20 vkdY
xkwfay;w,f/ aemufwpfBudrf Looping block xJudk 0if
w,f/ i = 20 taeeJYyg/ Block xJudk a&mufwJhtcgrSm i + =
10; xnfhaygif;NyD; output ukd value of i=30 vkdY output
xkwfay;ygw,f/ aemufwpfBudrf Looping block xJudk
0ifwJhtcgrSm i = 30 taeeJY while Loop xJukd0ifygw,f/
'Dawmh Looping xJu0dk ifwhJ tBudraf ygif; 3 Budraf jrmufjzpfNyD;
xkH;pHtwkdif; i + = 10; qkdNyD; self-assign vkyfw,f/ Output ukd value of i = 40 vkdY xkwfay;ygw,f/ 'g[m 3 Budrf
ajrmuf Looping ywfjcif;aemf/ 4 Budrfajrmuf Looping
xJu0kd ifwt
hJ cgrSm awmh i &JUwefz;dk [m 40 taeeJYaygh/ Looping xJukd 0ifci
G &hf adS yr,fh self-assign i + =10; vkyNf yD;wJt
h cg
rSm vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSma&;xm;wJh if (i = = 50) break; qkdwJh
control statement eJY oGm;NidNyD;awmh output xkwfay;Edkif
jcif;r&SdbJ while Loop &JU block tjyifbufukd ckefxGufvm
NyD; program [m End jzpfoGm;wmyg/ owdjyK&r,fh tcsuf
uawmh Looping xJudk 3 Budrf0ifw,fqkdwJh tcsufygyJ/
aoaocsmcsm trace vkyMf unfyh g/ awGUvmygvdrrhf ,f/ break
eJY continue uGmjcm;csuf break statement udk awGUwJhtcg
control t& (Loop awG ikHae&if) twGif;qkH; Loop uae
tNyD;xGuo
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h cg
Loop test boolean expression okdY a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;om
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D Logical expression t&om Loop udk
qufywfoifh rywfoifh qkH;jzwfwmjzpfygw,f/ Loop xJu
tNyD;xGufoGm;wmr[kwfyg/
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh tck oifMum;ykdYcscJhwJh control statement awGtaMumif;udk avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&ifawmh JAVA
Language taMumif;udk xJxJ0if0if em;vnfoGm;NyDvkdY
,kHMunfygw,f/ a&SUrSm qufvufykdYcsr,fh oifcef;pmawGu
awmh chapter 1 &JU index awGjzpfwJh Array taMumif;? Array awGudk zefwD;&if tokH;jyK&wJh new keyward &JU
taMumif;? new keyward ukd tajccHNyD; ykdYcs&r,fh Memory
Leaks eJY Creating objects on the free store qkdwJh tcef;
u@ NyD;awmh JAVA Byte code &JUtaMumif;? JAVA Byte
code &JU tajccH programming Language &JU primary
code awGjzpfwhJ Decimal number, Binary number, Hexadecimal numbers awG&JUtaMumif; NyD;awmh vkdtyf&if
qGJac:,lNyD; tokH;jyKvkdY&wJh package awGxJu objcectfunction awG&JUtaMumif;awG&,fukd ykdYcsay;oGm;rSmyg/ 'D
oufqkdif&m index awGNyD;&ifawmh chapter 1 NyD;oGm;NyD;awmh
tqifhjrifh object awGeJY zefwD;wJh OOP concopts awGyg0if
wJh chapter 2 ukd ykdYcsay;awmhrSmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh tajccH
chapter 1 jzpfwJh Theories and Information of JAVA
qkdwJh tcef;udk aoaocsmcsm jyefvSefavhvmxm;yg/
uRefawmfzavmhyDuae boot vkyv

f u
kd w
f ikd ;f boot vkyw
f t
hJ qifu
h akd usmNf y;D Windows yJwufomG ;w,f/
zavmhyrD aumif;vdv
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h nf; 'Dtwdik ;f yJjzpfaew,f/ zavmhyD drive
vnf; aumif;w,f/ prf;NyD;NyD/ Boot rwuf &if bmrSqufvyk v
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f maMumifh ulnyD gO;D /
vG,fygw,f/ b,f drive eJY boot vkyfr,fqdkwm Bios setting rSmajymrxm;vdkY 'DjyemeJY
&ifqdkifae&wm/ uGefysLwmawGrSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh Adkif;&yfpfab;u uif;a0;atmif zavmhyDuae
pNyD;rwufzdkY tumtuG,fjyKxm;avh&Sdw,f/ zavmhyDuaepNyD; boot wufcsif&if uGefysLwm
pzGifhzGifhcsif; CMOS Setup Utility xJa&mufatmif 0ifvdkufyg/ (zGifhzGifhcsif; delete key
udkESdyfxm;vdkufyg)/ Advance BIOS Feature udk xyfNyD;0ifvdkufyg/ NyD;&if First Boot Device rSm
Floppy udk ay;xm;vdkuf&if&NyD/ aemufydkif;rSm zavmhyDudk odyfroHk;MubJ pD'DawGeJY boot
vkyv
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ajymif;ay;vdkufwmeJY&NyD/
175
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
J AVA De ve lo p e r Gu id e
1.5 Arrays of JA
VA
JAV
uReaf wmft
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ykdYcs&mrSm chapter 1 ukd Basic Foundation taeeJY tjynfhpkH
qk;H ? tvG,u
f q
l ;Hk jzpfatmif a&;om;ykYd csay;cJyh gw,f/ JAVA
&JU tajccHtkwfjrpfawGxJrSm Arrays [m rygrjzpfwJh yifr
r@dKiftw
k jf rpfBuD;wpfct
k jzpf yg0ifygw,f/ 'Dawmh tajccHu
pNyD;awmh avhvmMuwmaygh/ JAVA [m aemufq;Hk ay: Nonprocedural Language, OOP Language wpfcjk zpfygw,f/
'DtcgrSm t&if Language awGrSm ryg0ifwJh features awG
trsm;BuD;yg0ifvmw,fqw
dk mudv
k nf; uRefawmf a&SUoifcef;
pmawGrSm ykdYcsay;cJhygNyD/ JAVA Language ukd tajccHNyD;
awmh Software Engineering tqifhudk wufvSrf;r,fqkd&if
uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY System Development, Internal Design and Programming pwJh tcef;u@awGudk arhxm;vkdY
r&ygbl;/ wu,fwwfajrmufatmif oif,l&rSmyg/ (Com-
puter Science e,fy,fueJU NCC Diploma wufa&mufae

wJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh 'D Module awGudk rpdrf;ygbl;)
'gawGudk pepfwus rwwfajrmuf&if programming rkd;ysH
atmif a&;wwfaevnf; EkdifiHwum Exam awGudk 0ifa&muf
ajzqkdEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/
uJ 'Dawmh Arrays eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh tajccHupNyD;
awmh oif,lMu&atmif/ Arrays [m trSefwu,fuawmh
data structrue tkyfpk0ifwpfckygyJ/ Data Structure (Data
type) Z,m;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh vufeJYcswGufEkdifatmiftxd
1.2 Decision, control structure and looping statement
in JAVA qkdwJhtcef;rSm oifMum;ykdYcsay;cJhygNyD/ tJ'DrSmawmh
tajccHZ,m;taeeJYygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh Internal Design
and Programming qkdwJh Module ukd tajccHNyD;awmh Arrays taMumif;ukd &Sif;jyrSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh Figure 1.2 Classification of data structures ukd avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 1-2 Classification of data structures
Simple type
Basic data type
Pointer type
Basic data structure
Array type
Structure type
Record type
Data structure
Abstract data type

List structure
Problem-oriented
data structure
(created using the
basic data structure)
Stack
Queue
Tree structure
Hash
168
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f rwfv? 2005 ckEpS f
Integer type
Real number type
Character type
Logical type
Partial type
Enumeration type
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
uJ tay:rSma&;jyxm;wJh Data type ykaH v;ukd avhvmNyD;
&if Arrays [m data structures tkyfpk0ifjzpfw,fqkdwmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ Data Structures &JUatmufrmS Basic data structure &JU problem-oriented data structure (created suing the basic data structure)qkdNyD; tkyfpkESpfpk &Sdwmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dtcg JAVA &JU Features awGxrJ mS awmh problem-oriented data structure awGukd JAVA &JU package
class awGxu
J ae qGaJ c:,lNyD;awmh tok;H jyKvkYd &ygw,fq&dk if
tjcm; b,f Language awGrSmrS ryg0ifao;wJh features
awG yg0ifygw,fqkdwmudk vufcHEkdifrSmyg/ trSefwu,fu
awmh 'D problem-oriented data structure awG[m int,
float, Long, char, double pwJh Basic data structure awGukd
tajccHNyD;rS jyefwnfaqmuf&wmyg/ JAVA Language rSm
awmh tcsKdUaom problem-oriented data structure awG[m
package awGxr
J mS yg0ifaeawmh qGaJ c:,lNyD; tok;H jyKvku
d f Hk
ygyJ/ tJ'DvkdygyJ Arrays [mvnf; data structure tkyfpk0if
qkdayr,fh basic data structure awGjzpfwJh int, float, Long,
char, double pwJh data type awGudk tajccHNyD; jyefwnf
aqmuf&wmyg/ Arrays qkdwmbmvJ? uJ aoaocsmcsm
a&;NyD; a&;om;ykdYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Arrays qkdwm[m multiple data item awGudk group
vkyNf yD; tok;H jyKcsifw,fq&dk if array taeeJY zefw;D &ygw,f/
olYrSm index_number &Sdygw,f/ olYtaeeJY multiple data
item awGukd common_name wpfcak y;ygw,f/ olY&UJ aemufrmS
size specification yg0ifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh array ukd aMunmwJhtcgrSm array_name &JUaemufrSm square
bracket [ ] yg0if&ygw,f/ tJ'D square bracket [ ] xJrSmrS
non-negative integer ukd xnfhNyD; aMunm&ygw,f/ 'gukd
pmzwfoltaeeJY complex jzpfoGm;rSmpkd;vkdY sample taeeJY
a&;jyygr,f/
sample : int[]a=new int[5];
'DypHk aH &;jcif;[m one-dimensional array udk tok;H jyKNyD;
aMunmxm;wmygyJ/ ude;f ao&xm;wJw

h efz;dk eJY wGucf surf ,f
qkd&ifawmh 'Dvkd Declare vkyf&rSmyg/
sample : i nt[]a={22,10,18,9,27};
'D Array udk index_number awGeJY Tefjy&r,fqkd&if
awmh 'DvkdawGU&rSmyg/
a
a
a
a
a
[0] =
[11]=
[2] =
[3] =
[4] =
22
10
18
9
27
Array ukd pDpOfwt

hJ cgrSm index_number [m [0] uae
pNyD;awmh pDpOfygw,f/ tu&m char data type eJY aMunm
r,fqkd&ifawmh 'Dvkda&;&rSmyg/
String[]a={"Hello!","Kyaw
lay."};
a[0] = Hello!
a[1] = Kyaw Zayar Lay.
Zayar
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh tajccH array type ukd tajccHavmuf

awmh em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh arrays rSm
one-dimensional array, Two-dimensional array, Multidk ;f pD pepf
dimensional pojzifh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;wmawGukd wpfyi
wus &Si;f jyygr,f/ aoaocsmcsm tcsed ,

f Nl yD;awmhavhvmyg/
One-dimensional array
A one-dimensional array has a data structure in
which data is array in a Line. vkdY one-dimensional array &JU difination ukd t"dym,fzGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ Array
[m problem-oriented data structure xJu List structure eJY tenf;i,fqifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tvkH;pkHrwlygbl;/
tvG,fajym&&ifawmh one-dimensional array qkdwm[m
data structure udk use vkyfNyD;awmhrS vkdif;wpfvkdif;xJrSmwif
multiple data item awGudk group zGJUxm;wmqkd&if rrSm;yg
bl;/ Array-name &JUaemufrmS square bracket [ ] ukd tok;H jyK
xm;NyD; Array &JU index_number awGudk aMunmtokH;jyKyg
w,f/ atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 1-3 ukd avhvmMunfyh g/
One-dimensional array &JU ykHpHygyJ/
Figure 1-3 One-dimensional array
1st
2nd
3rd
.....
i th
.....
Element Element Element ..... Element .....
A(1)
A(2)
A(3)
A(4)
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh one- dimensional array taMumif;udk

tajccHawmh &avmufygNyD/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh aMunmxm;
wJh data type &JUaemufu variable name &JUaemufu
square bracket [ ] xJrSm 'orudef; (float, double) udef;eJY
(-) negaive udef;awG rxnfhrdzkdYygyJ/ Square bracket [ ]
xJrSm rygzkdYyJaemf/ Data type taeeJYawmh Declare vkyfNyD;
tokH;jyKvkdY&ygw,f/ uJ atmufrSm sample a&;jyyghr,f/
&Sif;jywmudk rsufpdIyfaerSmpkd;vkdYyg/
sample : float[]a={1.2,3.6,2.7};
a[0] = 1.2
a[1] = 3.6
a[2] = 2.7
Java &JU array ykHpH[m C++ rSmyg0ifwJh array type eJY qifwl
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f rwfv? 2005ckEpS f
169
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
ovk&d adS yr,fh uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ vufawGUtaeeJY csa&;jy
&&ifawmh
uJ Array &JU tajccHtaeeJY Listing 1.16 ukd tok;H jyKNyD;

awmh Array taMumif;udk vufawGUavhvmMunfh&atmif/
sample : int[]a=new int[5];//Java Lan-
Listing 1.16 Using one-dimensional ar-
guage
ray in JAVA
1 . class BasicArray {
2 . public static void main (String
arg[ ]){
3 . int [ ]a - {1,3,5,7,9};
4 . for (int i=0; i<5; i++){
5 . System.out.println (a[i]);}
6.
}
7. }
output
1
3
5
7
9
Analysis
int a[5];
//C++ Language
'DtcgrSm Java rSm tokH;jyKwJh Array ykHpH[m C++ rSm

tokH;jyKwJh pointer type eJY oGm;wlaewmudk owdjyK&rSmyg/
Java rSm pointer type ykHpH[m oD;oefY features taeeJY
ryg&Sdygbl;/ owdjyKNyD; odxm;&r,fhtcsufawGuawmh Java
rSm poninter type zefwD;a&;om;jcif;eJYywfoufwJh method
awGukd z,f&Sm;xm;jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ Java &JU array type
ykHpH[m C++ u 'DvkdykHpHeJY oGm;wlaeygw,f/
sample: int*a=new int[5]; //c++ pointer
type use
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh Arrays eJYywfoufNyD;awmh aoao

csmcsm em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;avmufygNyD/ tvG,fqkH;
ajym&&ifawmh Array qkdwm[m tvkyfwpfckudk vkyfukdifzkdY
twGuf same data type ukd tokH;jyKNyD; multiple data
item awGudk ykdifqkdifygw,f/ 'Dtcg 'D m ultiple data item
awGudk uk,
d pf m;jyKwhJ Team_name ukd ykid q
f idk w
f hJ work group
[m array ygyJ/
Note : Array ukd Declare vkyw
f t
hJ cgrSm uRefawmfwYdk taeeJY
C & C++ programming language rSmvkdrsKd; aMunmvkdY
vnf;&ygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh Array [m same data
type ukd tokH;jyKygw,f/ int data type udk tokH;jyKcJh&if
tkyfpk0if data item awG b,favmufyJ&Sd&Sd tm;vkH;[m int
data type yJjzpfNyD;awmh wlnDygw,f/ tu,fom multiple data type awGukdom tokH;jyKr,fqkd&if array type
r[kwfbJ Record type jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyg/ atmufrSm
Record type &JUykHpHukd OyrmtaeeJY a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ Array [m same data type qkdwmudk txl;owdjyKyg/
One record (data on a student)
..............<
.........<
....<
Sort type ..............<
Character type
.........<
(character string type)
Integer type ........................<
S tudent Name Marks S tudent Name Marks .....

number
number
....................................................................................
.....................................................................
...........................................................
170
Figure 1-3.1 Record type
1/ 'D program [m Arrays ukd tajccHtaeeJY a&;jyxm;wm

yg/ vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSm Basic Arrays qkdwJh class ukd zef
wD;ygw,f/ Primary class taeeJYyg/ vkdif;eHygwf 2rSm
awmh main ( ) function ukd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 3rSmrS int [ ]a qkdwJh arrays wpfckudk zefwD;
a&;om;ygw,f/ [ ] wpfckxJygwJhtwGuf one-dimensional array qkdwmudk odxm;&r,faemf/ olY&JU member awGuawmh {1,3,5,7,9}; jzpfygw,f/ Arrays memh cg rSm brace { } ESpcf Mk um;rSm comma
ber awGukd a&;wJt
(,) cHNyD; a&;&ygw,f/ Last arrt index rSmawmh comma
(,) cHa&;p&m rvdkygbl;/ Brace { } &JUaemufrSm semicolon(;) yg&ygr,f/ uJ 'g[m Arrays &JU basic_form
ygyJ/
3/ 'D Arrays &JU member awGudk one-dimensional array
&JU form twkid ;f pDpOfvu
dk rf ,fq&dk ifawmh 'Dvadk wGU&rSmyg/
a[0] = 1
a[1] = 3
a[2] = 5
a[3] = 7
a[4] = 9
uJ 'g[m dimensional array [m 'Dtwkid ;f yJ oGm;rSmyg/

'gayr,fh ac:,ltokH;jyKwJhtcgrSm a[ ] qkdwJh Array name
twkid ;f ac:,leHk YJ member tkypf 0k ifawGtm;vk;H yg0ifvmrSmyg/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSm for looping udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh looping yg0ifygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm int i qkdwmudk Declare
vkyfvkdufygw,f/ i [m 5 xufawmh i,fw,f/ NyD;awmh
i ukd postfix increment operator udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
wpfckcsif; wkd;NyD; looping block xJukd 0ifygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf 7 rSmawmh System.out.println ( ) qkdwJh print
statement ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh output xkwfygw,f/
'DtcgrSm a[0] jzpfpOfrSm output 1, a[1] jzpfpOfrmS output 3, a[2] jzpfpOfrSm output 5, a[3] jzpfpOfrSm output
7, a[4] jzpfpOfrSm output 9 qkdNyD; output ukd xkwf
ay;ygw,f/ i &JUwefzkd;[m 5 eJYnDpOfrSmawmh looping
block xJudk 0ifvkdYr&awmhygbl;/ i [m 5 xufi,frSom
vQif looping block xJukd 0ifcGifh&rSmqkdawmh for &JU
block tjyifukd ckefxGufNyD; vkdif;eHygwf 6 u main( )
function &JU close brace } qDukd qif;vmygNyD/ NyD;awmh
Basic Arrays qkdwJh primary class &JU close brace}
qDukd qufqif;vmNyD;awmh program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/
uJ 'Dawmh 'D Listing 1.16 [m tenf;i,f complex
jzpfaeEkid &f if Java u vG,u
f o
l mG ;atmif oifu
h kd tultnDay;
rSmyg/ JAVA &JU API (Application Programming Interface) method [m package awGxJuae vkdcsifwJh method
(or) object component awGudk qGJac:,l tokH;jyKwJh enf;
ynmygyJ/
Note : JAVA package qkdwmuawmh C & C++ programmer awGtwGuf rpdr;f avmufygbl;/ C & C++ rSm oufqi
dk f
&m program tvdkuf header file awGudk declare vkyfNyD;
vkdcsifwJh object component awGudk qGJac:,lNyD; tokH;cswJh
enf;ynm&yfudk tokH;jyKzl; awGUzl;rSmyg/ Oyrm #include
<math.h> vkdY Declare vkyfcJh&if sqrt ( ) square root
method, Log ( ) tp&Sdojzifh ukd,fwkdif zefwD;a&;om;p&m
rvkdbJ vkdcsifwJh object component method ukd qGJac:NyD;
tok;H jyKwmygyJ/ JAVA rSmyg0ifwhJ package qkw
d m[mvnf;
'Dtwkdif;ygyJ/ C & C++ programming rSm header file
awGukd ukd,fwkdif zefwD;a&;om;vkdY&ovkd JAVA Language
rSmvnf; package awGxJu object-component awGudk
qGJac:,lNyD; tokH;csEkdifkHomru ukd,fwkdifvnf; package
awGudk zefwD;a&; om;vkdY&ygw,f/ ukd,fykdif package awG
zefwD;NyD;awmh Java. sun.com ukd vSrf;NyD; ay;ykdY Develop
vkyfvkdY &ygw,f/ trSefwu,fom tokH;0ifwJh features
qkd&ifawmh aemufxGufvmr,fh SDK version topfawGrSm
Tools topftaeeJY jznfo
h iG ;f NyD;awmh yg0ifvmrSmyg/ 'Dtcef;
rSmawmh package awGtaMumif;udk em;vnfatmif tok;H 0ifwhJ
API av;awGukd qGJac:,lNyD; tokH;csjyygr,f/ aemuf chapter awGrSmawmh package awGtaMumif;udk tjynfhpkHqkH;jzpf
atmif ykdYcsay;rSmyg/
uJ 'Dawmh Listing 1.16 rSm a&;jycJhwJh program udk

Length API method udk tokH;jyKNyD;rS jyefa&;zGJUjyygr,f/
Array wpfckrSmyg0ifwJh data item ta&twGufukd odcsif&if
ArrayName.Length method ukd tok;H jyKvkYd &ygw,f/ twd
tusrod&wJh data item ta&twGufawGudk intput taeeJY
vufc&H r,fq&dk ifvnf; tok;H jyKvkYd&ygw,f/ Sample taeeJY
t&ifa&;jyygOD;r,f/
sample
int[ ]a={1,3,5,7,9};
for(int i=0;a.length;i++){
System.out.println(a[i]);}
Listing 1.16 ukd jyef a&;xm;wJh Listing 1.17 ukd avhvm

Munfhyg/ ArrayName. Length method ukd tokH;jyKNyD; a&;
om;xm;ygw,f/
Listing 1.17 Using API to ArrayName.length
method
1 . class APIClass {
2 . public static void main (String [
] args){
3 . int [ ] a={1,3,5,7,9};
4 . for (int i=0; i < a.length; i++){
5 . System.out.println (a[i]);}
6.
}
7. }
output
1
3
5
7
9
Analysis
1/ 'D program udk compile vkyfNyD; Run vkyfr,fqkd&if

&vmwJt
h ajz[m Listing 1.16 u output eJYtwlwyl gyJ/
vkdif;eHygwf 4 u for looping ywfpOfrSm a.length qkdNyD;
arrayName.Length method ukd qGaJ c:,l tok;H csvku
d f
ygw,f/
2/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 5 rSm print statement ukd tokH;jyK
NyD;awmh output udk kdufxkwfvdkufwmyg/ 'gudk avhvm
r,fqkd&if Java &JU API method awG[m programming vky&
f mrSm vG,u
f al pzkYd tultnDay;w,fqw
dk mudk
em;vnfoGm;rSmyg/ Memory & time waste jzpfjcif;rS
umuG,frIay;w,fqkd&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/
'D arrayName.Length method [m uRefawmfhtaeeJY
JAVA Developer Guide ukd ykdYcswJhtcg yxrqkH;taeeJY
pwifykdYcswJh API method ygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh aemuf Listing
171
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
method in JAVA API

1 . class lengthClass{
2 . public static void main (String[]
args){
3 . String[]Hello = new string[3];
4 . Hello[0]="JAVA Developer Guide";
5 . Hello[1]="Kyaw Zayar Lay.";
6 . Hello[2]='IT Engineering.";
7 . for(int i=0; i<Hello.Length;i++){
8 . System.out.println(Hello[i]);}
9.
}
10.
}
output
Kyaw Zayar Lay.
IT Engineering.
Analysis
1/ 'D program av;[m rcufygbl;/ Primary class eJY

main( ) function awGudk zefwD;cJhNyD; string type udk
one-dimensional array taeeJY Hello vkdY Declare
vkyfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm new qkw
d hJ keyword topfwpfck
udk tokH;jyKxm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ new keyword [m
memory rSm allocates vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf ae&mudk zefwD;
ay;wJhoabmygyJ/ a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm r&Sif;cJhwmu
awmh Listing eJYtwlyJ &Sif;jyr,fvkdY &nf&G,fcJhvkdYygyJ/
new keyword udk tok;H jyKNyD; Array udk Declare vky&
f if
memory rSm Array twGuf ae&mawGudk zefwD;ay;w,f
qkdwJh oabmudkyJ tvG,frSwfxm;yg/
2/ NyD;awmh Array &JU index awGtvdkuf string awGudk a&;
om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSmrS for looping eJYywf
k x
f w
k yf gw,f/ Hello.
NyD; output ukd wpfaMumif;jcif; du
d hJ .Length API method ukd ac:,lNyD; tok;H
Length qkw
jyKxm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh output taeeJY JAVA
Developer Guide Kyaw Zayar Lay.IT Engineering.
qkdwJh string text awG[m wpfaMumif;pDjcm;NyD; ay:vmcJh

wmaygh/ Arrays [m em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;&if
vG,u
f Nl yD;awmh tifrwef tok;H 0ifygw,f/ qufvufNyD;
awmh one-dimensional array taMumif;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;&if Two-dimensional array eJY
172
avhvmMuwmaygh/
Two-dimensional array
A data structure in which data is lined up in both
vartical and horizontal directions called a two-dimensional array &JU t"dym ,fukd zGiq
hf x
dk m;ygw,f/ tvG,u
f q
l ;Hk
ajym&&ifawmh one-dimensional array &JUaemufrSm square
bracket [ ] wpfckyJygygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh aemufxyf square
bracket [ ] wpfck xyfwkd;vkdufjcif;[m Two-dimensional
array jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ Two-dimensional array [m data
awGudk Table Form eJY odrf;qnf;Ekdifygw,f/ Table Form
qdkrSawmh odkavSmifwJhtcgrSm Row & Column (wef;eJYwkdif
ykHpH okdavSmifrSmaygh) 'gayr,fh okdavSmifrIykHpH[m Language
wkid ;f rSm rwlnMD uygbl;/ bmaMumifv
h q
J adk wmh Two-dimensional array qkdayr,fh main memory unit rSm okdavSmifwJh
ykHpHuawmh one-dimensional array &JU Form twkdif;yJ okd
avSmifwmyg/ uJ atmufrSma&;qGJjyxm;wJh Figure 1.4 udk
avhvmMunfhyg/ Two-dimensional array &JU ykHpHygyJ/
Figure 1.4 Two-dimensional array (with three columns and two rows)
Row j
<
Listing 1.18 Using in arrayName.Length
Multi-dimensional array awGtaMumif;udk qufvuf
A(1.1) A(1.2)
Column i
<
awGrmS API awGukd xnfo

h iG ;f NyD;awmh oifMum;ykYd csoGm;rSmjzpf
ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmowdjyKNyD;awmh avhvmyg/
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh strint udk use vkyfNyD;rS text
element awGudk dimensional taeeJY okH;Munfh&atmif/
Listing 1.18 rSm a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
A(2.1) A(2.2)
A(3.1) A(3.2)
'DtcgrSm tcsKdU Language awGrSmuawmh A[Cloumn]

[Row]vkdY rSwf,lygw,f/ 'Dawmh &Sif;atmifajym&&ifawmh
A[Vertical] [Horizontal]qkNd yD;rS rSwo
f m;okad vSmifygw,f/
'gayr,fh tcsKdU Language awGrmS awmh A[Row] [Column]
qkdNyD; odrf;rSwfygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdwmudk avhvmMunfh
f t
hJ cgrSm
&if main memory unit rSm sequentially store vkyw
direction of column type eJY direction of Row type qkNd yD;
ykpH u
H jJG ym;oGm;vkYd ygyJ/ tvG,q
f ;Hk t&Si;f qk;H jzpfatmifajym&&if
awmh C & C++, JAVA pwJh Language awGrSmawmh vertically type store jzpfNyD; FORTRAN, COBOL tp&Sw
d hJ language awGrmS awmh Horizonlly type store qkNd yD; okad vSmifyg
w,f/ ykdNyD;&Sif;oGm;atmifvkdY Figure 1.5 ukd aoaocsmcsm
avhvmMunfhyg/ Main memory unit rSm store vkyfykHudk
a&;qGJjyxm;wmyg/
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
Figure 1.5 How data of a two-dimensional array is
stored in a main memory unit
Main memory unit
Two-dimensional aray
A(1.1)
A(1.2)
A(1.1)
A(1.1)
A(2.1)
A(2.2)
A(1.2)
A(1.2)
A(3.1)
A(3.2)
A(2.1)
A(3.1)
A(2.2)
A(1.2)
A(3.1)
A(2.2)
A(3.2)
A(3.2)
<
<
<
Data is
Data is
stored in the stored in the
direction of direction of
columns
rows
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh Two-dimensional array &JU memory

unit rSm store vkyfykHudk em;vnfoGm;avmufygNyD/ Towdimensional array &JU syntax_form ukd a&;jyygOD;r,f/
avhvmMunfhygOD;/
sample
Declare int[ ] [ ]a={
primary dimensional
using
{array data}, array of open and
{number item}, close brace
............
Array name
};
semicolon
uJ vufawGUtaeeJY &Sif;oGm;atmif Listing 1.19 eJY

Two-dimensional array taMumif;udk vufawGUa&;jyyg
r,f/ Table Form ykpH yH gyJ/ odyrf cufvyS gbl;/ avhvmMunfh
yg/
Listing 1.19 Demonstrate in Two-dimensional array stored data
1 . class twoArray{
2 . public static void main(String[]
args){
3 . //Declare two-dimensional array
in 4 Row and 5 Column
4 . int[][]a={
5.
{16,3,2,13,9},
6.
{5,10,11,8,7},
7.
{9,6,7,12,31},
8.
{4,15,14,1,8}
9.
};
10.
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
11.
for(int j=0;j<5;j++)
12.
System.out.print(a[i][j]+" ");
13.
System.out.println();}
14.
}
15.
}
output
16 3
2
13
9
5 10
11
8
7
9 6
7
12
31
4 15
14
1
8
Analysis
1/ Listing 1.19 u program udk avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&if

awmh primary class eJY main ( ) function ukd a&;zGJUNyD;
vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSmawmh comment udk a&;om;xm;wmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ xnfha&;&ifvnf; &ygw,f/ //Double
backslash cHNyD; a&;xm;wJhtwGuf JAVA Interpreter
u todtrSwfrjyKygbl;/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSmawmh int[ ][ ]a qkdNyD; Two-dimensional array udk Declare vkyfygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmu
awmh JAVA rSm Array udk Declare vkyfpOfrSm int[ ][ ]a
qkdNyD; square bracket udk Array_name &JUa&SUrSm xm;&
ayr,fh looping ywfNyD; ac:,l okH;pGJwJhtcgrSmawmh
Array_name u t&ifvmNyD; square bracket [m
aemufukd a&mufae&ygr,f/ Declare vkyfpOfrSm JAVA
&JU array [m wpfrsKd;jzpfaew,fvkdY xif&ayr,fh ac:,l
okH;pGJtokH;jyKykHuawmh C & C++ eJY twlwlygyJ/
Note : Array variable udk Declare vkyfwJhtcgrSm int[]
a; vkdY aMunmvkdY&ovkd C & C++ programming language rSmvkd int a[ ]; vkdY aMunmvkdYvnf;&ygw,f/
BudKufwJhykHpHeJY Declare vkyfvkdY&ygw,f/
3/ Two-dimensional array &JU member data awGudk (=)
equal sign &JU nmbufrSm { }open and close brace
Mum;rSm oD;oefY brace awGcGJNyD; (,)comma cHNyD; a&;yg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 uae vkdif;eHygwf 9 txd[m
Two-dimensional array udk Declare vkyfxm;wmyg/
vkdif;eHygwf 9 u tydwf close brace &JUaemufrSm semicolon (;) ygwmudk owdjyKyg/ Array &JU Syntax_form
udkvnf; a&;jyxm;awmh owdjyKNyD;om;jzpfrSmyg/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf 4 rSm Row twGuf for looping udk int i eJY
Declare vkyfNyD; ywfygw,f/ For Looping twGuf
looping block taeeJY { brace wpfck zGic
hf w
hJ ,fqw
dk mudk
awGU&rSmyg/ olY&JUtwGif;xJrSmrS for looping wpfckudk
xyfywfygw,f/ Column twGufyg/ Column twGuf
173
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
Figure 1-6 Developing a three-dimensional array into
a two-dimensional array
Second plane
A(2,1,1) A(2,1,2)
Plane
A(2,1,1)
A(2,1,2)
A(2,1,1)A(2,1,2)
A(1,1,2)
A(1,1,1)A(1,1,2)
ColumnoA(1,1,1)
A(1,2,1)
A(1,2,2)
A(1,2,1)A(1,2,2)
Row
A(2,2,1)
A(2,2,2)
A(2,2,1)A(2,2,2)
A(2,3,1)
A(2,3,2)
A(2,3,1)A(2,3,2)
A(1,3,1)
A(1,3,2)
A(1,3,1)A(1,3,2)
uawmh int j udk Declare vkyyf gw,f/ txl;owdjyK&rSm

uawmh looping ywfwJhtcgrSm looping wpfckeJYwpfck
ikHxm;vkdY&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh looping awG[m cross
jzwfvkdY r&ygbl;/ 'Dtcsufukdawmh Listing 1.18 rSm
omru b,f program awGrSmrqkd owdjyKNyD;awmh a&;
om;yg/
xk;H pHtwkid ;f ygyJ/ Package awGxu
J API method
awGudk ,lrokH;awmh output dkufxkwfcsifawmhvnf; for
looping eJYyJ jyefu
kd x
f w
k &f rSmyg/ tJ'gaMumifh vkid ;f eHygwf
10 eJY vkdif;eHygwf 11 rSm i eJY j twGuf looping jyefywf
xm;wmaygh/ tay:rSm i [m Row,j [m column qdkNyD;
nDcJhNyD;om;qdkawmh vkdif;eHygwf 12 u output statement aMumifh tajz[m *Pef;wpfvkH;eJY output xkwfNyD;
wkdif; Double quote " " ESpfckMum;u blank tuGmta0;
twkid ;f tenf;i,fpjD cm;NyD; ay:ygw,f/ NyD;awmh atmuf
wpfaMumif;rSm print command udk new line print
form eJY a&;xm;wJhtwGuf aemufwpfaMumif;rSmrS Row
udk kdufxkwfwmyg/
5/ tvG,fajym&&ifawmh 1st Row twGuf yg0ifwJh column
ta&twGufrjynfhrcsif; block xJu xGufvkdY r&ygbl;/
NyD;oGm;rS 2nd Row twGuf column udk vmdkufxkwfwm
yg/ 'Dvkdenf;eJYyJ Table form twkdif; Four Row and
Five column ygwJh Z,m;wpfcu
k &dk vmwmyg/ tao;pdwf
aoaocsmcsmzwfNyD;awmh trace vkyfNyD; avhvmMunfhyg/
Tow-dimensional array taMumif;udk em;vnf oabm
aygufoGm;&if Multi-dimensional array taMumif;udk
qufvufNyD; avhvmMuygpdkY/
A(1,1,1)
A(1,1,2)
A(1,1,1)A(1,1,2)
First plane A(1,2,1)

A(1,2,2)
A(1,2,1)A(1,2,2)
A(1,3,1)
A(1,3,2)
A(1,3,1)A(1,3,2)
One-dimensional array, two-dimensional array eJY

Multi-dimensional array pwJh array awGtaMumif;udk
tajccHusus em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;&if Array &JU t"du
uswJh method taMumif;ukd &Sif;jyygr,f/ uJ 'gqkd&if Arrays &JU programming area awGrSm vkyfEkdifpGrf;wJh method
awGudk classified vkyfMunfh&atmif/ 'DtcgrSm
- Static Array
- Dynamic Array pwJh method ESpfckudk awGUjrif&rSmyg/
uRefawmfhtaeeJY Java &JU ykHpHjy keyword awGtaMumif;udk
r&Sif;jy&ao;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh keyword awGtaMumif;udk
&Si;f wJt
h cgrSmyJ ,SOw
f NJG yD;,SOjf yygawmhr,f/ rjynfrh pk&H iS ;f vif;
xm;&if trSew
f u,fvt
dk yfwt
hJ csed rf mS oabmayguf em;vnf
rSmr[kwfwJhtwGuf keyword tcef;rSm aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jy
ygr,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh Arrays class xJu API method
awGudk qGJac:NyD; tokH;jyKMunfh&atmif/ Listing 1.20 rSm
sort( ) method ukd ac:okH;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Listing 1.20 Using Sort( ) method in Java
Multi-dimensional array
Multi-dimensional arryas such as three-, four-,
or n-dimensional arrays can be defined vkYd vnf; tvG,f
ajym&atmifyg/ twdtust"dym,fzGifhqkdwmawmhr[kwfbl;
aemf/ tvG,fajymr,fqkd&ifawmh Array_name &JUaemufrSm
square bracket[ ] awG xyfwkd;vmwmygyJ/ Oyrm threedimensional array rSmqk&
d if comprising planes, columns
and rows qkdNyD; zGJUwnfaqmufovkdyJaygh/ Three-dimensional array udk xdef;csKyfwJhtcgrSmawmh two-dimensional
ukd xdef;csKyfykHeJY twlwlygyJ/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh three-dimensional array uae two-dimensional array form udk
ajymif;vJa&;zGUJ xm;wJh Figure 1.6 udk avhvmMunfyh g/ tvG,f
wul &Sif;vif;oGm;rSmyg/
174
API
1 . import java.util.arrays;//import
java. util.*;
2 . class sortArray{
3 . public static void main(String[]
args){
4 . int[]a={7,18,2,6,9,1,10};
5. System.out.println("\t Before
Sorting\n");
6 . for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
7 . System.out.print(a[i]+" ");}//
print
8 . Arrays.sort(a);
//sorting
9. System.out.println("\t After
Sorting \n");
1 0 . for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
1 1 . System.out.print(a[i]+" ");}
12.
}
uGeyf sLwmtaxG
wmoifcefa;pm
xG
13. }
output
Before J Sorting
7
18
2
6
9
After J Sorting
1
2
6
7
9
10
10
18
Note : 'D program rSmok;H wJh array.sort( )method [m QuickSort Algorithm method ukd tok;H jyKxm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfh
taeeJY Sort method awGtaMumif;udk Sort Algorithm qkw
d hJ
acgif;pOfi,feJY flowchart, Algorithm eJY &Sif;jyNyD; vdktyf
wJhae&mrSm Java program awGeJY xnfhoGif; &Sif;jyrSmyg/
'Dae&mrSmawmh Listing 1.20 rSmokH;wJh sort( ) method [m
QuickSort method ukd okH;xm;w,fvkdYyJ rSwfxm;yg/
Analysis
1/ 'D Listing 1.20 rSm Arrays class xJu sort method
ukd ,lokH;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvkd ac:,ltokH;jyKEkdifzkdYtwGuf

vkid ;f eHygwf 1 rSm import java.util.Arrays; qkNd yD; a&;om;
xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ Java &JU package udk ac:ok;H wm
yg/ Package &JU t"dym ,fuawmh ta&SUrSm &Si;f jycJo
h vkyd J
C & C++ u header file awGeJY ykHpHwlygw,f/ Arrays
class udk ac:okH;csif&if vkdif;eHygwf 1 rSmyJ //Backslash
cHNyD; a&;xm;wJh comment ykHpH a&;xm;wJh import java.
util.*; vkdY ac:okH;&ifvnf; &ygw,f/ oluawmh Arrays class omruyJ java.util.package wpfckvkH;ukd
ac:okH;csif&if (tjcm; class awGtygt0if) a&;om;
tokH;jyKygw,f/
2/ vkid ;f eHygwf 4 rSm int[ ]a={7,18,2,6,9,1,10}; qkNd yD; onedimensional array udk Declare vkyy
f gw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf
5 rSmawmh System.out.println("\tBefore Sorting\n");
qkdNyD; print dkufxkwfygw,f/ Escape character jzpfwJh
(\t 0.5 jcm;&ef) (\n new Line qif;&ef) ac:ok;H xm;wmudk
vnf; awGU&rSmyg/ t"dym,fuawmh Sorting rvkyfcif
(i,fpOfBuD;vkdufrpOfcif) t&if rlv data twdkif; dkuf
xkwfjyr,fayghaemf/ NyD;awmh for looping eJY array ukd
ywfNyD; du
k x
f w
k yf gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm ArrayName.length
( ) API method ukd ac:okH;xm;wmudk awGu&rSmyg/
For looping eJY block brace ukdvnf; awGU&rSmyg/ increment taeeJY (1 wkd;wkdif;) block xJudk jyef0ifrSmyg/
3/ 'Dawmh t&ifvkd aemufwpfaMumif;rSm Equals Sign(=)
udk okH;NyD; a[i]=i; vkdY a&;p&mrvkdawmhygbl;/ uJ NyD;awmh
k x
f w
k yf g
vkid ;f eHygwf 7 rSm Data awGukd for looping eJY du
w,f/ Data wpfck dkufxkwfNyD;wkdif; Double quote" "
eJY blank (white) space jcm;ygw,f/ trSefwu,fu

awmh \t udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmhjcm;vnf;&ayr,fh 'DtcsdefrSm
complex jzpfoGm;rSmpkd;vkdY " " Double quote eJYyJ space
jcm;vdkufygw,f/ 'Dawmh output taeeJY Before Sorting qkdNyD; vmay:ygw,f/ tJ'D&JUatmufrSmrS 7 18 2 6 9
1 10 qkdNyD; sort rvkyf&ao;bJ vmjyrSmyg/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf 8 rSmawmh java.util.Arrays package xJu
sort( )API method ukd ,lokH;NyD;awmh i,fpOfBuD;vkduf
pDpOfygw,f/ Comment taeeJYvnf; sorting vkdY a&;jy
xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf 9 uawmh print( )
command ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh After Sorting qkdwJh
pmom;udkvmjyzkdYtwGuf a&;xm;wmygyJ/
5/ vkdif;eHygwf 10 uawmh sorting vkyfNyD;om; (i,fpOfBuD;
vdkuf)pDpOfNyD;om; Arrays &JU member data awGukd for
looping ukd tok;H jyKNyD;awmh output xkwy
f gw,f/ 'Dtcg
rSmawmh output ukd xkwfay;zkdY brace{ xJudk 0ifNyD; vkdif;
eHygwf 11 rSm a&;xm;wJh print statement udk tvkyo
f mG ;
vkyyf gw,f/ 'Dvedk nf;eJY output awGukd du
k x
f w
k o
f mG ;wm
[m 1 2 6 7 9 10 18 qkdwJh sorting vkyfNyD;om; data
awGukd vmjywmaygh/ Arrays &JU member data item
awGMum;rSm white space jcm;zkdYtwGuf program a&;pOf
xJu Double quote" " eJY xnhaf &;cJv
h Ydk qw
dk mukd owdjyK
rdrSmyg/
6/ vkdif;eHygwf 11 u print statement &JUtqkH;rSm for
looping &JU block brace ukd vmydwfxm;wmudkvnf;
awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf 12 eJY vkdif;eHygwf 13 uawmh
main( ) function &JU close brace eJY primary class &JU
close brace} awGqkdwmudk owdjyKrdrSmyg/
Note : 'D program rSm topftqef;taeeJYuawmh Java
package awGukd ac:ok;H wmawGuy
kd gyJ/ rSwrf o
d mG ;atmif ao
aocsmcsmavhvmyg/ a&SUavQmuf qufvuftokH;jyK&r,fh
tools awGjzpfvkdYygyJ/
qufvufNyD;awmh Java Language eJY program awGudk
a&;om;wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm API method awGudkvnf;
ac:,ltokH;cs&if;eJY wpfzufuvnf; ukd,fykdif function awG
udk a&;om;NyD; tvkyfvkyfMunfhMu&atmif/ Listing 1.21
u program [mqkd&if Java package awGxJu API
method awGudk ac:,ltokH;jyKkHomruyJ ukd,fykdif function awGudk create vkyfxm;NyD; tokH;csxm;ygw,f/
(a&SYv qufvufazmfjyygrnf)
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

'Dae&mrSm function taMumif;udk oD;oefY acgif;pOftae
eJY &Sif;jyygr,f/
Function Method In JA
VA
JAV
Function( ) qkdwmuawmh Java Developer Guide
ukd avhvmaeoltaeeJY rpdrf;ygbl;/ bmvkdYajym&wmvJqkd

awmh Java &JU tajccH Listing 1.1 uae pwifa&;om;ykYd csay;
cJhwJh program awGrSm yg0ifwJh main( ) qkdwm[m Java &JU
function wpfckjzpfvkdYygyJ/ C & C++ rSmvnf; twlwlygyJ/
tck a&;om;ykdYcsr,fh function( ) awG&JUykHpHeJY main( ) ykHpH[m
qifwlygw,f/ tcka&;r,fh function awGeJY main( ) [m
xyfwlxyfrQwlovm;qkd&ifawmh pGrf;&nftaeeJYuawmh
trsm;BuD; uGJjym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ ta&;tBuD;qkH;tcsufukd
ajym&&ifawmh main( ) [m ukd,fykdif&yfwnfrI&Sdygw,f/
Function( ) awG[m ukd,fykdif&yfwnfrIr&Sdygbl;/ main( )
[m rDSckdrIuif;r,fhkHomruygbl; main( ) qkdwJh method
rygvm&if tJ'D program [m compile vkyfEkdifpGrf;awmif
r&Sad wmhygbl;/ NyD;awmh function awG b,favmufyaJ &;xm;
ayr,fh program compile vkyfNyD; Run NyDqkdwmeJY main( )
method ukd awGUatmif&SmNyD; tJ'Dae&mupNyD;awmhrS compile vkyy
f gw,f/ 'Dawmh main( ) qkw
d m[m program wpfc&k UJ
0ifaygufjzpfaewmaygh/ OyrmtaeeJYajym&&ifawmh main( )
function [m tdrw
f pftrd &f UJ 0ifayguf (wHcg;rBuD;)eJY wlaeyg
w,f/ Function( ) qkdwmuawmh tdrfxJrSm&SdwJh tcef;i,f
awG (tdycf ef;^xrif;pm;cef;)eJYwyl gw,f/ tdrx
f aJ &mufaeay
r,fh tdycf ef;xJ^xrif;pm;cef;xJ 0ifcsifr0S ifrmS aygh/ 'Doabm
w&m;[m function( )awG a&;cJNh yD;awmh ac:ok;H csirf S ok;H r,f/
rok;H csifvnf;&ygw,fqw
dk hJ oabmw&m;yJaygh/ uJ 'gqk&d if
main( ) function uawmh tdrfwHcg;rBuD;eJY wlygw,fqkdrS
awmh wHcg;rBuD;udk zGifhr0ifbJ tdrfxJudk 0ifvkdYudk r&awmhyg
bl;/ tdrfxJudk 0ifvkdYr&awmhbl;qkdrSawmh function( ) awG
jzpfwhJ tdrcf ef;^xrif;pm;cef;xJuakd &m 0ifvYdk &Ekid yf gOD;rvm;?
r&Ekdifygbl;/
168
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh main( ) function eJY uk,

d yf idk zf efw;D a&;
om;wJh function( ) method awG uGjJ ym;jcm;em;wmudk oabm
aygufomG ;awmhrmS yg/ C & C++ eJY uGjJ ym;jcm;em;wmuawmh
Java rSm return type udk xnfhoGif;a&;zGJUp&mrvkdygbl;/ uJ
Figure 1.7 ukd avhvmMunfy
h g/ Function( ) awG tvkyv
f yk f
wJhykHpHudk Diagram qGJjyxm;wmyg/
Figure 1.7 When a program calls a function, execution switches to the function and then resumes at
the line after the function call.
Program
Main ()
{ S tatement;
func1 ();
S tatement <
func2 ();
S tatement; <
func4 ();
} S tatement; <
func1
>
func3
>
func2
retum
> Statement
func3();
<
retum;
retum;
func4
>
retum;
'D Figure 1.7 rSm a&;jyxm;wJht"dym,fuawmh prof if main( ) qkw

d hJ 0ifaygufu p0if&NyD;awmh
gram [m run vky&
ac:,lokH;pGJcH&wJh function( ) awG[m vkyfaqmifcsuf NyD;
ajrmufwmeJY return taeeJY main( ) xJudk jyefoGm;&ygw,f/
Function( ) awG b,fvkdyJ qifhyGm;okH;pGJayr,fh main( )
xJudk jyefukd0ifvm&rSmyg/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh function( ) eJY
ywfoufNyD;awmh tMurf;tm;jzifh em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;
&if java.util.array package xJu Arrays class ukd ac:,l
tokH;cswJh method rSm function i,fav;awG a&;om;jznfh
pGufNyD;awmh pdwfBudKufac:,ltokH;cswJhykHpHudk Listing 1.21
rSm a&;om;ykdYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
uGefysLwm*sme,f {jyDv? 2005 ckESpf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Listing 1.21 Duplication on Array and test-
AB
CD EF
ing
1.
2.
3.
AB
AB
AB
CD EF
XYZ
CD EF
writes the function method

import java.util.Arrays;
public class duplicate{
public static void main(String[]
args){
4 . int[]a={22,14,6,8,44,20};
5 . System.out.print("Array a=");
6 . print(a);
//function call
7 . int[]b=(int[])a.clone();//Duplicate a[]in b[]
8 . System.out.print("Cloned Array
b=");
9 . print(b);
10.System.out.println("Arrays.equals
(a,b)= "+Arrays.equals(a,b));
11.int i=Arrays.binarySearch (a,44);
12.System.out.println("Found at position 44 is "+i);
13 . Arrays.sort(a);
1 4 . System.out.print("Sorted Array
a[]="); print(a);
15.
16 . String[]c={"AB","CD","EF"};//arrays contai three string elements
17. print(c);
18 . String[]d=(String[])c.clone();//
duplicatec[]in d[]
19. print(d);
20.
21. c[1]="XYZ"; //Change String[]c of
index 1,CD into XYZ
22. print(c);
2 3 . pint(d);
2 4 . } //close brace to main()function
25.
26. public static void print(intp []a){
27. for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
28. System.out.print(a[i]+" ");}
29. }
30.
31. public static void print(object
[]a){
32. for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++){
33. System.out.print(a[i]+" ");}
34. }
35. } //close brace to primory class
output
Array a=22 14 6 8 44 20
Cloned Array b=22 14 6 8 44 20
Arrays.equals(a,b)=true
Found at position 44 is = 4
Sorted Array a[]=6 8 14 20 22 44
EF
'D progtram rSm function a&;&wJhtaMumif;&if;

f t
hJ cg
uawmh Arrays &JU data member awGukd output xkww
rSm for looping eJYywfNyD; xkwf&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh Arrays
trsKd;tpm;rsm;&if for looping awG trsm;BuD;ywf&ovkd
main( ) function jzpfwJh yifr body BuD;xJrSm program
code awG IyfaxG;oGm;EkdifwJhtwGuf print( ) qkdwJh function udk a&;om;cJh&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm looping ukd
xyfBudrfwvJvJ ywfp&mrvkdawmhbJeJY Arrays rSeforQ&JU
data number awGukd du
k x
f w
k af wmhr,fq&dk if print( ) function udk ac:,lvkdufkHyJaygh/
Note :
Analysis
1/ Listing 1.21 rSm a&;om;&Sif;vif;jyxm;wJh program

[m Java Language &JU tqifhjrifh package awGxJu
object awGukd ac:,l ok;H pG
J o
Hk mruyJ function method
ukdvnf; Introduce vkyfNyD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ uJ
pwifNyD; avhvmMunf&h atmif/ vkid ;f eHygwf 1 rSm a&;xm;
wmuawmh java. util.Arrays package udk ac:,l tok;H
jyKxm;wmygyJ/ vkid ;f eHygwf 2rSmrS Duplicate class qkw
d hJ
primary class ukd a&;zGJUNyD;awmh open brace{ ukd zGifh
xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm uRefawmfajymcsifwm
uawmh uRefawmfhtaeeJY main ( ) function ukd pwif
r&Sif;vif;ao;bJ vkdif;eHygwf 26 uae vkdif;eHygwf 34
txd a&;om;xm;wJh print qkdwJh function av;udkyJ
t&if&Sif;jyoGm;rSmyg/ 'gudk IyfaxG;roGm;apcsifygbl;/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf 26 rSm a&;xm;wmuawmh public static
void print (int[ ])a qkdwJh function av;udk awGU&rSmyg/
d hJ static key'DtcgrSm a&SUrSmtokH;jyKxm;wJh public qkw
word av;udk owdjyKrdrSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh Java Language rSm static keyword eJY final keyword qkNd yD;awmh
ESpfrsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ tJ'gawGudkawmh function
awG zefw;D a&;om;&if vku
d ef m&r,fh Rules awGeYJ twlNyD;
rSyJ aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jyygawmhr,f/ 'Dawmh print( )
qkdwJh function av;udk a&;zGJUNyD;oGm;wJhtcgrSm tzGifh
brace{ av;udk owdjyKrdrSmyg/ ta&;BuD;wJh tcsuf
wpfcsufuawmh 'D print ( )function xJrSm int[ ]a qkdwJh
arguments aMumifh 'D function udk call ac:NyD; int,
string tp&SdwJh arrays awGukd xnfv
h u
dk &f if wGucf sufNyD;
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
wJhtcgrSm pass by value vkyfNyD;awmh tajzudk main( )
xJudk jyefykdYay;rSmyg/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf 27 rSmawmh function xJudk xnfhoGif;cH&wJh
arrays awGudk print xkwfay;zkdYtwGuf for looping eJY
t&ifywf&ygw,f/ 'Dvkd looping ywfNyD;rSom output
taeeJY print xkwv
f Ydk &rSmaemf/ olwYdk ukd k;d k;d print command taeeJY output xkwfvkdY &ovm;qkd&if r&ygbl;/
olwkdY[m arrays awGrkdYygyJ/ kd;kd; arrays r[kwfwJhudef;
qk&d ifawmh &rSmaygh/ 'Dtcg looping ywf&mrSm for looping &JU test expressing ae&mrSm udef;*Pef;uefYowf
csuu
f kd rxnfo
h iG ;f bJeYJ i<a.length; qkNd yD; a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/ Looping ywfNyD;wkdif; looping brace xJudk0ifNyD;
awmh arrays &JU data items awGukd dkufxkwfygw,f/
'Dtcg data items awG wpfcek YJwpfcMk um;rSm white space
jcm;atmifvkdY Double quote" " ESpfckMum;rSm blank
space ukd xnfha&;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh output xGuf
vmwJhtcgrSm data items awG wpfckeJYwpfckMum;rSm
Double quote jcm;cJhoavmuf tuGmta0;jcm;em;wm
aygh/ vkdif;eHygwf 28 rSmawmh for looping twGuf close
brace} eJY vkdif;eHygwf 29 rSmawmh print( ) function
twGuf close brace} ukd vmydwfxm;ygw,f/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf 3 uae vkdif;eHygwf 34 txd a&;xm;wJh
print( ) function av;udk awGUwJt
h cgrSm pmzwfot
l aeeJY
rsufpdvnfNyD;awmh complex jzpfaumif; jzpfoGm;Ekdifyg
w,f/ owdxm;NyD; avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&ifawmh vkdif;
eHygwf 31 rSm a&;xm;wJh print( ) function u arguments eJY rwlygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwf 31 u a&;xm;wJh
print( ) function &JU arguments [m object[ ]a vkdY
a&;xm;wmudk pmzwfol owdjyKrdrmS yg/ t"dym ,fuawmh
tay:u print( ) function [m omref arrays &JU data
item awGudk vufcHwGufcsufNyD; output xkwfay;rSmyg/
vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSm a&;xm;wJh print( ) function uawmh
object[ ]a qkw
d hJ arguments aMumifh object array awGukd
vufcHwGufcsufNyD; print xkwfay;rSmyg/ 'D function( )
ESpfck[m function_name wlayr,fh vkyfaqmifcsuf
uGJjym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ Java rSm t&m&mwkdif;[m object awG r[kwfygbl;/ wcsKdU programmer awGuawmh
rSm;,Gif;pGm ,lqMuNyD;awmh Java rSm t&m&m[m object awGyJvkdY a<u;aMumfaeMuygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 3
u print( ) function &JU tzGifh brace{ ukd owdjyKNyD;
a&;om;xnfhoGif;yg/ Function &JU body_statement
170
awG a&;om;yku
H awmh tay:u print( ) function a&;om;
xm;ykHeJY twlwlygyJ/ 'gaMumifh tao;pdwfr&Sif;awmhyg
bl;/ 'DtcgrSm pmzwfoltaeeJY ar;aumif;ar;csifygvdrfh
h cgrSm b,f funcr,f/ Print( ) function ukd ac:ok;H wJt
tion u tvkyfvmvkyfr,fqkdwmudkygyJ/ vkdtyfvkdY
ac:okH;wJhtcgrSm tqifajywJh compact jzpfwJh function udk Java Interpreter uae pDpOfay;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh
b,fvkd array rsKd;yJjzpfjzpf print xkwfay;EkdifNyDayghaemf/
'DtcgrSm vkdif;eHygwf 36 rSm a&;xm;wJh close brace
[m duplicate qkdwJh primary class &JU close brace}
ygyJ/ Primary class &JU twGif;xJrSm a&;xm;wJhtwGuf
'Dvkd function rsKd;udk self-defined function vkdY ac:a0:
ygw,f/ 'DtcsufawGudk rSwfxm;yg/ aemufykdif; 'Dtac:
ta0:awGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh oD;oefY&Sif;jyyghr,f/ 'D
function( ) ESpfckukd main( )function &JUtay:rSm
a&;vnf;&ygw,f/ Primary class &JU tzGifheJYtydwf
brace Mum; b,fae&myJjzpfjzpfaygh/ trSefwu,f program pwifNyD; run vkyf&if main( ) ae&muyJ pwifNyD;
awmh run vkyrf mS yg/ Main( ) [m tdrw
f pftrd &f UJ 0ifayguf
wHcg;rBuD;eJYwlygw,f/ wHcg;rBuD;jzpfwJh 0ifaygufu
0ifrS tdrfxJa&mufrSmaygh/ tdrfxJa&mufrS tdyfcef;^xrif;
pm;cef;xJukd 0ifvYdk &rSmayghaemf/ wu,fvYdk main( ) qkw
d hJ
function( ) yifrBuD;uom rSm;,Gif;ae&if error wufae
&ifawmh function( ) i,fav;awGjzpfwJh tdyfcef;^xrif;
pm;cef;xJudkvnf; 0ifvkdY b,f&awmhrSmvnf;aemf/ 'gukd
owdjyKNyD;rS rSwfom;yg/ a&SUrSmvnf; &Sif;jyay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/
5/ 'D print( ) qkw
d hJ function( ) ESpcf [
k m rdrpd w
d Bf udKuf ac:,l
tokH;cscsifvkdY zefwD;a&;om;xm;wmyg/ uJ main( )
function tykdif;udk avhvmMuygOD;pkdY/ vkdif;eHygwf 3 rSmrS
main( ) function ukd tpjyKNyD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
vkid ;f eHygwf 4 rSmawmh int[ ]a={22,14,6,8,44,20}; qkw
d hJ
array ukd aMunmygw,f/ NyD;awmh owdjyK&rSmu
System.out.print("Array a="); qkdNyD; output xGufjy
wJhtcgrSm t&ifay:zkdYtwGuf print command ukd tokH;
jyKNyD; a&;om;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh Array a= qkw
d m t&ifay:
aeNyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf 6 rSmrS uRefawmfwkdY zefwD;cJhwJh
print( ) function udk call ac:NyD;awmhrS array &JU member data yawGudk vmNyD; output xkwfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
ar;&rSmu System.out.print( )command ukdyJ okH;NyD;rS
output xkwf&if r&bl;vm;? qkdawmh r&ygbl;/ 'D
commant ukd tokH;jyKcsif&if for looping eJYywfNyD;rS
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
wGufxkwf&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmfwkdY zefwD;a&;om;
cJhwJh function xJrSm looping ywfNyD; data member
items awGudk kdufxkwfzkdY oD;oefYpDpOfa&;om;cJhwJh function xJrSm looping ywfNyD; data member items awGudk
du
k x
f w
k zf Ydk oD;oefY pDpOfa&;om;cJw
h myg/ 'gaMumifh vkid ;f
eHygwf 7 rSm a&;xm;wJh call function method aMumifh
Array a=22 14 6 8 44 20 qkdNyD; output vmjywmyg/
Mum;xJrSm white space jcm;xm;wmuawmh print( )
function ukd a&;om;xm;xJu double quote" " jcm;NyD;
a&;om;cJhvkdYygyJ/ uJ 'Dtxd&NyDaemf/
6/ vkdif;eHygwf 7 rSmawmh Array class xJu class( )
method ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh int[ ]b udk zefwD;ygw,f/
NyD;awmh cloned Array b= qkdwmudkawmh vkdif;eHygwf 8
rSm System.out.print( ) method udk tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
output xkwfygw,f/ Array b &JU data member awGudk
awmh uReaf wmfwYdk zefw;D cJw
h hJ print( ) function ukd ac:ok;H
NyD;rS output xkwfygw,f/ 'Dawmh cloned Array b=22
14 6 8 44 20 qkdNyD; output vmjyjyefygNyD/ vkdif;eHygwf
10 rSmawmh Array ESpfck[m nDrnDudk java.util.Arrays
package xJu equals( ) method ukd ac:okH;NyD; output xkwfwJhtcgrSm Arrays.equals(a,b)=true qkdwJh
tajzudk vmjyygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 11 rSmawmh int i udk
Declare vkyy
f gw,f/ NyD;awmh binarysearch( ) method
ukd ac:,lNyD;awmh Array a[ ] &JU data member awGxrJ mS
44 qkw
d hJ ude;f [m Arrays &JU b,f index ae&mrSm &So
d vJ
vkdY wGufckdif;NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 12 rSmrS System.out.
pintln( ) method ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh found at position=4 vkdY vmjyygw,f/ Arrays &JU index awGudk jywJh
tcgrSm a[0] upw,fqkdwmudk rSwfrdaerSmyg/ 44 [m
index[4] ckajrmufrSm &SdaevkdYygyJ/
7/ vkdif;eHygwf 13 rSmawmh Sort( ) method udk tokH;jyKNyD;
awmh array a ukd sorting vkyfygw,f/ NyD;awmh vkdif;
eHygwf 14 rSmawmh print command ukd tokH;jyKNyD;awmh
sorted Array a[ ]= qkdwmukd t&if dkufxkwfygw,f/
NyD;awmhrS data item awGukd uRefawmfwYdk zefw;D a&;om;cJh
wJh print( ) function ukd ac:,lNyD;awmh output xkwfay;
ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 15 udkawmh program code ukd
&Sif;vif;atmif line space csefcJhwmyg/ Line Spacing
ukd rcsefvnf;&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf 16 rSmawmh
String[ ]c={"AB","CD","EF"}; qkdNyD; string elements okH;ckudk Declare vkyfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 17
rSmawmh Declare vkycf w

hJ hJ arrays awGukd output xkwaf y;
ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm output taeeJY AB CD EF vkdY vmjy
wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHywf 18 rSmrS string[ ]c udk
cloned( ) method eJY string[ ]d qkdNyD; duplicate vkyf,l
jyefygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf 19 rSmrS output xkwfay;yg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh AB CD EF qkNd yD; xyfvmjyjyefygw,f/
8/ vkdif;eHygwf 2 rSmawmh c[ ] array xJu data awGudk
changes vkyfygw,f/ tvG,fajym&&ifawmh c[ ] array
&JU 'kwd,ajrmuf^ index taeeJYqkd&ifawmh c[1] jzpfwJh
data item udk change vkyz
f YdktwGuf c[1]="XYZ"; qkNd yD;
awmh changes declare vkyfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;
eHygwf 22 rSm print( ) function ac:,lNyD; print xkwfwJh
tcgrSm AB XYZ EF qkdNyD; vmjywmjzpfygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf 23 rSm print(d) qkdNyD;rS string[ ]d udk output
xkwfygw,f/ 'Dawmh output taeeJY AB CD EF qkdwm
udkyJ vmjywmygyJ/ String[ ]c ukdom data changes
vkyv
f u
dk w
f myg/ String[ ]c udk cloned vkyyf mG ;,lxm;wJh
string[ ]d ukdu changes vkyfwmrSr[kwfyJ/ 'Dawmh
rlvyGm;,lpOfu &xm;wJh data twkdif;yJ vmjywmaygh/
'gaMumifh output awG[m uGJjym; jcm;em;wmaygh/ uGJjym;
jcm;em;rSef;odatmifvnf; output xkwfjywmyg/ Main
( ) function &JU close brace ukdawmh vkdif;eHygwf 24 rSm
vmydwfxm;ygw,f/ Duplicate class qkdwJh primary
class &JU close brace ukad wmh vki
d ;f eHygwf 36 rSm vmydwf
xm;ygw,f/ Program [m NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh
function( ) awGudk zefwD; a&;om;wJhtaMumif;udkvnf;
em;vnf oabmaygufomG ;awmhr,fvYdk ,kMH unfygw,f/
Note: 'D Listing 1.21 rSm function taMumif;udk pepf
wusem;vnfatmif a&;om;&Sif;jycJhovkd Java &JU package class awGxJu API method awGudk vkdtyf&ifvkdtyf
ovkd ac:,lokH;pGJEkdifatmif a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ tckvkd Java
language &JU programming structure ukd pwifavhvmwJh
tcgrSm vkt
d yfwahJ e&mrSm xnfo
h iG ;f ok;H pGEJ idk af tmifvYdk ayghaemf/
'Dawmh atmufrSm API method awG tukefawmh r[kwfao;
ygbl;/ vkdtyfr,fxifwJh method awGygyJ/ 'D object class
awGudk a&;om;wifjywJhtcgrSm jrefrmvkd a&;om;&Sif;jyjcif;
r&Syd J tcsKUd ae&mawGrmS Java Guide Book awGrmS ygwJt
h wkid ;f
English vkd a&;om;xnfhoGif;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'grSom
aemufykdif; ykdNyD;zwf&vG,fulvmrSmyg/ avhvmMunfhyg/
JAVA Language eJY ywfoufNyD; tvGefvlajymrsm;wJh
pum;ykHwpfck&Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh pmzwfolMum;zl;rSmyg/
171
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Introduction to JA
VA API (Application Programming
JAV
Interface)
JAVA Language ukd avhvmwJhtcgrSm taxmuftul
&apzkdYtwGuf tajccHtqifhrSm tokH;0ifavmufr,fxifwJh

object class awGxJu API method awGudk a&;om;ykdYcsay;
xm;ygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh tck uReaf wmfwifjywJh API
method [m Introduction vkyfw,fqkdwmudk rarhzkdYygyJ/
uJ pwifavhvmMu&atmif/
nextDouble( )
nextFloat( )
nextLnt( )
nextLong( )
nextGaussian( )
//return random double or float

values between 0.0 and 1.0
//return random int or long value
(all possible value)
//return a double value between
-1.0 and 1.0
The Array Class (java.util.Arrays class)

public static int
binarySearch( )
public static boolean equals( )
public static void
fill( )
public static void
sort( )
Note: The all the methods in the Arrays Class are
static. Thus, they are invoked using the prefix Arrays,
instead of with the name of an instance of the class.
The Maths Class (java.util.Math Class)

public static double
abs(double x) //absotute
value
public static native double aton(double x) //asct
ongent
public static native double ceil(double x) //ceiling
public static native dou ble cos(double x)
public static native double sin(double x)
public static native double tan(double x)
public static native double sqrt(double x)//square
root
public static native double log(double x) //base e
public static native double exp(double x) //base e
public static native double floor(double x)
public static native double max(double x, double y)
public static native double min(double x, double y)
public static native double pow(double x, double y)
public static long
round(double x)
public static syncrmized double random( )
java.long.S
tring
java.long.String
Char
charAt (int index)
int compareTo (String Other)
boolean endsWith (String suffix)
boolean equalsIngoreCose(String other)
int indexOf(String Str)
int indexOf(String Str, int Fromindex)
int lastIndexOf (String str)
int length( )
String replace(charchar, char newChar)
boolean startsWith (String prefix)
String substring (int beginIndex)
String substring (int beginIndex, int endIndex)
String tolowerCase( )
String toUpperCase( )
String trim( )
Convert Between Degrees and Radians

public static double toDegrees(double radians)
//converts the specified number of radians to degrees
public static double toRadinans (double degrees)
//converts the specified number of degrees to radians
java.long.System
Static void
exit(int Status)
Methods that return Random Numbers using Random Class

nextBoolean( )
//return a random boolean value
172
java.swing.JOptionPane
Static String showInputDialog(object message)
java.text.NumberFormat
Static NumberFormat getCurrencyInstance( )
Static NumberFormat getPercintInstance( )
Static NumberFormat getNumberInstance( )
String format(double number)
void
setMaximumFractionDigits (int digits)
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VA API (Application Programming
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Interface)
JAVA Language ukd avhvmwJhtcgrSm taxmuftul
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nextDouble( )
nextFloat( )
nextLnt( )
nextLong( )
nextGaussian( )

//return a double value between
-1.0 and 1.0
The Array Class (java.util.Arrays class)

public static int
binarySearch( )
public static boolean equals( )
public static void
fill( )
public static void
sort( )
Note: The all the methods in the Arrays Class are
static. Thus, they are invoked using the prefix Arrays,
instead of with the name of an instance of the class.
The Maths Class (java.util.Math Class)

public static double
abs(double x) //absotute
value
public static native double aton(double x) //asct
ongent
public static native double ceil(double x) //ceiling
public static native dou ble cos(double x)
public static native double sin(double x)
public static native double tan(double x)
public static native double sqrt(double x)//square
root
public static native double log(double x) //base e
public static native double exp(double x) //base e
public static native double floor(double x)
public static native double max(double x, double y)
public static native double min(double x, double y)
public static native double pow(double x, double y)
public static long
round(double x)
public static syncrmized double random( )
java.long.S
tring
java.long.String
Char
charAt (int index)
int compareTo (String Other)
boolean endsWith (String suffix)
boolean equalsIngoreCose(String other)
int indexOf(String Str)
int indexOf(String Str, int Fromindex)
int lastIndexOf (String str)
int length( )
String replace(charchar, char newChar)
boolean startsWith (String prefix)
String substring (int beginIndex)
String substring (int beginIndex, int endIndex)
String tolowerCase( )
String toUpperCase( )
String trim( )
Convert Between Degrees and Radians

public static double toDegrees(double radians)
//converts the specified number of radians to degrees
public static double toRadinans (double degrees)
//converts the specified number of degrees to radians
java.long.System
Static void
exit(int Status)
Methods that return Random Numbers using Random Class

nextBoolean( )
//return a random boolean value
172
java.swing.JOptionPane
Static String showInputDialog(object message)
java.text.NumberFormat
Static NumberFormat getCurrencyInstance( )
Static NumberFormat getPercintInstance( )
Static NumberFormat getNumberInstance( )
String format(double number)
void
setMaximumFractionDigits (int digits)
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
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method &JU Flowchart ukd a&;qGJjyxm;ygw,f/ avhvm
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ukd 2 rsKd;cGJNyD; qGJjyxm;ygw,f/
Figure 1.7.3 A comparison of the case where the sentinel search method is used and the case where it is not
used
<The case where the sentinel search method is used>
<The case where the sentinel search method is not used>

S tart
S tart
p
1oi
op
1 oi
o
i : 9
TBL(i) : X =
Only one comparison is made during

one search
p
o
i+1
Two comparisons
are required during one search
p
i : 9
>
p<
"Found"
p<
p
"Not Found"
TBL(i):X =
pz
i + 1o i
"Not Found"
"Found"
po
po
End
End
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taMumif;udk qufvuf avhvmMunfhyg/
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method [m Linear search method eJY qifwo
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awG[m ascending or descending order vkyfxm;&yg
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174
Figure 1.7.4 Algorithm for the binary search method

Step 1: A total of the value of a subscript representing
the top of a table and that of a subscript representing the end of a table is divied by 2.
Step 2: The elements having the value obtained in step 1
as a subscript are compared with a target element.
Step 3: If there is an element taht matches a target element, the search is successful.
Step 4: If the value of a target element is smaller than
that of an element in a table, 1 is subtracted from
the current subscript and the value is used as a
subscript for representing the end of a table.
If the value of a target element is larger than that
of an element in table, 1 is added to the current
subscript and the value is used as asubscript for
representing the top of a table.
Step 5: Step 1 through step 4 is repeated. If an element
matching a target element cannot be found at the
point where the value of asubscript
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ukd qufvuf avhvmMunfhyg/ Continue in Figure 1.7.4
qkNd yD; xnfo
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Figure 1.7.5 Flowchart of the binary search method
Binary search method
p
The number of elements
oN
p
X in input
Note: (a) means that

decimal numbers of
'a' are truncated to
turn 'a' into an integer
ger..
o FOUND
p
1 oA
p
N oB
op
Continue in Figure 1.7.4
A > B or
FOUND=1
TBL(1)
TBL(2)
TBL(3)
TBL(4)
TBL(5)
TBL(6)
TBL(7)
TBL(8)
TBL(9)
TBL(10)
TBL(1)TBL(2)
TBL(2)TBL(3)
TBL(3)TBL(4)
TBL(4)TBL(5)
TBL(5)TBL(6)
TBL(6)TBL(7)
TBL(7)TBL(8)
TBL(8)TBL(9)
TBL(9)TBL(10)
TBL 1002 1005 1010 1024 1028 1052 121
1211
1 1322 1866 2132
Ye s
p No
A+B
[
]oi
2
p
X 1866
p
TBL(6)
TBL(7)
TBL(8)
TBL(10)
TBL(6)TBL(7)
TBL(7)TBL(8)
TBL(8)TBL(9)
TBL(9)TBL(10)
1322TBL(9)
1052 121
1
1211
1866 2132
The second
comparison
X : TBL(i)
p
o FOUND
<
X 1866
X : TBL(i)
>
p
i + 1 oA
i - 1 oB
TBL(9)
TBL(10)
TBL(9)TBL(10)
1866 2132
p
X 1866
The
third
comparison
p
z
FOUND : 1
Search
successful
Search
unsuccessful
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Algorithm taMumif;ukd tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh &Si;f vif;cJNh yD;yg
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1.5.1 Sort Algorithm
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Figure 1.8 Sort methods
Internal sorting
Basic exchange method

Basic selection method
Sorting
Basic insertion method

Shaker sort method
Shell sort method
External sorting
'Dawmh Internal sorting rSm Basic exchange, Basic

selection, Basic insortion, shanker sort, shell sort eJY
Quick sort method qkNd yD; method (6) rsdK;udk awGU&NyDaemf/
uJ 'Dvkd tvG,frSwfMuOD;pkdY/
Basic exchange method (Bubble sort)
Basic selection method (Smallest data is sellected
and then compare)
Basic insertion method (like Bubble sort)
Shanker sort method (like Bubble sort)
Shell sort method (extended version of the Basic
insertion) GAD = Data site/2 method
Quick sort method (include JAVA util parkage)
ab;rSm bracket ( ) xJu a&;xm;whJ Notes awGuawmh

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rsdK; uGJwmudk oabmayguf&if External sorting udk quf
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Basic insertion method
Shaker sort method
Quick sort method
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178
Algorithm for sorting data in the ascending order

Step 1. The first and second elements in a table are
compared.
Step 2. If the first element is larger than the second. the
first is exchanged with the second
Step 3. If the second element is larger than the first, no
exchange occurs.
Step 4. The second and third elements are compared
and step 2 and 3 are repated.
Step 5. This routine operation is repated to the last
element in a table. As it reaches the last element, a maximum value is stored in the last
element in that table.
Step 6. Steps 1 thorough 4 and 5 are executed until the
operation reaches the last element but one.
Step 7. Steps 1 through 6 are repeated until only the
firs tand second elements in a table remain.
This completes data sorting.
25 36 11 32 81 15 52
Compare
Compare
Exchange
25 11 36 32 81 15 52
Compare
Exchange
25 11 32 36 81 15 52
Compare
Compare
Exchange
25 11 32 36 15 81 52
Compare
Exchange
Determined as a
25 11 32 36 15 52 81
maximum value
ovdk ydkYcsoGm;ygr,f/
Figure 1.9 Steps of the basic exchange method

(Bubble sort)
Compare
Exchange
11 25 32 36 15 52 81
Compare
Compare
Compare
Exchange Determind
Sort (OR) Basic exchange method ukdyJ oifMum;ykdYcs

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<Characteristics>
One of the simplest sort methods
The effeiency is low since data item are unconditionally compared even if they are sorted correctly.
If the volume of data is large, the process is timeconsuming.
<Computational complexity>
Maximum computaional complexity: O (n2)
Average computational complexity: O (n2)
'D Figure 1.9 rSm a&;om;jyxm;whJ Algorithm statements awG[m uRefwmf computer science e,fy,fudk
a&mufpOfuwnf;u (pwif0ifa&mufpOfuwnf;u) avhvmchJ
orQ pmtkyaf wGxrJ mS tck ul;,lazmfjyxm;whJ method [m
taumif;qH;k eJY tjynfpq
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tawGUtBuHKuykd g tajccHNyD; tmrcHygw,f/ avhvmMunhyf g/
Figure 1.10 shows the flowchart of the basic exchange method. (Bubble sort)
Figure 1.10 Flowchart of the basic exchange
method
N
The number of elements
Loop 1
N=1
1 i
Loop 2
i=N
TBL(i)
TBL(i+1)
Ye s
No
TBL (i)
SAVE
TBL(i)
TBL(i+1)
TBL(i+1)
SAVE

i
i+1
Loop 2
N
N-1
Loop 1
End
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Lisiting 1.22 Illstrate of the Basic exchange method (OR) Bubble sort method
1. import java.util.*;
2. class bubblesort{
args){
4. int[ ]a={25, 36, 11, 32, 81, 15, 52};/
/Declare of seven arrays data item
5. Random myRand=new Random( );// creates a random objects
6. for(int i = 0: i<7; i++){
7. a[i] = myRand.nextInt( );}
8. System.out.println ("Before Sorting");
9. for (int i =0; i<7; i++) {
10. System.out.Println("a["+ i+"]="
+a[i]);}
11. boolean sorted = false;
12. while (!sorted){
13. sorted = true
14. for (int i=0; i < 6; i++ ){
15. if (a[i] > a [i+1]){
16. int temp = a[i];
17. a[i] = a[i+1];
18. a[i+1] = temp;
19. sorted = false;}
20.
}
21. }
22. System.out.println("After Sorting");
23. for (int i=0; i < 7; i++){
24. System.out.println("a["+i"]= "+a[i]);
25.
}
26.
}
27. }

f ? 2005 ckEpS f
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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
output
Before Sorting
a[0]
= 25
a[1]
= 36
a[2]
= 11
a[3]
= 32
a[4]
= 81
a[5]
= 15
a[6]
= 52
After Sorting
a[0]
= 11
a[1]
= 15
a[2]
= 25
a[3]
= 32
a[4]
= 36
a[5]
= 52
a[6]
= 81
Analysis
1/ vkid ;f eHygwf (1) rSm Arrays eJY ywfoufwmawGukd ac:,l

toHk;jyKEkdifzkdYtwGuf import java.util.*; qdkwhJ Java
&JU package class udk ac:,lxm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/
tJ'DaemufrSmrS bubblesort qdkwhJ primary class &,f
main ( ) function &,fukd vdi
k ;f eHygwf (2) eJY vkid ;f eHygwf
(3) rSm aMunmygw,f/
2/ tJ'Daemuf int [ ] a qdkNyD;rS one-dimensional array
udk toHk;NyKNyD;awmh data item 7 ckudk Declare vkyfyg
w,f/ Random class udk tajccHNyD;awmhrS object
wpfckudk create vkyfvdkufwmudk vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSm
awGU&rSmyg/ trSefwu,fuawmh nextInt ( ), nextBoolean( ), nextFloat ( ) tp&SdwhJ method awGudk
ac:,lo;kH pGcJ siw
f t
Jh wGuf Random class udk ac:,lxm;
wmyg/ Bubble sort eJY udef;awGudk pDpOfwhJtcgrSm
nextlnt( ) method eJY ac:,l&r,f r[kwfvm;/ 'D
Random Class eJY ywfoufNyD; tajccHtaeeJY odxm;
oifhwhJ JAVA &JU API method awGuykd g listing 1.21
tNyD;rSm ykYdcsay;chNJ yD;ygNyD/ vkt
d yf&ifjzpfap JAVA eJY ywf
oufwhJ Certified JAVA programmer wpfa,muf?
Certified JAVA Developer wpfa,muf 'grSr[kwf
Certified JAVA Master wpfa,muftxd arQmfvifh
I Ef u
Id cf Rwcf Rwf
&nfreS ;f xm;&if 'D API method awGukd Edu
odxm;oifhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh xyfcgwvJvJ zwfrSwf
avhvmyg/ xyfrHNyD; jznfhpGufcsufawGtaeeJY API
method awGudk ydkYcsay;OD;rSmyg/
3/ vkid ;f eHygwf (6) rSmawmh for looping udk toH;k jyKNy;D awmh
looping ywfygw,f/ i [m 0 u pw,f 7 xuf i,fpOf
180
rSm tvkyv
f yk rf ,f/ NyD;awmh i udk postfix yHpk eH YJ increment vkyfNyD; wkd;oGm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh for looping
&JU block xJukd text expression vkyw
f t
Jh cgwkid ;f 0ifNyD;
awmh a[i]=myRand. nextlnts); qdkNyD;rS i &JU wefzdk;eJY
csdefndygw,f/ Dimensional array taeeJY ac:,lwhJ
tcgrSm i udk toHk;jyK&rSm jzpfvdkYyg/
4/ vkid ;f eHygwf (8) rSm System.out.println("Before Sorting"); qkdNyD;rS output taeeJY print xkwfay;ygw,f/
vkdif; eHygwf (9) rSmawmh sorting rvkyfcif array &JU
data item awGukd print xkwaf y;zdYk looping ywfygw,f/
For looping &JU block brace xJudk wpfBudrf0ifwkdif;
System.out. println ( ) method udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh
output udk xkwaf y;rSmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm owdjyK&rSmuawmh
output xkww
f t
Jh cg arrays &JU index_number awGukd
i taeeJY equally vkyfNyD;jywhJtcgrSm "a[" + index_
number i + "]=" +a[i] taeeJY a&;xm;wmudk awGU&
rSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm &Sif;atmif a&;jy&&ifawmh
"a[" [m Double quote ESpfckMum; a&;xm;whJtwGuf
a[ vkYd output xkww
f t
Jh cg ay:vmNyD;awmh ajymif;vJEikd f
whJ index_number udak wmh + i + vkYd a&;xm;wmaMumifh
value udk increment vkyfwkdif; 0,1,2,.... tp&Sdojzifh
wkd;wkd;NyD; vmjyaewmaygh/ NyD;awmh "]=" vkdY a&;xm;
awmh Double quote ESpcf Mk um;a&;xm;whJ ]= [m output taeeJY vmjywmyg/ 'DbufrSm a&;xm;whJ +a[i]
uawmh trSefwu,f arrays &JU a&mufqJ data item
awGyg/ 'gaMumifh output xGufvmawmh a[0]=25 vdkY
vmjywmaygh/ 'gudk pmzwfo&l UJ rsupf x
d rJ mS &Si;f atmif
a&;jy&&ifawmh 'Dvkdyg/
5/ uJ tJ'Dvkdenf;eJY a&;NyD;awmh sorting rvkyf&ao;whJ
(rpD&ao;wh)J Arrays data item awGukd output xkwjf y
vkdufygNyD/ 'Dawmh Before sorting qkdwhJ pmom;
acgif;pOf&UJ atmufrmS 25, 36, 11, 32, 81, 15, 52 qkNd yD;
Line by Line ay:vmjyrSmyg/ uJ. . 'Dtxdawmh &Sif;
oGm;NyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (11) rSm boolean data type
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh boolean sorted = false; vkd Declare vkyy
f gw,f/ t"dym ,fuawmh false jzpf&if tvkyf
qufvyk zf Ykd aMunmwmyg/ vkid ;f eHygwf (12) rSm while
control statement udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh false jzpfchJ&if
(&Sif;atmifajym&&ifawmh sorting rpD&ao;&ifaygh)
while &JU looping block xJu0
kd ifNyD;awmh tvkyv
f yk yf g
r,f/ block xJukd a&mufwmeJY sorted [m true qkNd yD;

f ? 2005 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
ajymif;vJ cH&ygw,f/ true jzpfrv
S J tvkyu
f kd qufvyk f
vdYk &rSmav/
0
]=
between
Double
quote
between
Double
quote
a[
25
arrays index
Data item
static variable
ajymif;vJEdkifaom
index_number
6/ vkid ;f eHygwf (14) rSmawmh for looping udk ywfNyD;awmh

looping &JU block xJudk 0ifwhJtcgrSmawmh Bubble
sort &JU ude;f pOfpjD cif;jzpfwJh numerical method eJY pNyD;
pDygNyD/ 'DtcgrSm for looping udk ywfwhJtcgrSm Arrays awG&JU ppcsif; udef;wpfvHk;udk udef;aoxm;rSm
jzpfwhJtwGuf rlv&SdwhJ Data items ta&twGufxuf
wpfcak vQmNh yD; looping ywfxm;ygw,f/ 'gudk owdjyK
xm;yg/ atmufrSm a&;xm;whJ Bubble sort &JU numerical method uvnf; Algorithm & Flowchart
rSm jychJwhJtwkdif; udef;ESpfvHk;[m wpfckeJYwpfck compare vkyfwhJ method eJY test vkyfygw,f/
7/ t"dym,fuawmh Arrays &JU 1st index [m Arrays &JU
2nd index xufBuD;chJ&if 1st index udkyJ temp vdkY
rSwfxm;rSm yg/ NyD;awmh 1st index [m 2nd index eJY
ae&ma&TUzkYdtwGuf temp udyk J ,m,Doadk vSmifNyD; aemuf
udka&GUvmrSmyg/ t"dym,f uawmh i,fwhJudef;[m 1st
index tjzpf ae&ma&GUvmNyD;awmh BuD;whJudef;[m 2nd
index tjzpf ae&ma&GUvmrSmyg/ 'Dvkdenf;eJY Looping
wpfywfywfwdkif; 2nd index eJY 3rd index aemuf
wpfBudru
f sawmh 3rd index eJY 4th index pojzifh compare test vkyfNyD; i,fpOfBuD;vdkuf ae&ma&GUrSmyg/ uJ
aoaocsmcsm vufeJYcswGufMunhfyg/ &Sif;oGm;rSmyg/
vkdif;eHygwf (19) u close blace} u vkdif;eHygwf
(15) u if block &JU tydwf blace} yg/ vdkif;eHygwf
(20) uawmh for looping &JU close brace} ygyJ/ vkid ;f
eHygwf (21) uawmh while loop &JU close brace
awGygyJ/ Looping awG wpfckeJYwpfck cross jzwfvdkY
r&ayr,hf looping awG[m wpfckeJYwpfck tcsif;csif;
iHkxm;vkdY &ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh looping ukd iHNk yD;awmh
ywfxm;wmaygh/
8/ 'Dvkdenf;eJYyJ Bubble sort method eJY udef;awGudk ascending order twkdif; pDNyD;NyDqkdMuygpkdY/ vkdif;eHygwf
(22) rSm print statement udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh After
sorting qkdwhJ pmom;udk t&ifkdufxkwfygw,f/
9/ vkdif;eHygwf (23) rSm for looping eJY ywfNyD;awmh ascending order eJY pDNyD;om;jzpfwhJ Arrays data item
awGukd output tjzpf ku
d x
f w
k yf gw,f/ 'DtcgrSmawmh
looping ywfwt
Jh cgrSm for looping &JU intialize ae&mrS
7 xuf i,fwt
Jh xdqNdk yD;rS looping ywfciG jhf yKxm;wmudk
awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dvedk nf;eJY output udk ku
d x
f w
k yf gw,f/
vkid ;f eHygwf (24) rSmyJ for looping &JU block udk vmydwf
xm;ygw,f/ vdik ;f eHygwf (25) uawmh main ( ) function twGuf close brace} jzpfNyD; vdkif;eHygwf (26)
uawmh Bubble sort qkdwhJ primary class &JU close
brace awGygyJ/
'D Liting 1.22 udk avhvmMunh&f ifawmh programming
avmu ^ IT Exam avmurSmyg tvGeef mrnfBu;D whJ Bubble
sort (sorting method) udk oabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ Bubble
sort &JU program code awGudkomru Algorithm, comparative style and flowchart awGuy
kd g txyfxyf tcgcg
avhvmyg/ tvGet
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udk avhvmvkdYNyD;oGm;&ifawmh Java language rSm java.util
package rSm object taeeJYyg0ifvmwhJ sort ( ) qdw
k Jh method
udk Quick Sort Method eJY a&;om;xm;ygw,fvYkd uReaf wmf
a&SUrSm wifjychJNyD;ygNyD/ 'Dawmh Quick sort method udk
qufvuf avhvmMuwmaygh/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunhyf g/
Quick Sort Method (include JAVA util parkage)
Quick Sort Method udk design cschJwJh oluawmh
Hoare yg/ olYtaeeJY recursive method udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh
data awGudk sort vkyf&mrSm tvG,fulqHk;eJY tjynfhpHkqHk;jzpf
atmif pDpOfcyJh gw,f/ Quick sort method taeeJY sorting
vkyrf ,fq&dk if data awGukd pivot or pivotal value udk t&if
&Smygw,f/ tvG,af jym&&ifawmh median or intermediate
value ukd &SmazGvkdufygw,f/ Median value eJY ywfouf
NyD;awmh Figure 1.11 udk avhvmMunfyh g/
Figure 1.11 Pivot (Pivotal value)
Row of data 6 11 7 4 3 8 12 1 13 9

f ? 2005 ckEpS f
pivot (pivotal value)
181
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Moving data
Roll of
data item
Pivot &JU b,fbuf rSm&Sw

d Jh data items awG[m i,fae
d Jh data items awG[m BuD;ae
NyD;awmh pivot &JU nbufrmS &Sw
wmudk awGU&ygw,f/ 'g[mqkd&if sorting vkyfr,fh data
items awGudk divided into two sections (division) vkyf
jcif;ygyJ/ uJ 'Dtxd&NyDaemf/ uJ. . 'Dvkd data items awGukd
group ESpt
f yk pf k cGNJ y;D wht
J cgrSmawmh sort vkyyf gw,f/ Sorting
vkyfwhJtcgrSm omref sort operation awGxuf vG,ful
vsijf refpmG oGm;Ekid yf gw,f/ Figure 1.12 udk avhvmMunhyf g/
Quick sort method &JU Alogrithm eJY calculation factorials udk a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunhfyg/
Pivot
Roll of
data item
Data items Data items

smaller than larger than
the pivot
the pivot
(Example) 6 1 7 4 3
Data items
smaller than 8
Pivot
12 11 13 9
Data items
larger than 8
Figure 1.12 Algotrithm of the quick sort method
i
Step 1: As a preparatory step, pointers i and j must be
initialized.
- i is at the left end, that is 1.
- j is at the last position but a (7) of the pivot, that
is 6.
Step 2-1: i is mived to the right until an element
larger than the pivot is detected.
Step 2-2: J is moved to the left until an element
smaller than the pivot is detected.
Step 2-3: a (i) is exchanged with a (j).
Step 2-4: Step 2-1, 2-2 and 2-3 are repeated until
i j.
Step 2-5: a (i) is exchanged with the pivot at the right
end.
j Pivot

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Array a 25 36 11 32 81 15 52
i j Because 15<52,j can not move.
25 36 11 32 81 15 52
a (i) is exchanged with
a (j)
25 36 11 32 15 81 52
i j Because 1 > j, the double
movement is completed.
25 36 11 32 15 81 52
a (i) is exchanged
with the pivot.
25 36 11 32 15 52 81
Element that are smaller
Elements that are
larger than the pivot
than the pivot
pivot
Algorithm for calculating factorials

f (k)
L
K>0
Jf (k)
f (k-1) X kJ
No
1 J f (k)
L I
End
182

f ? 2005 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Figure 10.13 Algorithm of the quick sort method
Quick sort
L
Receive arguments
Array to be processed: a
Start position: s
End position: e
L
s:e
L
Divide J j
Quick sort : : 1
L Call itself
Quick sort : : 2
L ICall itself
End
: : 1 Arguments (a, s, j-1)

: : 2 Arguments (a, j+1, e)
Divide
L
s Ji
e-1 Jj
a (e) J PIVOT
L
Loop 1
ij
L
Loop 2
ij
or a (i) PIVOT
L
i+1Ji
L
Loop 2
L
Loop 3
ij
or PIVOTa (j)
L
j-1 Jj
L
Loop 3
L
i:j
L<
a (i)JSAVE
L
a (j)JSAVE
L
a (j)Ja (i)
L
SAVEJa (j)
L
Loop 1
LI
a (i)JSAVE
L
a (e) Ja (i)
L
SAVEJa (j)
L
return j
Figure 1.13 shows the flowchart of the quick sort
method.
uJ 'gqkd&if Quick sort method &JU Algorithm &JU

calculation factorials udk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;NyD
qk&d ifawmh Figure 1.13 taeeJY a&;qGjJ yxm;whJ Quick sort
method &JU flowchart udk avhvmMunhfyg/
uJ 'gqdk&ifawmh Quick sort method eJY ywfoufwhJ
Agorithm, Data awGudk compare vkyfNyD;ae&ma&GUwhJ calculation facterials eJY flowchart awGukd avhvmNyD;oGm;&if
awmh Java.util parkage rSm yg0ifwhJ sort ( ) method udk
used vkyfwhJtcgrSm based on design vkyfxm;whJ Quick
sort method udk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ Quick
sort method udk Bubble sort method vkdawmh program
a&;NyD; r&Si;f jyawmhygbl;/ Package xJrmS yg0ifNyD;om;rkYdygyJ/
'gayr,fh Alogrithm & Flowchart awGuakd wmh txyfxyf
tcgcg avhvmyg/
uReaf wmft
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tjynfhpHkqHk;jzpfatmif ydkYcschJygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm tcsdKUaom
tqifhjrifh arrays ykpmawGudk &Sif;jywhJtcgrSm Algorithm
& Flowchart qdkwhJ System Development eJY Internal
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awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh programmer tqifh (tajccHupNy;D awmh)
avhvmoif,w
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Jh cgrSm 'Denf;ynmawGukd csex
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ojzifh b,f Language awGrmS rqkd toH;k 0ifygw,f/ Program wpfc&k UJ Flow oGm;yHu
k kd program flowchart eJY wGucf suf
a&;qGJjy&NyD;awmh System Development yJjzpfjzpf System Maintenance method rSmyJjzpfjzpf tvkyfvkyfoGm;whJ
Flow udak wmh System Flowchart eJY tvkyv
f yk f a&;om;jy&
ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'D Flowchart method [m toHk;0ifw,f
qkw
d mudk tajccHavmufawmh oabmaygufvmavmufygNyD/
'gaMumifh vH;k 0 rwwfajrmuf^roifMum;bl;ao;whJ olawGu
pNyD;awmh wwfajrmufxm;olawGyg em;vnfoabmaygufEidk f
zkYdtwGuf Java &JU Sample Program i,fav;awGukd toH;k jyK
NyD;awmh Algorithm statement awG a&;om;wnfaqmuf
enf; Flowchart awG a&;qGeJ nf;udk aoaocsmcsm avhvm
Munhfyg/ tvGef toHk;0ifwhJ System Development
Method jzpfygw,f/ tvG,w
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vkdY ,HkMunfygw,f/
ausmfaZ,smav; (uom)

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183
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1.6 Requirement Analysis and Design Method
taeeJY projectwpfcu
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System Development
a&;qGJawmhr,fqkd&if tJ'D Developmentvkyfr,fh project
twGuf analysis requirement
vkyfzdkY vkdtyfrSmyg/ 'Dawmh
yHkpHjyKxm;whJ typical analysis and design method
awGudk
cGJjcm;NyD; pepfwus avhvmMuwmaygh/ uJ 'Dawmh Requirement Analysis and Design method
awGudk pepfwus
1.1 Diagromming Methods

1.1.1 DFD (Data Flow Diatram)
1.1.2 ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
1.1.3 STD (State Transition Diagram)
1.1.4 UML ( Unified Modeling Language)
uJ 'Dawmh Diagramming Methods&JU atmufrmS &Sw
d Jh acgif;
pOfi,f wpfckcsif;pDudk pwifNyD;awmh avhvMuygpdkY/
avhvmMur,fqkd&if 'Dtwkdif; awGU&rSmyg/
1.1.1 DFD (Data Flow Diagram)

DFD Method udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pOfawGrSm visu1. Requirement Analysis and Design Method
1.1
Diagramming Methods
ally to aid understanding
jzpfatmif a&;qGw
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1.2
Analysis / Design Diagramming
jyKwhJ analysis methodjzpfygw,f/ atmufrSm a&;qGJjyxm;
'DvdkawGU&NyDaemf/ 'Dawmh 1.1 Diagramming Methods whJ Figure 1.14[m DFD &JU Sample FlowchartygyJ/
uJ
udk xyfrHNyD; tkyfpkcGJ avhvmMunhf&atmif/
avhvmMunfhyg/
An image of DFD
Symbol
Name
Meaning
Data flow
The flow of data is indi
(An arrow with a name) cated
Process
Processing/ conversion of
(Bubble)
data is indicated
Data storage
(Two parallel lines)
A source or destination of
data is indicated
(Ordinarily, persons or organizations outside of
analysis)
Data 2
CorrecChecking
tion
Data 3
Data 3
Data 4
Verification
External
(A square)
Stored data are indicated

(Files, databases and others)
Data 1
Figure 1-14 DFD
Data 5
Data 5
Shipping
IT avmurSmawmh ERD methodudk business operation

1.1.2 ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram)
ERD qkw
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awGrSm ERD methodudkyJ
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udk avhvmMunhfyg/
Teacher
Lecture
Student
- StudentsqdkwhJ Entity rSmvJ Characteristics and

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qkdwhJ Attributes udk toHk;jyK&ygw,f/
- Lecture(pmoifcsed rf mS vJ) oifMum;r,fh bmom&yf Subject Nameudk vmjyay;EkdifzdkY Relationshipudk vmjy
ay;&ygw,f/
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(3) rsdK; uGJjym; jcm;em;Ekdifyg

w,f
/
tJ
'
gawG
u
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Subject
Name
Record
- ]]1 to 1}} relationship
name
name
- ]]1 to N}} relationship
- ]]N to N}} relationship
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uJ RED sample Flow Diagram
udk avhvmNyD;wht
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type
awG
u
d
k
qd
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166
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Symbol
Name
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Data
Stored data
Indicates data for which media is not specified.

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Indicate data stored in an internal storage medium.
Sequential access storage

Indicate only sequentially accessible data, such as those on magnetic tapes, and cassette tapes.
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and floopy disks.
Documents
Indicates data on media human beings can read.
Manual input
Indicate data on any medium that is inputted by hand-operated

means, such as online keyboards, switches, push buttons or bar
code.
Indicates data on any medium that display information used by
human beings, such as those on display screens or online indicators.
Display
Process
Indicates any type of processing functions.
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Indicates any operation handled manually.
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depicted in the symbol.
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the end of the loop, respectively.
Indicate a flow of data or control.
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group of symbols are onitted.
Figure 1-13 The symbols used in flowcharts
168
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1.2.1 Flowcharts
1.2.1.1 The system flowchart (process chart)
1.2.1.2 The program flowchart
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jyefYvSwhJ DataBase System
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are checked
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evaluation data
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Month
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(descending orAnnual
der), affiliation
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employee code
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evaluation dataAffiliation code,
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payroll data
employe code
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evaluation data
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master file
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files
Loop limit
Line
Manual
input
Process
Connector
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Predefined
process
Data on bonus
are processed
Detailed payroll (Former) annual
data file
salary file
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statements
payroll reports
Documents
Decision
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169
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Figure 1-20 A program flowchart example
Start
A file is opened
Headline dataOutput space
Printed
A file is opened
1-English + 1-Mathematics +
1-Japanese language
Total
(Edition)
1-NameM-Name
1-EnglishM-English
1-Mathematics
M-Mathematics
1-Japanese language
M-Japanese
language
TotalM-total
Detailed statement lines
output area
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qGJom;Muwmaygh/
Algorithm 1.1 (Sum)
1. Read : FIRST . [input an integer]
2. Read : SELOND. [input next integer]
3. SUM : = FIRST + SECOND
4. Write "Sum of two numbers is :", sum.
5. Exit.
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Algorithm 1.1udk a&;om; zefw;D xm;wm[m tvGef k;d &Si;f
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Regin
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to FIRST
Printed
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End
Figure 1.20rSm a&;qGJjychJwm[m Sample program
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awG a&;chJ&wmudk rSwfrdrSm
170
Write, 'Sum of two

number is' SUM
End
Figure 1.21 Described Algorithm statements in
flowchart
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False
process
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If = ?
True
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Figure 1.2.3 The Selective Structure
Repetitive Structure [Looping Structure]

If condition (single Alternative)
Repetitive structure
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Algorithm : If (condition) (Module A)
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IF condition
False
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Figure 1.2.2 Selective Structure (If condition)

program statement
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Selective Structure
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171
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Module
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True
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Figure 1.25 Sample flowchart of the Do-while type
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Do - While structure
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Until Structure
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type ponfwkdY&JU type yHkpHeJY vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;ygw,f/
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wu,fawmh tenf;i,f uGJjym;jcm;emrI &Sdygw,f/ tJ'gawG
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Figure 1.26 Sample of Repeat unit type
172
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avmufygNyD/
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ae&mrSm <No> qkw
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udkyJ avh
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Module
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Figure 1.27 Sample Diagram of for Looping

Structure
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type awG[m qifwlwmrdkY tvG,fwul em;vnfoabm
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Multi-branch structure <CASE>
Multi-branch structure <CASE>
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programming BasicrSmwkef;u SampleawGeJY a&;om;
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Value of
X
1
2
3
Other
Process A Process B Process C Process D
Figure 1.28 Sample flowchart of Multi-branch

(case) structure
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* YAC II chart (Yet Another Control chart II)
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<Selective structure>
Figure 1-30 A PAD example

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Condition
True
False
Processing Processing
2
1
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Process- Process-Processing 1
ing 1
ing 1
Figure 1-29 An NS chart example
174
Figure 1-31 An SPD example
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Figure 1-31 A YAC II example
Figure 1-32 A HCP example

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Sample program in C+ + programming language
When you call delete on a pointer, the memory it points
to is freed. Calling delete on that pointer again will
crash your program! When you delete a pointer, set it
to zero (null). Calling delete on a null pointer is guaranteed to be safe.
For example:
Animal *pDog = new Animals ;
delete pDog; // frees the memory
pDog = 0; //sets pointer to
null
//.....
delete pDog; // harmless
Allocating, using, and deleting pointers.

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
13:
14:
15:
16:
// Listing 8.4
// Allocating and
a pointer
deleting
# include < iostream.h>

int main ( )
{
int local Variable = 5;
int * plocal = & local Variable;
int * pHeap= new int;
if (pHeap = =NULL)
{
cout << "Error! No memory
for pHeap!!" ;
return 0;
}
* pHeap = 7;
cout << " Local Variable :
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17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
<<Local Variable<<"/n" ;
cout << "* plocal:" << *
plocal <<"/n";
cout<< " *pHeap:" <<* pHeap
<< "/n" ;
delete pHeap;
pHeap = new int;
if (pHeap = = NULL)
{
cout << "Error ! No memory
for pHeap!!";
return 0;
}
* pHeap = 9;
cout
<<
"*
pHeap:
"
<<*pHeap<<" /n";
delete pHeap;
return 0;
}
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167

Figure 2.1 The steps in the development of a C++
program
5.
public
point
(double
a,
double b) {x = a; y = b;}
6. public Point (Point p) { // copy
constructor (pass with object)
7. { x = p.x ; y = p.y;}
8 . public double x
(
) {return
x;}
9 . public double y (
) {return
y;}
10. public boolean equals (Point
p)
{ return ( x = = p.x & &
y = =
p.y);}
1 1 . public String toString (
)
12. {return new String (" (" + X
+
",+ y + ") "); }
13. // write main (
) function
14.
public
static
void
main
(String
[Jargs) {
15. Point p = new point (2,3) / /
use
constructor with parameter
1 6 . System .out .printn ("p = " +
p); / / output p=
(2.0, 3.0)
17. Point q = new Point (P); / /
use
copy constructor
1 8 . system .out. printin ("q = "
+
q); / / output q= (2.0,3.0)
1 9 . if (q. equals (p)) System
.out.
printin ("p equal q");
20. else
System .out. printin
not equal q");
(" P does
2 1 . } // close brace in main
(
) function
2 2 . } // close brace for primary class
Development Cycle udk
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Listing 2.5
Illustrate the copy constructol method
1.
2.
3.
4.
168
import java. awt.*;

import java . io.*;
public class Point
{ // open
brace for primary class
private double x,y;
Output
p = (2.0,3.0)
q = (2.0, 3.0)
p equal q
Analysis
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2/ vdik ;f eHygwf (8)rSmawmh x udk main ( ) function xJukd
return jyefay;zdkYtwGuf a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ public
keyword udk owdjyKyg/ vdkif;eHygwf (9) rSmawmh y
udkvnf; xdkYtwlyJ main ( ) function xJudk return
jyefay;zdYktwGuf a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vdik ;f eHygwf (10)
uequals ( ) function &JU parameter arguments
rSmawmh class udk object tjzpf zefwD;NyD; ac:,lxm;
ygw,f/ 'grSvnf; function &JU body xJrSm rlv
Declare vkyfcJhwJh x eJY object &JU number data
tjzpfzefwD;xm;wJh (wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh) constructor function udk copy ul;,lxm;wJh object function xJu x eJY y udk p.x eJY p.y vdYk uReaf wmfwYdk owfrw
S f
xm;wmeJY nd,lay;zkdY a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh
vdkif; eHygwf(11) rSmawmh toString ( ) method udk
package xJ uae ac:,lNyD;awmh toH;k jyKxm;ygw,f/
'g[m Output tjzpf xkwaf y;wJt
h cgrSm tzGiehf YJ tydwf
bracket ( ) ESpfckeJY data ESpfckMum;u comma, twGuf
BuKd wifa&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'g[mvnf; main ( ) function xJukd ac:,ltoH;k jyKr,fh [object tjzpf zefw;D r,fh
class &JU] number function eJY data awG taMumif;ygyJ/

aoaocsmcsm trace vkyfNyD;awmh avhvm yg/ Package function awGeJY udk,fydkif function awGudk
aygif;pyfNy;D toH;k jyKxm;wmygyJ/ tukef em;vnfoabm

aygufoGm;&ifawmh main ( ) function awGudk quf
vufavhvmMuwmaygh/
3/ vdik ;f eHygwf (14) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;
xm;NyD; tJ'DxJrSmrS uRefawmfwdkYzefwD;xm;wJh point
qdw
k hJ class udk object taeeJYjyefNyD; zefw;D ,lygw,f/
h iG ;f
'DtcgrSm constructer function zefw;D pOfu xnfo
cJw
h hJ parameter arguments awGut
kd oH;k jyKxm;w,fqkd
wmudk owdjyKrdrSmyg/ 'gaMumifh parameter value
taeeJY 2,3 qdNk yD; input vkyNf yD; xnfo
h iG ;f xm;wmaemf/
NyD;awmh System.Out.print - ("p = " + p); qdNk yD; print
statement udktoHk;jyKNyD; Output xkwfvdkufwJhtcgrSm
p = (2.0,3.0) qdkNyD; output xGufvmwmyg/
4/ vdik ;f eHygwf (17) rSmawmh object passing vkyNf yD; copy
constructor tjzpf a&;zGJUxm;wJh object udk tjcm;
Name wpfckeJY zefwD;NyD; vSrf;ac:,lvdkufygw,f/
NyD;awmh print statement udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh output
xkwfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm output [m q = (2.0,3.0) vdkY
vmjywmayghaemf/
5/ vdik ;f eHygwf (19) rSmawmh boolean equals ( ) method
udt
k oH;k jyKNyD;awmhif (g.equals (p) ) qdNk yD; logical statement taeeJY test vkyy
f gw,f/ 'DtcgrSm if (jzpfcv
hJ Qif
awmh) "p equal q" qdkwJh tajzudk output xkwfay;rSm
jzpfNyD; else (r[kwfcJh&ifawmh) "p does not equals q"
qdw
k hJ output udk vmjyay;rSmyg/ equals ( ) function
eJY test vkyfwJhtcgrSm (jzpfcJhwJhtwGuf) "p equals q"
qdw
k hJ tajzudk output vmxkwaf y;ygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(2) rSmawmh main ( ) function &JU close brace eJY vdik ;f
eHygwf (22) rSmawmh primary class &JU close brace}
udk vmydwfay;xm;ygw,f/ output eJYEdIif;,SOfMunfhNyD;
code awGukd aoaocsmcsm trace vkyMf unfy
h g/ em;vnf
oabm aygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
uJ uRefawmfwdkY class udkpwif a&;zGJU toHk;jyKvdkufNyD
qdw
k meJY High performance features awGukd pwiftoH;k jyK
avhvmae&ygNyD/ 'DtcgrSm OOP concepts awGrSm tvGef
emrnfausmfMum;wJh Inheritance qdkwJh features udkquf
vufavhvmMuwmaygh/
Note: Inheritance features [m C + + programmer awG
169

twGuu
f awmh &if;ES;D NyD;om;aerSmygyJ/ bmaMumifv
h q
J akd wmh
C + + &JU object - oriented - concepts rSm Inheritance eJU
uif;uGmvdkY r&vkdYygbJ/
Inheritance qdkwm[m class tcsif;csif;udk rSDjirf;NyD;

toHk;jyKwJh method ygyJ/ super -class or parent class
awGudk subclass or child class awGuaewpfqifh rSDjirf;
Inheritance features in Java programming

Inheritance features [m rlvu&SdNyD;om; object
(class) udk rDSjirf;NyD; wpfqifhcH ac:,ltoHk;jyKjcif;yJ jzpfyg
NyD; toH;k jyK&wmygyJ/ 'g[m tajccHenf;ynmygyJ/ 'Dx

h ufykd
Java
&J
U
aus
m
M
f
um;vS
w
h
J
packNyD;em;vnfatmifajym&&ifawmh
age enf;ynmawGtxd oufqi
dk af eygw,f/ (Package awG
taMumif;udk 1.5 Arrays of Java rSm &Si;f vif;wifjyNyD;ygNyD/)
a&SUu programmer awG zefw;D oGm;wJh txJurS vdt
k yfwm
awGudk ac:,ltoHk;jyKr,f/ rvdktyfwmawGudk ac:oHk;p&m
rvdkygbl;/ Project awG a&;om;&mrSmawmh 'Denf;ynm
taMumif;udk em;rvnf&if bmrQ a&;om;Ekid rf mS r[kwyf gbl;/
bmaMumifv
h q
J akd wmh a&SUu programmer awG zefw;D xm;wJh
object eJY classes awGxu
J vdck siw
f mudk qGx
J w
k t
f oH;k jyKNyD;
awmh aemufxyf features awGudkvnf; xyfrHjznfhpGufvdkY
&ao;wmqkad wmh Inheritance method [m tifrweftoH;k
0ifwhJ enf;ynmwpf&yfqw
kd mudk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;
avmufygNyD/
Note: Inheritance enf;ynm[m code awGukd reuse vkyNf yD;
software maintenance vkyf&mrSmvnf; tvGefwpf&mrQ
toH;k 0ifygw,f/ bmaMumifv
h q
J adk wmh inheritance features
udktoHk;csjcif;tm;jzifh minimizes redundant code jzpfNyD;
time, cost pwmawGudkyg avQmhcsEkdifvdkYygyJ/ software &JU
rlvpGrf;&nfudkvnf; xdcdkufapjcif;r&Sdygbl;/
tay:rSm a&;om;&Sif;jycJhwJh tcsuftvufawGeJY Figure 2.2 u flow Diagram udk avhvmNyD;oGm;&ifawmh inheritance yHp
k jH yKa&;om;&wJh class declaration syntax form
udk a&;jyNyD;awmh &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ 'D class form udt
k vGwf
&atmifMunfNh yD;awmh rSwx
f m;rSom aemufyikd ;f program awG
a&;wJhtcgrSm tvG,fwula&;om;EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/ uJ
Basic Syntax - form udkavhvmMunfhyg/
w,f/ 'Dvkd ac:,ltoH;k jyKwJt

h wGuf rDjS irf;jcif;udck &H wJh yifr
rlv class udv
k nf; oGm;a&mufxcd u
kd jf cif;r&Syd gbl;/ ud,
k u
f
wpfqifch NH yD;ac:,lwt
hJ cgrSmvnf; vdck siw
f hJ features awGukd
vnf; xyfrjH znfph u
G cf iG hf &Syd gao;w,f/ 'Dvkd jyefvnf toH;k cs
cGihf reusability jzpfjcif;[m Inheritance &JU features ygyJ/
Inheritance [m [ super - class or parent class]
vdkYac:wJh Base class awG&JU a&;NyD;om; rSefaewJh class
awGuaewpfqifhcreate vkyfxm;wJh features jzpfygw,f/
'DtcgrSm [subclass or child class] vdkYac:wJh Derived
class udkzefwD;vdkufwmygyJ/ 'D Derived class rSm rlv
base class &JY features awGvnf; tukey
f gygw,f/ 'ghtjyif
udk,fxyfrHjznfhpGufcsifwJh features awGudkvnf; xyfrHjznfh
pGuv
f Ykd &ygao;w,f/ yifrrlvBase class rSmygvmwJh features awGxJu udk,frvdkcsifwJh feature awG ^ method
awGuv
kd nf; z,f&mS ;xm;cJv
h Ykd &ygw,f/ 'Dvzkd ,f&mS ;jyifqif
wmawG? jzKwfy,fxm;cJhwmawG? xyfrHjznfhpGufwmawGpwJh
jyKjyifa&;om;rIawGvyk w
f t
hJ cgrSm programmer [m rlvu
[super - class or parent class] vdkYac:wJh Base class
udo
k mG ;xdp&mrvdb
k J wpfqifch aH c:,ljcif;jzifh tvkyv
f yk Ef idk yf g
w,f/ 'Dvkd jyefvnftoH;k csciG &hf w
dS hJ reusability pGr;f &nf[m
inheritance &JU pGrf;&nfygyJ/ tajccHupNyD;awmh em;vnf
atmifvYkd flow diagram eJY t&if &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/ aoao
csmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 2.2 Step of ingeritance method in Java programming language
Super-class or parents
Sub-class or child class
Class
Sub-class_name
extends
super-calss_name{
{ Public function_name ( )
{ //arguments and code }
}
'D Basic Syntax - form rSmyg0ifwhJ sub - class -name

ae&mrSm rDSjirf;r,fh class &JUtrnfukd a&;om;NyD;awmh extends &JUaemufu super - class -name qdkwJh trnfae&m
rSmawmh rSjD irf;jcif;udck &H rJh class &JU emrnfukd a&;om;&rSmjzpf
ygw,f/ public function name qdw
k muawmh rdrpd w
d Bf udKuf
170
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
a&;om;wmyJjzpfjzpf? jyefvnfjyifqifa&;om;wmyJ jzpfjzpf
a&;om;&r,fh function name ygyJ/ 'D class form udk
em;vnfoabmygufomG ;&ifawmh atmufrmS Example taeeJY
a&;jyxm;wJh listing 2.6 udk avhvmMunfyh g/
Listing 2.6 Using Inheritance method in Java
Programming
1 . public class Test Inher {
2 . public
static
void
main
(String args
[ ] ) {
3 . Clone c = new clone ( );
4 . System .Out. print In ("Parent value is:" +c. getvalue
( ) ); // parent value is : o
5.
6 . Quarter q= new Quarter ( );
7 . System . Out. print In ("child
value is :" + q. getvalue ( )
) ; / / child value is : 25
8. }
9. }
1 0 . Class Clone {
// parent
class
1 1 . / int
value;
1 2 . public int
getvalue ( ) {
return value;}
13. }
1 4 . class Quarter extends coin {
// child value
1 5 . public Quarter ( ) {value =
25 } / / constructor function
16 }
output
Parent value is: 0
Child value is :25
Analysis
1/ 'D program rSm Inheritance features udk tvG,u
f q
l ;kH
em;vnfatmifvYkd Demonstrate vkyx
f m;ygw,f/ ao
aocsmcsm *kwpdkufavhvmyg/ vdkif;eHygwf (1) rSm

TestInher qdkwJh primary class BuD;udk a&;zGJYxm;
ygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (2) rSmawmh main ( ) function
udk a&;zGYJxm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh ta&;BuD;wJyh ifr
object class eJY Inheritance vkyfNyD; wpfqifc
h rH jDS irf;
xm;wJh [ yifr object udk extends vkyx
f m;wJh ] class udk
t&ifoGm;NyD; avhvmMu&atmif/
2/ vdkif;eHygwf (10)rSm clone qdkwJh class udka&;zGJYxm;yg

w,f/ tJ'D class xJrmS awmh int data type udk toH;k jyK
NyD; value qdkwJh variable udk Declare vkyfygw,f/
tJ'Dh clone qdkwJh class &JU body xJrSmwifyJ public
k oH;k jyKNyD;awmh getvalue ( ) qdw
k hJ funckeyboard udt
tion udak &;zGYJ ygw,f/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh 'D getvalue
( ) function xJrmS value &JU wefz;kd [m bmrQ owfrw
S f
xm;jcif; r&Syd gbl;/ 'Dawmh olYwefz;kd [m 0- zero aygh/
vdik ;f eHygwf (13) rSmawmh tJ'hD object tjzpf zefw;D r,fh
class &JU close brace udk ydwfxm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (14) rSmawmh rlv class jzpfwJh clone
qdkwJh class udk extends vkyf rSDjirf;NyD; Quarter qdkwJh
class udk a&;zGJUvdkufwmudk awGY&rSmyg/
Note: C+ + language rSmawmh class awGudk Inheritance
vkyf&mrSm public qdkwJh keyword eJYyJ Accessing vkyfMu
wmyg/ Java language uawmh a&maxG;rIudk rvkdvm;bJ
dk;&Sif;vG,fulapcsifwJhtwGuf extends qdkwJh keyword udk
toH;k jyKxm;wmygyJ/ class- Declaration Syntax -form rSm
aoaocsmcsma&;jycJyh gw,f/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfyh g/
'DrjDS irf;xm;wJh class jzpfwhJ Quarter qdw
k hJ class udak &;
wJhtcgrSmawmh constructor function tjzpf Quarter ( )
qdkwJh function udka&;zGJYcJhygw,f/ 'D constructor function xJrmS rS value = 25; vdYk Declare vkyc
f yhJ gw,f/ owdjyK
&r,fhtcsufuawmh 'DrSDjirf;xm;wJh Child class (or) Subclass xJrmS variable &JU wefz;kd (value = 25;) udo
k m aMunm
xm;ygw,f/ 'D variable udk data type udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh
Declare vkyfcJhjcif;r&Sdygbl;/ Declare vkyfcJhjcif;r&SdbJeJY
bmaMumifh toH;k jyK&wmvJqakd wmh 'D class [m clone qdw
k hJ
class udk rSDjirf;NyD;rS a&;xm;wmr[kwfvm;/ 'Dawmh variable awGudk jyefaMunmp&m rvdkawmhbl;ayghaemf/ 'D class
udk object taeeJYom Declare vkyNf yD; ac:oH;k r,fq&dk ifawmh
value &JU wefzdk;[m 25 taeeJYvmNyD; calculate vkyfrSmaygh
aemf/
4/ vdik ;f eHygwf (3) rSmawmh Clone qdw
k hJ vdik ;f eHygwf (10)
rSm zefwD;cJhwJh class udk object taeeJY zefwD;ac:,l
vdu
k yf gw,f/ NyD;awmh 'D class &JU member function
jzpfwhJ getvalue ( ) udk ac:,ltoH;k jyKvdu
k yf gNyD/ ta&;
BuD;wJh tcsufuawmh 'D clone qdkwJh class rSm constructor function rygbl;qdkwJh tcsufyJaemf/ 'Dawmh
'D class &JU member data [m bmrQ Declare
vkyfxm;jcif;r&SdwmaMumifh default taeeJY 0 - zero
171

vdkYyJxGufvmrSmaemf/ 'gaMumifh Output [m Parent
Value : 0 vdYk xGuv
f mwmygyJ/ uJ print statement eJY
output xkwt
f NyD;rSm vdik ;f eHygwf (5) rSm jcm;xm;vdu
k f
ygw,f/ vdik ;f eHygwf (5) [m Blank line feed taeeJY
yg/ rjcm;vnf; &ygw,f/ aemufvdkif;eHygwf (6) rSm
awmh wpfqifhcH a&;zGJYxm;wJh Quater qdkwJh class udk
ac:,lvdkufygw,f/ 'Dtcg 'D class (object) xJrSm
constructor function a&;zGJYxm;cJhw,f qkdwmudk
owdjyK&ygr,f/ 'g[m tvGet
f a&;BuD;wJh tcsuyf gyJ/
5/ 'DtcgrSm constructor function xJrSm value taeeJY
k avsmuf 0ifvmcJyh gNy/D Ny;D awmh
a&;xm;wJh 25 [m tvdt
vdik ;f eHygwf (7) rSm print statement eJY ac:,lNyD; Output xkwfvkdufygw,f/ 'Dtcg getvalue ( ) function
[m wpfqifhcH Inheritance Technique eJYac:,l
wmjzpfwJhtwGuf 0ifvmNyD; tajzvmjyay;ygw,f/
'Dtcg child value is : 25 vdkY output xGufvmcJhyg
w,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf (8) rSm main ( ) function &JU close
brace } eJY vdi
k ;f eHygwf (9) rSm primary class &JU close
brace} udk vmydwfxm;ygw,f/
uJ 'D program udk avhvmMunf&h if Inheritance Technique udk demonstrate vkyfxm;wmudk tvG,fwul
em;vnf oabmaygufomG ;ygvdrrhf ,f/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh
Inheritance taMumif;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;atmif
Listing 2.7 eJY xyfrHNyD; program a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
xl;jcm;wmuawmh 'D program udka&;om;wJhtcgrSm [Inheritance udk toHk;jyKwJh enf;ynmrSm] Super -class (or)
parent class &JU constructor udk vSrf;NyD; ac:,lxm;wmudk
awGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh vkyfief;cGifrSm programmer awGtzdYk program awG zefw;D a&;om;wJt
h cgrSm
vG,u
f o
l ufomapwJh enf;ynmwpfcyk gyJ/ uJ aoaocsmcsm
avhvmMunfhyg/ Listing 2.7 taeeJY &Sif;jy ydkYcsay;xm;yg
w,f/
Listing 2.7 using super to call the super - class constructor
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
172
Class Super Class {

protected int Supaer Value;
public Super Class (int P) {
Super Value = P;}
public int getsuper value (
) {return Super value;}
}
Class SubClass extends Super
Class {
protected int Subvalue;
public SubClass (int subV,
int p) {
9. Super Class (*) ;
1 0 . SubValue = SubV; }
1 1 . public int getSub Value ( )
{return SubValue;}
12.}
1 3 . public Class TestSuper {
1 4 . public
static
void
main
(String args [ ] ) {
1 5 . SubClass ref = new SubClass (4,3);
1 6 . System .out. printfn ("Super
Value is :" + ref get Super
Value ( ) );
1 7 . System
.out.
printn
("Sub
Value is: " + ref .getSub
Value ( ) );
18.}
19.}
7.
8.
Output
Super Value is : 3
Sub Value is: 4
Analysis
1/ 'D program [m Inheritance taMumif;udk uRrf;usif
em;vnfatmif a&;jyxm;wJh program wpfckyJ jzpfyg
w,f/vdik ;f eHygwf (1) rSm object tjzpfzefw;D r,fch lass
wpfckudk Super Class qdkwJhtrnfeJY Declar & write
vkyfygw,f/ tJ'D class &JUmember function udkawmh
vdik ;f eHygwf (2) rSm aMunmygw,f/ tJ't

D cgrSm owdjyK
p&muawmh protected qdw
k hJ keyword udk toH;k jyKxm;
wmygyJ/ 'g[m 'D data member udk ac:,lwt
hJ cgrSm
tuefYtowfeYJyJ ac:,lapcsiv
f YdkygyJ/ Note: protected
keyword taMumif;udkawmh vmr,fh tcef;u@rSm
oD;oefY wifjyay;ygr,f/ Protected keyword udk
"Only allowed within the fragments of a class
and its sub class" vdkY t"dym,fzGifhqkdxm;wmqkdawmh
'D keyword awGtaMumif;udk oD;oefY&Sif;jy&rSmyg/
vdkif;eHygwf (3) rSm tJ'D class &JU constructor function udka&;zGJYygw,f/ tJ'D constructor function rSm
parameter value (or) arguments value
udx
k nfx
h m;w,faemf/ int data type eJY p vdYk Declare
vkyfxm;wmaemf/ 'D constructor function xJrSmawmh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
protected keyword eJY Declare vkyc
fw
hJ hJ Super Value
eJY arguments value wdkY nDatmifnd,lxm;ygw,f/
uJ - tJ'Dtxd em;vnfatmif aoaocsmcsm avhvm

Munfhyg/
2/ vdik ;f eHygwf (4) rSmawmh public keyword udk toH;k jyKNy;D
awmh int getSuperValue ( ) qdkwJh function udk
a&;ygw,f/ trSefuawmh main ( ) function xJudk
return jyefay;zdkYygyJ/ vdkif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh tJ'D
Super Class &JU close brace } udk vmydwx
f m;ygw,f/
vdkif;eHygwf(6) rSm Sub Class qdkwJh Name eJY Super
Class tay:rSma&;cJhwJh class udk extends vkyfxm;
wmaemf/ 'D extends vkyfxm;wJh class xJrSmint data
type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh SubValue udk Declare
vkyfygw,f/ 'Dtcg constructor function udkda&;zGJU
xm;wmudkvnf; awGY&rSmyg/ xl;jcm;csufuawmh 'D
constructor function ud k pass -by -object
vkyfwJhtcgrSm parameter arguments [m int Subv
eJY int P qdNk yD; ESpcf k awGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m Inheritance &JU
features ygyJ/ tay: class rSmyg0ifwJh pGrf;&nfudk
ac:oH;k ovdk ud,
k v
f ckd siw
f hJ feature udv
k nf; xnfrh jH znfh
pGufxm;NyDav/ 'Dawmh 'D Sub Class [mtay:u
Super Class rSmyg0ifwJh pGrf;&nfawG tukefyg0ifae
ovkdyJ Super Class xufydkwJh xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;wJh
features awGvnf; yg0ifaeygw,f/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (13) rSm TetSuper qdkwJh Class udka&;zGJY
xm;ygw,f/ 'D class xJrSmrS main ( ) function udk
a&;zGJUygw,f/ 'D main ( ) function xJrSm Sub Class
udk obj wpfct
k aeeJY zefw;D ygw,f/ 'Dtcg Sub Class
[m obj tjzpf zefw;D cH&wJt
h cgrSm olY&UJ constructor
function [m 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh tvkdtavsmuf invoke jzpfvmygw,f/ 'ghtjyif Sub Class [m
SuperClass udk extends vkyx
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173

Sample
1 . public date (String Str) // parameter using string data type
2 . { System.Out. print In (Str);}
3 . // write another function with
same Nam
4 . public data (int mm, int dd, int
yy) // parameter using int data
type
5 . { System . out. print In (mm
+ dd +
yy) ;
'D function ESpfckpvHk;rSm function Name [m date qdkNyD;

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data type jzpfNyD; vdkif;eHygwf (4) u date ( ) function &JU
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a&;NyD;avhvmMuwmaygh/ Listing 2.8 eJY Method overloading taMumif;udk &Si;f vif;jyxm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm
avhvmMunfhyg/
Listing 2.8 Overloading function demonstrate
1.
2.
public Class Testol {

public
Static
void
main
(String args [ ]) {
3 . DATE
D = new DATE ( ) ;
4 . D . date (" 9/9/2005") ; / /
String data type used
5 . D. date (9,9, 2005 ) ; // int
data type used
6. }
7. }
8 . public
class DATE {
9 . / / overloading function ( )
in two ways
1 0 . public String date (String
Str)
1 1 . { System. Out . print In (
"Date:" + Str) ; }
12.public int date (int mm, int
dd, int yy)
1 3 . {System .Out. print In ("Date:"
174
+ mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yy ) ;}
14.}
output
Date: 9/9/2005
Date: 9/9/2005
Analysis
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Sample
void date (String Str);
void date(int mm, int dd, int yy);
void date (double mm, int dd, double yy);
void date (int mm, int dd, Str yy);
void date (int mdy);
'Dtcg tay:ua&;jycJw
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data type eJY tvkyfvkyfrSmyg/
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Kyaw Zayar Lay [ IT Engineering ]
175
. .1
JAVA
Input and Output
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pwmawG[m invoked and compute type
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jrifrdrSm r[kwfygbl;/ VB rSmuawmh vkdcsifwJht&mudk Li- Language
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kd mv? 2005 ckEpS f
177

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p
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// i p i g fi
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("What is your name?")vd
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ta&SUrSma&;jycJhwJh Input Dialog BoxvkdygyJ ay:vmrSmyg/
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13. y m.
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("H
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m + "
comments
udk a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;wJhtcgrSmrS
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16. }
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type eJU toHk;jyKNyD; vufcHcJhwmaemf/ 'Dtwdkif; Outputjyef
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w,f/ tzGifh brace {udkvJawGY&rSmyg/ vdkif;eHygwf (4) Declarevkyf&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSm int
uawmh Double backslashcHNyD; commentsa&;xm;wm age = Integer .parseInt (old);
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4/ vkdif;eHygwf (11)rSmawmh vufcHxm;wJh Name qdkwJh
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vmNyD; output xkwfay;aeustwdkif;yJ console window
String name; // String data type use in variable
rSm vmjyay;rSmygyJ/ Dialog yHkpHeJY r[kwfygbl;/ 'gudkawmh
declare
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name = JOptionPane.ShowInputDialog ("what is
awGrSm oifMum;ydkYcs ay;xm;wJh yHkpHjzpfaevkdYygyJ/ tJ'Daemuf
your name?");
uJ 'DypkH rH sK;d qk&d if a&;aeusypkH jH zpfwt
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178
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kd mv? 2005 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
integer data typetjzpf convert vkyfNyD; age qdkNyD;
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m.
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("Ag : "+ g + "y
");
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5/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf(13) rSmawmh a&SUvmr,fhESpfrSm
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contorl structure and looping statements of JAVA
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codetqHk;rSm System.exit (0) qd
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r,fqkd&if bmaMumifha&;&wmvJ/ b,fvdkpGrf;&nfvJ? bm
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parameter value
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In JAVA qdkwJh tcef;u@udkqufvufavhvmMuygpdkY/
ausmaf Z,smav;(uom)

kd mv? 2005 ckEpS f
179
2.3 Access Methods and Passing Arguments In JAVA

'Dacgif;pOfi,fav;[m JAVA Language &JU OOP
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k &dk if rrSm;ygbl;/ bmaMumifv
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programming vkyfw,fqdkwm trSefwu,fuawmh tvGef
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vkdtyfwJh Access Methods awGtaMumif;&,f passing
Arguments (a&SUrSm tenf;i,fydkYcsay;NyD;ygNyD/) taMumif;
awG&,fudkrS em;rvnf&if tpDtpOfusewJh program wpfck
udk zefwD;a&;om;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/ uJ'Dawmh Access
Methods awGukd t&ifavhvmMu&atmif/ Access Method
udkavhvmr,fqkd&if atmufrSma&;jyxm;wJh tajccH Methods tkyfpk (3) ckudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'gawGudk atmufrSma&;jy
xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Static Method is assigned to a class and not to

an object of that class.
The syntax for calling a static method is the
method name plus whatever arguments the method
requires.
'D Static Method udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh C + + Language rSmvdk object tjzpf zefwD;&muae rvkdvm;tyfwJh
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2.10 uaepNyD;awmh Sample program a&;xm;wmudk pwif
Static Methods
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uJ 'D Methods tkyfpkawGudk awGY&NyDqdk&if Methods wpfck
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function / Method xJrS wkdufdkufvSrf;NyD; ac:,ltoHk;jyK
vkdY&ygw,f/ 'Dtcsuf[m C + + xufomwJh JAVA &JU
tm;omcsuf tcsKdUygyJ/ Static Methods &JUt"dym,fzGifhqkd
csufudk JAVA Language eJY ywfoufwJh &nfnTef;pmtkyf
174
avhvmMunfh&atmif/ tvG,fulqHk;jzpfatmif a&;om;ydkYcs

ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Listing
2.10 Demonstrate Static
Method In JAVA
1. public class DemoStatic {
2.
public
static
void
main
(String [ ] args) {
3. String str
=
Another
Class.
getDate ( );
4. / * -------------------------------5. call the class to use but
without create
6. on object of the class
7.
----------------------------------- * /
8. System .Out. print In (Str);
9. }
10. }
11. Class Another Class {
12. public Static String getDate
( )
13. { return "Hello! Kyaw Zayar
Lay. Inlt Please ,give me coffee.";}
14. }
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2005 cEk pS f

Output
Hello! Kyaw Zayar Lay.
Please, give me coffee.
Note: 'D Listing 2.10 rSma&;om;xm;wJh Program rSmowdjyK
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&JU Name uawmh DemoStatic yg/ tJ'ahD emuf vkid ;f eHygwf
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vdkif;eHygwf (11) uae vkdif;eHygwf (14) txda&;zGJUxm;
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main ( ) function udk t&ifavhvmr,fqkd&if tJ'Dh Another Class udk t&ifavhvmrS&rSmaemf/ 'Dawmh Another
Class udk t&iff avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
2/ vdkif;eHygwf (12) u getData ( ) function [m Another Class qdkwJh Class xJrSm zefwD;wnfaqmufjcif;
cHxm;&wmaemf/ tJ'D getDate ( ) function xJrSm b,f
data type udkrQ xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKxm;jcif;r&SdbJ pmom;
String udk Doublel quote " " ESpfckMum;rSma&;NyD; main
( ) function xJudk return jyefay;xm;ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
return jyefay;xm;wJh pmom;udk avhvmMunfhygOD;/

"Hello! Kyaw Zayar Lay. InIt Please , give me coffee."
'D t cgrS m Double quote ES p f c k M um;rS m a&;xm;wJ h
pmom;rSm Hello ! Kyaw Zayar Lay qdw
k hJ pmom;tNyD;rSm
In eJY It qdkwJh sepecial character [escape character]
udk xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh please,
give me coffee, qdkwJh string [m atmufwpfaMumif;udk
qif;NyD; output vmjyay;wmyg/ 'g[m Another Class
xJu getData ( ) function xJrSma&;om;xm;wJh String
ygyJ/ return jyefay;xm;wm aMumifh main ( ) function
xJudk jyefoGm;&rSmaemf/ 'g[m vkdif;eHygwf (11) uae

vdik ;f eHygwf (14) Mum;rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Another Class
udk avhvmMunfhwmygyJ/ 'Dtxd em;vnf oabmayguf
NyDaemf/
3/ uJ'gqk&d if main ( ) function xJukd jyefMunf&h atmifaemf/
vdkif;eHygwf (3) rSm a&;om;xm;wmuawmh Static
Method udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh getData ( ) function udk
vSrf;ac:,l vkdufygw,f/ ac:,lwJhtcgrSm object
tjzpfzefwD;p&mrvkdbJ Class ^ Name udk (.) dot cHNyD;
a&;om;ac:,l,kHygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tJ'D getDate ( ) function xJu String awG[m main xJudk a&mufvmcJhNyDaygh
aemf/ vkid ;f eHygwf (4) uae vdik ;f eHygwf (7) txd a&;om;
xm;wmuawmh comments a&;om;xm;wmyg/ oD;oefY
Note: taeeJY tay:rSm &Sif;jyay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/
4/ vdkif;eHygwf (8) rSmawmh System.out.print In (Str); qdk
NyD; print statement eJY output xkwfygw,f/ 'Dtcg
a&;om;xm;wJh Str qdw
k m[m getData ( ) function xJrmS
a&;om;xm;wJh String udk return jyefay;wmyg/ return
jyefay;xm;wJt
h wGuf main ( ) function xJ aocsmayguf
0ifvmNyDayghaemf/ 'Dtcg vdkif;eHygwf (11) rSma&;om;
xm;wJh Another Class udk wkdufdkufvSrf;ac:,loHk;vkduf
wmaemf/ 'g[m Static Method ygyJ/
Note: Static Method qdkwm[m a&;om;xm;wJh class udk
object tjzpf zefwD;p&mrvdkbJ Class ^Name udk . (dot)
cHNyD;vkdcsifwJh function udk vSrf;ac:,lvkdufwmyg/ Oyrm
taeeJY ajym&&ifawmh tcka&;cJhwJh class - Name u Another Class jzpfNyD; function ^ Name u getData ( )
function yg/ 'Dawmh ac:,lwJhtcgrSm Another Class. getData ( );
qdNk yD;ac:,l&rSmyg/ pmzwfot

l aeeJY complex jzpfomG ;Ekid w
f m
175

uawmh vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSm a&;om;xm;wJhString Str = Another Class . getData ( );
vdkYa&;om;cJhwJhtcgrSm String data type udktoHk;jyKNyD; Str

qdw
k hJ Variable eJY nd,
x
l m;wmudyk gyJ/ trSeu
f awmh getData
xJ
r
m
S
pmom;awG
a
&;om;cJ
p
h
Of
u
Variable Name
( ) function
udkay;NyD; a&;om;cJhwm r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dtcg Output xkwf
r,fqkd&if 'Dpmom;awGudk ac:,lwJhtcgrSm udk,fpm;vS,f
udef; Variable &Sdxm;&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh Static Method eJU
toH;k jyKpOfrmS yJ Str qdw
k hJ variable udk Declare vkycf w
hJ myg/
'gqkd&if 'Dtcsufudk em;vnfoabmaygufNyDaemf/
5/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) rSm a&;om;xm;wmuawmh main ( )
function &JU close brace} yg/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSmrS primary Class &JU close brace } udk vmydwfxm;wmyg/ 'Dvkd
tqifhqifh ac:,la&;om;vdkufwJhtcgrSmawmh Output [mHello! Kyaw Zayar Lay.
Please,give me coffee.
qdkwJh output taeeJY vmjyay;rSmyg/ omreftaeeJYuawmh
bmrQ rxl;qef;bl;vkYd xif&ayrJh JAVA Language &JU tqifh
jrifh features wpfckjzpfwmrdkY em;vnfatmif Step - By step
avhvmyg/ JAVA programming e,fy,fxu
J kd 0ifa&mufvm
wJholawGtzkdYuawmh tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh Method wpfckjzpf
r,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/
'D Static Method udk uRrf;usifydkifEkdifrSomvQif a&SU
qufvuftoHk;cs&rJh OOP e,fy,frSm JAVA Language
qdkwJh tools udk toHk;csEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh
uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY final Method udkqufvufavhvmMu&
atmifvm;/
Final Methods
Static Method ud k em;vnf o abmayguf o G m ;NyD
qd&k ifawmh Final Method udak vhvmwJt
h cgrSm txl;*kjyKNyD;
avhvmapcsifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh Final Method
[m t&ifuReaf wmfwYdkavhvmcJw
h hJ Method awGeUJ rwlygbl;/
Final Methods qdkwm[m bmvJ? Final Methods [m
Method Declarations vkyfwJhtcgrSm xdef;csKyfrIvkyfwJh
Keyword wpfckygyJ/ em;vnfatmifajym&&ifawmh Final
Keyword eJU Declare vkyfaMunmcJh&if? aMunmcJhwJh function ( ) jzpfcJh&if tJ'D function ( ) / Method udk tjcm;
class wpfcu
k aeNyD;awmhrS Inheritance Method eJY ac:,lNyD;
extends vkyfrSDjirf;vdkY r&Ekdifawmhygbl;/ 'g[m tcsKdU programmer awGtzkdYawmh Inheritance rvkyfapcsifwJh class
176
& object awGudk 'D Final Keyword udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh

Protected vkyc
fv
hJ Ykd&ygw,f/ Final Methods eJY ywfoufwhJ
t"dym,f zGifhqkdcsufudkawmh avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/

* A Method that is declared as final can't be
overidden in a subclass.
* The final keyword is written after the access
type and before the return type.
'gqkd&if Final Methods [mtcsKdUaom OOP concepts awGtwGuf toHk;0ifwJh Method wpfckjzpfEkdifwmaygh/
Note: JAVA Language &JU tcef;u@wpfckjzpfwJh Access Methods qdkwJh tcef;u@[m object- oriented
paradigm awGtwGuf vkdtyfovkdzefwD;EkdifrJ hfeatures awG
udk aygif;xnfx
h m;wJh JAVA &JU tqifjh rifh OOP pGr;f &nfygvdYk
ajym&if rrSm;ygbl;/ 'D features awGudk uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY
pepfwus *kpdkufNyD;awmh avhvm&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gqkd&if

Final Keyword udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh vufawGY program
wpfyk'fa&;MunfhMu&atmif/ 'grSom Final Keyword &JU
oabmw&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ txl;owd
jyK&r,fhtcsufuawmh class wpfckwnf;rSm final keyword
eJY Declarations vkyfcJhwJh class &JU member function ( )
udk tjcm; class wpfckrSae Inheritance Method jzifh
extends vkyfrSDjirf; r&Ekdifbl;qdkwJh tcsufudkawmh txl;
*kjyKrSwfom;yg/ class wpfck&JU member ^ function ( ) &JU
a&SUrSm Final qdkwJh Keyword ygae&if tJ'D function ( ) udk
tjcm; class wpfckuae ac:,loHk;pGJvkdY r&Ekdifawmhygbll;/
'g[m final keyword &JU pGrf;&nfeJYtm;omcsufygyJ/ uJ
'Dawmh Listing 2.11 taeeJY a&;xm;wJh program udk
avhvmMunfhyg/ em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
Listing 2.11 Using the final
Methods in JAVA programming
1. public class testFinal {
2.
public
static
void
main
(string args [ ]) {
3. SuperClass s = new superClass
( );
4. System .Out. print In ("Message is" + S. getMessage ( ) );
5.
6. SubClass t = new subclass (
);
7. System .Out. print In ("Message is +t.getMessage ( ));//
getMessage ( ) can't be overidden
8. .}
9. }

10. class superclass {
11. public final String get Message ( )// Declare in final Method
12. {return "SuperMessage";}
13. }
14. class SubClass extends Super Class {
15. public String getMessage ( )
/ / error: getMessage ( ) can't
be overridden
16. {return " Sub Message";}
17. }
Analysis
1/ 'D program
[m final Method udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh

b,fvkdtoHk;csvdkY&w,f/ b,fvkd protected vkyfvkdY&
w,fqkdwmudk &Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) u
a&;xm;wJh SuperClass udk pwifNyD; t&ifavhvmMunfh&
atmifaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (11) rSm getMessage ( ) qdkwJh
function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dtcg function
&JUa&SUrSm final qdw
k hJ keyword udk Declare vkyx
f m;wmudk
awGY&rSmyg/ 'D keyword aMumifh 'D function [m Inheritance Method eJU extends vkyfvkdYr&Ekdifawmhygbl;/
tJ'Dh function xJrSm a&;xm;wmuawmh SuperMessage
qkdwJh pmom; String udk main ( ) function xJudk return
jyefay;zkdYygyJ/ vdkif;eHygwf (12) rSma&;om;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dh class &JU close brace} udkatmufwpfaMumif;rSm
vmydwfxm;ygw,f/ 'D class xJrSm final keyword udk
Declare vkyfxm;wmaMumifh wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh final Methods udk toHk;jyK a&;om;xm;wmaMumifh aemuf
class wpfckuae extends vkyfvkdY r&Ekdifawmhygbl;/
Note: Final Methods taMumif;udk a&SUrSm aoaocsmcsm
&Sif;jycJhNyD;ygNyD/ em;vnfoabmaygufatmif txyfxyf
tcgcg zwfNyD;awmhrS 'D program udk avhvmapcsifyg
w,f/ programming vkyfw,fqdkwm[m Theorem udk
oabmayguf em;vnfrSomvQif udk,fhtwGuf tusKd;&Sd&Sd
toHk;csa&;om;EdkifrSmyg/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (14) rSm tay:rSma&;cJhwJh SuperClass udk
rSDjirf; extends vkyfNyD; SubClass udk zefwD;a&;om;yg
w,f/ 'Dawmh vkdif;eHygwf (15) rSm getMessage ( ) udk
a&;om;ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm function ( ) - Name [m
wlaewJhtwGuf Overloading Method eJY qifwlaeyg
w,f/ xl;jcm;wmu data type [mvnf; wlaejyef
w,faemf/ 'gayrJh 'D function ( ) [m toH;k csvYkdr&Ekid b
f ;l /
Error jzpfw,fqw
kd m udk comments a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
f ;l qkw
d mudk pmzwfot
l aeeJY
'D class [m toH;k csvYkd r&Ekid b
em;vnfoabmaygufapcsifygw,f/ 'D class &JU close
brace } udk vdkif;eHygwf (17) rSm vmydwfxm;wmudk
awGY&rSmyg/
3/ uJ'gqkd&ifawmh main ( ) function a&;om;yg0ifwJh prid if vdik ;f eHygwf(1)
mary class udk avhvmMu&atmif/ 'gqk&
uaepNyD; avhvmMu&atmif/ testfinal qdkwJh primary
class udkawGUNyDaemf/ tJ'D class &JU vdkif;eHygwf (2) rSm
main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf
(3) rSmawmh SuperClass udk object tjzpf zefw;D ygw,f/
NyD;awmh vdkif;eHygwf(4) rSm main ( ) function xJudk return jyefNyD; a&mufvmwJh String udk Output xkwfay;yg
w,f/ uJ 'Dtxdawmh bmrQ jyemr&Sdao;ygbl;/
pmzwfolvnf; tukefem;vnf oabmaygufrSmyg/
tJ'DatmufrSm Line - space csefNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf(6)
rSm SubClass udk object tjzpfzefwD;vdkuf jyefygw,f/
NyD;awmh tJ'D Sub Class xJu getMessage udk vSrf;ac:
,lwJhtcgrSm Error wufNyD;awmh ac:,lvdkY r&Ekdifawmh
ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh comments a&;jyxm;wmyg/ 'g[m
Final Method aMumifh vSrf;ac:,lvdkY r&Ekdifwmyg/
'gqkd&ifawmh Final Method &JUtoHk;0ifyHkudk em;vnf
oabmaygufomG ;avmufygNyD/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmxm;
yg/
'D program udk avhvmMunfhNyD;awmh Final Methods
protected jyKvkyfEkdifwJh pGrf;&nftaMumif;eJY Declaration
jyKvkyfyHkeJY ac:,ltoHk;cswJh type rSm clearified jzpfyHkwkdYudk
avhvmawGY&Sd&rSmyg/ 'gqkd&if static.Method, Final Method taMumif;wdkYudk em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;NyDqkdawmh
qufvufNyD;awmh Abstract Method taMumif;udk avhvm
Muwmaygh / 'D a wmh Abrtract Method taMumif ; ud k
qufvufNyD; avhvmMuygpdkY/
Abstract Method
a&SUrSm&Sif;jycJhwJh static Method, Final Method awG

udk em;vnfoabmaygufNyDqkd&if Abstract Method zefwD;
a&;om;yHkudk avhvm&rSmaygh/ Abstract Method udkzefwD;
a&;om;awmhr,fqkd&if Abstract Keyword udk toHk;jyKNyD;
awmh Abstract class udkzefwD;&ygw,f/ tJ'D Abstract
class xJrmS rS Abstract- function udk a&;zGYJ &ygw,f/ xl;jcm;
wmuawmh abstract function udka&;zGJYwJhtcgrSm tJ'D ab-
177

stract function rSm function - body udk a&;om;ay;p&m
rvkdygbl;/ 'g[m abstract - function udk design cscJhwmyJ
jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcg b,fvdktusKd;aus;Zl;rsKd;awG &&SdEkdifrvJ

qkdawmh abstract Method udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh a&;om;
cJhwJh tJ'D abstract - function udk tjcm; sub - class awGu
wpfqifhrSDjirf;NyD;awmh toHk;csvdkY&Ekdifovdk qufET,fcsufawG
eJY xyfrH rQa0NyD;awmh toH;k jyKEkid yf gw,f/ Abstract Method
eJY ywfoufwJh t"dym,fzGifhqkdcsufudk avhvmMunfhyg/
* Abstract Methods are designed by the abstract
keyword and no body.
* Abstract methods are used in abstract classes to
impose a certain functionality on sub- classes of the
abstract class.
uJ'gqdk&ifawmh tck&Sif;jycJhwJhtcsufawGudk avhvmNyD;awmh

abstract Method eJY ywfoufwJh Listing 2.12 udk avhvm
Mu&atmif/
NOTE: Abstract Method udk ydkYcswJhtcgrSm JAVA Language udkavhvmNyD; ,ckrS programming e,fy,fxJudk
pwif0ifa&mufvmwJholawGuawmh
Listing 2.12 Using the Abstract
Methods in JAVA
1. public class testABs {
2 public static void main (String
args [ ] ) {
3. Rectangle r = new Rectangle
(5,4);
4. Triangle t = new Triangle
(4,3);
5. System .Out. print In ("Rectangle area is :" + r. getArea (
) );
6. System . Out. print In ("
Triangle area is "+
t.getArea ( ) );
7. }
8. }
9.
10. abstract class Figure { //
abstract class
11. double idim, jdim;
12. Figure (double a, double b)
13. {idim = a; jdim = b}
14. abstract double getArea ( )
;
15. }
16.
17. class Rectangle extends Figure {
178
18. Rectangle (double a, double

b)
19. {Super (a,b);} / / the class
figure constructor is called
20. double getArea ( ) {return
idim* jdim;}
21. }
22.
23. class Triangle extends Figure {
24. Triangle (double a, double
b)
25. {Super (a,b);} // the class
Figure constructor is called
26. double getArea ( ) {return
0.5* idim * jdimi;}
27. }
Output
Rectangle area is: 20.0
Triangle area is: 6.0
Analysis
1/ 'D program [m tqifhjrifh Abstract Method udk Demonstrate vkyfNyD;&Sif;vif;jyxm;wmyg/ 'Dawmh t&ifqHk;
vkdif;eHygwf (10) ua&;om;xm;wJh Figure qdkwJh class
udkt&ifpNyD; avhvmMu&atmif/ tJ'D Class rSm abstract
qdkwJh keyword udk Declare vkyfxm;wmrdkY tJ'D class
[m abstract class jzpfoGm;NyDaygh/ abstract class xJrSmrS
double data type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh idim eJY jdim
qdkwJh variable ESpfckudk Declare vkyfygw,f/ NyD;awmh
abstract class &JU constructor function jzpfwJh Figure ( ) function udk vdkif;eHygwf (12) rSm a&;om;xm;
wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D Figur ( ) function [m constructor function jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D function rSm parameter value ESpfckudk arguments taeeJY Declare
vkyfay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh
Figure (double a, double b)
qdkwmudkawGU&wmyg/ tJ'D parameter value ESpfckukd
function &JU body xJrSm tay:u class &JU member
data awGjzpfwhJ idim eJY jdim qdw
k hJ variable ESpcf ek YJ jyefNyD;
nd,lygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vdkif;eHygwf (13)rSm {idim = a, jdim =b;}
taeeJUa&;NyD; nd,lxm;ygw,f/ 'DvkdrsKd; parameter arguments eJY variables udk nd,lwmrsKd;udk t&ifa&SUrSm
ydkYcscJhwJh Listing awGrSm awGYzl;rSmyg/ uJvkdif;eHygwf (14)

rS m abstract keyword eJ Y toH k ; jyKa&;om;xm;wJ h
getArea ( ) function udkawGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D getArea ( )
function [m abstract keyword udk toHk;jyKxm;wm
aMumifh tJ'D function / Method [m abstract Method
ygyJ/ tJ'D abstract Method [m vkyfaqmif&rJh
vkyfaqmifcsuf Statement & Expression awGyg0ifwJh
function - body udk a&;om;xm; jcif;r&Sdygbl;/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf(17) rSm tJ'D abstract class udkvkyfrSDjirf;NyD;
awmh Rectangle qdkwJh class udk a&;om;zefwD;ygw,f/
'Dtcg tJ'D class &JU constructor function udk a&;om;yg
w,f/ tJ'D constructor function xJrSmawmh abstract
class &JU constructor function udk vSr;f ac:,lxm;wmudk
awGY&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (19) rSmvnf;
coments taeeJY a&;jyxm;wmaygh/ vdkif;eHygwf (20)
rSmawmh yifr Figure class u abstract function udk
overloading Method eJY a&;om;NyD; body - function
- code awGudk a&;om;ygw,f/ abstract function tjzpf
a&;om;pOfu code udk a&;om;cJjh cif; r&Syd gbl;/ 'gaMumifh
Inheritance vkyfxm;wJh 'D class rSm vmNyD;awmh function- body udk a&;om;wmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcsuf[m
ta&;BuD;wmrdkY aoaocsmcsm em;vnfatmif *kwpdkuf
avhvmapcsifygw,f/ 'D extends vkyfxm;wJhclass &JU
close brace udk vdkif;eHygwf (21) rSm a&;om;xm;wmudk
awGY&rSmyg/ tcka&;jywJhtxd em;vnfNyDaemf/
NOTE: 'D program rSm Inheritance Method, abstract
Method, Overloading Method, Parameter arguments & pass by value vkyfxm;wJh enf;pepfawGjzpf
wmrkdY txyfxyftcgcg em;vnfatmif avhvmapcsifyg

w,f/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh vkid ;f eHygwf (23) rSm a&;xm;
wJh [extends vkyfxm;wJh oD;oefY class wpfckjzpfwJ]h
Triangle class udk qufvuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
3/ 'D vkdif;eHygwf (23) rSma&;xm;wJh Triangle class [m
vnf; vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Figure class
udk extends vkyx
f m;wmygyJ/ 'D Triangle class rSmvnf;
constructor function udk a&;zGJYxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D constructor function rSmvnf; parameter value ESpfckudk
arguments taeeJY Declare vkyx
f m;ygw,f/ vdik ;f eHygwf
(25) rSmuawmh tay:u extends vkycf w
hJ hJ Figure class
u constructor function udk vSr;f NyD;ac:,lvu
dk yf gw,f/
'g[m tay:u Rectangle class rSmvnf; awGUjrifcJh&NyD
qdkawmh Inheritance Methods udk toHk;jyKaew,f
qdkwmudk pmzwfoltaeeJY em;vnfoabmaygufrdrSmyg/

comments vnf; a&;jyxm;w,faemf/ tJ'Daemuf abstract Method udk toHk;jyKNyD; a&;om;xm;wJh get Area
( ) function twGuf wGuc
f su&f rJh function - code awGukd
a&;om;ygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (26) rSm inline statement
taeeJYa&;om;xm;wJh double getArea ( ) {return 0.5 * idm * jdim ;}
qdkwmudkawGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m rlv getArea ( ) function
rSm rlvu bmrQ ra&;cJhayrJh tck'D Triangle class
rSmuawmh wGufcsuf&rJh calculus vkyf&rJh formula udk
vma&muf a&;om; xnfhoGif;xm;wm[m abstract
Method eJY zefwD;a&;om;wmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm Inheritance Method &JU parent to child Method udkvnf;
toH;k jyKxm;w,fqw
dk mudv
k nf; awGY&rSmyg/ 'gqkd pmzwf
oltaeeJY &Sif;oGm;NyDaemf/
4/ vdkif;eHygwf (1) upNyD;awmh oGm;avhvmMunfhMu&atmif
aemf/ 'Dawmh main ( ) function yg0ifwJh primary class
udk testAbs qkdwJh class udkawGY&NyDaemf/ tJ'Dh class xJrSm
main ( ) function udkawGU&ygNyD/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJu vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSm Rectangler = new Rectangle (5,4);
qdkwJh pmaMumif;[m vkdif;eHygwf (17) uae vdkif;eHygwf

(21) txda&;om;xm;wJh Triangle class udk vSrf;ac:,l
NyD;awmh object taeeJY zefwD;vdkufwmyg/ tJ'D Triangle
class rSm constructor function yg0ifw,fqdkwmudk
rarheJYaemf/ tJ'DvkdyJ vkdif;eHygwf (4)rSmvnf;Triangle t = new Triangle (4,3);
qdkNyD; vkdif;eHygwf (23) uae vdkif;eHygwf (27) txd

a&;om;xm;wJh Triangle class udkvSrf;ac:,lvkdufjyef
ygw,f/ 'D class [mvnf; Figure class udk extends
vkyfxm;wmyJaemf/ 'DvdkyJ Inheritance Method udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh xyfqifh rSDjirf;xm;wmudkvnf; owdjyK
xm;yg/
5/ vdkif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh object tjzpf zefwD;jcif;cHxm;
&wJ h Rectangle class &J U getArea ( ) function
udkvSrf;NyD; ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf
(5)rSm print statement eJY ac:,lvkdufwmaemf/
System.Out. print In ("Rectangle area is :"+ r.
getArea ( ) );
'DvdkrsKd; print statement eJY tajzxkwfvdkufwJhtcg Output taeeJY Rectangle area is :20.0
179

vdkY Output xGufvmygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (6) uawmh
Triangle class &JU calculate area udk wGufcsuf&ef
atmufygtwkdif; ac:,lvkdufwmyg/
System .Out. print In ("Triangle area is :"+ t.getArea
( ) );
'DypkH t
H wkid ;f vdik ;f eHygwf (6) rSm ac:,lvu
kd w
f t
hJ cgusawmh
output [m
Triangle area is : 6.0
qkdNyD;xGufvmwmyg/ 'gqkd&if abstract class udk zefwD;yHk

abstract Method eJYa&;om;yHkudk pmzwfol taeeJY
wwfajrmufem;vnf oabmaygufoGm;avmuf ygNyDaemf/
tJ'D abstract class udkac:,ltoHk;csxm;wJh main ( )
function &JU close brace }udk vkdif;eHygwf (7) rSm
vmydwfxm;wmyg/ vdkif;eHygwf (8) rSmawmh primary
class &JUclose brace} udk vmydwfxm;wmyg/ Class awG
zefwD;xm;wmrsm;wJhtwGuf tJ'D brace} awGutp
owdjyKydkYcsay;aewmyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh abstract Method
taMumif;udk wwfajrmufem;vnfNyD; uRrf;0ifomG ;avmuf
ygNyD/
uJ tckvdk abstract Method taMumif;udk em;vnf&Sif;vif;
wwfajrmufomG ;NyDq&dk if Method Declarations vkyw
f hJ type
awGudk &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;wJh Z,m;jzpfwJh Table 2.2 udk
avhvmyg/ tJ'D Table 2.2 rSm Method Declarations awG&UJ
oabmw&m;? Keyword awG&JU oabmw&m;eJY &Sif;vif;
csuf visibility awGudk rlv Java Standard Edition &JU
Guide Book awGtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyay;vkdufygw,f/
aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/
Method Declarations Forms
Keyword
visibility
Static
This method as a class method
final
A final method cannot be overidden
by subclass.
Abstract
It has no implementation and must
be a member of an abstract class.
Native
Methods implemented in a language other than JAVA are called
Native Methods.
Synchronized
Concurrently running threads often
invoke methods that operate on the
same data.
Table 2.2 Type of Methods Declarations Forms in
JAVA
180
'Dtcg Table 2.2 udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm Methods Declarations Form [m yHkpH (5) rsKd;&Sdaewmudk pmzwfol[m awGY
jrif&rSmyg/ 'D Table 2. rSmyg0ifwJh Methods Declarations
Type awGxJu uRefawmfoifMum;ydkYcscJhwJh Static Methods, final Methods, Abstract Methods pwJh Methods
(3) ck[m vuf&Sd J2 SE version 1.4 rSm t"du jy|mef;wGuf
csufxm;wmyg/ Native Methods eJY Synchronized Methods wdkYudkawmh oD;oefY oifMum;ydkYcsay;rSmyg/ 'gawG[m
J2SE Standard Version 1.4 rSmomru J2 EE Enterprised
Edition rSmyg tvGefxif&Sm;wJh Methods Declarations
form awGygyJ/ 'DyHkpHawGudk em;vnfoabmaygufrSomvQif
programmer wpfa,muf? Developer wpfa,muftaeeJY
a&SUavQmufwufvrS ;f &rSmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf oD;oefY qufvufyYkdcs
ay;yghr,f/
Table 2.2 rSma&;om;jyxm;wJh Methods Declarations Forms awGudk aoaocsmcsm em;vnfoabmayguf
oGm;&if Class awGudk object tjzpf zefwD;wJhtcgrSm tvGef
toHk;0ifwJh Access Specifiers Methods awGudk avhvm
Munfh&atmif/
Access Specifiers Methods
pmzwfoltaeeJY omreftajctaersKd;rSm 'D Access Specifiers Methods awGtaMumif;udk rod&ifvJ ta&;rBuD;yg

bl;/ 'gayrJh tckvdk object -concepts awGeJY program
awGudka&;om;wJhtcgrSmawmh 'D Access Specifiers Methods awGudk rodvdkYr&awmhygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJ ? 'D Object -concepts awGqdk&mrSm - Inheritance , Derived Methods (OR) Parent to Child
Methods
- Overloading Methods,
- Constructor Methods, Destructor Methods
'D Methods awGeYJ a&;om;NyDqw
kd meJY class wpfcek YJwpfcjk zpfap?
object tcsif;csif;jzpfap? package awGrSjzpfap? rSDjirf;&wm
r[kwfvm;? 'Dtcg class wpfckeJYwpfckjzpfap? object tcsif;
csif;jzpfap? rSDjirf;toHk;cscGifh&SdzdkYqdk&mrSm tckvuf&Sd ydkYcsaewJh

Access Specifiers Methods awGudk em;vnfwwfajrmuf
xm;&rSmyg/
NOTE: 'D Access Specifiers Method awGeJYywfoufNyD;
keyword awGeJY oufqkdifwmudk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhawmh
2.1 Introduction to classes qkdNyD; &Sif;jycJhNyD;ygNyD/ 'Dawmh
tJ'DrSm tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh public keyword taMumif;udk
&Sif;jycJhwmyg/

'Dawmh Access Specifiers Methods awGtaMumif;udk Table
2.3 taeeJY a&;om;ydkYcsNyD; &Sif;jyyghr,f/ 'Dawmh Access
Specifiers Method eJY ywfoufwJh Table 2.3 udk t&ifavh
vmvku
d yf gOD;/ qufE,
G cf suaf wGuakd wmh oD;oefY&iS ;f jyyghr,f/
Access Specifiers Methods
Keyword
Private
Visibility
Access to a private variable or
method is only allowed within the
code fragments of a class.
Access to protected variable of
mehtod is only allowed within the
code fragments of a class and its
sub class.
Access to a friendly variable or
method is only allowed within the
code fiagments of a class and any
other class in the same package.
Access to a public variable or
method is unrestricted.It may be
accessed from the code fragements
of any class.
Protected
(friendly)
Public
awmh uRefawmfhtaeeJY qufvufoifMum;ydkYcsay;ygr,f/

'g[m Access Specifiers Methods eJ Y ywf o uf w J h
taMumif;t&mawGudk oabmw&m;eJY em;vnfwwfajrmuf
atmif aoaocsmcsm &Sif;vif;jyay;ygr,f/
'Dae&mrSm &Sif;vif;jywJhae&mrSm public keyword, private keyword, protected keyword pwJh keyword awG&JU
taMumif;t&mawG[m Class awG&JU ta&;tBuD;wJh tcef;
u@yJqkdwmudk rarhygeJY/ class eJY object awG&JU qufET,f
csufjzpfwJh twGufygyJ/ 'Dawmh t&ifqHk; Table 2.3 udk
avhvmtNyD;rSm qufvufNyD;awmh Table 2.4 udk qufvuf
avhvmMunfhyg/ Table 2.3 eJY Table 2.4 [m qufpyfae
wJt
h wGuf jzpfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfyh g/ Table
2.4 udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm Table 2.4 &JU acgif;pOftcef;u@
awGudkyg aoaocsmcsm zwfIavhvmyg/
1. Access
Specifies
public
private
protected
2. Accessible 3. Accessible 4. Accessible

from Base
from
from
<Parent>
derived
objects
class
<child>
outside
class
class
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Table 2.3 Access Specifiers Methods in JAVA programming Language
Table 2.4 Connected to Access Specifiers

Methods in JAVA Language
pmzwfoltaeeJY Table 2.3 u Z,m;udk avhvmMunfhyg/

'DtcgrSm uRefawmfwdkY &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifNyD;om;jzpfwJh Public
keyword, Private keyword pwmawGtjyif Protected
keyword ukdygawGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY wwf
ajrmufuRrf;0ifNyD;om; keyword awGygyJ/ public keyword
eJY ywfoufwJh qufET,fcsufudk 2.1 Introduction to Class
qdkwJh tcef;u@rSm aoaocsmcsm&Sif;vif;jyNyD;ygNyD/ 'Dtcg
private keyword eJY protected keyword awGtaMumif;udk
'D Table 2.4 [m keyword wpfcck si;f pD&UJ oabmw&m;awGukd

tao;pdwf&Sif;vif;jyxm;wJh Z,m;ygyJ/ 'gaMumifh Table
2.4 u Z,m;uGufrSm tuGufeHygwfav;awG wyfay;xm;yg
w,f/ tuGufeHygwf (1) u Access Specifiers qdkwm[m
keyword awGyg/ 'Dawmh public keyword upNyD; avhvm
MunfMh u&atmif/ uJ Table 2.4.1 rSm &Si;f vif;jyxm;ygw,f/
public keyword udktoHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh data type
variables jzpfap? function ( ) / Method jzpfap? Class &
1. Access Specifies
Public
'DtuGuf[m public keyword jzpf

aMumif;udk a&;jyxm;wmyg/ 'D public keyword udk toHk;jyKxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh class tcsif;csif; tvG,f
wul qufET,fvkdY &oGm;ygw,f/
2. Accessible From Base

<parent> class
3. Accessible Freom Derived

<child> class
Yes
Yes
'DtuGuf[m public keyword udk

toH;k jyKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh yifr (rdcif)
class xJrS pdww
f idk ;f us ac:,l toH;k
jyKcGi&hf w
dS ,fqw
dk Jh tcsuu
f kd &Si;f vif;
jyxm;wmyg/
'DtuGufuawmh public keyword

udk toH;k jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tjcm; class
<sub-class> uae ac:,ltoHk;cs
&ifvJ toHk;jyKcGifh ay;ygw,fqkdwhJ
tcsufudk &Sif;vif;xm;wmyg/
4. Accessible From Objects

outside class
Yes
'DtuGufuawmh tjcm; object

wpfckuae zefwD;NyD;awmh vSrf;ac:
,lr,fqkd&ifvJ Public keyword
&JU oabmw&m;aMumifh toHk;cscGifh
ay;ygw,f/ 'g[m public keyword &JU pGrf;aqmif&nfygyJ/
Table 2.4.1 Complete Illustrate of public keyword (Access Specifies)
181

object wpfcv
k ;kH udjk zpfap yifrrdcif class xJrS vkt
d yfovdk ac:,l
toH;k csEikd ,
f o
kH mruyJ tjcm; Derived (child) class rsm;uyg
rSDjirf; &Ekdifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif tjcm; class & object rsm;
twGif;uyg qGJac:,ltoHk;csEdkifygw,f/ tJ'D pGrf;aqmif&nf

Table 2.4.2 Complete Illustrate of the private keyword (Access Specifiers)
1. Access Specifies

<parent> class
Private
Yes
'DtwGuf[m private keyword udk

Declare vkyfrhJtaetxm;udk jywhJ
twGufygyJ/ 'gqkd&if tck 'D private keyword udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;
jzifh &vmEkdifrhJ qufEG,fcsufawGudk
avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/
3.
Private keyword udk Declare vkyf

jcif;tm;jzifh rdcifyifr class xJrmS wifyJ
qufEG,fac:,ltoHk;csvkdY &Ekdifyg
r,f/ 'g[m private keyword udk
declare vkyv
f u
dk w
f meJY tvkt
d avsmuf
uefYowfay;vkdufwhJ tcsufygyJ/
Accessible Freom Derived 4. Accessible From Objects

<child> class
outside class
No
No
'DZ,m;uGufuawmh Private keyword udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh a&;

om;xm;whJ function/method udk
jzpfap? class object wpfckvHk;udk
jzpfap? tjcm; derived <child>
class rSae ac:,ltoHk;csvkdY r&
Ekid yf gbl;qkw
d mudk &Si;f jyxm;wmyg/
Private keyword udk toHk;csjcif;

tm;jzifh tjcm; object & class rS
vSr;f ac:,l toH;k cs r&Ekid yf g/ tJ'D

tcsufukd uefYowfcsufwpfck tae
eJY &Sif;jyxm;wmygyJ/
awG &&SdEkdifzdkYqkdwm[m public keyword qdkwJh Access

Specifiers udktoHk;jyKrSom &&SdEkdifwJh pGrf;aqmif&nfygyJ/
'Dtcsufukd aoaocsmcsm em;vnf oabmufayguf
atmif Table 2.4 eJY Table 2.4 .1 wdkYudkaoaocsmcsm
avhvmyg/ &Sif;vif;csufawGudkvnf; txyfxyftcgcg
zwfIavhvmyg/ public keyword taMumif;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;NyDqkd&if private keyword taMumif;udk
qufvuf avhvmMuwmaygh/
uJ Table 2.4.1 qkdwm[m Private keyword ukd &Sif;
vif;jyxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dh Private keyword [m Declare
vkyf toHk;csvdkufNyDqdk&if rdcif yifr (parent) Base Class
xJrSm pdwfwkdif;usac:,ltoHk;csEkdifygw,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'D rdcif
yifr (parent) class xJuaewpfqifh tjcm; Class rSm toHk;
cszYdktwGuu
f adk wmh cGirhf jyKygbl;/ em;vnfatmifajym&&ifawmh
tjcm; Derived (child) Class uaeNyD;awmh vSr;f ac:,ltoH;k
csr,fqkd&ifawm htJ'Dh private keyword aMumifh toHk;csvdkY
r&Ekdifygbl;/ tJ'Dvkd qGJac:toHk;csvkdY r&Ekdifatmif Private
keyword udk Declare vkyfw,fqkd&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;/
tck&Sif;jywJhtcsufudk aoaocsmcsm em;vnfoabm
aygufoGm;atmif Table 2.4 Connected to Access Specifiers Methods in JAVA Language qdkwJh Z,m;eJY Table
2.4.1 Complete Illustrate of the private keyword (Access Specifiers) qdkwJh Z,m;udk EdIif;,SOfNyD;awmh aoaocsm
csmavhvmyg/ 'DtcsufawG[m tvGefta&;BuD;wJh tcsuf

tvufawGygyJ/ tckqkd&if public keyword taMumif;eJY
private keyword taMumif;udkawmh em;vnfoabmayguf
oGm;avmufygNyD/ 'gqd&k ifawmh qufvufNyD;awmh protected
keyword taMumif;udk qufvufavhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Table 2.4.3 Complete Illustrate of the protected keyword (Access Specifiers)

1. Access Specifies
Protected
'DZ,m;uGuu
f awmh protected keyword udk declare vkyf toHk;csjcif;
tm;jzifh &vmEkid rf Jh qufE,
G cf su?f tm;
omcsufawGukd &Si;f jyEkid &f ef Declare
vkyjf yxm;jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh
Z,m;uGufwpfuGufcsif;pD aoao
csmcsm avhvmMunhfMu&atmif/
182

<parent> class
Yes
'DtuGufuawmh protected keyword udk toH;k jyKxm;&if yifr(rdcif)

class xJrmS pdww
f idk ;f usac:,l toH;k
cscGi&hf w
dS ,fqw
dk mudk &Si;f vif;jyxm;
wmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm b,f keyword
udkyJ toHk;csonfjzpfap? rdcif class
xJrSmawh toHk;csEkdifygw,f/ tJ'D
tcsu[
f m public/private/protected
keyword tm;vHk;rSm twlwlygyJ/
3. Accessible Freom Derived

<child> class
Yes
4. Accessible From Objects

outside class
No
Protected keyword udk toHk;jyK&if Protected keyword udk toHk;jyKchJ

olY&JU qufEG,f class jzpfwhJ wpf NyDqkdwmeJY tJ'D protected variqifhcH derived <child> class xJrSm able jzpfap? member function
toHk;csvkdY &Ekdifygw,f/ 'Dtcsuf ( )/Methods udkjzpfap? class &
[m private keyword xufomwhJ object jzpfap? tjcm; objects outtm;omcsufygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh side class ae&mrS qGaJ c:,l toH;k cs
public keyword &JU oabmw&m;eJY vkdY r&Ekdifawmhygbl;/
qifwal eygw,f/ owdjyKavhvmyg/

Protected keyword
Protected keyword eJY ywfoufwJh tao;pdwf&Sif;
vif;csufudk Table 2.4.3 rSm a&;om; &Sif;vif;jyay;xm;
ygw,f/ tJ'DTable 2.4.3 udk t&ifavhvmvkdufygOD;/
Note: Protected keyword taMumif;udk avhvmMunfhwJh
tcgrSm protected keyword [m public keyword rSmwkef;
uvkdrsKd; Base (child) class rSmyg toHk;csvdkY&Ekdifygw,f/
'Dtcsuf[m public keyword eJY protected keyword rSm
twlwlygyJ/ private keyword uawmh rdcif (yifr) class
uaevGJNyD; wpfqifhcH class jzpfap? tjcm; class & object
awGrSmjzpfap toHk;csvkdY r&Ekdifygbl;/

Table 2.4.3 udk aoaocsmcsm zwfIavhvmMunfh&if protected keyword taMumif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;rSm
yg/ 'DtcgrSm uRefawmhfa&SUrSm oifMum;ydkYcscJhwJh public keyword , private keyword, protected keyword taMumif;
awGudk pmzwfoltaeeJY aoaocsmcsm avhvmNyD;wJhtcgrSm
uk,
d t
hf aeeJY program awGa&;om;wJt
h cgrSm b,f keyword
(Access Specifiers) taeeJY oihfawmfr,fqkdwmudk pmzwf
oltaeeJY oifah wmfovkd em;vnfq;kH jzwfwwfap&ef &nf&,
G f
ygw,f/
tJ'DtwGufaMumifh
- Table 2.3 Access Specifiers
Methods in JAVA programming language

Table 2.4 .Complete to Access Specifiers Methods in
JAVA language
Table 2.4.1 Complete
Illuatrate of public keyword
(Access Specifiers)
Table 2.4.2 Complete Illustrate of private keyword (Access Specifiers)
Table 2.4.3 Complete Illustrate of protected keyword
(Access Specifiers)
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ta&SUrSmoifMum;ydkYcscJhwJh 2.3 Access Methods and
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a&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS Introduce vkycf NhJ yD;om;yg/ arguments
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wJh tcuftcJav;awGudkvnf; tygt0ifaygh/
uRefawmht
f aeeJY tckvuf&dS ydYk csaewJh chapter [2] tNyD;
chapter [3] rwdkifcifrSm oifMum;ydkYcsNyD;cJhwJh chapter [1] &
chapter[2] udk Summary taeeJY aqG;aEG;Mur,f/ NyD;wJt
h cg
rSm Exercises taeeJY avhusifhp&m program av;awGudk
ydkYcsay;NyD; QWZ Answers taeeJYvnf; ajzqkad y;ygr,f/
uReaf wmfb
h ufu jynfhpHkatmiftwwfEkdifqHk; BudK;pm;ay;xm;
ygw,f/ tckvuf&o
dS ifMum;ydYk csay;aewJh program av;awG
&JU Theory oabmw&m;awGukd twwfEikd q
f ;kH rSwo
f m;avhvm
xm;yg/
value
2.13
Method
used
in
by
by
int
b1,
Java
class
2.
void
PassValue
3.
4.
b1+
10;
5.
c1+
10;
6.
System.out.println
getPass
int
pass
(int
a1,
c1)
a1+ =10;
("First
+ a1+ "Second =" +

"Third
7.
8.
public
int
b1 +
c1);
static
(String
9.
"
args
-1,
1 0 . PassValue
1 1 . p.getPass
b=
=
void
)
a+
="
c
P
=
(
1;
);
(a,b,c);
"Second
"Third
main
-1,
new
1 2 . System.out.println
+
="
"+
("First
="
+c);
13.}
14.}
Passing arguments to methods

'D Method eJY ywfoufwJh taMumif;t&mawGudk ta&SU
rSm oifMum;ydYk cscJw

h maMumifh oD;oefYxyfrrH &Si;f jyawmhygbl;/
atmufrSma&;jyxm;wJh Pass by Value qkdwJh taMumif;t&m
av;udkyJ avhvmvkdufygOD;/ NyD;&ifawmh listing 2.13 udk
qufvufavhvmMunfhyg/
Pass by Value
In Java methods, Arguments are passed by value. The
Arguments is of primitive type, pass by value means
that the method cannot change its value.
Output
First = 9 Second = 9 Third = 9
First = -1 Second = -1 Thrid = -1
Analysis
1/ 'D program udkawmh
taxGtxl; &Sif;rjyawmhygbl;/
bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh pass by value method eJY
ywfoufwJh taMumif;t&mawGudk a&SUrSmoifMum;ydkYcs
NyD;wm jzpfvYdk ygyJ/ uJ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh avhvmMunfh
r,fqdk&if object tjzpf zefwD;r,fh PassValue qdkwJh
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2005 cEk pS f
179
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
class udk zefwD;NyD; object function tjzpf getPass
qdkwJh function i,fav;udk a&;om;ygw,f/ tJ'D
getPass qdkwJh function i,fav;&JU Parameter - arguments ae&mrSm int a1, int b1, int c1 qdkNyD;awmh
a&;om;xm; ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf function-body
xJrSmawmh a1,b1,c1 &JUwefzdk;udk 10 vdkY toD;oD;
owfrw
S af y;xm;NyD;awmh main ( ) function xJuaeNyD;
awmh xnfhoGif; pass vkyfvkdufr,fh wefzdk;awGeJY Selfassigned vkyfay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ't
D xd aoaocsmcsm
zwfIavhvm Munfhyg/ em;vnfoGm;rSmyg/ NyD;awmh

owfrSwfay;xm;wJh a1,b1, c1 wdkY&JU wefzdk;toD;oD;udk
output tjzpfxkwf,l vkdufygw,f/ uJ 'gawmh oD;jcm;
object tjzpf zefwD;NyD;rS class udk object tjzpf
zefw;D ac:,lr,fah e&mygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm parameter -value
awG owfrSwfay;xm;NyD;rS tJ'D value awGuwpfqifh
pass vkyfrSmyg/
2/ main ( ) function xJrSmawmh int a,b,c qdkNyD; Declare
vkyfygw,f/ 'DtxJrSm a&;om;toHk;jyKxm;wm[m
oD;oefY variable awGyg/ main ( ) function eJYom
oufqidk yf gw,f/ uJ 'D main ( ) function xJu wefz;kd
awGjzpfwJh int a,b,c &JU wefzdk;awG[m -1 awGtjzpf
owfrSwfay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf passvalue qdkwJh
class udk object tjzpfvSrf;NyD; ac:,lvkdufygw,f/
tJ'Dvkd object tjzpf zefwD;NyD;wmeJY getPass ( ) qdkwJh
---- udk ac:,lvdkufygw,f/ 'D getPass ( ) function &JU parameter -value ae&mudk main ( ) function
xJrSm Declare vkyfcJhwJh a,b,c &JU wefzdk;awGudk pass
vkyv
f u
kd yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifh output xGuv
f mwJh tcgrSm First = 9 Second = 9 Third = 9
vdkY output xGufvmwmaygh/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) rSmawmh
rlv main ( ) function xJu Declare vkyfcJhwJh
wefzdk;awGudkyJ Output xkwfwmrdkY Output taeeJY
First = -1 Second = -1 Third = -1
qkNd yD;awmhrS output xGuv
f mwmyg/ tJ't
D aMumif;t&m
awGudk pepfwusavhvmMunfhyg/ tao;pdwf line-byline &Si;f rjywmuawmh ta&SUrSm 'DypkH H program i,fav;awG
udk a&;om;ydYk csNyD;jzpfvYkd ygyJ/ 'gaMumifh 'D program i,f
av;&JU program -flow udk aoaocsmcsm avhvmxm;yg/
uJ'DtcgrSm Pass by Value Method udk avhvmNyD;&if
qufvufNyD; Passing array arguments to method udk
qufvufavhvmMu&atmif/ uJ passing array arguments
180
eJY ywfoufwmawGudk atmufrSm a&;om;ydkYcs

ay;xm;ygw,f/
to method
Passing array arguments to method

* The method is never able to modify the actual
argument.
* Arrays are passed to method by passing a copy
of the reference to it.
* The array celements can be modified by using
the copy of the reference.
* Primitive data types are passed to methods by
value.
'DtcsufawG[m Java Language eJY ywfoufNyD;avhvm
aeolawGtwGuf fully depended jzpfEkdifvdrfhr,fvdkY ,Hk
MunfwJhtwGuf xnfhoGif;ydkYcsay;xm;wmyg/ Java Language [m OOP Language awGxr
J mS txif&mS ;qH;k eJY Tools
tjynfhpHkqHk;aom Language wpfckjzpfw,fqkdwm rarhygeJY/
'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY t&ifusifvnfcJhwJh Language
awGrSm cufcufcJcJ zefwD;,lcJh&wJh type awGudk Java &JU
e,fy,frSm vG,fvG,fululvkdtyfovkd zefwD;&,lEkdifNyDjzpfyg

w,f/
uJ 'Dawmh uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY Java Language &JU
us,f0ef;vSwJhe,fy,fxJrSm avhvm&if; Access Methods
and passing Arguments awGtaMumif; Methods Declarations awG taMumif;awGukd examples toD;oD;eJYa&m
Sample code line awG? Table awGeJY jynfhpHkatmifavhvm
cJhMuNyD;ygNyD/
'DtcgrSm C & C + + e,fy,fuae ajymif;vJavhvm
olawGtwGufuawmh tcuftcJr&SdvSayr,fh omref Application user b0uaeNyD;awmh Java Language udk
avhvmolawGtwGufuawmh tcsKdUae&mrSm complex jzpf
aumif;jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dtcef;u@rSm variable
Declarations awGtaMumif;udk pepfwus avhvmMu&atmif/
variable-Name qdkwm[m trSefuawmh program &JU field
xJrmS toH;k jyKr,fh member - Name awGygyJ/ wpfcgwpf&rH mS
variable - Name awGudk Declare vkyfwJhtcgrSm invalid
variable -Name awG jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f/ tJ'g[m bm
aMumifv
h q
J w
dk t
hJ csuu
f dk avhvm&r,f/ NyD;awmh Java &JUJ identifier keyword awGudkvnf; oD;jcm; Table taeeJY zwfI
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 'gawG[m Java Language &JU
e,fy,fu rodrjzpfwJh tcsuftvufawGygyJ/ 'grSom
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
vkdtyf&if J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition) udk wpfqifh
vSrf;wufNyD; Web-Based developement tydkif;awGudkyg
toHk;csvkyfudkifwJhtcgrSm tajccHusus tokH;0ifwJh tcsuf
tvufawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk pmzwfoltaeeJY em;vnf
oabmaygufapcsifygw,f/
Variables Declarations in JAVA Programming Language
qufvufNyD;awmh variable Declarations eJY ywfouf
wJh Table 2.5 udk qufvufavhvmMu&atmif/ Table 2.5
udk ravhvmcifrSm variable qdkwJh pum;vHk;? pum;pkav;udk
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ uRefawmfwYkd JAVA Language udyk J
oHk;oHk; C& C+ + language udkyJ toHk;jyKjyK program a&;
awmhr,fq&kd if Program rSm yg0iftoH;k jyK wGucf sufa&;om;
&r,fh variable constant awGukd Declare vkyaf y;&ygw,f/
uJ rsufpdxJrSm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ay:oGm;atmif Sample
a&;jyyghr,f/
Sample
int
i,fuGJvGJrIudk vufcHygw,f/ C& C + + Java pwJh Language awGuawmh case sensitive jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf
trsKd;rwlwJh Variable awGudk a&;jyyghr,f/
Sum,SUM,sum,SUm , suM wkYd[m trsK;d rwlwhJ variable awGvdkY compiler u owfrSwfygw,f/ txufyg
twdik ;f Declare yHpk w
H pfrsKd;rsKd;eJY aMunmcJ&h if ud,
k af MunmcJh
wJh type twdkif;jyefac:,lrSom Match jzpfNyD; error rwuf
rSmyg/ uJ tJ'D tcsuf[m case sensitive jzpfwJh oabm
w&m;ygyJ/
uJ variable awGudk Declare vkyfwJhtcgrSm compiler
u vufcHwJh valid variable name eJY Invalid variable
name qdkNyD; yHkpHuGJjym;wmukd Table 2.5 taeeJY a&;om;ydkYcs
ay;xm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfhyg/
Valid Variable name allown in JAVA Language compiler
a b1 findarea Name cal_area
input1
Table 2.5 valid variable name allown in JAVA Language compiler
a; // Declare variable use int data type
data type
variable
'DyHkpHudk avhvmMunfhvdkuf&if data type eJY variable

qdkwmukd cGJjcm;odjrifoGm;rSmyg/ tJ'Dvkd Declare vkyf&mrSm
Variables and constant type awG? ykp
H u
H jJG ym;rIawG&ydS gw,f/
tJ'D tcsuftvufawGudk tajccHusus avhvmMunfhMu&
atmif/ variable awGukd Declare vkyaf MunmwJt
h cgrSm case
sensitive jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufudk a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm ydkYcs
ay;cJNh yD;ygNyD/ OyrmtaeeJYajym&&if tay:rSm Sample a&;jycJh
wm[m a qdkwJh variable aemf/ 'gudk program rSm a&;om;
toH;k cs use vkyw
f t
hJ cgrSm A vdYk ac:,lvu
dk w
f ,f qkMd uygpdYk /
error wufvmrSmyg/ aemufxyf Oyrmay;&&ifawmh Sum
vdkY Declare vkyfcJhw,fqdkMuygpdkY/ ac:,ltoHk;cswJhtcgrSm
sum vkdY tu&mtppmvkH;tao;eJY ac:,lvkduf&if error
wufvmrSmyg/ tJ'gbmaMumifhvJqdkawmh Declare vkyfcJhwJh
variable name eJY ac:,ltoH;k cswhJ variable [m match rjzpf
awmhvdkYygyJ/ tJ'Dvkdjzpfwmudk case sensitive jzpfw,fvdkY
ac:ygw,f/
NOTE: QBASIC ,BASIC,Visual Basic, Pascal pwJh Language awGu case sensitive rjzpfygbl;/ Variable tenf;
'D Table 2.5 [m JAVA Language compiler uvufcH

cJw
h hJ valid variable name awGygyJ/ tu&mpmvH;k awGjzpf&if
jzpfap? tu&mtBuD;tao;awG jzpfae&ifjzpfap cal-area
yHkpHrSmvkd underscore ( _ ) udkjzpfap vufcHygw,f/
Invalid Variable name no allown use in JAVA Language
compiler
int
no allown in Java Language data type
for
no allown in Java identifier keyword
4th
the first character must be a letter
"a"
illegal character double quote (") or single
quote(,)
cal-area illegal operator (-), no allown use mathemati
cal operator
find area no blank space allowed in variable constant
Table 2.6 Invalid variable name no allown use in Java
Language compiler
'D Table 2.6 rSm a&;om;xm;wJh variable type awG[m

Java Language compiler u vufrcHwJh variable type
awGygyJ/ 'Dawmh 'D Table 2.6 rSmygwJh variable wpfckcsif;pD
tvkduf avhvmMu&atmif/ 'grSom bmaMumifh compiler
181
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
uae vufrcHwmvnf; qkdwJhtcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
em;vnfoabmaygufrSmyg/ uJ avhvmMu&atmif/
Table 2.6 [m Invalid variable Type udak &;jyxm;wm
aemf/ 'Dawmh int qdkwJh variable udka&;NyD; Declare vkyfvkdY
r&ygbl;/ programming vkyf&mrSm data type awGudk variable taeeJY Declare vkyfvkdYr&ygbl;/ int rS r[kwfygbl;/
long,double tp&Sw
d hJ data type rSeo
f rQudk variable taeeJU
Declare vkyfcGifhr&Sdygbl;/
aemuf Table 2.6 u 'kwd,tuGufrSm&SdwJh for qdkwm
[mvnf; Invalid variable ygyJ/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh
switch, case, while, for, do tp&SdwJh <variable type
r[kwfwJh > JAVA Language &JU identifier keyword awG
jzpfvkdYygyJ/ 'Dpum;pktrsKd;tpm;awGudkvnf; variable tjzpf
toHk;jyKvdkYr&ygbl;/
aemuff Table 2.6 u wwd,tuGuf 4 th qdw
k hJ pum;pk
udk avhvmMu&atmif/ tJ'DtuGufeJY wpfwef;wnf;rSm&SdwJh
pum;pkav;udk qufzwfMunfhvdkufygOD;/ 'DtcgrSm the first
character must be a letter vdkYa&;xm;wmukd awGY&rSm yg/
t"dym,fuawmh variable tjzpf Declare vkyfwJhtcgrSm
variable &JU tppmvHk;[m tu&m (Alphabetically) jzpf&
rSmyg/ tppmvHk;[m tu&mr[kwfcJh&if variable tjzpf
vufrcHygbl;/
aemufxyf Table 2.6 u pwkwajrmuftuGufukd avh
vmMunfhvkdufygOD;/ "a" qdkNyD; variable udk Declare vkyf
aMunmxm;ygw,f/ variable rSm " " Double quote , ' '
single quote eJY Declare vkyfvdkY r&ygbl;/
aemuf cal-area qdkwJh variable udkawGY&rSmyg/ variable - Name awGudk Declare vkyfwJhtcgrSm Mathematical Operator awGjzpfwhJ < ocsFm Operator + ,-, *,/> awGukd
xnhfoGif;a&;om;vdkY r&ygbl;/
uJ Table 2.6 u atmufqHk;utuGufu find area
qdkwJh variable udk awGY&rSmyg/ variable udk Declare vkyfwJh
tcgrSm variable -Name &JUMum;rSm space csex
f m;vdYk r&ygbl;/
uJ tay:u Table 2.6 [m Invalid variable Name
awGygyJ/ tJ'D tcsuftvufawGudk pepfwuszwfIavhvm
xm;yg/ 'grSom program a&;wJhtcgrSm pdwfwkdif;us variable -Name awGudk a&;om;zefwD;vdkY&rSmyg/
uJpmzwfoltaeeJY Volid Variable -Name Table 2.5
eJY Invalid Variable - Name Table 2.6 wdkYudkavhvmNyD;&if
awmh JAVA Language &JU tqifjh rifh Variable Declariations
awGudk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
182
NOTE: tay:u Table 2.5 eJY Table 2.6 [m JAVA Language rSmomru C& C ++ Language tygt0if b,f
language rSmrqdk avhvmrSwfom;xm;&r,fh taMumif;
t&myJjzpfvdkYygyJ/
Variable Declarations in Java Language
C& C + + programming language rSma&m Visual
Basic, Ada tp&SdwJh programming language awGrSmyg
tenf;i,favmuf uRrf;0ifavhvmcJhzl;&if Static Variable,
final variable tp&Sw
d hJ variable Declarations awGtaMumif;
udk avhvmcJhzl;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh tJ'D variable awGtaMumif;udk
avhvm&atmif Table 2.7 udk avhvmvkdufygOD;/ aoao
csmcsmavhvmyg/
Keyword
Static
visibility
Declarations, this is a class variable
rather than an instance variable.
Final
The value of this member cannot
change.
transient
Used in object serialization to mark
member variables that should not
be serialized.
volatile
Used to prevent the compiler from
performing certain optimizations a
member. (Java Advanced Feature)
Table 2.7 Variable Declarations in JAVA programming language
NOTE: tcka&;jyxm;wJh Table 2.7 rSmawGY&wJh keyword
awGxu
J uRefawmft
h aeeJY Static Method eJY Final Method
wdYk &UJ taMumif;udk jyefvnfwifjyay;ygr,f/ oabmw&m;udk

em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifapzdkYygyJ/ owdjyK&r,fhtcsuf
uawmh tckwifjyr,fh Static keyword [m Method taeeJY
r[kwfbJ program rSm xnhfoGif;toHk;jyKr,fh variablesName tjzpftoHk;jyKyHkudk ydkYcsoifMum;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
Static Variables
Static Variables &JU oabmw&m;udk em;vnfatmif
ajym&&ifawmh variable -Name wpfckudk Static keyword
udk toH;k jyKNyD; Declare vkycf rhJ ,fqMkd uygpkYd / 'DtcgrSm Static
keyword &JU pGrf;&nfaMumifh 'D program udk Run vkyfaepOf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
rSm program ukd pwiftoHk;jyKpOfu xnfhoGif;cJhwJh Data
&JU wefzdk;udk odkavSmifodrf;qnf;ay;xm;Edkifygw,f/ 'D program udk toH;k jyKpOfrmS awmh tJ'D variable-Name udk toH;k jyK
xyfrHNyD; Data input vkyfr,fqkdMuygpdkY/ rlvxnfhoGif;
xm;wJh Data &JU wefzdk;xJrSmyJ Append vkyfNyD; aygif;xnfh
odak vSmifxm;awmhrmS yg/ tJ't
D cgrSm static variable - Name
udk toHk;jyKNyD; Data udk xyfrHjznfhoGif;jcif; aygif;Ekwfwm
awGvkyfNyD;oGm;&ifawmh Output xkwfwJhtcgrSma&mufqJ
index -variable &JU Data wefzdk;udkyJ output taeeJY xkwf
ay;rSmyg/ 'g[m static variable &JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/
tvG,fwulem;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;ajym&&ifawmh static
variable [m omref variable awGeYJ vH;k 0rwlygbl;/ omref
variable awG [ m function wpf c k u aewpf c k a jymif ; vJ
wGufcsuf&muae rdrd&JU oufqkdifwJh function &JU jyifyudk
a&mufoGm;&if tJ'D variable &JUwefzdk;[m tvkdtavsmuf
wefzdk;rJhNyD;ysufjy,foGm;ygNyD/ static variable uawmh 'D
static variable udk toHk;jyKxm;wJh function xJudk 0ifvkduf
xGufvkduf wGufcsuf&if;eJYyJ vufusef value xJudk aygif;
xnfhjznfhpGufwGufcsufay;oGm;wmyg/ Looping awGeJY wGJ
zufNyD; aygif;pyftoHk;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'D static variable &JU
oabmw&m;udk xnfhoGif;toHk;jyKEkdifMurSmyg/
uJ Static variable taMumif;udk avhvmvkdY em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;&if Listing 2.14 taeeJY a&;om;ydkYcsay;
xm;wJh program udk ajymif;vJ avhvmvkdufygOD;/
Listing
2.14
guments
to
1.
public
2.
private
3.
public
4. {
int
Passing
array
ar-
method
class
int
testArr
[
testArr
Array
int
Array;
new
int
{1,2,3};
5.
change
6.
7.
public
{for
(int
void
Array);
change
(int
Array.length;i
9 . intArray
[i];
[i]
(int
=
=
0;i
]a)
<int
+)
intArray
turn
1 2 . public
(String
1 3 . testArr
int
getZero
[0]
static
args
tp
[
=
;}
void
])
new
main
{
testArr
);
14.System.out.println("Zeroth
element
is
"
tp.getZero ( ) ); // ans is 8
15.}
16.}
Analysis
1/ 'D program wnfaqmufxm;yHk[m array arguments
awG u d k pass vk y f z d k Y twG u f sample taeeJ Y
wnfaqmufjyxm; wmyJjzpfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (1)

uae vkdif;eHygwf (6) txd[m testArr qdkwJh class
wpfckudk oD;oefYwnfaqmuf ygw,f/ tJ'D testArr
qdkwJh class xJrSm constructor function ( ) udk
a&;om;wnfaqmufygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (6) rSmawmh
change (intArray) qdkwJh function udkarray passed
vkyfNyD; wnfaqmufzdkY Declare vkyfcJhygw,f/
2/ 'D change ( ) function udk tus,fcsJUNyD;&Sif;vif;&r,f
qkd&if vkdif;eHygwf (7) uae vkdif;eHygwf (10) txd
a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmMunfhyg/ for looping udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh array udk wGux
f w
k x
f m;wmyg/ 'gayrJh
'Dae&mrSm owdjyK&rSmuawmh API Method wpfcjk zpfwhJ
Array - Name.length method udk ac:,ltoHk;jyK
xm;wmudv
k nf; awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tus,f
csJUNyD; &Sif;rjyawmhwm[m Array eJY ywfoufwJh
taMumif;t&mawGuakd &m API Method awGeYJ ywfoufwhJ
taMumif;t&mawGudkyg a&SUoifcef;pm chapter awGrSm
ydkYcsNyD;cJhwmaMumifhygyJ/ 'gaMumifh qufvufNyD;awmh
main ( ) function xJrmS a&;om;xm;wmawGukd avhvmNyD;
output b,fvkdxGufvmovJqkdwmudk pmzwfoludk,f
wkdifyJ pOf;pm;avhvmNyD;awmh trace vkyfMunfhygawmh/
uJpmzwfoltaeeJY passing Arguments eJYywfoufwJh
tajccHtaMumif;t&mawGukd oabmaygufomG ;&if qufvuf
NyD;awmh 2.4 Object- Oriented and Developement Concepts qdkwJhtydkif;udk qufvufavhvmMuygpdkY/
10.}
1 1 . public
intArray
{re-
183
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
2.4 Object - Oriented and Developement Concepts with Interface

uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY Class awGudk wnfaqmufr,f?
object awGtjzpf zefwD;r,fqdkwJh taeeJY ta&;BuD;wJh Java
&JU features awGudk avhvm&mrSm Class Declarations vkyf
&mrSmyg ta&;BuD;wJh features awGudkyg qufvufavhvm
Mu&atmif/ 'gaMumifh Class udk wnfaqmufwt
hJ cgrSm class
&JU features awGudk vkdtyfovdk qGJqefY zefwD;,lEkdifwJh Interface taMumif;udk pwifavhvmMuygr,f/
Implementing an interface
Interface eJY ywfoufNyD; &Sif;jy&mrSmyg taxmuftul
jzpfapEkid zf Ykd twGuf J2SE rSm yg0ifwhJ tqdjk yKcsuftwkid ;f a&;
om;wifjyay;xm;ygw,f/ pmzwfot
l aeeJY Java Language
eJY family jzpfvmapr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/
- All methods in an interface are abstract methods.
- They are public methods with no implementation.
They are to be implemented in the sub classes
that use them.
- All data attributes are implicitly declared as static
and final in an interface definition .
- All methods declared in an interface are public
and abstract.
- An interface can aslo include constant declarations.
tcka&;jyxm;wJh tcsut
f vufawGukd avhvmwJt
h cgrSm
uRefawmfhtaeeJY vdktyfr,fh features awGeJY ywfoufwm
awGudk &Sif;vif;ydkYcsay;wmyg/ Interface eJY ywfoufwJh
tcsuftvufawGrSmvnf; twwfEkdifqHk; jynfhpHkatmif xnfh
oGif;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh Interface eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
ydkNyD; oabmaygufatmif pmeJY &Sif;jyaewmxuf program
a&;NyD; avhvmwmydkNyD; oabmaygufvG,fvdrfhr,fvdkY xifyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh Listing 2.15 udk avhvmMunfhyg/
200
Listing 2.15 Illustrate the class implementation of an

interface
1. class interface {
2. public static void main (String orgs [ ] ) {
3. developement obj = new developement ( );
4. System.out. print In ("Output"); / / create an object
'obj'
5.obj.show ( ) ; / / call and use in show ( ) function
6. obj. get ( ); / / call and use in get ( ) function
7. }
8. } / / close brace for interface class
9. interface develop {
10. void show ( ) ; // Declarations of show ( ) method
and get ( ) method
11. void get ( );
12. }
13. Class developement implements develop {
14. public void show ( )
15. {System. Out. printIn ("Show ( ) method is invoked."); }
16. public void get ( )
17. { System. out. print In ("get ( ) method is invoked."); }
18. }
---------------------------------------------------------------------output
show ( ) method is invoked.
get ( ) method is invoked.
---------------------------------------------------------------------Analysis
1/ Listing 2.15 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh program interface &JU oabmw&m;udk tjynft
h 0 &Si;f vif; azmfjyEkid pf rG ;f &Syd g
w,f/ 'gaMumifh aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/

vkdif;eHygwf (1) [m interface qdkwJh Class - Name ay;NyD;
primary class wpfckudk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D class xJrSmrS
main ( ) function udk a&;zGJYxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf(2)
rSm 'gudkawGYrSmyg/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (13) rSm a&;om;
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
zefwD;xm;wJh developement qdkwJh class ukdvSrf;ac:,lNyD;
awmh object tjzpf zefwD;,lvkdufwmudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D
aemuf Output qdkwJh pmom;udk dkufxkwfay;EkdifzkdYtwGuf
System. Out. print In ( ) statement eJY ac:,ltoHk;csyg
w,f/ tJ'Daemuf output statement taeeJYazmfjyyg/ Output - string udk a&;om;zefwD;wJh show ( ) function eJY get
( ) function wdkYudk vdkif;eHygwf (4) eJY vdkif;eHygwf (5) rSm
atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;ac:,lxm;ygw,f/
obj: show ( );
obj: get ( );
'Dvdkac:,lvkdufwJhtwGuf atmufrSma&;jyxm;wJh output awG &vmwmaygh/ 'g[m main ( ) function xJrSm flow
jzpfomG ;yHu
k kd &Si;f jyxm;w,faemf/ 'gayrJh 'g[m odyaf wmhrxl;
jcm;vSygbl;/ omref Class Declaration vkyfNyD; Object
tjzpf zefwD;xm;wm 'D program flow twdkif;oGm;rSmyg
yJ/ uJ 'Dawmh b,fem;rSm uGjJ ym;jcm;em;rvJqw
kd m qufvuf
avhvmMu&atmif/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf(9) rSm develop qdkwJh Interface Name udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh Interface package wpfckudk Declaration
vkyx
f m;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'x
D rJ mS void show ( )method
eJY void get ( ) method ESpfrsKd;udk Declare vkyfcJhwmudk
awGY&rSmyg/ 'gayrJh 'D void show ( ) method eJY void get
( ) method wdkY&JU statement expression tydkif;awGudk a&;
om;xm;jcif;r&Syd gbl;/ 'D method awGukd tus,cf sUJ zdYk twGuf
'D develop qdkwJh Interface udk xyfrHrSDjirf;NyD;awmh vkdif;eH
ygwf (14) rSm developement qdkwJh class wpfckudk rSDjirf;
vdkufygw,f/ 'g[m Inheritance pepf&JU oabmw&m;eJY
qifwlrI&Sdaeygw,f/ uGJjym;jcm;em;rIudk NOTE: taeeJY
oD;oefY&Sif;jyay;ygr,f/ qufvufavhvmMunfhyg/
3/ developement qdkwJh class [m develop qdkwJh interface udk implements vkyfxm;wmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm tay:
Declare vkyfcJhwJh void show ( ) method eJY void get ( )
method &JU statements awGudk a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (14) rSm a&;xm;wJh void show
( ) method udk avhvmMunfh&ifpublic viod show ( )
{System.Out. printIn ("Show ( ) method is invoked.");}
vdkY awGY&rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh Outpurt statement taeeJY show
( ) method is invoked vdYk Output xGufvmcJhwmyg/ 'g[m
'D implements vkyfcJhwJh class udk wpfqifhcH tus,fcsJUNyD;
oabmw&m;t& xyfrH jznfhpGufvkdwJh features awGeJY

aygif;pyftoHk;jyKwmygyJ/ 'gayrJh Class Declarations &JU
oabmw&m;t& object tjzpf zefw;D &w,fqw
dk myg rarhyg
eJYOD;/ void get ( ) method udkawmh tus,fcsJUNyD; r&Sif;jy
awmhygbl;/ pmzwfou
l ,
kd w
f idk yf J avhvmMunfyh g/ void show
( ) method eJY oabmw&m; twlwy
l jJ zpfwmaMumifh em;vnf
oGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
NOTE: pmzwfol[m C + + & VC + + e,fy,fuvmcJhwJh
oltzkdYawmh Inheritance &JU oabmw&m;eJY EdIif;,SOfNyD;
avhvmEkdif&if tcuftcJvJ r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh C Programming e,fy,fuvmwJh struct oabmw&m;? union &JU
oabmw&m;wdkYeJY EdIif;,SOfNyD; xyfwlxyfrQ wlnDEdkifw,f

qkdwmudk awG;ac:rdrSmyg/ c programming language &JU
struct oabmw&m;eJY qifwlw,f/ data group awG zGJYpnf;
ay;EkdifrIudk avhvmEkdifatmif Listing 2.16 taeeJY avhvm
Munfhyg/ oifMum;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
Listing 2.16 Declaring variables and data item
1. interface data variable {
2.int a = 1;
3. int b = 2; }
4. class inter implements dataVariable {
5. public static void main (String args [ ]) {
6. System.Out. printIn ("Output");
7. System. Out. printIn ("The value of a is :" + a); //
The value of a is :1
8. System.Out. printIn ("The value of b is :"+ b); //
The value of b is: 2
9. }
10. }
---------------------------------------------------------------------Output
The value of a is :1
The value of b is :2
---------------------------------------------------------------------Analysis
1/ Listing 2.16 u program [m odyt
f axGtxl; r&Syd g
bl;/ C programming language u struct qkdwJh oabm
w&m;eJY qifwlygw,fqdkwmudk &Sif;jyzkdYtwGuf a&;om;ydkYcs

ay;xm;wmyg/ data type awGeJY toHk;jyKNyD;awmh variables
awGudk aMunmygw,f/ tJ'D variables awGrSm wefzdk; value
awGudkyg udef;aoxnfhoGif; aMunmay;xm;ygw,/f 'gawG
[m interface taeeJY zefwD;xm;cJhwmygyJ/
201
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm inter qdkwJh class udk zefwD;,lyg
w,f/ tJ'D implements vkyfxm;wJh inter qdkwJh class [m
tay:u interface udk implements vkyfxm;jcif;ygyJ/ tJ'D
aemuf main ( ) function udak &;zGYJ w,f/ tJ'D main ( )funck x
f w
k x
f m;wm
tion xJrmS wifyJ Output statements awGukd du
yg/ 'D program [m C programming language &JU Struct
&JU oabmw&m;eJY wlnDEkdifwJhoabmw&m;udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;Ekdifatmif a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;wmyg/ 'gqdk
&if tajccH interface &JU zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufyHk implements
taeeJY zefwD;&,lyHkudk em;vnfoGm;&if a&SUrSm b,fvkdrsKd;
toH;k 0if toH;k jyKEkid rf ,fqw
dk mukd avhvmMu&atmif/ 'Dawmh
Class Declaration keywords awGeJY ywfoufwJh tcsuf
tvufawGukd Table 2.8 taeeJY a&;om;ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmvkdufMu&atmif/
'D Table 2.8 [m class Declarations t& Declare
vkyfEdkifwJh keyword awGygyJ/ 'Dawmh 'D class keyword
awGukd wpfcck si;f pD oD;oefYavhvmMunfMh u&atmif/ atmufrmS
&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfhyg/
Table 2.8 keyword and usage of the class Declarations In JA
VA language
JAV
public keyword
Abstract
keyword
Final keyword
Class keyword
extends super
implements
interfaces
202
By default , a class can be used by

other classes in the same package.
The public modifier declares that
the class can be used by any class
regardless of its package.
Declares that the class can not be
instantiated.
Declares that the class can not be
sub- classed.
The class keyword indicates to the
compiler that this is a class declaration and that the name of the
class is Name - Of- Class.
The extends clause identifies
super as the super -class of the
class, there by inserting the class
within the class herarchy.
The declare that your class
implements one or more inter
face, use the keyword implements followed by a comma delimited List of the names of
the interface implements by the
class.
public keyword
'D public keyword taMumif;udk ta&SUydkif;rSm oD;oefY
oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhygNyD/ oabmw&m;[m omref variable
Declaration vkyfwJh oabmw&m;eJY qifwlygw,f/ class
wpfckrSm public keyword udk toHk;jyKcJh&if tjcm; wpfae&m
uaeNyD;awmhrS Access vkycf iG hf xyfrjH yKjyifNyD; modifier vkyf
cGi&hf ydS gw,f/ tJ'D Class udk toH;k jyKxm;wJh package twGi;f
rSm vkdtyfovdk toHk;csEkdifcGifh&Sdjcif;[mvnf; public keyword &JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/ ta&SUrSm keyword awG&JU
oabmw&m;awGukd &Si;f jycJyh ekH YJ qifww

l maMumifh tao;pdwf
&Si;f rjyawmhwmygyJ/ 'Dawmh public keyword eJY ywfoufNyD;
awmh 'DvdkrSwfxm;Mu&atmifvm;/ public keyword is
Declare, that class is can be used in any other class
in the same package and modifier that class can be
used vdkY tvG,frSwfMuwmayghaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;
final keyword taMumif;udk qufvufavhvmMu&atmif/
Final keyword
Final keyword udk toHk;jyK Declare vkyfNyDqdkwmeJY
tjcm; Class wpfckuaeNyD;awmh can not be overridden
ayghaemf/ toHk;cscGifhr&Sdbl;vdkYbJ tvG,frSwfxm;Mu&atmif/

Abstract Keyword
Abstract keyword &JU oabmw&m;udkawmh that keywords and use, that the class can not be instantiated
vdkYyJ tvG,frSwfxm;Mu&atmifyg/
Class keyword
k hJ keyword eJY ywfoufwhJ form awG? oabm
Class qdw
w&m;awG[m NyD;cJw
h hJ oifcef;pmrSm tao;pdwcf NhJ yD;ygNyD/ tJ'D
u@udk jyefvSefavhvmjcif;tm;jzifh tvGefta&;ygwJh Class
keyword taMumif;ukd tjynfhpHkqHk; avhvm oabmayguf
NyD;om; jzpfoGm;rSmyg/ tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhawmh Class keyword udk toH;k jyK jcif;tm;jzifh trsKd;tpm;rwlwhJ data types
awGudk toHk;jyK NyD;awmh trsKd;rsKd;aom Name awGeJY variables awGudk zefwD;&,lEkdifygw,f/ NyD;awmh function ( )
/ method trsKd;rsKd;ukd wpfae&mwnf;rSm pkpnf;wnfaqmuf
xm;Ekdifygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ae&may; wnfaqmufEkdifwm[m
class qdkwJh keyword aMumifhyJqkdwmudk em;vnf oabm
aygufxm;&ygr,f/ Note: 'gayrJh owdjyK&rSmuawmh JAVA
Language [m Class type awGeJYyJ yHkpHjyK wnfaqmuf
xm;wm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcsufudkawmh xnfhoGif;owdjyK
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
pOf;pm;apvkdygw,f/ main ( ) function / method [mvJ
class xJrSm xnfhoGif;wnf aqmuf&wmyJ jzpfygw,f/
extends super
'D keyword [m Inheritance taMumif;udk oifMum;ydYkcs
pOfu awGYcJh&NyD;om;yg/ Class wpfckeJY wpfck extends vkyf
NyD; toHk;jyKvkdY&wmyg/ 'g[m Class hierarchy pepf&JU yHkpH
jyKxm;wJh keyword ygyJ/ 'D keyword [mvJ tck vuf&Sd
ydkYcsaewJh oifcef;pmrSm qufET,fcsufwpf&yftaeeJY yg0ifae

ygw,f/ 'gudk pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvmawGY&Sd&rSmyg/
implements interfaces
'Dae&mrSm Interface keyword udkom Declare vkyf
toH;k jyKcJ&h if tjcm;aom Class, one or more class awGuae
implements vkyE
f ikd yf gw,f/ 'Dtaetxm;awGukd a&SUrSmydYk cs
ay;cJhwJh Listing 2.15 eJU Listing 2.16 wdkYudk aoaocsmcsm
avhvmMunfhyg/ 'g[m interface eJY ywfoufNyD; tajccH
usus &Sif;jyydkYcsay;xm;wmygyJ/ pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,f

wul em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ interface eJY ywfouf
wJh oabmw&m;awGukd oD;oefYyYkdcsaewmxuf Listing awGeYJ
program a&;om;ydkYcsay;wm[m ydkNyD; jynfhpHkvG,fulapvdrfh
r,fvkdY xifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh interface &JU implements
oabmw&m;eJY extends vkyfwJh oabmw&m;awGyg0ifwJh
Listing 2.17 udk qufvufavhvmMunfy
h g/ em;vnfoabm
aygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
Listing 2.17 Extending the methods in an interface
1. interface inter
2. {void show ( ) ; void get ( ) ; }
3. interface inters extends inter // extending the interface "inter"
4. { void hello ( ); }
5. Class inter 2 implements inter {
6. public void show ( ) { System. Out.printIn ("Show
method is invoked"); }
7. public void get ( ) {System. Out.print In ("Get mehtod
is invoked"); }
8. public void hello ( ) {System. Out. print In ("hello
method is invoked ") ; }
9. }
10. Class extends Class {
11. public Static void main (String args [ ]) {
12. inter 2 i 2 = new inter 2 ( ); / / creating object for
"inter 2"
13. System. Out. print In ("Output");

14. i 2 .show ( );
15. i2 . get ( );
16. i2. hellow( );
17. }
18. }
output
---------------------------------------------------------------------output
show method is invoked
get method is invoked
hello method is invoked
---------------------------------------------------------------------Analysis
1/ 'D program i,fav;[m interface udk extending
method taeeJY csJUxGiftoHk;cswJh oabmw&m;awG yg0ifyg
w,f/ yxrvkdif;eHygwf (1) rSm interface qdkwJh keyword
udk toHk;jyKNyD; inter qdkwJh interface - Name eJY method
Group wpfckudk a&;zGJYygw,f/ tJ'D Method Group xJrSm
void show ( ) method eJY void get ( ) method ESpfckudk
Declare and line - up vkyfcJhygw,f/ tJ'D method awG[m
statements and Expression awGukd xnfo
h iG ;f a&;zGYJ xm;jcif;
r&Sdygbl;/ method &JU form csay;xm;jcif;qdk&ifvJ rrSm;yg
bl;/
2/ tJ'Daemuf inter qdkwJh interface udkrSD;NyD;awmh inter 1
qdkwJh emrnfeJY implements vkyfygw,f/ 'g[m tay:u
inter 1 qdkwmudk rSD;NyD;awmh inter trnfeJY extends vkyf
xm;wmaemf/ tJ'D inter xJrSmawmh hello ( ) qdkwJh method
udk Declare vkyfxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m tvGef kd;&Sif;pGmeJY
pGrf;&nfjrifh rSDjirf;xm;jcif;rsKd;ygyJ/
NOTE: 'DyHkpH[m Class Hierarchy & Inheritance Action yHkpHrsKd;ygyJ/ C& C + + orm;twGufawmh uRrf;0if
&if;ESD;NyD;om;jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ C programming language
orm;awG twGuu
f awmh Struct type eJY qifww
l mukd tcef;
&JU ta&SUrSm oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/

3/ vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh inter 1 udk implements vkyf
NyD;awmh inter 2 udk a&;zGYJ ygw,f/ tay:u interface twGi;f
rSm method awG&JU statements & Expression awGudk tck
inter 2 qdkwJh Class xJrSmrS tus,fcsJUNyD;awmh a&;zGJYrSmjzpf
ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (6), (7), (8) rSm
203
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
public void show ( ) {System.Out. printIn ("show
method is invoked") ;
public void get ( ) {System.Out. printIn ("get
public void hello ( ) {System. Out. printIn ("hello
qdkNyD; a&;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) rSmawmh Class inter 2 &JU Close brace } ukdvmydwfxm;ygw,f/ 'Dtxd[m
object tjzpf zefw;D &,lr,fh class & interface awGukd zefw;D
&,lr,fhtykdif;jzpfygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm *kwpdkuf avhvm

oifhygw,f/
4/ vdkif;eHygwf (10) rSm extends Class qdkwJhtrnfeJY primary class udk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D primary class xJrSmrSS
main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vki
d ;f eHygwf (12)
rSm inter 2 qdkwJh class udk tajcjyKNyD; i2 qdkwJh class udk
vdkufygw,f/ inter 2 class [m tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh class
awG interface awG&JU tus,fjzefYa&;zGJYrIawG yg0ifaewJh
twGuyf gyJ/ tJ'aD emuf System.Out . print In ("Output") ;
qdkwJh statement udk a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh output qkdwJh
String udk dkufxkwfzdkY a&;om;vkdufjcif;ygyJ/ 'Dawmh quf
avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if vkdif;eHygwf (14)? (15)? (16) rSm
in. show ( );
in. get ( );
in. hello ( );
Implementing Multiple Interfaces

Interface awGukd zefw;D NyD;awmh implements vkyw
f ,f/
extending vkyfw,f/ tp&SdwJh oabmw&m;awG[m tvGef
dk;&Sif;NyD;awmh C + + programmer awG tzkYd awmh vG,v
f ,
G f
ulul oabmaygufem;vnfEkdifrSmyg/ tjcm;aom Object Oriented - programming (OOP) Language awGrSm multiple inheritance oabmw&m;awG yg0ifaygif;pyf zGJYpnf;
xm;ygw,f/ oabmw&m;t& &Sif;jy&r,fqdk&if trsKd;rsKd;

aom superclass toD;oD;uae tqifhqifhrSDjirf;EkdifwJh
pGrf;aqmif&nfrsKd;udk awGYjrif&rSmyg/ interface wpfckudk
oD;oefYwnfaqmufr,fqkd&if atmufyg Syntax - form yHkpH
rsKd;eJY awGYjrif&rSmyg/
Interface_Name
as you like
open brace for
Interface Name{
Interface
...... // Declare Data type interface
..... // Declare of methods
open brace for
}
interface
keywords
pojzifh tay:ua&;om;zefwD;cJhwJh interface &JU innerline - method awGudk vSrf;NyD;ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ 'gaMumifh

Output taeeJY azmfjyxm;wJh
Basic Syntax - form of Interface

'D Basic Syntax- form yHkpHav;[m interface wpfckudk
Show method is invoked

get method is invoked
hello method is invoked
String awG[m Output tjzpfxu
G v
f mwmygyJ/ aoaocsmcsm
b,fvkdzefwD;&,lr,f ?wnfaqmufEkdifr,fqkdwmudk tajccH

usus wnfaqmufjyxm;wJh form yHkpHygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh interface tcsif;csif; extends vkyfwJh form yHkpHav;udk
a&;om;jyay;ygr,f/ avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
avhvmMunfhyg/ tvGefdk;&Sif;pGm zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufxm;wm

ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (17) rSmuawmh main ( ) function &JU
close brace } eJY vkdif;eHygwf (18)rSmawmh extends Class
qdkwJh primary Class &JU Close brace } udk vmydwfxm;yg
w,f/
'g[m interface &JU oabmw&m;? implements &JU
oabmw&m;eJY extends vkyfjcif;&JU oabmw&m;awGudk
qufET,fcsufawGeJY &Sif;jya&;om;ay;xm;wmyg/ interface
&JU oabmw&m;? implements &JU oabmw&m;awGukd em;
vnf&if Object- Oriented - programming &JU oabm
obm0udkyg em;vnfvmvdrfhr,fvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/
204
Interface
index of_interface_Name
keywords
extends super_interface_ Name {
..... // extending the method

}
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Basic Syntax form of extending the Interface
'D Syntax form uawmh interface tcsif;csif; extends
NOTE: Implementing Multiple Interface qd k w J h

oifcef;pmukd ravhvmcifrmS Certification Practice
vkyw
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usus &Sif;jyay;xm;wmyg/ qufET,frI oabmw&m;buf
uae avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if index Of - interface -Name
[m xyfrHNyD; wnfaqmufwJh interface wpfckyg/ extends
qdkwJh keyword &JU aemufu Super - interface -Name
qdw
k muawmh tay:rSmrlv&SNd yD;om;? wnfaqmufNyD;om; interface wpfckygyJ/ 'gudkrSDjirf;NyD; extends vkyfwmyg/
aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfrh ,fq&kd if a&SUrSm oifMum;ydYk cscw
hJ hJ
Listing awGrmS awGYjrifc&
hJ NyD;om;yg/ tajymif;tvJtaeeJYa&m
family jzpfomG ;atmifyg/ Listing awGukd t&ifyYkd csNyD;rS Syntax form awGudk a&;om;ydYk csjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ uJ qufvuf
NyD;awmh interface udk implements vkyfwJh oabmw&m;eJY
Class wpfcktwGif;rSm zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufwJh oabmw&m;
awGyg0ifwJh Basic Syntax- form yHkpHukd avhvmMunfh&
atmif/
tjzpf avhvm oif,laeMuwJholawGtwGuf atmuf

yg Theory oabmw&m;av;udk txyfxyftcgcg
zwfIavhvmxm;apcsifygw,f/ tJ'guawmhInterface, like classes, can belong to a package. Interface can also import other interfaces
and classes from other packages, just as classes
can.
uJ oabmw&m;udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;&if Multiple Interfaces awGudk Implements vkyfwJhtydkif;rSm

ta&;BuD; wJh Syntax - form ukd avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
interfaces trsm;tjym;udk udk,fydkif class &JU twGif;rSm
aygif;pyfNyD;awmh implement vkyfwmygyJ/ 'DtcgrSm Multiple interface awGudk class wpfcktwGif;rSm implement
vkyfw,f qkdMuygpdkY/ tJ'D interface awG&JU Name awGudk
commars awGcHNyD;awmh a&;&wmyg/ 'Dawmh tJ'D Implementing Multiple Interface &JU Basic Syntax- form udk
a&;jyygr,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
class
class_Name implements interface_Name {

..... // implements methods
..... //
Basic Syntax form of implements an Interface

'D form yHkpHav;rSm a&;om;wnfaqmufjycJhwJh Class
yHkpHrsKd;udk listing 2.17 rSm pmzwfoltaeeJY awGYjrifavhvm
cJh&rSmyg/ 'Dae&m ta&;BuD;wJhtcsufuawmh tay:rSm wnf

aqmufcJhMuwJh interface awGudk implements vkyfNyD;awmh
class wpfct
k jzpf zefw;D &,lMuw,fqw
dk hJ tcsuftvufawG
ygyJ/ 'gudk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif txyfxyftcgcg
zwfNyD; avhvmapvkdygw,f/
uJ 'gqd&k ifawmh ta&SUrSm ydYkcscw
hJ hJ listing awGeYJywfouf
wJh Syntax- form awGudk toD;oD;ydkYcsay;NyD;ygNyD/ tck
qufvufNyD;awmh Implementing Multiple Interfaces qdw
k hJ
tydik ;f udk qufvufoifMum;ydYkcsay;yghr,f/ qufvufNyD;awmh
avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
public class AnimatedSign extends javax.swing.

JApplet implements Runnable , Ovservable {
/ / -----}
Basic Syntax- form of the Implementing Multiple Interface
uJ 'D syntax- form yHkpHudk avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh interfaces trsm;tjym;udk implements vkyfNyD;awmh Class wpfck
twGif;rSm jyefvnfwnfaqmufEkdifwJh oabmw&m;awGudk
em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
tu,f interface twGif;rSm yg0ifwJh parameter
awG[m different parameter list awGjzpfMuygw,f qdkMu
ygpdYk / tJ'D method awGtwGuf ajz&Si;f yHu
k awmh tvGef ;kd &Si;f
ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh a&SUrSm uRefawmfoifMum;ydkYcsNyD;om;
Object- Oriented - programming (OOP) paradigm awGeYJ
ajz&Sif;&rSmygyJ/ 'gudk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyygh
r,f/ interface ESpfckudk rSDjirf;NyD;awmh class wpfckudk wnf
aqmufr,f? implements vkyfr,f qdkMuygpdkY/ tJ'D interface ESpfcktwGif;rSm trnfwl method ESpfckyg0ifaew,f
qdkMuygpdkY/ tJ'D method awG[mvnf; different parameter of data type awG jzpfw,fqMkd uygpdYk / uReaf wmfwYdktaeeJY
205
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Method Overloading udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh ajz&Sif;&rSmyg/
'g[m a&SU rSm oifMum;ydkYcscJhwJh enf;ynmawGudk toHk;jyKNyD;
ajz&Si;f wmygyJ/ tJ'gudk em;vnfatmif jyefvnfo;kH oyf &Si;f jy
wmudk txyfxyftcgcg avhvmMunfhyg/
wu,fvdkYrsm; tJ'D Interface ESpfcktwGif;rSmyg0ifwJh
method awG[m parameter list awGuvnf; wlnDMuyg
w,f/ 'gayrJh return type awGu uGJjym;jcm;em;w,f qdkMu
ygpdkY/ 'Dtcg implements vkyfwnfaqmufxm;wJh class
ukd compile vkyf Run vkyfvdkuf&if compiler uae error
message ay;vmrSmyg/ 'DtcgrSmawmh jyefvnfNyD;awmh interface tydkif;udk jyefvnfppfaq;zdkY a&;om;jyKjyifzdkY vdktyf
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w,fqw
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tvufawGudk aoaocsmcsm avhvmzwfIzdkY vkdtyfw,fqkd
wmudk axmufjywmygyJ/
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh listing program taeeJY a&;om;
ydkYcsr,fh interface udk abstract Class yHkoPmefzefwD;r,f?
implements vkyfr,faygh/ tJ'D abstract class udk extends
vkyfNyD;awmh class wpfckudk xyfrHwnfaqmufrSmyg/ NyD;awmh
main ( ) function xJrSmrS Object tjzpf zefwD;toHk;cswJh
yHkpHudk avhvmoif,l&rSmyg/
tydkif;udk
tajccHavmufyJ oifMum;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ a&SUoifcef;
pmeJY Listing awGrSm xyfrHjznfhpGuf ydkYcsay;oGm;OD;rSmyg/
Rogers Cadenhead and laura lemay a&;om;wJh Teach
yourself Java 2 in 21 days xJrSm 'D Multiple interfaces
taMumif;udk tao;pdwf&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ uRefawmfhtaeeJY
uawmh listing eJY EdIif;,SOfNyD;rSom &Sif;vif;ydkYcsay;rSmyg/
web site uae avhvmcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh www. java 21
pro . com rSm avhvmEkdifygw,f/
'Dawmh uRefawmfhtaeeJY Multiple Interface awGudk
toHk;jyK&ifawGYBuHK&r,fh tcuftcJawGudk tMurf;tm;jzifh
awmh oifMum;&Si;f vif;jyay;NyD;ygNyD/ 'Dawmh pmzwfot
l aeeJY
arhaumif;arhaeEkdifr,fh overloading oabmw&m;udkvnf;
tus,f&Sif;jy&rSmjzpfovdk Certification Practice taeeJY
avhusiv
hf o
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ra&mufcifrmS listing 2.18 udk Mum;jzwfoifcef;pmtjzpf ydYk cs
ay;rSmjzpfygw,f/
NOTE: Implementing Multiple interfaces
206
Creating Methods with the same name

Dif
ferent Ar
guments
Different
Arguments
'Dacgif;pOfav;udk awGY&&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY

uReaf wmfbmudk qdv
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kd mudk oabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/
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Arguments awG Same Name , Different Arguments awG
tp&So
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tjynfht0 toHk;csEdkifr,fh tajccH object- concepts awGudk
vnf; wwfajrmufrS jzpfEkdifr,fr[kwfvm;/
tJ'gaMumifh listing 2.18 rSm Creating Same Name,
Different Arguments with JAVA method vdYk trnfay;NyD;
program code - line <58> aMumif ; &S d w J h program
i,fav;udk ydkYcsay;vdkufygw,f/ 'D program i,fav;rSm
xl;jcm;csufuawmh 2.1 Introduction to Classes qdkwJh
tcef;u@udk oifMum;ydkYcspOfu avhvmcJh&rSmjzpfwJh this
keyword taMumif;udk rSwr
f rd mS yg/ listing 2.4 taeeJYvnf;
program a&;om;avhvmzl;rSmyg/ tJ'D this keyword udk
vnf; 'D program rSm aygif;pyfxnfo
h iG ;f ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/
'D program udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm uRefawmfhtaeeJY
Analysis taeeJY Line By Line &Sif;jyay;jcif;r&Sdygbl;/
bmaMumifv
h q
J akd wmh pmzwfo&l UJ tawGUtBuHKudk qef;ppfcsif
vkdYyJ jzpfygw,f/ tu,frsm; pmzwfoltaeeJY em;rvnf
r&Si;f vif;wmrsm;&Scd &hJ if Q& A u@rSm jyefvnfar;jref;Ekid yf g
w,f/
Table 2.9 The Different levels of Access Control
Visibility
From the same
class
public
protected default private
yes
yes
yes
yes
From any class

in the same
package
yes
yes
yes
no
From any class

outside the
package
yes
no
no
no
From a subclass yes

in the same
package
yes
yes
no
From a subclass yes

outside the same
package
yes
no
no
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Listing 2.18 taeeJY
ydkYcsay;wJh program i,fav;udk

pepfwusavhvmygvdkYyJ tBuHjyKcsifygw,f/ Program &JU
flow udk Line By Line Method eJY avhvmr,fq&
dk if pmzwfol
twGuf tvGeftusKd;&SdEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dawmh listing 2.18
udk ravhvmcifrSm Table 2.9 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh The
Different levels of Access control qdkwJh Table udk t&if
avhvmvkdufygOD;/ a&SUrSm oifMum;ay;cJhwJh Table awGeJY
oabmw&m;awG wlnDygw,fqdkayrJh tzufzufujynhfpHk
atmif avhvmMunfhapcsifvdkYygyJ/
Listing 2.18 Creating Same Name, Different Arguments
with JAVA
1: import java. awt. point;
2:
3: class MyRect {
4:
int x1 = 0;
5:
int y1 = 0;
6:
int x2 = 0;
7:
int y2 = 0;
8:
9: MyRect buildRect (int x1, int y1,int x2, int y2) {
10: this .x1 = x1;
11: this .y1 = y1;
12: this. x2 = x2;
13: this. y2 = y2;
14: return this ;
15: }
16:
17: MyRect buildRect (Point topleft, Point bottomRight) {
18: x1 = topleft .x;
19: y1 = topleft.y;
20: x2 = bottomRight .x ;
21: y2 = bottomRight .y ;
22: return this ;
23: }
24:
25: MyRect buildRect (Point topleft, int w, int h){
26: x1 = topleft. x;
27: y1 = topleft.y;
28: x2 = (x1 + w) ;
29: y2 = (y1+ w) ;
30: return this;
31: }
32:
33: void printRect ( ) {
34: System.out. print ("MyRect: <" + x1 + ", " + y1);
35: System.out. print In (", " + x2 + " , " + y2 + "> ");

36: }
37:
38: public static void main (String [ ] arguments) {
39: MyRect rect = new MyRect ( ) ;
40:
41: System. out.print In ("Calling buildRect with
coordinates 25, 25, 50, 50:");
42: rect.buildRect (25,25, 50, 50) ;
43: rect.printRect ( );
44: System.out,Print In ( " * * *") ;
45:
46: System.out. print In ("Calling buildRect with points
(10, 10), (20, 20): ") ;
47: rect .buildRect (new Point (0, 10) , new Point (20,20));
48: rect. printRect ( );
49: System.out.print In (" ***");
50:
51: System. out. print ("Calling buildRect with 1 point
(10, 10),"),
52: System.out.print In ("width (50) and height (50) :" );
53:
54: rect. buildRect (new Point (10, 10), 50, 50);
55: rect.printRect ( );
56: System.out. print In ("***") ;
57: }
58: }
The following is this program's output:
Calling buildRect with coordinates 25, 25, 50,50:
MyRect: <25, 25, 50, 50>
***
Calling buildRect with 1 point (10,10), (20, 20):
MyRect <10,10,20,20>
***
Calling buildRect with 1 point (10,10) width (50)
and height (50):
MyRent: <10,10,60,60>
'Dprogram i,fav;udk udk,fwkdifavhvmoHk;oyfMunfh
NyD;&ifawmh a&SUvmr,fh oifcef;pmawGrSm JAVA &JU features
awGeJY b,fvkd wnfaqmuftoHk;jyK&r,f? b,fenf;eJY xyfrH

jznfhpGufEkdifw,f pwJhtcsuftvufawGudk a&SUoifcef;pmrSm
avhvmMunfhMuygpdkY/
207
2.5 INNER CLASSES, PACKAGES AND EXTENDING

INTERFACE
THE
a&SUu oifcef;pmrSm uRefawmf oifMum;ydYk cscJw

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pmawGudk avhvm oif,lwJhtcgrSm Listing wpfckcsif;pDudk
aoaocsmcsm zwfINyD;awmh avhvmapcsifygw,f/ b,f
Language rSmrqdk tqifhjrifh eufeJvmavav Theory &
Logic tydkif;awGrSmvJ tqifhjrifh eufeJvmr,f/ NyD;awmh
complex qefvmr,f/ 'g[m csdec
f iG w
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tm;enf;csufawG[m &SdaewmygyJ/ 'D tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;
csufawGudk b,fvkd jyifqifjznfhpGufNyD;awmh toHk;jyK&r,f
qdw
k mudyk J uReaf wmfwYkd pOf;pm;&rSmyg/ OyrmtaeeJY ajym&&if
JAVA Language &JU tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufawGudk
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vdkuf&SmNyD; tjypfajymae&ifawmh EkdifiHwumrSm taumif;qHk;
vdkY vufcHxm;wJh language wpfck[m uRefawmfwdkY jrefrm
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kd mawmif &SEd ikd af wmhrmS r[kwf
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udk,fwkdif trsm;&JUtjrifu rvGwfcJhygbl;/
ta&SUu oifcef;pmawGrSmqdk&if Interface awGudk extending vkyfwJh oabmw&m;udk tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;wif
jyay;NyD;ygNyD/ tck oifcef;pmuawmh Inner. Classes &
Packages awGtaMumif;udk tajccHupNyD;awmh avhvmMu&
atmifvm;/ tJ'DurS aemufqufwGJtjzpf Extending Interfaces eJY ywfoufwmawGudk qufvufavhvmMuwmaygh/
uJ 'Dawmh Inner Classes qdkwJhtydkif;upNyD;awmh avhvm
vkdufMu&atmifvm;/
Inner .Classes In JAVA
Inner Class qdw
k muawmh JAVA &JU wnfaqmufxm;
wJh yifr Primary Class twGif;rSmjzpfap? 'grSr[kwf tjcm;
180
wnfaqmufxm;wJh Class &JUtwGif;rSm xyfrHNyD; jznfhpGuf

wnfaqmufxm;wJh Class rsKd;ukd qdkvkdwmygyJ/ 'DtcgrSm
Inner.Class type awG[m oabmw&m;t&eJY zGJYpnf;wnf
aqmufyHkt& uGJjym;jcm;em;rIawG &Sdvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
Inner. Class type awG uGJjym;jcm;em;wmudk oabmayguf
em;vnfatmif Table 2.10 eJY a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunfhvkdufyg/
Static Member Class Use allowned in all type of
class
Member Classes
Defined top level class and

an instance is always associated with a particular instance of the top level class.
Local Classes
Defined with a block of
code.
Anonymous Classes Classes has no name and the
class definition is combined
with instantiation of a object
of the class.
Table 2.10 Types of Inner.Classes In JAVA
uJ- tay:rSm a&;om;cJhwJh Table 2.10 [m Inner

Classes awG&UJ types awGukd yHp
k jH yK a&;zGUJ &Si;f vif;jyxm;wmyJ
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Inner Classes type rSm tkyp
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tkyfpkwpfckcsif;pD <Inner Classes type yHkpHwpfckpD > uae
pepfwusavhvmMu&atmifvm;/ Listing 2.19 taeeJY a&;
om;xm;wJh Program i,fav;uae pwifNyD;awmh avhvm
MunfhMuygpdkY/
Listing 2.19 Static Member Class In JAVA
1 . public class Member {
2 . public static void main (String args
[]){
3 . Static
Class
SC=new static class( );
4 . SC. Print Hello ( ) ; }
5 . static class Static Class {
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f azazmf0g&v

D ? 2006 ckEpS f

6 . void print Hello ( )
7 . {System.Out.printIn ("Hello! JAVA world
is Amazement!);}
8. }
9. }
Output
---------------Hello! JAVA World is Amazement!
---------------Analysis
1/ 'D program i,fav;rSm a&;om;xm;wJh static class

type yHkpH Inner .Class trsKd;tpm;[m uRefawmfwdkY
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Member qdw
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2/ tJ'D Inner Class [m vkid ;f eHygwf (5) uae vkid ;f eHygwf
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udk vSrf;ac:,lvdkuf&if output taeeJY Hello ! vdkY
xGufvmatmif Method udk a&;om;xm;jcif;yJ jzpfyg
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&,f[m Member qdw
k hJ primary class wpfct
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w&m;ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSm Inner Class tjzpf
zefwD;,lcJhwJh Static Class udk new keyword udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh SC qdkwJh Name eJY zefwD;&,lygw,f/
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(4) rSmrS SC. Print Hello ( ); qdkNyD; Static Class
taeeJY a&;zGJYxm;wJh Inner.Class twGif;u function
( ) udk vSrf;NyD; ac:,lvkdufwmygyJ/ tJ'D function xJ
rSmawmh System .Out. Print In ("Hello! JAVA World
is Amazement!"); vdkY a&;om;xm;wJhtwGuf output taeeJY Hello! vdkY xGufvmwmygyJ/ 'g[m program code taeeJY avhvmp&m program type r[kwy
fg
bl;/ Static Class wpfckudk Inner Class wpfcktaeeJY
b,fvkdzefwD;a&;om;& w,fqdkwmudkyJ &Sif;jywmygyJ/

'gqkd&ifawmh Inner Class type xJu Static Class
a&;zGYJ whJ type udk em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;rSmyg/ uJ-'Dawmh
qufvufNyD;awmh Member Class a&;zGJYwJh oabmw&m;udk
qufvufavhvmMunfh&atmifvm;/
Type of Member Class
Member Class awGukd a&;zGYJ wt
hJ cgrSmawmh programmer taeeJY primary class &JU jyifyrSmyJ oD;jcm; type eJY
a&;zGJYvdkY &ygw,f/ Inner Class vdkYac:ayrJh oD;jcm; class
wpfcktwGif;rSm member type taeeJY a&;zGJYwmaMumifh
Member Class vdkY ac:a0:wmygyJ/ 'gayrJh 'D member
class [mvnf; ta&SUu static class yHkpHvdkygyJ/ vkyfdk;vkyf
pOftwkdif; a&;zGJYaeus class yHkpHawGygyJ/ 'ghtwGuf oD;jcm;
txl;wvnf avhvmp&mrvkdygbl;/ ta&SUrSm oifMum; ydkYcs
cJw
h hJ listing awGxu
J yHpk w
H l program i,fwpfy'k u
f ykd J jyefvnf
a&;om; ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfyh g/
Lisitng 2.20 Member Class type of Inner Class in
JAVA
1 . public class Member-Class{
2 . public static void main (String args
[]) {
3 . square sq = new square (3.0,4.0);
4 . sq.show
volume ( );
5.
}
6. }
7 . class square {
8 . double width ,height;
9 . public Square (double w, double h)
10. { width = w; height = h;}
11. public void show Volume ( )
12. {Box b = new Box (2.0);
13. System.Out.printIn ("Volume is" + b.get
Volume
( ) );
14. }
15. Class Box {
16. double depth;
17. public Box (double d)
18. { depth = d;}
19. public double getVolume ( )
20. {return width *height* depth;}
21. }
22. }
output
----------------

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
181

Square Class xJrSmyJ wpfzef jyefvnfNyD;awmh toHk;cs
Volume is 24
----------------
xm;ygw,f/
Note : 'D Listing 2.20 u program eJY ywfoufvkdYuawmh

program flow tydkif;udkyJ t"du &Sif;vif; wifjyrSm
k kd b,fvdk a&;zGYJ
jzpfygw,f/ Member Class wpfcu
oGm;w,fqkdwmudkyJ t"du a&;om;jyxm;wmygyJ/

'D Class eJY ywfoufwJh yHkpHwl program udk a&SUu
oifcef;pmawGrSm ydkYcsNyD;oGm;ygNyD/ jyefvSef avhvm
Munfhoifhygw,f/
Analysis
1/ 'D program i,fav;rSmyg0ifwJh Member Class type
<Inner Class yHkpHa&;zGJYwJh> yHkpH[m awGYjrifaeus class
awGudk a&;zGJYwJh yHkpHygyJ/ oifcef;pmt&om tcef;u@

tvkduf a&;om;ydkYcsay;&jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf
(1) rSm mian ( ) function yg0ifwJh primary class udk
Member- class vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (7) rSmawmh Square vdkYac:wJh Class wpfck
udk a&;zGJYxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D Square qdkwJh Class [m
main function xJrSm object tjzpf vkdif;eHygwf (3)rSm
zefwD;xm;wJh class ygyJ/ tJ'D Square qdkwJh Class
xJrSmqkd&if constructor function udka&;zGJYxm;NyD; tJ'D
constructor function xJrSm parameter arguments
awG yg0ifwmudk owdjyK&rSmyg/ tJ'D Square Class
&JU function ( ) tjzpfuawmh public void show Volume ( ) qdw
k hJ function udk a&;zGYJ xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/
'gayrJh xl;jcm;wJh tcsufuawmh tJ'D Show Volume
( ) qdkwJh function xJrSm Class udk object ozG,f
zefwD;xm;jyefwmudk awGY&ygw,f/
3/ tJ'aD wmh uReaf wmfwYkdtaeeJY Square qdw
k hJ Class udo
k m
main ( ) function xJu vSrf;NyD;ac:,ltoHk;csvkduf&if
tJ'D Square Class twGif;rSm xyfrH a&;om; jznfhpGuf
xm;wJh olY&JU Member Class udkvnf; vSrf;NyD;awmh
ac:,lvkdufovkd jzpfawmhrSmaygh/ 'Dtcsufudk pmzwfol
taeeJY aoaocsmcsmudkrS pOf;pm;awG;ac: oHk;oyf&rSm
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd yg0ifwm[m Member Class &JU
a&;zGJYyHk? toHk;jyKyHk oabmw&m;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gqkd&if
Square qdkwJh Class &JU twGif;rSmrS xyfrHNyD; Class
wpfckudk wnfaqmufw,f/ tJ'D Class uawmh vkdif;
eHygwf (15) u Box qdkwJh Class ygyJ/ tJ'D Box qdkwJh
class udkyJ object -Name b taeeJYzefwD;NyD;rS tJ'D
182
Local Class In JAVA

ta&SUrSm avhvmcJ&h wJh Static Member Class eJY Member Class wdkYtNyD;rSm qufvufavhvm&rSmuawmh local
class yJ jzpfygw,f/ Local Class &JU type [m ta&SUu
Static Member Class & Member Class wdkYeJY yHkpHqifwl
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh local class eJY ywfoufwJh Listing 2.21
udk avhvmMunfhyg/
Listing 2.21 Demonstrate a Local Class In JAVA
1 . public class Demolocal {
2 . public static void mian(String args[])
{
3 . class local Class {
4 . void print Hello ( )
5 . {System.Out.PrintIn ("Hello! JAVA World
is Amazement!");
6. }
7 . LocalClass Lc = new Local Class ( ) ;
8 . LC.print Hello ( );
9. }
10. }
output
---------------Hello! JAVA Word is Amazement!
----------------
'D Local Class [m ta&SUrSm oif,lcJhwJh Static Member Class & Member Class wdkY&JU class type awGygyJ/ 'D
Class type awG[m object &JU concept awGudk zefwD;a&;
om;wJhtcgrSm taxmuftuljyKEkdifwJh yHkpHawGygyJ/ Analysis vkyNf yD; r&Si;f jyawmhwmuawmh vG,u
f l ;kd &Si;f wJh Sample
type jzpfaevdkYygyJ/ uJ-'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh a&SUrSm
ydkYcscJhwJh Table 2.10 rSm yg0ifwJh Type of Inner Class awG
xJu aemuf q H k ; trsKd ; tpm;jzpf w J h Anonymous Class
awGtaMumif;udk avhvmoif,lMuwmaygh/
Anonymous Class In JAVA
tck oifMum;ydkYcsr,fh Anonymous Class type [m
JAVA &JU Inner Class type awGxJyg0ifwJh Method yJaemf/
'gayrJh ta&SUu oif,lcJhMu&wJh class awGeJY rwlwmuawmh
JAVA &JU package awGxJrSmyg0ifwJh b,fvkd class rsKd;yJ
jzpfygap/ Oyrmajym&&if ta&SUu zefwD;NyD;om; object &
class awGuae vdkcsifwJh rDSjirf;csifwJh class & object ukd
rDSjirf;cGifh&SdwJh Super-Class to sub -class yHkpHjyKEkdifwJh Class
type [m Anonymous Class type yJjzpfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm

D ? 2006 ckEpS f

&SdNyD;om;? zefwD;NyD;om; Class awGudk Obj tjzpf zefwD;
toHk;cskHomruyJ package awGxJyg0ifwJh object & class
awGudkyg vSrf;NyD; Inner Class type jzpfwJh Anonymous
Class ozG,f zefw;D &,lEi
dk yf gw,f/ wpfcu
k akd wmh pmzwfol
taeeJY owdjyK&ygr,f/ tJ'g[m bmvJqdkawmh tckvuf&Sd
avhvmaewJt
h ydik ;f [m JAVA &JU features jzpfwhJ Inner Class
qdkwJh tcef;u@yJ jzpfygw,f/ Inner Class type yHkpH[m
t"du yHkpHtm;jzifh (4) rsKd;uGJjym;w,f/ tJ'D uGJjym;jcm;em;wJh
Inner Class type awG[m oD;jcm;pD zefw;D Edi
k w
f hJ pGr;f &nfawG
&SdMuw,f/ Inner Class type awG[m wpfckeJYwpfck yHkpHqif
wlw,fvkdY qkdayrJh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; xyfwlxyfrQ rQqifwl
wmrsK;d r[kwyf gbl;/ 'Dtcsuaf wGuakd wmh pmzwfo&l UJ avhvm
aerIrSm t"dutcsuftaeeJYxm;NyD;awmh rSwfom;&ygr,f/
Note : C& C + + e,fy,fu programmer awGtzkYduvnf;
Inner Class types awGudk awGY&Sd avhvmzl;ygw,f/
'gayrJh 'D Inner Class types awGudk C& C + +
features awGrmS odyNf yD;awmh xifay:cJjh cif; r&Sy
d gbl;/
jrKyfuu
G o
f zG,f a&;om;MuwJt
h awGuaf Mumifyh J jzpfyg
w,f/ 'gayrJh visual C + + & visual J + + features awGrSmyg Inner Class types taMumif;udk
JAVA Language rSmvdr
k sKd; tus,fcsJU&Si;f jy toH;k cs
wmrsKd;udk awGY&ygw,f/ uJ Inner Class types
awGxrJ mS yg0ifwhJ Anonymous Class taMumif;ukd
listing 2.22 taeeJY qufvuf avhvmoif,Ml uwm
aygh/
Listing 2.22 Using Anonymous Class types In JAVA
1 . public Class Anonymous Class {
2 . public static void main (String arguments [ ] ) {
3 . object obj = new object (
);
4 . /* Local Class which extends object
and
5 . Overides its to String ( ) methods to
return
6 . the string "Hello! JAVA World is Amazement!"
7. */
8. {
9 . public string to String ( )
10. { return "Hello! JAVA world is Amazement! "; }
11. } ;
12. System .Out. printIn (obj);
13. }
14. }
output
----------------
Hello!JAVA world is Amazement!

----------------
Note : ObjectM class is the super class of every other

class & package In JAVA. Reference of Methods in API (Application Programming Interface) ,Index 1.5 Arrays of JAVA, In Chapter [1]
Analysis
1/ 'D listing 2.22 rSm a&;om;xm;wJh program [m
Anonymous Class type taMumif;udk &Sif;jyNyD; a&;
zGJYxm;wJh program i,fav;ygyJ/ ta&SUu listing
awGrSmvdkygyJ? Output [m Hello! JAVA world is
Amazament! qdw
k hJ output av;yJ xGuv
f mrSmygyJaemf/
'gayrJh Anonymous class type awGudk a&;zGJYwJh
oabmw&m;eJY zefwD;NyD; object & class awG? extends vkyf,lwJh oabmw&m;awG[m tck program
i,fjzpfwJh listing 2.22 u program i,fav;rSm yg0if
ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSm zefwD;vdkufwJh obj [m
b,fuae extends vkyfwmvJ/ b,f class ukd override vkyx
f m;wmvJqw
kd m pmzwfol pOf;pm;oH;k oyfMunhf
zdkY vkdvmygNyD/ 'DtcgrSm 'D object udk new obj; tjzpf
zefwD;wm[m main ( ) function xJrSm zefwD;xm;
ygw,f/
2/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSm vkdif;eHygwf (4) uae
vdkif;eHygwf (7) txd a&;om;xm;wmuawmh comments awGygyJ/ tJ'D comments awGudkom avhvm
Munfhr,fqkd&if Anonymous class type &JU oabm
w&m;udk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhawmh oabmaygufoGm;
rSmyg/ 'D class type &JU toGio
f Pmefu jyifyu object
& class awGudk rSDjirf;vkdY&w,f qkdawmh package awG
xJrmS yg0ifwhJ Method awGvJ tygt0ifyJ jzpfygw,f/
'gudk em;vnfoabmaygufatmif aoaocsmcsm avh
vmMunfhyg/
'D program i,fav;[m Anonymous class type udk
tajccHtaeeJY &Si;f jywmjzpfwt
hJ wGuf Line-By - Line taeeJY
&Sif;jyraeawmhygbl;/ pmzwfoludk,fwkdifyJ Trace vkyf avh
vmMunfhyg/ uRefawmfhtaeeJYqufvufNyD; Concepts awG
taMumif;udk qufvuf rydkYcscifrSm Sub-tille taeeJY JAVA
&JU Object & Class features awGtaMumif;udk Mum;jzwf
taeeJY ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmvkdufygOD;/ 'D features
awGxJrSm JAVA &JU own packages awG zefwD;enf;vnf;
tygt0if jzpfygw,f/

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
KYAW ZAYAR LAY [ IT ENGINEERING ]
183
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
JAVA
AVA DEVELOPER
EVELOPER GUIDE
UIDE
2.5.1 CREATE YOUR OWN'S PACKAGE IN JAVA
tckyYkd csr,fh oifcef;pm[m JAVA Programming Language udk avhvm oif,laeMuwJh Programmer/ Developer awGtzdkY tvGefta&;ygwJh oifcef;pmjzpfw,fqdk&if
rrSm;ygbl;/ bmaMumifv
h q
J adk wmh uReaf wmf a&SUrSmavhvmcJw
h hJ
Java Language rSm ud,
k yf ikd zf efw;D a&;om;wnfaqmufEidk w
f hJ
API method / Package file awGtaMumif;udk tck oifcef;pm
rSm pwif avhvmMu&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh Package qkdwmbmvJ?
'gudk t&ifavhvmMu&atmif/
Packages Statement is put at the first statement
in a JAVA Source File.
Any Classes contained in the file will be associated with the package , Package Name.
'g[m package file udk &nfnTef;wJh tcsuftvufawG
ygyJ/ 'gayrJh 'DtcsufawG[m package file awG&JU t"dym,f
udk tukeftpif jynhfpHkatmif azmfjyray;Ekdifygbl;/ uRefawmf

wdkY a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm API (Application Programming
Interface) method awGudk ac:,l toHk;cscJhwmudk pmzwfol
rSwfrdrSmyg/ Oyrmay;&&ifawmhMath.Square (double x);
qkdNyD; ac:,l toHk;cs&if Math Class xJu Square ( )
method udk ac:,l toHk;cswmudk rSwfrdrSmyg/ 'g[m API
method ac:,ltoH;k cswmyg/ 'Dtcg object tjzpf &nfne
T ;f
jcif;cH&wJh Maths Class [m java.util package xJrSm yg0if
ygw,f/
'Dawmh package qdw
k m[m class wpfc?k wpfcx
k ufru
yg0ifEkdifwJh object (or) Data & Method ( ) container tpk
ta0;BuD;ygyJ/ tJ'DxJurS vdkcsifwJh Method ( ) awGudk qGJ
xkwf toHk;cswmygyJ/ 'g[m ta&SUu oifcef;pmawGrSm
uRefawmfwdkY vufawGU avhvm toHk;cscJhNyD;ygNyD/
tJ'Dwkef;u uRefawmfajymcJhwJhpum; &Sdygw,f/ JAVA
u package file udk wnfaqmufNyD;awmh API method awGukd
qGJxkwftoHk;cswm[m C& C+ + Language Header file
awG&JU oabmw&m;eJY twlwlygyJvdkY ajymvkdY&ygw,f/
180
'Dtcg C& C+ + Language rSmvnf; ud,

k yf idk f Header
file awGudk zefwD; wnfaqmufNyD;&ifvnf; jyefvnfac:,l
toHk;csvkdY &ygw,f/ 'D C& C + + Language u Own
Header file &JU oabmw&m;eJY JAVA Language u Own
package file awG&UJ oabmw&m;[m C& C + + e,fy,fu
Programmer awGtzkYduawmh JAVA Language udk ajymif;vJ
avhvmwJhtcgrSm taxmuftul trsm;BuD; &apEkdifrSmyg/
'gukd C & C+ + e,fy,fu programmer awG avhvmcJhwJh
Sample Type eJY tMurf;zsif; avhvmMunfh&atmif/
Sample
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
// Create cal.hfile: Base Class header file in C ++

programming language
class calculate {
protected:
double length, width, area;
public:
void rectangle (double L, double w)
{Length = L width = w;}
void calArea ( )
{ return area = length * width; }
}
// this class is can be overridden in another derived
class
tu,f 'D class udk save vkyfwJhtcgrSm Calculate.h

trnfeJY odrf;qnf;NyD;awmh save vkyfw,f qdkMuygpdkY/ 'D
Own Header file udk toH;k csNyD;awmh program wnfaqmuf
toHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifawmh Header file wpfcktaeeJY ac:,l
toHk;jyKvkdY &NyDaygh/ 'gayrJh C+ + Language u built -in
(build-on) taeeJY ygvmwJh Header file awGudk ac:,lwJh
tcgrSmawmh atmufygtwkdif; ac:,l&ygw,f/
# include <iostream.h>
# include <stdio.h>
# include <math.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <iomanip.h>
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tp&So
d jzifh ac:,l toH;k cs&ayrJh uRefawmfwYkd tck wnf
aqmufcJhwJh Own Header file udk ac:,l toHk;csr,fqkd&if
'DyHkpHtwkdif; ac:,ltoHk;cs&rSmyg/
# include "Calculate.h"
'g[m own header file awGudk
zefwD;NyD;&if jyefvnf
ac:,l toHk;cswJhenf;vrf;ygyJ/ 'Denf;vrf;awGudk vufawGY
avhvmcJhMu&wJh C & C ++ e,fy,fu Programmer awG
tzdkYuawmh tck JAVA Language eJY Own Package awG
wnfaqmuf toH;k cswehJ nf;vrf;[m tqifajy vG,u
f al erSm
ygyJ/
Note : C & C ++ Language rSm Header file awG zefwD;
NyD;&if System's CLASSPATH &JU sub-directory
b,f folder xJrSmrqdk save vkyfcJhvdkY &ygw,f/
C+ + &JU Header file / Project .file awG[m b,f
ae&mrSmyJ save vkycf v
hJ yk cf hJ compile vkyEf idk yf gw,f/
'Dtcsufudk owdjyKxm;yg/
uJ- 'gqkd&ifawmh tajccHupNyD;awmh Package file
i,fav;awG pwif wnfaqmufMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Create a Package
Package wpfckudk zefwD;wnfaqmufwJhtcgrSm rdrd&JU
System's CLASSPATH &JU aocsmatmif ajym&&ifawmh
C: \j2sdk 1.4 > &JUatmufrmS sub-directory wpfcu
k kd zefw;D
wnfaqmuf&rSmyg/ JAVA &JU Software Developement
kit udk Instrallation vkyfxm;wJhtay: rlwnfNyD;awmh
System's CLASSPATH [m atmufygtwki
d ;f uGjJ ym;aeEkid f
ygw,f/ 'g[m jyemr[kwfygbl;/ twlwlygyJ/

C: \ java 2 >
C:\ jdk 1.4 >
C: \ j2sdk 1.4.0 >
C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1-01>
t"duuawmh C: / java_language_software &SdwJh

System's CLASSPATH &JU atmufrmS new sub-directory
wpfckudk rdrdudk,fwkdif create vkyf&ygr,f/ 'Dawmh topf
zefwD;r,fh new sub -directory udk calculate vdkYtrnfay;
NyD;awmh wnfaqmufvu
dk yf g/ 'g[m uRefawmfwYdk zefw;D r,fh
Package _Name ygyJ/
'Dawmh System's CLASSPATH [m C: / j2sdk 1.4.
1-01 / calculate > qdkwJh System's CLASSPATH taeeJY
&&SdvmrSmyg/ tJ'D &&Sdvmr,fh System's CLASSPATH &JU
sub -directory xJrSm uRefawmfwdkY&JU own package file udk
wnfaqmuf&rSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh Own package file udk wnf

aqmufMu&atmif/ atmufrSm Listing 2.23 taeeJY a&;
om;ydkYcsay;xm;wJh Code _line awGudk avhvmNyD;awmh
package file udk wnfaqmufyg/ 'g[m a&SUrSmydkYcspOfu
&Sif;jyay;cJhwJh C + + language type eJY a&;jycJhwJh code _
line awGeJY wnfaqmufyHk twlwlygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Listing 2.23 Create own package file
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
public class Cal {

double length, width, area;
public double calArea ( )
{ return area = length * width;}
public void rectangle ( )
{Length = L; width = w; }
}
'D package file [m a&SUu C& C+ + programmer

awGtwGuf &nfnTef;cJhwJh Header file type twkdif;ygyJ/
'Dawmh 'D package file udk uRefawmfwkdY wnfaqmufcJhwJh
System's CLASSPATH &JU atmufrmS &Sw
d hJ Calculate qdw
k hJ
Sub-directory xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh Save vkyf odrf;qnf;yg
r,f/ Save vkyfwJhtcgrSmawmh File_Name udk "Calculate
.java" vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh save vkyfygr,f/ 'gqkd&if
uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY calculate vdkY trnf&SdwJh Package file
udk zefwD; wnfaqmufNyD;oGm;NyDayghaemf/
Note : ta&;BuD;wJh tcsufuawmh 'D calculete qdkwJh file
[m package_file yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'D Package_file
[m main ( ) method ryg0ifygbl;/ wGufcsufrIeJY
oufqkdifwJh method ( ) udkom wnfaqmufa&;
zGJYxm;wmyg/ 'gqkd&if 'D package_file udk ac:,l
toHk;cswJh program wpfck wnfaqmufMu&atmif/
'D program udk wnfaqmufwt
hJ cgrSm tvGef ta&;
BuD;wJhtcsuf &Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh tck package
_file udk wnfaqmufcw
hJ hJ System's CLASSPATH
jzpfwJhC: \ j2sdk 1.4.1 - 01 \ Calculate >

sub-directory xJrSmoGm;NyD;awmh program
qdkwJh
udk a&;vdkYr&ygbl;/
'Dtcsu[
f m tvGet
f a&;BuD;whJ tcsuyf J jzpfygw,f/
tu,f tck a&;om; wnf aqmufr,fh program
udkom C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1- 01 \ Calculate >
qdkwJh system's CLASSPATH atmufrSmom a&;
181
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
om; wnfaqmufvkdufr,fqkd&if program udk Run
vkyfwmeJY Error wufvmrSmyg/
'g[m JAVA programmer awGtzdkY tvGef ta&;ygwJh
tcsufygyJ/ 'Dvkd package file awG a&;zGJUwJh ae&mrSm
System's CLASSPATH &JU sub-directory wpfckwnf;&JU
atmufrSmom package _file eJY program _file udk zefwD;
wnfaqmufrrd ,fq&kd if compile vkyw
f t
hJ cg Error wufvm
r,fqw
kd hJ tcsuu
f kd pmzwfo&l UJ pdwx
f rJ mS pGaJ eatmif rSwx
f m;
yg/
Note : C& C+ + e,fy,fu programmer awGtzkYd 'Dtcsuf
udk owdjyKrdrmS r[kwyf gbl;/ C: \ BC5 > System's
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av;awGukd toH;k jyKNyD;awmh program udk zefw;D wnfaqmuf
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Listing 2.24 use my own package method in JAVA
1.
2.
import calculate .Cal;

public class testOwnPackage {
3.
4.
5.
6.
public state void main (string args [ ] )}

cal obj = new cal ( ) ;
double Length = 9.0 ;
double width = 11.0;
7. public getArea (double L, double w)

8. {length = L; width = w;}
9. System .out. printIn ("Area is" + obj Cal Area ( ) );
10.
}
11. }
output
Area is 99
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JAVA
AVA DEVELOPER
EVELOPER GUIDE
UIDE
2.5.2 SAMPLE APPLICATION OF JAVA
uRefawmfwdkYtaeeJY 'Dtcef;u@rSm object & class

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a&;om; avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ Listing 2.25 taeeJY Item
qdkwJh Class udk zefwD; a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'D class
file udk C: \ jdk 5.4\ com\ perfect\ ecommerce qdkwJh
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1.4
Listing 2.25 The Full Text of Item.java

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
12:
package com. prefect. ecommerce;

import java .util . *;
public class Item implements Comparable {
private String id;
private String name;
private double retail;
private int quantity;
private double price;
Item (String idIn, String nameIn, String retailIn,String
quanIn) {
id = id In;
name = name In;
retail = Double .parse Double (retai L/n);
quantity = Integer .parse Int (quan In);
13:
14:
15:
16:
17:
18: if (quantity > 400)
19:
price = retail * 5 D ;
170
20:
21:
22:
23:
24:
25:
26:
27:
28:
29:
30:
31:
32:
33:
34:
35:
else if (quantity > 200)

price = retail * 6D
else
price = retail * 7D;
Price = Math. floor (price * 100 + .5 ) / 100 ;
}
36:
37:
38:
39:
40:
41:
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
50:
51:
public String getId ( ) {

return id;
}
public int compare To (Object obj) {

Item temp = (Item) obj;
if (this .price < temp .price)
return 1 ;
else if (this .price > temp.price)
return 1 ;
return 0;
}
public String get Name ( ) {

return name;
}
public double get Retail ( ) {
return retail;
}
public int get Quantity ( ) {
return quantity ;
}
52: public double get price ( ) {

53:
return price;
54:
}
55: }
Analysis
1/ 'D program code [m package file wpfckudk wnf

aqmufr,fh class file wpfckyJjzpfygw,f/ 'D class
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tp&SdwJh Methods awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
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kd m oabmayguf&r,faemf/ 'D compare To( ) method tvkyfvkyfyHkuawmh Class wpfct
k wGi;f rSm objects ESpcf u
k kd EdiI ;f ,SOyf gw,f/
tJ'Dvkd EdIif;,SOfwJhtcg current object eJY another

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f myg/ 'DtcgrSm current object
object taeeJY Edi
eJY another object [m passed as an argument to
the method taeeJY tvkyfvkyfygw,f/
'D CompareTo ( ) method udk vdkif;eHygwf (27) uae
vdkif;eHygwf (34) txd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tvG,fwul
ajym&&ifawmh 'D CompareTo ( ) method [m Sarting vkyf
ay;EkdifwJh method yJaygh/ 'Dawmh 1.5.1 sort Algorithm
qdkNyD;awmh avhvmcJh&wJh sorting method awGeJY oabm
aygufcJh&if 'D compareTo ( ) method [m tus,fcsJU
&Sif;jyp&m rvdkygbl;/ pmzwfoludk,fwdkifyJ avhvmMunfhyg/
Compare To ( ) method [m tck Item Class rSm t"du
override vkyfay;wJh method ygyJ/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh 'D
method [m Item Class xJrSm call to sort and array,
linked List, or Other collection of these objects taeeJY
zefwD;ay;vkdYygyJ/ 'gudk Storefront qdkwhJ Class udk a&;
om;NyD;&if ydkNyD; em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ tJ'D Item
eJY Storefront qdkwJh Class ESpfckpvHk;[m Comparable qdw
k hJ
interface udk implements vkyfxm;wJh object udk t"du
Override vkyfae&w,fqdkwmudk pmzwfol vHk;0 em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
3/ tck a&;om;xm;wJh Item Class &JU constructor function jzpfwJh Item ( ) function udk vdkif;eHygwf (12) u
ae vkdif;eHygwf (25) twGif;rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'D Item ( ) function udk avhvmMunfh&if passing
arguments taeeJY String object udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh
'Dvkd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
Item (String idIn, String name In ,String retail In,

String quanIn) qdkNyD;awmh pass by arguments vkyfxm;
ygw,f/ NyD;awmh function body xJrSmrSid = idIn;
name = name In;
retail = Double. parse Double (retail In);
quantity = Integer.paraseInt (quanIn);
qdkNyD;awmhrS vkdif;eHygwf (6) uae vkdif;eHygwf (10) twGif;

Declare vkyfcJhwJh private data variables awGeJY passing
arguments awG&JU wefzdk;udk nd,lygw,f/ 'g[m t"duus
wJh tcsufqdkwmudk oabmayguf&ygr,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdk
awmh tck&Sif;jyaewJh Item ( ) function [m constructor
function jzpfaevkdYygyJ/
'ghtjyif Data Input vkyfwJhtcgrSm id, name, retail,
quantity pwmawGudk string object vdkY ac:qdkEkdifwJh String

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
data type udk toH;k jyKNyD; vufcy
H gw,f/ id eJY name uawmh
wGufcsufrIrSm yg0ifzkdY vkdwJhtwGuf ta&;rBuD;ayr,fh retail
eJY quantity uawmh yg0ifwGufcsuf&rSmyg/
'Dawmh String data type uaeNyD;awmh numeric value
jzpfatmif converted vkyfay;&ygr,f/ tJ'gaMumifh vkdif;
eHygwf (15) rSm retail = Double.parse Double (retailIn);
qdkNyD; String data type udk converted Double data type

tjzpf ajymif;vJvkdufovdk vkdif;eHygwf (16) rSmvnf;
quantity = Integer . parse Int (quanIn);
taeeJY quantity qdkwJh data variable udk string data

type uae Integer data type tjzpf converted vkyaf y;xm;
ygw,f/
Note : twdtusajym&&ifawmh Double, Integer pwJh data
type tjzpfwif r[kwy
f gbl;/ parseDouble , parseInt pwJh a&;om;rIaMumifh numeric values vdYk ac:wJh
Decimal points txd twdtus wGufxkwfay;Ekdif
wJh udef;ppfwefzdk;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;wmyg/ 'gudk

tvG,w
f ul em;vnfEidk af tmifvYdk String data type
uae Double, Integer pwJ h data type ud k
converted vkyfay;w,fvkdY tvG,f&Sif;jywmygyJ/
vdkif;eHygwf (24) rSmuawmh 'D class xJrSm toHk;jyKNyD;
wGufcsufvdkufwJhtcgrSm price &JU wefzdk; xGufvmwJhtcgrSm
two or fewer decimal points jzpfaecJ&
h if teD;pyfq;kH cefYreS ;f
ay;Ekdifr,fh Math.floor ( ) method udk toHk;jyKay;xm;yg
w,f/ tJ'D Math.floor ( ) method udk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh
wGufcsufvdkY &vmr,fh Decimal Numbers udk teD;pyfqHk;
the next lowest mathematical integer tjzpf ajymif;vJay;
ygw,f/ 'ghtjyif returning them as double values tjzpf
jyefvnf owfrSwfay;Ekdifygw,f/ 'g[m Math. floor ( )
method &JU pGrf;&nfygyJ/ 'D program &JU vkdif;eHygwf (24)
rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
uJ- 'DtcsuftvufawGudk pepfwus avhvmNyD;oGm;
&ifawmh Item class [m compile vkyzf YkdtwGuf toifjh zpfae
rSmyg/ pmzwfot
l aeeJYvnf; 'kw,
d ajrmuf class wpfcjk zpfwhJ
Storefront Class udk package File taeeJY a&;zGJYzdkY toifh
jzpfaeawmhrSmyg/ tcka&;om;r,fh Storefront Class file
[mvnf; C:\jdk 1.4\com\prefect\ecommerce qdkwJh
System's CLASSPATH xJrmS yJ store vkyNf yD; odr;f qnf;rSm
aemf/ qdkvkdwmuawmh com.prefect.ecommerce qdkwJh
172
package file
taeeJYyJ &nfnTef; toHk;csrSmqkdwJhtcsufyJ
jzpfygw,f/
uJ- 'Dawmh Listing 2.26 taeeJY Storefront Class
file udk a&;om;ygr,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY aoaocsmcsm avh
vmMunfhyg/ 'D class file [mvnf; tay:u Item Class
file vdy
k J package file taeeJY &nfneT ;f wJh Class file qdw
k mudk
rarheJYaemf/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfhyg/
Listing 2.26 The Full Text of Storefront java
1:
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package com.prefect.ecommerce;
import java .util.*;
public class Storefront {
private LinkedList catalog = new LinkedList ( ) ;
public void add Item (String id, String name, String
price,
String quant) {
Item it = new Item (id, name, price, quant);
catalog .add (it);
}
public Item get Item (int i) {
return (Item) catalog.get (i) ;
}
public int getsize ( ) {
return catalog. size ( ) ;
}
public void sort ( ) {
Collections .sort (catalog);
}
}
tck Listing 2.26 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh Storefront

file rSm code line (26) line yg0ifygw,f/ uJ- tJ'Dawmh
uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY 'D Storefront class file &JU code line
awGudk Line -By-Line taeeJY avhvmvkdufMu&atmifvm;/
Analysis
1/ tcka&;om;cJhwJh Storefront Class [m pkpnf;xm;wJh
product awGukd manage vkyz
f Ydk twGuf &nf&,
G Nf yD;awmh
a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D product awG[m Item class
xJrmS yg0ifygw,f/ 'Dawmh private keyword udk toH;k
jyKNyD;awmh LinkedList Class udk Instance variable_
Name taeeJY Catalog qdNk yD; trnfay; ac:,l toH;k cs
xm;ygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf (6) rSm pmzwfot
l aeeJY awGY&
rSmyg/

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note : Item Class [m Listing taeeJY a&SUrSm uRefawmfwdkY
a&;om;cJhwJh Class ygyJ/ 'D class udk object taeeJY
ac:,l toH;k csvku

d w
f mudk vkid ;f eHygwf(11) rSm awGY&
rSmyg/ owdjyK&r,fhtcsufuawmh pass By value
vkyfEkdifzkdYtwGuf Pass By Arguments vkyfxm;wm
udkygyJ/ 'Dtcsufudk owdjyK&rSmyg/
vdkif;eHygwf (8) uae vkdif;eHygwf (13) twGif;rSmawmh
addItem ( ) qdkwJh method udk zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
addItem ( ) method [m Item object udk based on vkyfNyD;
rS passing arguments taeeJY arguments (4) ckudk send
to method taeeJY toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f/ ID, name ,price
and quantity qdkwJh t&mawGygyJ/ 'D variables_Name
awGudkawmh Item Class rSm awGYcJh&NyD;jzpfvkdY a&maxG;aep&m
r&Sdygbl;/ Item Class rSm Declare vkyfcJhwJh Variables awG
jzpfwt
hJ wGuf xyfrH Declare vkypf &mrvdak wmhygbl;/ tvG,f
wul ac:,l toHk;csHkygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (11) rSm Item udk
object taeeJY zefwD;NyD;wJhtcgrSm Linkedlist Class &JU add
( ) method udk ac:,lvkdufwmudk vkdif;eHygwf (12) rSm awGY&
rSmyg/ Linkedlist Class udk Object_Name & Instance
Variable_Name taeeJY Catalog qdkNyD; vkdif;eHygwf (6) rSm
object tjzpf zefwD;cJhwmqdkawmh ac:,l toHk;cswJhtcgrSm
Catalog.add(it);
qdkNyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;cswmygyJ/ 'gqdk&if pmzwfoltaeeJY

&Sif;oGm;rSmyg/ Item object udk arguments taeeJY jyefvnf
toHk;csxm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/
Note : vuf&Sd toHk;csaewJh object udk arguments taeeJY
jyefvnf toHk;cswJh method_type rsKd;udk uRefawmfh
taeeJY a&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS aoaocsmcsm ravhvm

cJh&&if? em;rvnfcJh&if 'Dae&mrSm aoaocsmcsm avh
vmMunfhyg/
2/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh getItem ( ) eJY getsize ( ) method
ESpcf u
k kd qufvuf avhvmMunfMh u&atmif/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(15) rSmawmh getItem ( ) method udk a&;om;xm;wm
udk awGY&rSmyg/ 'D method udk avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if
linkedlist Class xJrSm get ( ) method udk wkdufdkuf
ac:,l toHk;cswmygyJ/ 'gaMumifh
return (Item) Catalog.get(i);
qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ 'g[m object

jzpfwJh Item udkyg store at that location in the
LinkedList taeeJY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumifh

return &JU aemufrmS (Item) vdYk a&;xm;wmudk awGU&wm
yg/ NyD;awmh got ( ) method udk ac:,lwJhtcgrSmvJ
index_number udk arguments taeeJY xnfo
h iG ;f toH;k
catlog.got(i);
qd
k
N
yD
;
a&;om;xm;wmud
k
csxm;vdkY
pmzwfoltaeeJY awGY&NyD;awmh owdjyKrdrSmyg/

vkdif;eHygwf (19) uae vkdif;eHygwf (21) twGif; a&;
om;xm;wmuawmh getsize ( ) method ygyJ/ getsize ( )
method, [mvJ LinkedList class xJu size ( ) method
udk ac:,ltoHk;csxm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumifh
return catalog.size ( );
qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/

Note : 'D program rSm tck ac:,ltoH;k csxm;wJh Linkedlist
class [m tcka&;om;wJh program &JU ta&;ygwJh
method ( ) awGjzpfwJh add ( ) method, get ( )
method, size ( ) method ,sort ( ) method tp&Sw
d hJ
Methods awG tygt0if zefw;D xm;wmjzpfygw,f/
'D Linkedlist class [m vkid ;f eHygwf (3) rSm Declare
vkyfcJhwJh
java.util.*;
package xJ rSm yg0ifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vki

d ;f eHygwf
(3)rSm pmzwfoltaeeJY
import java.util.*;
qkdNyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m JAVA

&JU package file awG ac:,l toHk;csxm;wmudk
pmzwfoltaeeJY awGYjrif avhvm&rSmyg/ tck a&;
om; ydkYcsay;aewJh tcsufawGudk pmzwfoltaeeJY
aoaocsmcsmavhvmyg/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (23) rSm Sort ( ) method udk a&;om;xm;
wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm pmzwfoltaeeJY Listing
u Item class udk a&;om;wJhtcgrSm Comparable
Interface udk implements vkyfNyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;cs
xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D Item Class rSm toH;k cscJw
h hJ
comparable Interface [m java.util.*; package xJrmS
yg0ifygw,f/ tck 'D program rSmvnf; java.util.*;
package xJrSm yg0ifwJh collection class udk ac:,l
toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ Collection class udk Instance_
Name taeeJY r[kwfbJ wkdufdkufyJ ac:,l toHk;csay;
xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vdkif; eHygwf (24)rSm
Collection.sort(catalog);

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qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'D program rSm
k w
f idk zf efw;D a&;
a&;om;xm;wJh sort ( ) method [m ud,
om;xm;wJh method wpfck r[kwfygbl;/ java.util.*;
package xJrmS yg0ifwhJ collection Class xJrmS yg0ifwhJ
sort ( ) method udk ac:,lNyD; toHk;csxm;wmygyJ/
'g[m pmzwfot
l wGuf JAVA Languages &JU features
awGudk ac:,l toHk;jyKapEkdifwJh program wpfyk'fqkd&if
vnf; rrSm;ygbl;/
uJ- 'gqkd&ifawmh storefront qdkwJh class udk pmzwfol
taeeJY zefwD;NyD;oGm;NyDaygh/ 'D class file udk pmzwfol&JU
computer xJrSm wnfaqmufxm;wJh C:\ jdk 1.4\com\
prefect\ecommerce qdkwJh System's CLASSPATH xJrSm
oGm;NyD;awmh package's class file wpfcktaeeJY oGm;NyD; odrf;
qnf;yg/ tJ'D com.prefect.ecommerce qdkwJh package
xJrSm Item class eJY Storefront class qdkwJh class file ESpfck
udk wnfaqmufNyD;oGm;NyDayghaemf/
uJ- 'Dawmh uRefawmfwdkY qufvufNyD; program wnf
aqmufMuwmaygh/ uRefawmfwdkY tck wnfaqmufxm;wJh
Application rSm package file tjzpf Class & object awGukd
wnfaqmufNyD;oGm;NyDaemf/ 'Dawmh main ( ) method yg0ifwhJ
program udk a&;om;&awmhrSmyg/
'Dtcg main ( ) method yg0ifwJh program udk tck
package file tjzpf wnfaqmufxm;wJh system's CLASSPATH xJrSm wnfaqmufvkdYr&ygbl;/ 'D package file awG
wnfaqmufwJhtMumif;udk a&SUoifcef;pmrSm aoaocsmcsm
&Sif;jyNyD;cJhygNyD/
Note : Package file tjzpf wnfaqmufr,fh system's
CLASSPATH xJrSm Giftshop Application
Program ,ck program wGif main ( ) method
ygaom program file udk oGm;NyD; Save vkyfum
Run & Output vkyr
f ,fq&dk if JAVA Compiler [m
error message udk ay;vmrSmyg/ 'Dtcsufukd JAVA
programmer awGtzdkY owdrrl tav;rxm;rdwJh
tcsufyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh package file tjzpf
wnfaqmufzdkY uRefawmfwkdY zefwD;cJhwJh System's
CLASSPATH jzpfwJh C:\jdk 1.4\com\prefect\
ecommerce xJrSm Application program ukd
create vkyfzdkY r&bl;aemf/
uJ- 'gqk&d if C: \jdk 1.4 > &JUatmufrmS oD;oefY folder

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174
vkdY &w,faemf/ tJ'Dawmh C: jdk 1.4\jpro qdkwJh System's

CLASSPATH udk wnfaqmufyg/ tJ'D folder xJrmS oGm;NyD;
awmh tck a&;om;xm;wJh Listing 2.27 udka&;om;yg/
Giftshop vdkY trnfay;xm;wJh Application Program ukd
t&ifa&;om;NyD;rS program output awGeJYtwl avhvm oHk;
oyfMunf&h wmaygh/ uJ tckawmh aoaocsmcsm avhvmvku
d f
ygOD;/ 'D program rSmawmh a&SUrSm wnfaqmufcJhwJh own
package file awGudk ac:,lNyD; toHk;csEkdifzdkY ac:,l Declare
vkyfxm;wJhtcsuf? NyD;awmh Data Input vkyfxm;wJhtcsuf
pwmawGudk pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvm awGY&Sd&rSmyg/
Listing 2.27 The Full Text of Giftshop .java
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
import com.pre fect.ecommerce. * ;
public class GiftShop {

public static void main (String [ ] arguments) {
Storefront store = new Storefront ( ) ;
store .add Item ("co 1 ", " MUG", "9.99", "150");
store.add Item ("co 2","LG MUG" , "12.99", "82");
store .add Item ("co3", "MOUSEPAD", "10.49",
"800");
9:
store .add Item ("DO1", "T SHIRT", " 16.99", "90");
10:
store .sort ( ) ;
11:
12: for (int i = 0; i < store.getSize ( )i i + + ) {
13:
Item show = (Item) store.get Item ( i);
14:
System.out.print In ("\n Item ID : "+ show.get Id ( ) +
15:
"\ n Name : " + show.get Name ( ) +
16:
"\ n Retail Price : $ " + show .get Retail ( ) +
17:
"\n Price: $ "+ show.get.Price ( ) +
18:
" \n Quantity: " + show.get Quantity ( ) ;
19:
}
20:
}
21: }
The output of this program is the following :

Item ID : DO1
Name : T SHIRT
Retail: Price : $ 16.99
Price: $ 11.89
Quantity: 90
Item ID: CO2
Name : LG MUG
Retail Price : $ 12.99
Price : $9.09
Quantity: 82
Item ID : CO1
Name : MUG
Price : $6.99

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Quantity : 150
"9.99" qdkwm Retail Price taeeJY output jyay;&r,fh

Data
"150" qdkwm Quantity taeeJY output jyay;&r,fh
Data
awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m store qkdifwpfqkdifrSm a&mif;&ef
Item ID : CO3
Name : MOUSEPAD
Price : $ 5.25
Quantity : 800
tay:u a&;om;ydYk cswJh program udk Run vkyv

f u
kd &f if
output udk txufygtwkdif; awGY&rSmygyJ/ 'Dawmh program
code_line awGudk aoaocsmcsm avhvm oHk;oyfMunfhMu&
atmifvm;/
Analysis
1/ 'D program udk avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&if t&if avhvm
Munfh&rSmu Giftshop Application program &JU
vkyaf qmifay;Ekid w
f hJ features awG[m bmawGvq
J w
kd m
udk t&if oHk;oyfMunfh&rSmygyJ/ 'gawGuawmh

Add Items to it
Sort the item by sale price
Loop through a list of items
Display information about each one
tp&Sw
d hJ tcsufawGyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'D program &JU vkid ;f
eHygwf (1)rSm uRefawmfwdkYa&SUrSm zefwD;cJhwJh package
file jzpfwJh com.prefect.ecommerce. *; udk import
vkyf ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh pmzwfol

taeeJY
import com.prefect.ecommerce.*;
qdkNyD; awGY&wmygyJ/ tJ'DaemufrSmrS Giftshop qdkwJh

primary class udk zefw;D ygw,f/ package file tjzpf
a&;zGJYpOfu wnfaqmufcJhwJh storefront class udk
object wpfcktaeeJY ac:,l toHk;cszdkYtwGuf vdkif;
eHygwf (5) ac:,lxm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/
vkid ;f eHygwf (6) rSmawmh tJ'D class &JU member method
( ) awGukd ac:,l toH;k csNyD;awmh Data -Input vkyx
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awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'gawGuawmh vkdif;eHygwf (6) uae vkdif;
eHygwf (9) txd a&;om;xm;wJh
6.
7.
8.
9.
store .add Item ("CO1", "MUG","9.99" , "150");

store.add Item ("CO2", " LG MUG", "12.99", "82");
store.add Item ("CO3", "MOUSEPAD", "10.49",
"800");
store addItem ("DO1", T SHIRT", "16.99", "90");
Double quote " " Mum;xJrSma&;xm;wJh Input_Data

awGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh &Sif;jy&&ifawmh
"CO1" qdw
k m Item ID taeeJY output jyay;&r,fh Data
"MUG" qdw
k m Product Name taeeJY output jyay;&
r,fh Data
&SdwJh ukefpnfawGudk ypnf;trsKd;tpm;? ta&twGuf? usoifh

wefzdk;? ID code pwmawGeJY Data Input vkyf zefwD;NyD;awmh
program wnfaqmufxm;wJh oabmw&m;ygyJ/ Application project wpfct
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'D program type [m tNrJwrf; yg0ifaeygw,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) rSmawmh Data awGudk output tjzpfjy
ay;EkdifzdkY fa looping eJY wGJzufNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;
wmudk pmzwfoltaeeJY awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D looping
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output taeeJY a&;om; wGufcsufjywJhtcgrSm getItem
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"InItem ID :" + show.get ID ( ) +
"In Name : " + show.get Name ( ) +
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"In Price :$ + show.get Price ( ) +
"In Quantity :" + show.get.Quantity ( ) );
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vdkY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ uJ 'gqkd&if program code line

D ? 2006 ckEpS f
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
rSmyg0ifwJh statements awGudk em;vnfNyDaemf/ 'gqkd&if
program &JU output udk avhvmMunfh&atmifvm;/ Output
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Item ID: DO1
Name: T SHIRT
Price : $ 11.89
Quantity : 90
Item ID: CO1
Name : LG MUG
Price : 59.09
Quantity : 82
Item ID : CO2
Name : MUG
Retail Price : $9.99
Price : $6.99
Quantity: 150
Item ID: CO3
Name : MOUSEPAD
Price : $ 5.25
Quantity: 800
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Item ID:
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JAVA
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2.6 INSTALLING THE JAVA 2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT KIT

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Figure 2.6.3 Creating a new folder in a command line Windows
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Java version "1.4.0-rc"

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Naming J2Work
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Figure 2.6.7 Running the Java Interpreter in a

command line window

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Figure 2.6.9 (b) R-Click

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Figure 2.6.8 Con't find the Java .exe in your

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udkyJ t&ifwifjyay;ygr,f/
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Figure 2.6.11 (a) To Click the Advanced tab
Figure 2.6.11 (b) To Click the EnvironmentVariables
170
Figure 2.6.12 To Click the Edit Buttom In the

Environment Variables

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udk vH;k 0rjyKjyifrzd Ykd u txl;ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ zsufrd
jyKrdjcif; r&Sdatmif owdxm;yg/ rawmfwq zsufrd
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udk ESdyfNyD;awmh jyefxGufyg/ NyD;rS Edit Buttom udk
jyefESdyfNyD;awmh jyef0if&rSmyg/ Cancel vkyfjcif;[m
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the variable value Text Box
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tifwmeufodkY wdkufdkuf csdwfqufay;Edkifygw,f/ ADG'D,kd? aw;*Dw
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jywfom;wJh yHk&dyfrsm;udk azmfaqmifay;rSmyg/ wDADvdkyJoHk;oHk;? yDpDeJY
qufvdkuquf? wu,fprwfuswJh jrifuGif;pufwpfvHk;jzpfygw,f/
SLC3760N vdkY azmfjyxm;wJh tqdkyg jrifuGif;puftwGuf
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'PC Magazine' rS tcsuftvufrsm; jzpfygonf/

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JAVA DEVELOPER GUIDE
3 .1 HOW TO RUN JAVA PROGRAM IN WINDOWS PLATFORM
uJ- uRefawmfwdkY Java Programming Tools ukd

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Figure 3.1 To enter the Note Pad <Text Editer> In

windows XP
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Listing 3.1 Using the JFrame Class in JAVA Swing
Package
1.
import javax.swing .*; // to call the swing Java

Components
2. import java.out. * ; // out components
3. public class test // this Class_Name is equal in
this File_Name
4. {
5. public static void main (string args [ ] ) {
6. JFrame f = new JFrame ( ) ; // create object in
JFrame
7. f. setTitle ("JAVA Programming in Windows Platform") ; // show text in Title Bar
8. f.setSize (300,200); // windows size
9. f.setDefault Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT
_ON_ClOSE) ;
10. f.show ( ) ; // to call show method ( ) ;
11. }
12. }
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Drive C:\ yGifhvm&if j2sdk 1.4 .1_01 ukd jyef&SmNyD;awmh
Double-Click acgufyg/ uJ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 yGifhvm&if
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xyfacgufvkdufygOD;/ 'DtcgrSm Bin folder xJudka&mufNyD
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test.java vdkY File Name ay;vdkufyg/
tJ'v
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Bin qdw
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yHkudk Figure 3.3 rSm jyay;xm;ygw,f/
uJ tck Listing 3.1 rSm a&;om;cJhwJh code-line awGudk

rSm dkufoGif;&rSmaemf/ tJ'Dvdk Note Pad rSm
ku
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f iG ;f xm;yHu
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avhvmMunfhyg/
Note Pad
Figure 3.3 To Save In the C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin,

CLASSPATH_Folder
Figure 3.2 Create the JAVA Program code-line In
Text Editor (Note Pad)
uJ tck code-line awG a&;om;NyD;wJh Note Pad udk

save vkyfNyD;awmh odrf;qnf;yghr,f/ tJ'Dvdk odrf;qnf;wJh
tcgrSm omref Program Application awGudk odrf;qnf;
ovdkrsKd; My Documents wdkY? Drive C: 'grSr[kwf Drive
tus,&f iS ;f jy&&ifawmh save vkycf geD;rSm Drive C: xJukd

t&if0ifyg/ tJ'DurS j2sdk1.4.1_01 udkawGY&if D-Click
(Doucle Click) acgufyg/ tJ't
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Folder awGxJurS Bin qdkwJh Folder udk (2) csuf D-Click
acguf&rSmyg/ tJ'D path vrf;aMumif;xJudk a&mufawmhrS test
.java vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh save vkyf&rSmyg/

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tJ'Dvdk save vkyf&mrSm 0ifa&muf&r,fh Drive path
yHkudk Figure 3.3 rSm azmfjyay;cJhygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk 0if
a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyf&mrSm save vkyfwJh File_
Name [m Program code-line a&;pOfu zefw;D cJw
h hJ
Class_Name eJY wl&ygr,f/ tJ'Dvkd wlnDrSomvQif
Run vkyfwJhtcgrSm error vmrjyrSm jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh save vkyfwJhtcgrSm udk,f program a&;
pOfu wnfaqmufcJhwJh Class_Name eJYwlatmif
owdjyKNyD;awmh save vkyf&rSmyg/
aemufxyf ta&;BuD;wJh tcsufuawmh save vkyf&m
uReaf wmfwYkd Install vkycf hJ j2sdk1.4.1_01 program
folder xJu Bin qdkwJh folder xJrSm oGm;NyD; save
vkyf&rSmaemf/ tJ'Dvdk save vkyfrSomvQif Run &
Test vkyfvkdY&EkdifrSm jzpfygw,f/ tjcm;aom Text
Editor awGukd toH;k jyK a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyNf yD;
Run r,fqkd&ifvnf; &Ekdifayr,fh avmavmq,f
q,f pwif avhvmcgp programmer wpfa,muf
tzdkY tckenf;vrf;[m tqiftajyqHk;vkdY ,lqyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh uRefawmf ajymovdkygyJ Note Pad
rSm pmom; taeeJY code-line awGudk kdufoGif;NyD;
Figure 3.3 rSm jycJhovdk pepfwuseJY aoaocsmcsm
save vkyfyg/
uJ save vkyfNyD;NyDvdkY qdkMuygpdkY/ Code-Line awG a&;
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prompt <DOS> udk Start Program Accessories
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CD . .
ukd xyfkdufoGif;NyD;awmh xyfNyD; Folder Path udk jzKwfcs
vkdufyg/ tJ'gqdk&ifawmh C: \ > qdkwJh prompt ay:vmrSm/
tJ'DawmhrS
CD j2sdk1.4.1_01
vdkY kdufoGif;NyD;awmh Enter key udk ESdyfyg/ tJ'Dtcg C:
168
\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 > vdYk ay:vmygNyD/ 'g[m Java 2 Software

Development Kit xJukd a&mufvmygNyD/ tJ'aD wmh uReaf wmf
wdYk code-line awG a&;NyD;awmh save vky&f wm[m tJ'D j2sdk
1.4.1_01 xJu Bin qdkwJh Folder xJrSmaemf/ uJ tJ'D Bin
folder xJudk quf0if&atmifaemf/ C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 >
qdkwJh prompt ay:aecsdefrSm
CD Bin vdkY
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'gqdk&if command-Line windows xJu Prompt

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ay:vmygNyD/ uJ uRefawmfwdkYa&;cJhwJh program udk t&if
Compile vkyfMunfhMu&atmif/ Compile vkyfEkdifzdkYtwGuf
atmufyg Command -Line udk kdufoGif;yg/
javac
to call java compiler
test.java
to call the File_Name include

code -time
uJ 'Dtcg pmzwfol[m uRefawmf a&;om;cJhwJh codeline awGudk trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd kdufoGif;EkdifcJh&if error vmrjy
ygbl;/ rlv prompt jzpfwJh C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin >
qkdwJh prompt omvQif jyefay:vmrSmyg/ 'gqkd&if pmzwfol
a&;om;cJhwJh text.java qdkwJh program udk compile vkyfcJh
NyD;ygNyD/
tu,fom pmzwfol[m Code-Line a&;pOfu
; (semi-colom) usefwm { brace tzGi^hf tydwaf wG usefwm
tp&SdwJh trSm;t,Gif;awG &SdcJhr,fqdk&ifawmhtrSm;t,Gif;&SdwJh code-line udk oauFweJY nTef;jy
NyD;awmh 1-error (odYkr[kw)f 2-error tp&Sw
d hJ compiler error
awG wufvmrSmyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh pmzwfol[m compiler
jyay;wJh error wufwJhae&mudk rSwfxm;NyD;awmh code-line
awG a&;xm;wJh test.java qdkwJh Note Pad xJudk oGm;NyD;
awmh jyefvnf ppfaq; jyKjyif&rSmyg/ NyD;&if error wufwmudk
aoaocsmcsmppfNyD;&if File Save As vkyfNyD;awmh test.
java qdkwJh File udk Save As vkyf&jyefrSmyg/
uJ compiler u ajymwJh trSm;udk jyifNyD;NyD/ Save As
vnf; xyfvkyfNyD;NyDqkd&ifawmh Command-Line Windows
xJu C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin > qdw
k hJ prompt ay:aecsed rf mS

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qdkNyD;awmh jyefNyD;
javac test.java
compile vkyfyg/
'Dae&mrSm pmzwfou
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f mu code-line
awG a&;xm;wJh Note Pad Program udkvnf;
rydwfovdk command-line windows (DOS) udk
vnf; rydwfygbl;/ Programs wpfckudk toHk;jyKae
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r[kwv
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uJ Compile vkyw
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'gqkd&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY a&;cJhwJh test.java qdkwJh progam
udk compile vkyNf yD;oGm;ygNyD/ tJ'v
D kd compile vkyNf yD;oGm;wm
udk avhvmEkid zf Ykd Figure 3.4 rSm azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ tay:
rSm a&;om;cJhwJh tqifhqifh C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin xJudk
0ifa&mufykH tqihq
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f J tygt0if jzpfygw,f/ avhvmMunfh
yg/
Note :
'Dae&mrSm C & C + + programmer orm;awGtzdkY

rsufpdIyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh C&
C++ programming language rSmuawmh codeline a&;NyD; Run vkyfwmeJY error r&Sd&if output
[m wef;NyD; xGufvmwmyg/ 'Dae&mrSm Java
Language rSmuawmh complier vkyf&mrSm javac
qdw
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w,f/ compile error uif;pifomG ;NyD;awmh rSeo
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qdk&ifawmifrS Output xGufrvmao;ygbl;/ Run
vkyfNyD;rS Output udk ac:,lMunfh&rSmyg/ 'gudk C
& C + + programmer orm;awGtzdYk txl;wvnf
*kjyK avhvmapcsifygw,f/
uJ 'Dawmh compile vkyfNyD;om; test.java qdkwJh
program udk Run vkyfMunhfMu&atmif/
Note :
C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin > qdw

k hJ Prompt ay:aecsed rf mS yJ
java test
vdkY dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Run vkyfvkdufyg/ tJ'Dvdk dkufoGif;NyD;

awmh Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.5 rSm a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.5 Run the JAVA Program in the command

-line windows
Figure 3.4 Compile the program
uJ tck azmfjycJhwJh Figure 3.4 [m test.java qdkwJh

program udk compile vkyfzdkYtwGuf C: \j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \
Bin> xJtxd 0ifa&mufyHk tqifhqifheJY compile vkyfvkdY&wJh
txd tqifhqifhudk tusOf;csKyf azmfjyay;xm;wmrdkY Command -Line wpfckcsif;pDudk aoaocsmcsm avhvmyg/ uJ
'DtcgrSm Compile vJ vkyfNyD;oGm;NyDqdkawmh uRefawmfwkdY
test.java qdkwJh program udk Run vkyfzkdYyJ usefawmhwmaygh/
uJ tckazmfjycJw
h hJ Figure 3.5 [m Run vkyzf Ydk command
-line udk dkufoGif;ay;wJh yHkygyJ/ uJ tck command-line udk
dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Enter key udk ESdyfvkdufNyD qdkMuygpdkY/
tJ'D program &JU output windows jzpfwJh JFrame Class
udk tajcjyKxm;wJh Output [m Computer Screen &JU
b,fbuf tay:axmifhrSm atmufygtwkdif; vmjyay;rSmyg/
uJ pmzwfoludk,fwkdif Run vkyfNyD; vufawGY avhvmMunfh
ygOD;/

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import.javax.swing.event.*;
import. java.awt.event.*;
vdYk ac:wJh Event Listener awGuykd g xyfjznfNh yD;awmh
Declare vky&
f rSmyg/ tJ'v
D kd Events awGukd jznfph u
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chapter
[3]
&J
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index
toHk;cswmudk a&SUvmr,fh
awGrSm oifMum; ydkYcsay;rSmyg/
Figure 3.6 To Show the Output Windows in the

upper-left corner
uJ tckazmfjyxm;wJh JFrame [m test .java qdkwJh program udk Run vky&

f muae &&Sv
d mwJh Output taeeJY jyay;wJh
Windows yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'D program [m sample taeeJY
a&;jyxm;wmyg/ ta&SUoifcef;pmawGjzpfwJh Chapter [1]
& Chapter [2] awGudkom aMuaMunufnuf avhvmcJhr,f
qkd&if tcka&;jycJhwJh Sample program jzpfwJh Listing 3.1
udk tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmaygufrSmyg/ uRefawmfhbuf
uawmh xHk;pHtwkdif; Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh &Sif;jyay;xm;yg
w,f/ avhvmvdkufygOD;/
Analysis
1/ 'D program rSm a&;xm;wJh vkdif;eHygwf (1) u import
javax.swing.*; qdkwm Java &JU swing components
awGudk ac:,ltoHk;csrSmjzpfwJhtwGuf package file udk
ac:,lvdkufwmygyJ/ C & C + + programmer awG&JU
pum;eJYajym&r,fq&kd ifawmh Header File awGukd ac:,l
vkdufwmyJaygh/ tJ'DvdkygyJ/ vdkif;eHygwf (2) rSm aMunm

xm;wJh import java.awt.*; qdkwJh package [mvJ awt
components awGukd ac:,l toH;k cscsifvYkd ac:,lxm;wJh
package ygyJ/
Note : JAVA &JU Awt components awG[m swing package components awGeJY qufET,faewJhtwGuf
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aMunmay;&wmyg/ vkdtyfvm&if toHk;csEkdifzdkY

twGuf
170
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (3) uawmh test qkdwJh primary class udk

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&JU Name [m save vkyf&r,fh File_Name eJY twlwlyJ
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function udk vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSm zefwD;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'D main ( ) function xJrmS yJ JFrame Class udk object
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,l toHk;cscsifwJhtwGufvJ tay:u Swing package
eJY awt package awGukd import vkyf ac:,lxm;wmaygh/
uJ JFrame Class udk Object f tjzpf zefwD;NyD;NyDqdk&if
JFram Class (object f tjzpf zefwD; ac:,lNyD;om;yg)
xJrSm yg0ifwJh setTitle ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;cs
ygw,f/ Object f &JU member jzpfwmaMumifh F.set
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F.Set Title ("JAVA Programming in Windows
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rdrdESpfouf&m pmom; Text udk Title Bar rSm yg0ifap&ef

a&;om;Ekdifygw,f/
3/ uJ vkdif;eHygwf (8) rSmawmh uRefawmfwkdY tck zefwD;ae
wJh windows &JU Default Frame Size udk udef;ao
aMunmay;xm;ygw,f/ Default Size vdYk ajym&jcif;u
uRefawmfwdkY tck zefwD;vkdufwJh program ukd ac:,l
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yJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D set size ( ) method [mvJ JFrame
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_Name F. vdkY cHNyD;rS ac:,lxm;wmyg/
F.SetSize (300, 200);
rdrdESpfoufaom t&G,ftpm; width & Height udk

a&;om;xnfhoGif; zefwD;Ekdifonf/

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zefwD;xm;wmudk pmzwfolbufu em;vnf oabmayguf
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4/ vdkif;eHygwf (9) rSmuawmh f.set Default Close
Operation (JFrame. EXIT _ON _ CLOSE) ; method
udk ac:,lNyD;awmh toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ ta&;BuD;wJh

toHk;jyK&r,fh tcsufuawmh Method ( ) udk ac:,l
toHk;cswJhtcsdefrSm argument taeeJY yg0ifwhJ JFrame.
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object tjzpf zef w D ; NyD ; NyD qd k a yr,f h parameter
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program avhvmNyD;&if pdwfBudKuft&G,ftpm; Set Title
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Figure 3.7 Write the program code-line In Note

Pad, Save In and then Compile & Run it
tajccHuswJh JAVA Swing Component eJY JAVA Awt

Components awGudk tajccH wnfaqmufwJhtaMumif;udk
oabmw&m; em;vnfomG ;NyDq&kd ifawmh a&SUoifcef;pmtaeeJY
3.2 Using the JAVA Swing Compontes qdw
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qufvuf ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY aoaocsm
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3 .2 USING THE JAVA SWING COMPONENTS AND AWT COMPONENTS
uRefawmf tck&Sif;jyr,fh taMumif;t&m[m GUI Windows awGudk zefwD;&mrSm tvGefta&;ygwJh tcsufawGygyJ/

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vdkY ac:,l toHk;jyK&wJh Swing Components &,f/
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Classes vdkY vlodrsm; ausmfMum;vSwJh AWT components
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olYudk ac:,l&mrSm
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'Dawmh Components awGtaMumif; t&if avhvmMunfMh u&
atmifvm;/
import java.awt.*;
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import java .awt.*;
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Note :
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AWT Components <container classes>

AWT components qdkwmuawmh JAVA Language
rSm GUI vdYkac:wJh Graphical User Interface awG wnf
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twGif;rSm yg0ifygw,f/

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ay;Ekdifygw,f/
'DtcsufawG[m AWT components eHygwfwyfwmawG
udk tMurf;tm;jzifh &Sif;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D awt components awGukd avhvmMunfE
h idk zf YdktwGuf Basic GUI Components qdkNyD;awmh AWT (container class) xJrSmyg0ifwJh
Components Tools awGudk azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ Table
3.1 taeeJYyJ avhvmMunfhyg/
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161
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Component
Description
Label
Button
TextField
An area where uneditable text can be displayed.

An area that triggers an event when clicked.
An area in which the user inputs data from the keyboard. The area can also
display information.
A drop-down list of items from which the user can make a selection by clicking
on an item in the list.
A boolean GUI component that is either selected or not selected.
An area where a list of items is displayed from which the user can make a
selection by clicking once on any element in the list. Double-clicking an
element in the list generates an action event.
A container in which components can be placed.
Choice
Checkbox
List
Panel
Table 3.1 Basic GUI components
uJ tck tay:rSma&;jycJhwJh Table 3.1 [m container class xJrSmyg0ifwJh components Tools awGudk avhvmMunfhEkdifzdkY
ygyJ/ 'Dawmh tJ'Dh AWT componets awG&JU object inheritance tjzpf wnf&SdyHkudk qufvuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
java.lang.Object

CheckboxGroup
Component
FlowLayout
BorderLayout
GridLayout
TextComponent TextField

Button
Label
Checkbox
List
Choice
Container
Key
Class name
Interface Name
Panel
Java.applet.AppI
uJ tckazmfjycJw
h hJ Figure 3.7.1 [m java .awt package
&JU components awG[m object hierarchy (Inheritance)
tjzpf wnf&SdaeyHkudk jrif&wmygyJ/ uJ 'gqdk&ifawmh tJ'D
out package xJrSmyg0ifwJh Label, Button, TextField,
Choice, Checkbox, List, Panel tp&SdwJh components
wpfckcsif;pDudk txl;jyK avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 'grSomvQif
Program awG zefwD;a&;om;wJhtcgrSm vdktyfwJh features
awGudk toHk;csEkdifrSmjzpfw,f/
Class TextField constructors and methods
tck &Si;f jyrSmuawmh TextField taMumif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
t"du &Sif;jycsifwmu component TextField udk ac:,l
toH;k cs&if b,fvpdk rG ;f aqmif&nf&rdS vJ/ NyD;awmh arguments
& parameter taeeJY b,fvdk xnfhoGif;a&;om;vdkY&r,f/
tp&Sdojzifhayghaemf/ od&Sdem;vnfatmifvkdY TextField Class
taMumif;udk Figure taeeJY a&;om;NyD;awmh azmfjyay;xm;
162
Fig 3.7.1 A portion of the java.awt

inheritance hierarchy
ygw,f/ t&ifqHk; avhvmvkdufygOD;/

Note : a&;om;xm;wmuawmh rl&if; JAVA Developer
Guide rSm yg0ifwJh Figure twkdif; pmom;twkdif;
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ Program a&;NyD;awmh Listing
taeeJY a&;om;wJt
h cgusro
S mvQif TextField class
taMumif;udk tvG,fwul em;vnf oabmayguf
atmif &Sif;jyay;yghr,f/ tcka&;om;xm;wJh TextField Class taMumif;udk azmfjyay;xm;wJh Table
3.2 udkawmh aoaocsmcsm avhvmyg/ wu,fvdkY
pmzwfol[m Java Certified jzpfzdkY &nf&G,fw,fqkd
&if tck ydkYcsay;wJh Table awG[m Exam us&if
taxmuftul trsm;BuD; &apEkdifrSmyg/
TextField ukd toHk;jyKxm;wJh Oyrmjy program udk
listing 3.2 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D Listing us&if TextField &JU features udk jrefrmvdkjynfhpHkatmif
a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/

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Class TextField constructers and methods
public TextField( )
Constructs a TextField object.
public TextField(int columns)
//number of columns
Constructs an empty TextField object with the specified number of columns.
public TextField(String s)
//text displayed in TextField
Constructs a TextField object displaying s.
public TextField(String s,
//text displayed in TextField
int columns)
//number of columns
Constructs a TextField object displaying s in the specified number of columns.
public void setEchoChar(char c)
// character to echo
Sets the character to be displayed as the user types in the TextField. This is particularly
useful for disguising a typed in passwords
public void setEditable(boolean b)
// true=editable
Sets the editability of the TextField, true is editable, false is uneditable.
Table 3.2 Class TextField constructors and methods
tckazmfjyxm;wJh Table 3.2 [m TextField Class

twGif;u constructor and method awGtaMumif;udkyJ
tjynfph q
kH ;kH azmfjyay;xm;wJh Table ygyJ/ toH;k jyK&r,fh tae
txm; yg0ifwJh Theory oabmw&m;awGukd jrefrmvdkudk
awmh a&SUvmr,fhoifcef;pm 3.2 &JU sub-Index us&if jynfhpHk
atmif wwfEkdiforQ a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh tck

Table 3.2 udkawmh rsufpdxJ pGJaeatmif? tvGwf&atmif avh
vmxm;vkdufygOD;/
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Lable Class eJY ywfoufwJh
Table 3.3 udk qufvufavhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Class Label constructors and methods

public Label( )
Constructs an empty Label - text is not displayed.
public Label(String s)
//label text
Constructs a Label that displays the text s with default left-justifield alignment.
public Label(Strings,
//label text
int alignment)
//alignment
Constructs a Label that displays the text s with the specified alignment. Possible alignments
are Label. LEFT, Label. CENTER and Label.RIGHT
public String getText( )
Returns the Label text.
public void setText(String s)
//read-only string to display
Sets the Label text
public void setAlignment(int alignment) //alignment
Sets the Label alignment to Label.LEFT.Label. CENTER or Label.RIGHT
Table 3.3 Class label constructors and methods
Class Label constructor and methods

tcka&;jycJhwJh Table 3.3 uawmh label class udk ac:,l
toHk;jyK&if yg0if xnfhoGif; toHk;jyKvdkY&wJh method ( ) awG
&,f yg0ifxnfhoGif;vkdY&r,fh arguments and parameter
awGtaMumif;ygyJ/ rSwrf ad tmif aoaocsmcsm avhvmxm;yg/
Note : Label udk ac:,l tokH;csjyxm;wJh Listing uawmh
Listing 3.3 rSm pmzwfol avhvm&rSmygyJ/ Label
Box udk toHk;jyKxm;NyD;awmh tJ'D label class &JU
features awGtaMumif;udk jrefrmvdk &Si;f jyay;xm;yg
w,f/ tckuawmh Table 3.3 [m label class &JU
constructor and methods awGtaMumif;udk rl&if;
JAVA Developer Guide xJutwkdif; azmfjyay;
xm;wmygyJ/ Label Box awGukd xnfo
h iG ;f wyfqif
zdkY Label ( ) method wifrubJ Label Box ay:rSm

yg0if&r,fh xnfhoGif;xm;wJh pmom;awGudk Alignment taeeJY b,fbufuyf? nmbufuyf tp&Sd
ojzifh Alignment ndzdkY pmom;awG xnhfoGif;zdkY
getText ( ) method tp&SdwmawGudkyg pmzwfol
awGYjrif&rSmyg/ tJ'D method awG tm;vH;k udyk g jynfph kH
atmif aoaocsmcsm avhvmyg/
Text Area Class Constructer
Text Area Class eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh toHk;jyKvkdY&r,fh
method ( ) awG&,f argument (or) parameter type awGukd
b,fvv
kd ufct
H oH;k jyKrvJqw
kd mudk avhvmEkid zf YkdtwGuf Table
3.4 taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/

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163
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
TextArea class constructors
public TextArea( )
Constructs a TextArea with default size(normally controlled by the layout of
the container to which it is attached).
public TextArea(int rows, int columns)
Constructs a TextArea with the specified number of rows and columns.
public TextArea(String s)
Constructs a TextArea containing the text s.
public TextArea(String s,int rows,int columns)
Constructs a TextArea containing the text s and the specified number of rows and
columns.
public TextArea(String s,int rows,int columns,int scrollbars)
Constructs a TextArea containing text s and the specified number of rows and columns.
The scrollbars argument specifies which scrollbars should be visible using one
of the TextArea constants: SCROLLBARS_BOTH,SCROLLBARS_HORIZONTAL_ONLY,
SCROLLBARS_NONE or SCROLLBARS_VERTICAL_ONLY.
Table 3.4 TextArea class constructors
Note : TextArea eJYywfoufwJh Program taeeJY Listing

3.5 taeeJY a&;om; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
Table 3.4 taeeJYyJ oufqi
dk &f m method ( ) awGuykd J
avhvmvdkufygOD;/
Checkbox and Checkbox Group constructors
Application & Applet type Programs awGudk a&;
om; zefw;D &mrSm t"du rygrjzpfwhJ checkbox awGukd zefw;D

a&;om;csif&if toHk;jyK ac:,l&r,fh Class uawmh Checkbox Class ygyJ/
'Dawmh Checkbox Class eJYywfoufwhJ Table 3.5 tae
eJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh b,fvdk method
( ) awG yg0ifw,fqdkwmudk avhvmvdkufygOD;/
Checkbox and CheckboxGroup constructors

public Checkbox(String s)
Constructs a Checkbox object with label s. The Checkbox object is initially
unchecked.
public Checkbox{
String s
//radio button label
CheckboxGroup c,
//CheckboxGroup owning radio button
boolean state)
//state of radio button
Constructs a single radio button with the label s and the booleanstate.The radio
button is added to the existing CheckboxGroup C. If c is null,this constructor
creates a normal Checkbox object with the specified state.
public CheckboxGroup()
Constructs a CheckboxGroup object.
Table 3.5 Checkbox and Checkbox Group constructors.
Note : Checkbox eJY ywfoufwJh program taeeJYawmh

Listing 3.6 taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
uJ'gqdk&if awmh uRefawmf&Sif;jyay;wm[m AWT
Components &JU t"du yifr Class awGtaMumif;
uawmh ydkYcsNyD; jzpfoGm;ygNyD/ usefwJh components
class awGjzpfwJh Button, Choice, List, Radio
Button/ Option Button tp&Sw
d hJ Class awGuakd wmh
oufqkdif&m Listing awGeJYtwl program i,fav;
tck vuf&o
dS ifcef;pmudk txyfxyftcgcg avhvmNyD;vdYk
uGJjym; jcm;em;aewJh Class Method ( ) awGudk em;vnf
oabmaygufomG ;NyD;&ifawmh tckvuf&dS Chapter Index 3.2
Using the JAVA Swing Components & AWT components qdkwJh oifcef;pm&JU sub-Index tjzpf oufqkdif&m
components Tools wpfckcsif;pDtvdkuf ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
qufvuf avhvmMuygpdkY/
awG a&;jyNyD;rS &Sif;jyay;ygawmhr,f/
164

f ? 2006 ckEpS f
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

3 .2.1 USING THE JAVA SWING COMPONENTS AND AWT COMPONENTS
Text Field (OR) JTestField

Java &JU awt components awGukd ac:,l toH;k jyK&mrSm
TextField udk ac:,ltoHk;jyKwJhtaMumif;udk &Sif;jyyghr,f/
tcsKdUaom Java Programmer awGuawmh TextField udk
JTextField , Label Box udk J Label tp&So
d jzifh ac:a0:Mu
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ta0:taeeJYygyJ/
(OR) TextField, JLabel (OR) Label tp&SdwJh Component Class awG[m JPanel Class atmufrSm wnf&Sd
vdkYygyJ/ AWT container Class rSmvnf; rSm;0ifvdkYygyJ/
rdrdzefwD;r,fh Class _Name eJYtwl constructor ( )
method udk a&;om;NyD;awmh tJ'D constructor xJrSm
Components awGudk wyfqif a&;om; xnfhoGif;&yg
w,f/
File udk Compile & Run vkyfzdkY Save vkyfwJhtcg
Note : Visual Basic Programming Language rSm yg0ifwhJ

Control ToolBox xJu Tools awGtwkdif; Java
Language rSmvnf; Tools awGyg0ifygw,f/ tac:
ta0: Naming tcsKdUyJ uGjJ ym;wmyg/ Oyrmajym&&if
awmh TextField vdkY Java Language rSm ac:a0:
ayr,fh Visual Basic Language rSmawmh Text Box
vdkY ac:a0:ovdkygyJ/
TextField 'grSr[kwf JTextField qdw
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Basic Language u TextBox twdkif;ygyJ/ Visual Basic
Language rSmawmh Coding vdkYac:wJh code awG ra&;cifrSm
Tool Box xJuae Drug vkyf qGJcsNyD;awmh 'grSr[kwf DClick acgufNyD;awmh Form Windows xJrSm t&if wnf
aqmuf&ygw,f/
TextField (OR) JTextField qdw
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User (toHk;jyKolawGu) User Information awGudk
keyboard uae Input vkyf xnfhoGif;EkdifzdkYygyJ/
ac:,ltoHk;jyKcsif&if
import .javax.swing.*;
import. java.awt. * ;
tp&SdwJh Java Package File awGudk
t&ifqHk; Import
vkyfNyD;awmh ac:,lxm;&ygr,f/
JPanel Class udk extends vkyf&ygr,f/ JTextField
tJ'D
Class _Name twki

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= File _Name &JUaemufrSm .JAVA (OR).java vdkYac:wJh
extension udk xnfhoGif; save vkyf&ygr,f/
Listing 3.2 taeeJY TextField udk toH;k jyK avhusiE
hf idk zf Ykd
Program wpfckudk wnfaqmufjyygr,f/ Program code
_line awGudk a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D program code_line
awGudk oGm;a&mufa&;om;&r,fh Text Editor uawmh windows eJYtwl Built-in ygvmwJh NotePad Program rSm
oGm;NyD; a&;om;&ygr,f/
Listing 3.2 Testing the JAVA TextField
1.
import javax.swing.*; // Declare import the

javax.swing package
2. import java.awt.* ; // Declare import the java. awt
package
3. public class textfield extends JPanel
4. {
5. public textfield ( ) // constructor method ( ) in
textfield class
6. {
7. setlayout (null) ;
8. TextField tf 1= new TextField ("Enter Text" , 50) ;
9. TextField tf 2 = new TextField ("Enter
Number",20);
10. TextField tf 3 = new TextField ("enter comments",200);
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
11.
12. tf 1. SetBounds (30,10,150,30); // x,y, width,
Height
13. tf 2. SetBounds (30,50,150,30);
14. tf 3. SetBounds (30,90,150,100) ;
15.
16. add (tf 1);
17. add (tf 2);
18. add (tf 3);
19. }
20. public static void main (string args [ ]) // write the
main ( ) method
21. {
22. // to show the title bar set Text
23. JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA
TextField" ) ;
24.
25. textfield itf = new textfield ( ) ; // create objects
26. f. setsize (300,200) ; // width and Height of Windows Frame size
27. f. get Content Pane ( ) .add (jtf) ;
28.
29. f.Set Default Close Operation ( JFrame .EXIT_
ON_CLOSE) ;
30. F.showe ( );
31. } // close brace } in main ( )method
32. } // close brace } in Primary class textfield
tck tay:rSma&;jycJhwJh code_line awGudk NotePad

rSm dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Save vkyfyg/ Save vkyf&mrSm NyD;cJhwJh
oifcef;pmrSm ajymcJhovdk C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ bin> qdkwJh
path vrf;aMumif;atmufrSm oGm;NyD;awmh save vkyfygr,f/
NyD;awmh save vkyf&mrSm File_Name udk Class _ Name eJY
twlwl textfield.java vdkY trnfay;&ygr,f/ NotePad
xJrSm code_line awG pmdkufxm;yHkudk Figure 3.8.1 taeeJY
a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
Chapter_Name uawm ha&muf&Sd oifMum;aewJh Chapter

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odkYr[kwf ydkYcsaewJh oifcef;pmtykdif;ygyJ/ tJ'D&JU aemufrSm

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Figure 3.8.1 To show the Program Code_Line in

NotePad
NyD;&ifawmh command prompt <OR> Dos udk oGm;zGifhyg/

atmufrSma&;jyxm;wJh command-line udk dkufoGif;NyD;awmh
Enter key udk ESdyfyg/
CD C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin
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Note : NyD;cJw
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Figure 3.
8. 1
vdkYa&;xm;&if atmufyg
twkdif; avhvm&rSmyg/
Chapter_Name
index _Number
period _Number
172
vdkY prompt ay:aecsdefrSm atmufyg command-line udk dkuf

oGif;NyD;awmh Compile vkyfyg/
javac textfield .java
tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfwJhtcgrSm error wufvm&ifvnf;

NotePad File xJ0ifNyD;awmh uRefawmfa&;jycJhwJh listing 3.2
u program code_line awGeJY wkdufqkdifppfaq;NyD;awmh jyef
jyifyg/ NyD;&if Save As udk File oSave As uae awmif;NyD;
awmh Save As vkyf&ygr,f/ trnfawG? bmawG ajymif;p&m
rvkdbl;aemf/ tJ'Daemuf
javac textfield. java
vdYk command_line udk du

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wu,fvdkY error xyfwufvm&ifvnf; tckvdkyJ NotePad
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
xJrSm jyKjyifNyD;awmh Save As vkyfNyD;awmh Command
Prompt <DOS> xJrSmjyefNyD;awmh Compile vkyf&rSmygyJ/
Compile vkyfyHkeJY error r&SdbJ atmifjrifoGm;&if C:\
j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin > qdkwJh prompt yJ jyefay:vmrSmyg/
uJ tck uRefawmf a&;jyxm;wJhtwkdif; Compile vkyfwm
atmifjrifoGm;&ifawmh tJ'D command prompt xJrSmjava textField
qdkwJh text command udk dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Run vkyfyg/

tJ'v
D kd compile vkyfNyD;awmh Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.8.2 rSm
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
uJtck listing 3.2 udk pmzwfol vufawGY compile

vky?f Run vkyf avhvmNyD;&ifawmh Program code-line awGukd
Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmMuwmaygh/ 'grSomvQif progarm code awG a&;om;yHak wGukd trSew
f u,f em;vnfwwf
ajrmufrSmygyJ/
Analysis
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) eJY vkdif;eHygwf (2) rSmimport javax.swing .*;

import java.awt.*;
qdkwJh package file ESpfckudk import vkyf ac:,lxm;yg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSmrS public class textfield
extends JPanel qdNk yD;awmh textfield qdw
k hJ primary class
udk zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ textfield class udk a&;om;
&mrSm JPanel Class udk vSr;f NyD;awmh extends vkyx
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w,f/
Note : extends vkyy
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[2] rSm tus,fw0ifh &Sif;vif;ydkYcs ay;cJhNyD;ygNyD/ tJ'D
Figure 3.8.2 Compile & Run of the textField .java

program
tckvdk compile vkyfNyD;awmh Run vdkuf&if pmzwfol&JU

Computer Desktop screen &JU b,fbuf tay:axmifh
Upper left corner rSm output console windows [m vmjy
ay;rSmyg/ Output Windows yHkpHudk Figure 3.8.3 taeeJY
oifcef;pmawGudkom em;rvnfcJh&if tcktcsdefrSm

&Sif;jy& awmfawmfcufcJrSmyg/ 'gaMumifh em;rvnf
ao;&if jyefvSef avhvmapcsifygw,f/
vdkif;eHygwf (4) uawmh textfield qdkwJh primary class
&JU tzGihf open brace { ygyJ/ vkid ;f eHygwf (5) rSmawmh textfield
( ) qdkwJh constructor method udk a&;om;ygw,f/ tJ'D
constructor method xJrSmyJ Textfield eJY ywfoufwmawG
udk a&;om;rSm jzpfygw,f/
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
2/ vkid ;f eHygwf (7) rSmawmh setlayout ( ) method udk ac:,l
toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f/ Setlayout ( ) method &JU parameter value wefzdk;udk null vkdY ay;xm;ygw,f/
Setlayout ( ) method udk ac:,l&jcif;[m vkdif;eHygwf
(12), (13), (14) rSm ac:,lxm;wJh SetBound ( ) method
udk ac:,ltoHk;cscsifvdkYygyJ/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh
SetBound ( ) method rSm arguments (4) ck yg0ifyg
w,f/ tJ'gudk cGJjcm;jy&&ifawmhSetBounds (int x, int y, int width, int Height)
Figure 3.8.3 Run & Show of the Output Windows,

textfield .java programs
qdkNyD; cGJjcrf;NyD;awmh avhvmMunfhEkdifygw,f/ &Sif;oGm;atmif

avhvmr,fqdk&if-
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
SetBounds (int x , int y , int width , int Height );

textfield wnf&Sdrnfh
x 0ifdk;rSwf
textfield
wnf&Sdrnfh y
0ifdk;rSwf
textfield \
tvsm;vkduf
tus,ft0ef;
textfield \
tjrifh
a'gifvdkuft&G,ftpm;
tp&Sdojzifh cGJjcm; avhvmvkdY &ygw,f/

3/ vdik ;f eHygwf (12), (13), (14) rSmawmhtf 1 .SetBounds (30,10,150,30);
tf 2 . SetBounds (30,50, 150,30);
tf 3 . SetBounds (30,90,150,100) ;
qdNk yD;awmh textfield (3) ckukd wyfqifygw,f/ tay:u textfield ( ) ck[m t&G,ftpm; wlnDygw,f/ wwd,ajrmuf
textfield uom t&G,t
f pm; useEf pS cf x
k uf BuD;wmyg/'Dawmh
cGJjcm;avhvmMunfh&if textfield ESpc

f k
\t&G,ftpm;
wlnDygonf/
tf 1. setBounds (30,10,150,30) ; - y
0ifdk;rSwfae&m 10 tjzpfowfrSwf
tf 2.SetBounds (30,50,150,30); - y
0ifdk;rSwfae&m 50 tjzpfowfrSwf
uJ 'gqkd&if SetBounds ( ) method awG toHk;jyKxm;

wmudk awGY&NyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (15) uawmh line space
udk blank csefxm;wmygyJ/
4/ wu,fawmh set Bounds ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;
jyKcsifvdkY vkdif;eHygwf (7) u Setlayout (null) method
udk ac:,l toH;k jyKxm;wmyg/ 'D method omryg&ifawmh
setBounds ( ) method udk ac:,ltoH;k jyKayr,fh tvkyf
vkyfrSm r[kwfygbl;/
'ghtjyif setBounds ( )method udk ac:,l toHk;jyKxm;
ayr,fh add ( ) method udk ac:,l tokH;rjyKcJh&if tvkyf
vkyfrSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifhvnf; vkdif;eHygwf (16),
(17), (18) rSm
add (tf 1) ;
add (tf 2);
add (tf 3);
qdkNyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'DtcsufawG&JU

qufpyfyu
kH kd pmzwfot
l aeeJY aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfh
yg/ code_line zGJYpnf;xm;yHkawG[m tvGef uspfvspfyg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (19) uawmh textfield ( ) qdkwJh constructor method &JU Close brace } ygyJ/ 'Dtxd&NyDaemf/
5/ vkid ;f eHygwf (20) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (23) uawmh JFrame Class
udk Object_Name f vdYk trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toH;k cs
ygw,f/ JFrame &JU titlebar rSmyg0if&r,fh pmom; Text
awGudk JFrame Class &JU constructor method ( ) rSm
xnfha&;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA TextField");
y 0ifdk;rSwf uGJjym;aomaMumifhom ae&muGJNyD; azmfjyay;wm
qkdNyD; a&;xm;wmyg/
yg/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (14) rSm

wyfqifxm;wJh tf3. setBounds (30,90,150,100); qdkwJh
textfield udk avhvmMunfh&iftf 3. SetBounds (30 , 90 , 150 , 100 );
y 0ifdk;rSwf
textfield \
t&G,ftpm; Height
qdkNyD;awmh uGJjym;jcm;em;wmudk awGYjrif&rSmyg/ 'g[m textfield &JU t&G,ftpm; Height udk tus,fcsJUxm;wmygyJ/
174
title bar rSm yg0ifapcsifwhJ text awG
jzpfygw,f/
uJ NyD;awmh JFrame Class [m object f vdkY jzpfoGm;wJh
twGuf tJ'Dh JFrame &JU t&G,ftpm;udk csdefndwJhtcgrSm
F. setSize (300,200); // width, Height
vdkY ac:,l csdefndxm;wmyg/ tJ'D code_line ukd vdkif;eHygwf
(26) rSm awGYjrif&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (25) uawmh textfield
class ukd ac:,lNyD;awmh jtf qdkNyD;awmh object tjzpf zefwD;
xm;jyefygw,f/ 'grSom textfield awGukd ac:,ltoHk;csvdkY
&EkdifrSmudk;/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note : textfield Class [m rdrdukd,fwkdif zefwD;cJhwJh class
qdkwmudk owdjyKrdapcsifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh JPanel
Class udk rSDjirf;NyD;awmh extends vkyfxm;ygw,f/
Program udk Compile & Run vkyv

f u
dk &f if Figure 3.8.4
rSm jrif&wJh Output Windows udk jrif&rSmygyJ/
6/ vdkif;eHygwf (27) uawmh JPanel udk JFrame method

xJudk aygif;xnfhzdkYtwGuf add ( ) method ukd ac:,l
toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh f.get content Pane ( ). add (jtf) ;
vdkY ac:,lxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D JFrame xJrSmrS add (jtf)

qdw
k mu textfield awGukd azmfjyzdYktwGuf textfield Class
&JU Object_Name udk ac:,lxm;wmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf
(29) u
f.set Default Close Operation
(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
qdkwmuawmh JFrame Class udk ydwfypfzdkYygyJ/ tJ'D

aemufrSmawmh f.show ( ) method eJY Output windows
udk ac:,l vkdufwmygyJ/ tay:u code_line awGudk
b,fvdka&;cJha&;cJh tcka&;jycJhwJh f.show ( ) method
om usecf &hJ if program [m compile vkyEf idk af yr,fh Run
vkyfwJhtcgrSm bmrQ vmjyay;EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/
'gaMumifh 'Dtcsufudk txl;owdjyKrdapcsifygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf (31) u main ( ) function &JU close brace }
ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (32) uawmh primary class jzpfwJh
textfield Class &JU close brace } ygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tck

textfield .java Program
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh JAVA &JU swing components

awG taMumif;udk vuf&Sdoifcef;pm chapter [3] &JU atmuf
rSmyJ sub-Index awG cGJNyD;awmh ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ trSef
wu,fuawmh JAVA Swing Components awGukd toH;k jyK
&wm[m NyD;cJhwJh Chapter [1] and [2] u oifcef;pmawG
jzpfwJh program code_line awG structure zGJYpnf;yHkawG
Class, Interface tp&SdwJh tajccHt,ltqawGavmuf avh
vm&wm rIyaf xG;ygbl;/ tajccHt,ltqawGukd ydik Ef idk rf o
S m
vQif JAVA Swing Components awGeYJ wGzJ ufNyD;awmh vdck sif
wJh program awGukd zefw;D Ekid rf mS yg/ 'gaMumifh NyD;cJw
h hJ oifcef;
pmawGudk aoaocsmcsm jyefvSefavhvmapcsifygw,f/ uJ
JAVA Swing Components awGukd qufvufavhvmMuygpdYk/
oihf tdwfuyfxJu odkavSmifypnf;i,f

tdwfuyfxJxnfhNyD; oGm;av&modkY aqmifoGm;EdkifwJh hard drive i,f
uav;udk Western Digital u xkwfvkyfcJhygw,f/ 'Passport Pocket
USB 2.0' vdkY trnfay;xm;wJh if; hard drive t&G,fu aq;vdyfbl;
omomyg/ if;onf vuf&dS acwfpm;aewJh flash memory trsKd;tpm;
r[kwfbJ hard drive jzpfw,fqdkwmudkawmh owdjyKapvdkygw,f/
Western Digital qdkwmuvnf; [mh'f'pfawGxkwfvkyfvmcJhwm ESpfaygif;
renf;awmhwJh ukrPDyg/ [mh'f'pfrsm;udk t&G,ftpm; ao;i,fonfxuf
ao;i,fatmif jyKvkyfaeovdk tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEIef; jrifhrm;atmif
vnf; BudK;pm;aewJh ukrPDvnf;jzpfygw,f/ ,ck tcsuftvufodkavSmif
EIef; 6 gigabytes &dSwJh 'Passport Pocket USB 2.0' udk a':vm 100 EIef;eJY a&mif;csygw,f/ if;wGif 'WD Sync'
aqmhzf0JxnfhoGif;xm;NyD; uGefysLwmxJu zdkifrsm;udk pum;0SufyHkpHrsKd;eJY wpfcgwnf; odrf;qnf;ay;Edkifygw,f/
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

3 .2.2 USING THE JAVA SWING COMPONENTS AND AWT COMPONENTS
Label <OR> JLabel Box

Listing 3.3 Testing the JAVA Label Box // save file
name is label.java
1. import javax.swing .*;
2. import java .awt.*;
3. public class label extends JPanel
4. {
5. public label ( ) {
6. setlayout (null) ;
7. Label L1 = new label ("label 1") ; // create label
1
8. Label L2 = new label ("label 2") ; // create label 2
9. Label L3 = new label ("label 3") ; // create label 3
10.
11. L 1.set Bounds (30,20,70,20) ; // int x, int y, int
width, int height
12. L2.set Bounds (30,50,70,20) ;
13. L3. set Bounds (30,80,70,20);
14.
15. add . (L1);
16. add . (L2) ;
17. add. (L3);
18. }
19. public static void main (string args [ ]) {
20.
21. // to set the title bar text
22. JFrame F = new JFrame (" Testing the JAVA Label");
23. Label Lbl = new label ( ) ;
24. f.setSize (300,200) ; // width and Height of Frame
25. f.get ContentPane ( ) . add (LBL) ;
26.
27. f.set Default Close Operation (JFrame
.EXIT_ON_CLOSE) ;
28. f. show ( ) ;
29. }
30. }
uJ tck 'D program rSmuawmh Label Box udk b,fvdk

toHk;jyKxm;ovJqdkwmudk &Sif;vif;jyyghr,f/ uRefawmf
tay:rSma&;jycJw
h hJ code_line awGukd Figure 3.9.1 rSm jyxm;
wJhtwkdif; NotePad Program xJudkoGm;NyD;awmh dkufoGif;
vkdufygOD;/ Figure 3.9.1 udk avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.9.1 To show the Program Code_Line in

NotePad
NyD;&ifawmh xkH;pHtwkdif; C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1-01 \ Bin >

xJukd oGm;NyD;awmh save vkyyf g/ Save vky&f r,fh File_Name
uawmh Label .java vdkY ay;vkdufyg/
uJ NyD;awmh compile vkyfwmeJY Run vkyfwmudkawmh
tus,fw0ifh &Sif;rjyawmhygbl;/ a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm ydkYcs
NyD;om;rdkY Figure 3.9.2 udkom avhvmvkdufyg/

dk mv? 2006 ckEpS f
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note : Constructor method ( ) qdkwmuawmh Class_
Name eJY function _Name wlaewmudk ajymwmaemf/
Figure 3.9.2 Compile & Run of the Label.java

Programs
uJ Compile & Run vkyv

f u
dk &f ifawmh Label Box <3>
ckudk use vkyfxm;wJh Output Windows udk pmzwfol[m
tckvkd awGYjrif&rSmyg/ Title Bar rSmvnf; Testing the JAVA
label Box vdkY ygw,faemf/
'guawmh cPcP &Sif;jyaevdkY em;vnfoabm

aygufaeavmufygNyD/
2/ uJ constructor method ( ) xJu set layout (null)
method uawmh setBounds ( ) method udk ac:,l
toHk;jyKcsifvdkY (null) arguments xnfhNyD;awmh toHk;
csxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D null arguments om ryg&ifawmh
setBounds ( ) method udk toHk;csvdkY &EkdifrSm r[kwf
ygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwf (7),(8),(9) rSmuawmh Label Box
(3) ckudk create vkyf zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'g[m constructor method ( ) xJrSmwif zefwD;aewmaemf/ vkdif;
eHygwf (11),(12), (13) rSmuawmh label Box wpfcck si;f pD&UJ
wnfae&mudk X,Y 0ifdk;eJY ndNyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/
'gaMumifh
L1 .Set Bounds (30, 20 , 70, 20); // int x, int
y, int width,
int height
L2. Set Bounds (30, 50 , 70, 20);
L3. Set Bounds (30, 80 , 70, 20);
qdkNyD; ac:,l
xm;wmyg/
y 0ifdk;

Label. java Program
uJ code_line awGa&;yH?k Compile & Run vkyyf akH wGukd

avhvmNyD;&ifawmh code_line awGudk Analysis vkyfMuwm
aygh/ Analysis vkyf&mrSm ta&SUoifcef;pm 3.2 u Testing
the JAVA Textfield Program eJY qifwlwmrdkY avhvm&wm
vG,u
f o
l vdjk zpfcw
hJ hJ oifcef;pmudk jyefavhvm&mvnf; a&muf
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
Analysis
1/ java program awG&JU xHk;pHtwdkif;aygh/ Package file
awGukd Declare vkyyf gw,f/ tJ'aD emufyikd ;f vkid ;f eHygwf
(3) rSmrS primary class jzpfwJh label qdkwJh class udk
zefwD;ygw,f/ zefwD;&mrSm JPanel Class udk extends
vkyfxm;wmaemf/ uJ tJ'D Class &JU constructor
method ( ) udk vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSm a&;om;ygw,f/
t"dutcsufu 'D constructor method yHkpHeJY a&;om;
xm;wJh label ( ) function yJqdkawmh tJ'D function ( )
udkyJ t"du avhvmMuwmayghaemf/
174
wnfae&mawG
uGJjym;jcm;em;wmyg/
3/ vkid ;f eHygwf (15), (16), (17) rSmawmh label Box awGukd
ac:,lxm;wmyg/ 'gaMumifh add ( ) method taeeJYadd (L1);
add (L2);
add (L3);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmaygh/ uJ vkdif;eHygwf (18) uawmh

label ( ) qdkwJh constructor function &JU close brace}
ygyJ/ 'Dtxd pmzwfoltaeeJY aoaocsmcsm zwfIMunfh
NyD;awmh avhvmMunfhyg/ vufeJY Program code_line
awGudk vufeJY csa&;NyD;awmh avhvmMunfhyg/
4/ vkdif;eHygwf (19) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh main ( ) function
ukd pwifavhvmMu&atmifvm;/ tJ'D main ( ) function
xJrSm JFrame class udk Object _Name f vdkY trnf
ay;NyD;awmh object tjzpf zefwD;ac:,lxm;ygw,f/
tJ'D JFrame class &JU constructor function rSmygwJh
String arguments ae&mrSm "Testing the JAVA label"
qdkwJh yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'gaMumifh

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA Label");
vkdY a&;om;xm;wmyg/ 'gaMumifh windows JFrame
rSm yg0if&r,fh Text pmom;udk a&;om;xm;yHk &Si;f NyDaemf/
tJ'D aemuf vkid ;f eHygwf (23) rSmawmh uRefawmfwYkd tay:
rSm zefwD;cJhwJh label class udk Object_Name taeeJY
Lbl vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ tJ'D
aemuf vkdif;eHygwf (24) rSmawmh JFrame &JU size udk
(300,200) vdYk width eJY height t&G,t
f pm;udk wGucf suf
xnfhoGif;ygw,f/ 'gudk em;vnfNyD;avmufygNyD/ tJ'D

aemuf vkdif;eHygwf (25) rSmawmh get contentPane
( )method eJY add ( ) method udk wGJzufNyD;awmh toHk;
csygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
f.get contentPane ( ) .add (lbl) ; vdkY ac:,lxm;wmyg/
JFrame Class
& Object \
Object _Name
w,f/ show ( ) method [m JFrame Class xJrSm

yg0ifwmyg/ 'Dawmh Class ukd object odkY ajymif;vJwJh
ukd,fpm;vS,f varibale_Name f udk a&SUu .(dot) cHNyD;
awmh ac:,l&wmyg/
5/ vkdif;eHygwf (29) uawmh main ( ) function &JU close
brace } ygyJ/ tJ'aD tmufuawmh Primary Class label
&JU close brace } yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gqd&k ifawmh pmzwfol
[m 'D program code_line tvkyv
f yk o
f mG ;yHu
k kd em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
tJ'D program udk label.java vdkY trnfay;NyD; save
vkyf Compile & Run vkyfvkduf&if atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJh
Figure 3.9.4 u Output windows udk awGYjrif&rSmygyJ/
Label Class
& Object \
Object _ Name
NyD;awmh JFrame Windows udk Class & Exit vkyfwJh

tcgrSm Windows Frame ydwo
f mG ;atmifvYkd vkid ;f eHygwf
(27) rSmf.set Default Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_
ON _CLOSE);
vdkY a&;om; ac:,lxm;wmyg/

tJ'Daemuf Program Run vkyf&if Output vmjyEkdif
atmifvdkYf. show ( ) ;
qdkNyD;awmh show ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;yg

Label .java Program
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Listing 3.2 eJY Listing 3.4 wdkYudk

aygif;pyf a&;om;NyD;awmh textLabel.java qdkwJh program
udk zefwD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'D program rSm textfield eJY
Label Box awGukd aygif;pyftoH;k csay;xm;ygw,f/ Listing
3.3. taeeJYaygh/ pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvmvkdufygOD;/
aus;&Gm uk,
d t
fh m;uk,
d u
f ;dk pmMunhw
f u
dk zf iG v
hf pS Nf y;D aus;&Gmaygi;f (54707)twGuf pmtky?f pmapmifrsm;ESihf
aiGom;tv&iS f aiGvufcH &&Srd pI m&if;
pOf
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
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t|rtBurd &f &Srd I
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'or (&efuek )f (10-4-2006)
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175
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ta&SUoifcef;pmrSm a&;om; ydkYcscJhwJh Label Box eJY

TextField awGukd aygif;pyfNyD;awmh toH;k cs MunfMh u&atmif
vm;/ 'Dawmh listing 3.4 taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh program udk
avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.4 Combine Use of Label Box and TextField
2. import java.awt.*;
3. public class textlabel exterds JPanel
4. {
5. public textlabel ( )
6. {
7. Setlayout (null) ;
8.
9. TextField tf1 = new TextField ( "Enter Text" ,50);
10. TextField tf 2 = new TextField ("Enter Number",20);
11. TextField tf3 = new TextField ("Enter comments",200);
12. tf 1. SetBounds (80,10,150,30);
13. tf 2 . SetBounds (80,50,150,30);
14. tf 3. SetBounds (80,90,150,100);
15. add (tf 1);
16. add (tf 2);
17. add (tf 3);
18.
19. Label L1= new label ("label 1");
20. Label L2 = new label ("label 2");
21. Label L3 = new label ("label 3");

22. L1 .SetBounds (30,10,70,20);
23. L2 . SetBounds (30,50,70,20);
24. L3. Set Bounds (30,90,70,20);
25. add (L1);
26. add (L2);
27. add (L3);
28. }
29. public static void main (string args [ ] )
30. {
31.
32. JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA TextField
and label");
33. text label tl = new textlabel ( ) ;
34. f.setSize (350,250); // width and Height of Frame
Windows
35. f.get ContentPane ( ) . add (tl) ;
36. f. set Default Close Operation (JFrame .EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
37. f.show ( ) ;
38. }
39. }
uJ tcka&;jyxm;wJh program code_line awGudk
Notepad rSmoGm;NyD;awmh kdufoGif;&ygr,f/ NyD;&ifawmh tJ'D
File udk textlabel.java vdYk trnfay;&ygr,f/ tJ'v
D kd NotePad rSm dkufoGif;xm;yHkudk Figure 3.10.1 rSm jyay;xm;yg
w,f/
uGeyf sLwm*sme,f Ed0k ifbmv? 2006 ckEpS f
165
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
b,fae&m pmvHk;tBuD;? tao;rwlwm/ ;semicolon usefwm tp&SdwJh Error awGudk &Sif;vkduf?
jyefjyifvdkuf? Save As jyefvkyfNyD;awmh Dos <OR>
Command line Interface xJrSmjyefNyD; Compile
jyefvkyf&rSmyg/ tJ'DvdkrsKd; Error trsKd;rsKd;eJY &ifqkdif
awGYNyD;umrS jynfhpHk rSefuefwJh Output Windows
udk jrifawGY&rSmyg/ 'DtqifhawGudkawmh pmzwfol&JU
bufuyJ BudK;pm;tm;xkwf avhvmapcsifygw,f/
uJ Compile & Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.10.2 taeeJY
jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.10.1 To show the Program code_line in

NotePad
uJ Program code_line awG a&;oGif;NyD;wJh file udk

C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin xJukd 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh save vkyy
f g/
Save vkyf&r,fh File_Name u textlabel.java aemf/
rarhygeJY/
uJ Program udk save vkyfNyD;&if Compile vkyfMu&
atmif/ Compile vkyfzdkYtwGuf DOS <OR> command
prompt xJudk0ifyg/ Save vkyfxm;wJh Directory &Sd&mudk
oGm;zdkY
CD C: \j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin
qdkwJh command line udk dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Directory udk
ajymif;yg/ NyD;&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY program udk
compile vkyy
f g/
javax textlabel.java
Figure 3.10.2 Compile, Run & Show of the Output

Windows, textlabel.java Program
compile vkyfNyD;&ifawmh java textlabel

tJ'DvkdrsKd; Compile & Run
qdkNyD; Run vkyfyg/

Figure 3.9.2 taeeJY jyay;xm;ygw,f/
vkyfyHkudk
Note : uReaf wmf&i

S ;f jycsiw
f muawmh Compile & Run vkyf
&mrSm tvG,fwuleJY uRefawmfajymovdk wef;NyD;

Output u xGufvmrSm r[kwfbl;aemf/ pmzwfol&JU
Program code_line rSm case sensitive jzpfwJh
twGuf Error awG wufvmrSmyg/ Compile ajymwJh
error awG? Oyrm- b,fae&mrSm brace} usefw,f/
166
tck uRefawmf &Sif;vif;jywJh taMumif;t&mawGudk ao

aocsmcsm em;vnfatmif *kpkdufyg/ b,f Programming
Language rSmrqdk error qdkwm tNrJ&SdaerSmyg/ tJ'D error
awGukd &Si;f vif;&if;eJY xufjrufwhJ tawGYtBuHKawGukd &&Sv
d m
rSmygyJ/
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh textfield.java program udk
Trace vdkufNyD;awmh Analysis vkyfMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
TextField and Label Box ESpfckudk ,SOfwGJ toHk;jyKenf;udk
em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Analysis
1/ 'D program udk &Sif;jyr,fqdk&if a&SUoifcef;pm listing
3.1 eJY listing 3.2 wdkYudk ausnuf em;vnfcJhr,fqdk&if
awmh bmrQ ody&f iS ;f jyp&mawmif r&Syd gbl;/ xH;k pHtwkid ;f

java package awGukd import vkyf ac:,lygw,f/
NyD;awmh JPanel Class udk extends vkyfNyD;awmh textlabel qdkwJh Primary Class udk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D
textlabel class &JU constructor function ( ) udk vdkif;
eHygwf (5) rSm a&;om;xm;wmudk awGYjrif&rSmaygh/
Label Box eJY TextField awGukd xyfqifh ac:,l toH;k jyK
zdkYtwGuf setlayout (null); method udk vkdif;eHygwf
(7) rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ uJ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf
(9) (10) (11) rSmuawmh TextField (3) ckukd zefw;D zdYk
twGuf class udk object tjzpf zefwD;ygw,f/ TextField Class udk object tjzpf zefwD;wJhtcgrSm tf1,
ft2, tf3 tp&Sw
d hJ Object_Name awGay;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh
TextField (3) ckudk SetBounds ( ) method eJY xnfh
oGif; wyfqifygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (15), (16), (17) rSm
awmh add ( ) method eJY JFrame Windows ay:udk
jznfhoGif; wyfqifxm;vkdufygw,f/ 'gaMumifhadd (tf1);
add (tf2);
add (tf3);
qkdNyD; a&;om;xm;wmayghaemf/ tck a&;jycJhwJh add

( ) method [m JFrame Class &JU JFrame Windows
ay:udk jznfhoGif;ay;w,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (19),(20),(21) rSmawmh JPanel Class xJ
u extends vkyfxm;wJh label Class udk vSrf;NyD;awmh
ac:,lNyD;awmh object tjzpf zefwD;ygw,f/ Object_
Name udk
Label L1= new label ("label 1");
Label L2 = new label ("label 2 ");
Label L3 = new label ("label 3");
vdYk object (3) ck zefw;D ygw,f/ 'g[m ta&SUu Listing
3.2 wkef;uvdkygyJ/ tvGefdk;&Sif;ygw,f/
vdkif;eHygwf (22), (23), (24) rSmawmh Object_Name
.dot cHNyD;awmh SetBounds ( ) method udk toHk;jyKyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkYL1.setBounds (30,10,70,20);

L2.setBounds (30,50,70,20);
L3.setBounds (30,90,70,20);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmayghaemf/ tJ'Daemuf JFrame Windk zf Ykd ^ yg0ifEidk zf Ykd add ( )method
dows ay:rSm wyfqifEi
&JU parameter arguments xJrSm xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh
toHk;csygw,f/ 'g[m vkdif;eHygwf (25),(26), (27) rSm
a&;om;xm;wmyg/
tJ'Daemuf textlabel ( ) constructor function &JU
close brace } udk vkdif;eHygwf (28) rSm vmydwfxm;yg
w,f/
3/ main ( ) function udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (29) rSm pwif
zefwD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (32) rSmrS
JFrame Class udk object tjzpf zefwD;NyD;awmh ac:,l
xm;ygw,f/ Title Bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pm;om;twGuf
a&m Testing the JAVA TextField and Label vdkY
a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf tay:rSmyg0ifNyD; a&;om;cJhwJh constructor
function jzpfwJh textlabel udk vSrf;NyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/
Object_Name tjzpf tl vkdY trnfay;xm;ygw,f/ vdkif;
eHygwf (34) rSmawmh JFrame Windows &JU size udkf.setSize (350,250);
qdkNyD;awmh a&;om;zefwD;ygw,f/
vkdif;eHygwf (35),(36),(37) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Code_
Line awGuawmh taxGtxl; &Sif;jyp&m rvdkygbl;/
Listing 3.1 & 3.2 rSm &Si;f jycJNh yD;om;rdYk em;vnf oabm
aygufNyD;aerSmyg/
'g[m NyD;cJhwJh TextField eJY Label Box eJY ywfoufwJh
program ESpfckudk aygif;pyf a&;om;NyD;awmh toHk;csMunfhwJh
program yJjzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'D textlabel .java Program
udk avhvmMunfh&if Swing Components eJY awt components awGudk ac:,ltoHk;cs&if rygrjzpf yg0if&r,fh method ( ) awG extends vkyf&r,fh class eJY xnfhoGif;&r,fh
arguments parameter awGtaMumif;udk tajccHusus
em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
3.2.4 Using the JAVA Swing Components & AWT
components
JCheckbox (OR) Checkbox
uRefawmfwdkY ta&SUrSm zefwD;cJhwhJ Demo Program

uav;awG[m t"duyifr program awG zefw;D wnfaqmuf
&mrSm tvGefta&;ygwJh Tools av;awGudk toHk;cs zefwD;
xm;wmyg/ tck zefwD;avhvmr,fh JCheck Box eJY ywf
167
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
oufNyD;awmh oufqidk w
f ZhJ ,m;rsm;udk Table 3.5 CheckBox
and CheckBox Group constructor qdkNyD;awmh a&;om;
ydkYcscJhNyD;om;yg/ tJ'D Table 3.5 udk avhvmMunfh&if vuf&Sd
toHk;csr,fh JCheckBox eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh tMurf;zsif;
tm;jzifhawmh oabmaygufxm;rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh listing 3.6
taeeJY a&;om;ydYk csay;cJw
h hJ program udk avhvmMunfyh gr,f/
Listing 3.6 Using the JCheckBox (OR) CheckBox
1. import .javax. swing .* ;
2. import. java.awt. * ;
3. public class checkbox extends JPanel
4. {
5. public Checkbox ( ) // Checkbox Class constructor
function
6. {
7. setlayout (null);
8. JCheckBox Ch1 = new JCheckBox
("CheckBox1");
9. JCheckBox Ch2 = new JCheckBox ("CheckBox
2");
10. JCheckBox Ch3 = new JCheckBox ("CheckBox3");
11.
12. Ch1.SetBounds (60,30,100,30);
13. Ch2. SetBounds (60,60,100,30);
14. Ch3.SetBounds (60,90,100,30);
15.
16. add (Ch1);
17. add (Ch2) ;
18. add (Ch3) ;
19. }
21. JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA
CheckBox" ) ;
22. Checkbox chb = new Checkbox ( ) ;
23. f.setSize (300,200);
24. f.getContentPane ( ) .add (chb);
25. F.set Default Close Operation (JFrame.
EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
26. f.show ( ) ;
27. } // Close brace} for main ( ) function
28. } // Close brace } for Checkbox Class
Analysis
1/ 'D program i,fav;rSmawmh odyfNyD; taxGtxl; &Sif;jy
p&m rvkdygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwff (1) eJY (2) rSm SWING &
AWT component awGudk toHk;cszdkYtwGuf package
file awGudk import vkyf? Declare vkyf ac:,lygw,f/
NyD;awmh CheckBox qdkwJh primary class udk zefwD;
ygw,f/ zefwD;&mrSm JPanel Class udk extends
168
vkyfxm;wmaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh Checkbox

Class &JU constructor function( ) udk a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/ Brace { awGudkawmh owdjyKyg/ NyD;awmh vkdif;
eHygwf (7) rSm setlayout ( ) method udk ac:,l toH;k cs
xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh Swing component jzpfwJh
JCheckBox udk ac:,ltoHk;csEkdifzdkYtwGuf vkdif;eHygwf
(8)? (9)? (10) rSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wm
ygyJ/
JCheckBox Ch1 = new JCheck Box ("CheckBox 1");
JCheckBox Ch2 = new JCheckBox ("CheckBox2");
JCheckBox Ch3 = new JCheckBox ("CheckBox 3");
component Object
class
_Name
ToShow Naming
the object
'gqd&k ifawmh CheckBox (3) ckukd ac:,lwyfqifxm;yHk

udk pmzwfol em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh
checkbox oHk;ckudk Declare vkyfNyD;oGm;NyDqdk&ifawmh vkdif;
eHygwf (12)? (13)? (14) rSm SetBounds ( ) method eJY
ac:,l toHk;csNyD; Form-Windows ay:rSm xnfhoGif; wyf
qifygw,f/ Object_Name (.)dot taeeJY ac:,l&mrSm
tay:rSm Declare & Name vkycf w
hJ hJ Object_Name awGukd
,SOfwGJNyD; oufqkdif&mtvdkuf toHk;csygw,f/
Ch1. SetBounds (60,30,100,30);
Ch2. SetBounds (60,60,100,30);
Ch3. SetBounds (60,90,100,30);
uJ 'Dtxd em;vnf oabmaygufNyDaemf/ 'gqkd&ifawmh

add ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;wJh vkdif;eHygwf (16)
(17) (18) u code_line awGudk pmzwfol tvG,fwul
em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ uRefawmfhtaeeJYuawmh
tus,fcsJUNyD;awmh r&Sif;jyawmhygbl;/ vkdif;eHygwf (19) u
awmh constructor.function Checkbox ( ) &JU close brace}
ygyJ/ 'Dtxd em;vnfoabmaygufomG ;&if main ( ) function
udk qufvuf avhvmMuwmaygh/
2/ Main ( ) function ukd vkdif;eHygwf (20) rSm a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSm tay:u
zefwD;chJwJh CheckBox Class udk rac:,lcifrSm JFram
Class udk ac:,lNyD;awmh JFrame &JU constructor
arguments ae&mrSm "Double quote eJY Testing the
JAVA CheckBox vdkY a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA
CheckBox"); vkdY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D pmom;[m
JFrame Windows &JU Title Text taeeJY yg0ifvmrSmygyJ/
NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (22) rSmrS CheckBox Class udk
Object_Name Chb vdYk emrnfay;NyD;awmhrS ac:,lvu
dk w
f m
ygyJ/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (23) rSmrS JFrame Class xJu
Frame Windows wpfckudk vSrf;NyD;ac:,ltoHk;csygw,f/
'gaMumifh
f.setsize (300,200);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/
tJ'Daemuf tay:rSm zeffwD; a&;om;cJhwJh checkbox
class udk add ( ) method eJY xnfhoGif; toHk;csygw,f/
toHk;cs&mrSm JFrame Class xJu get Content Pane ( )
method eJY ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh toHk;cswmygyJ/ 'gaMumifhf.getContentPane ( ).add (Chb);
qdNk yD; a&;om;ay;xm;wmygyJ/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwYkd tay:u

avhvmNyD;cJhwJh oifcef;pmawGrSm tBudrfBudrf toHk;csNyD;cJhwJh
SetDefault Close Operation ( ) method udk xnfhoGif;
toHk;csygw,f/ tBudrfBudrf toHk;jyKcJhNyD;wJh method jzpfwm
aMumifh &Sif;jyp&m rvdkawmhygbl;/ a&;kd;a&;pOf code_line
vdkyJ jzpfaeygNyD/
Note : a&SUvmr,fh oifcef;pm Buftons & Standard Dialog Box tkyp
f ak wGtaMumif;udk a&;om;ydYkcswt
hJ cgrSm
tck a&;om;xm;wJh SetDefault Close Operation
(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); qdw
k hJ code_line udk
xnfo
h iG ;f toH;k rjyKbJ a&;om; ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'D oifcef;pmawGrmS program udk Run & Compile
vkyfNyD;&if tck a&;om;xm;wJh program awGvdkrsKd;
vG,fvG,fulul EXIT & Close vkyfvdkY&r& avh
vmMunfhyg/ xl;jcm;csufudk awGY&ygvdrfhr,f/
a&SUvmr,fh oifcef;pmawGjzpfwhJ 3.2.5 Standard Dialog
Box of JAVA components qdkwJh oifcef;pmrSm toHk;cs
xnfo
h iG ;f ay;xm;jcif; r&Syd gbl;/ tJ't
D cgrSm bmawG xl;jcm;
aeovJqdkwmudk awGY&ygvdrfhr,f/ Run aewJh program udk
&yfcsif&if^ close vkyfcsif&if commond prompt (DOS)
windows uky
d g tNyD;ydwyf pfro
S mvQif program Run aewm
&yfoGm;rSmyg/ tJ'g[m tck toHk;jyKa&;om;whJSet Default Close Operation (JFrame .EXIT_ ON_
CLOSE) ;
qdkwJh code_line aMumifhygyJ/ 'Dtcsufav;udk txl;
owdjyKNyD;awmh rSwfom;xm;yg/ Standard Dialog Box

taMumif; oifcef;pmawGNyD;&if jyefvnf owday;NyD;awmh
&Sif;jyygr,f/
uJ code_line awGudk txufygtwkdif; Line -By h ,fq&dk ifawmh t&ifh
Line Analysis vkyNf yD;awmh avhvmMunfr
t&if sample program awGtwkdif; tvG,fwuleJY em;vnf
oabmaygufEkdifrSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (26) rSmawmh program
ukd Run vdkuf&if Output windows udkvmNyD; azmfjyay;Ekdif
zdkYtwGuf f.show ( ) qdkNyD;rS Show ( )method eJY ac:,l
toHk;csxm;ygw,f/
vdkif;eHygwf (27) uawmh main ( ) function &JU close
brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (28) uawmh primary class
checkbox &JU Close brace } ygyJ/ 'gqkd&ifawmh program
code_line awGudk Analysis vkyfwm NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ uJ quf
vufNyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
tcka&;jycJw
h hJ code_line awGukd Notepad xJrmS oGm;NyD;
awmh dkufoGif;NyD;&if C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin> qdkwJh path
vrf;aMumif;xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ Save
vky&f if ay;&r,fh File_Name [m Checkbox.java vdYk trnf
ay;&ygr,f/ Extension taeeJY .java qdw
k hJ File _Extension
udk vHk;0 rarhygeJYaemf/
CheckBox eJY ywfoufwhJ Code_Line awGukd avhvm
Munfh&atmif/ tJ'D program [m Java &JU Swing components eJY Awt Components awGudk tajcjyKNyD;awmh
zefwD;xm;wJh code_line awGygyJ/ tao;pdwf &Sif;jyxm;wJh
tcsufawGudkawmh Analysis rSm avhvmvdkY&ygw,f/
uJ Listing 3.6 udk C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin> qdkwJh
CLASS-PATH atmufrSm Checkbox.java vkdY save
vkyfNyD;&if
Start Program Accessories command
prompt udk oGm;zGifhyg/ Command line Interface yGifhvm
rSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm atmufyg command line udk dkufoGif;NyD;
awmh Directory path udk change vkyfvkdufygOD;/
CD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin
tJ'D command-line udk du

k o
f iG ;f NyD;awmh Enter key
udk ESyd v
f u
dk &f if Java program.code.line udk Run & Excute
vkyfzdkY toifhjzpfaeygNyD/ uJ 'Dawmh
javac checkbox.java
vdYk program udk compile vkyv
f u
dk yf g/ tJ't
D cgus&if Error
uif;w,f qdk&ifaygh/
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
C: \j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin >
qdw
k hJ prompt yJ ay:vmrSmyg/ Error &S&d ifawmh Line-Number
eJYwuG tukerf eS o
f mG ;&ifawmh 'D command line eJYyJ Program
udk Run vkyfvkdufyg/
java check box
uJ 'DtcgrSm Figure 3.11 udk jrif&wJh Output Console
Windows rSmvmNyD; azmfjyay;rSmygyJ/ 'g[m Java &JU checkbox components & features udk vufawGY avhvmMunfh
wmygyJ/
Figure 3.11 Testing the Java Checkbox
'D program i,fav;udk avhvmMunfh&if Java Language eJY checkbox awGudk zefwD;wJhtaMumif;ygyJ/ 'gudk
txyfxyftcgcg avhvmyg/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Buttons
awGtaMumif;udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ Listing 3.7
u code- line awGukd Notepad rSm t&ifq;kH a&;om;vku
d yf g
OD;/ NyD;rS avhvmMuwmaygh/
Using the JButtons (OR) Buttons
.JButtons (OR) Buttons
Listing 3.7 Demonstrate the Message Box, Using
the Buttons
1. import javax.swing.*;
2. public class Buttons extends .JFrame {
3. JButton abort = new JButton ("Abort");
4. JButton retry = new JButton ("Retry");
5. JButton fail = new JButton ("Fail") ;
6. public Buttons ( ) {
7. Super ("Buttons" );
8. setsize (300,100) ;
9. SetDefault. Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_
CLOSE) ;
10. JPanel Pane = new JPanel ( ) ;
11. pane.add (abort);
12. pane.add (retry);
13. pane.add (fail) ;
14. Set Content Pane (Pane);
170
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
}
public static void main (String args [ ]) {
Buttons rb = new Buttons ( );
rb.show ( ) ;
}
}
tcka&;jycJw
h hJ code_line awG[m JButtons eJY ywfouf
NyD;awmh a&;om;xm;wJh Program Code_Line awGygyJ/ 'D
code-line awGudk Analysis vkyfMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Analysis
1/ 'D program &JU vkid ;f eHygwf (1) rSm import.javax.swing.
* ;components awGukd ac:,ltoH;k cszkYd twGuf import
vkyf ac:,lNyD;awmh Declare vkyfygw,f/ NyD;awmh
primary class Buttons udk zefw;D ygw,f/ zefw;D &mrSm
JFrame Class udk extends vkyfygw,f/ 'gudk awGY&
rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (3) rSm JButton Class udk ac:,l&m
rSm abort qdkNyD; New- Object taeeJY zefwD;ygw,f/
zefwD;&mrSm object_setText taeeJY Abort vdkY trnf
ay;xm;wmygyJ/ 'gaMumifh "Abort" qdkwJh pmom;udk
Double quote " " xJrSm a&;xm;wmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf
(3) rSmJButton abort = new JButton ("Abort") ;
object_setText
'g[m JPanel xJu
qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/
JButton Class udk vSrf;NyD;ac:,lxm;wmaemf/ uJ tJ'D
twkdif; Retry/ Fail pwJh cvkwf Button awGtwGuf
vnf; zefwD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (3) (4)
(5)u vkdif;yHkpHawG[m code_line yHkpHwlawG jzpfaewm
ygyJ/ Button_SetText (Button rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;
twGufom) ajymif;vJoGm;wm jzpfygw,f/
2/ Buttons awG yg0ifwJh Frame _size twGuf setSize
(300,100); qdkNyD;awmh Width and Height twGuf
zefw;D ay;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh setDefault ( ) method
udkvnf; ac:,ltoHk;cswmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m a&SUu
program awGrSm awGYjrifNyD;om;aerSmyg/ tck Button
Class xJrSmwifyJ JPanel Class udk Pane vdkY Object
_Name ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csjyefygw,f/
Note : JPanel Class & JFrame Class awGtaMumif;udk
a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm awGYjrif&NyD;om;jzpfygw,f/
em;rvnfao;&if t&ifoifcef;pmta[mif;awGudk
jyefvSefavhvmEkdifygw,f/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
JPanel Class udk Pane vdkY Object_Name ay;xm;
wmqdkawmh JPanel Class xJrSm yg0ifwJh add ( )
method ukd ac:,ltoHk;cs&mrSmPane .add (abort) ;
Pane. add (retry);
Pane. add (fail);
qdkNyD;rS tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh Button awGudk ac:,l
xnfhoGif;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf set contentPane
( ) method eJY object udk Pass By Value vkyfyg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (15) rSmawmh Buttons ( ) constructor function &JU close brace} udk ydwfay;xm;
ygw,f/ 'D class &JU xl;jcm;csufuawmh vkdif;eHygwf
(6) u constructor function jzpfwJh Buttons ( )
function xJrSm Inhaitance Technique udk ac:,l
toHk;csxm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'gudk vkdif;eHygwf

(7) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh-
uJ Notepad u textfile udk avhvmNyD;&if tJ'D file udk

system CLASSPATH's jzpfwJh C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin >
qdkwJh Directory xJudk 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ uJ
NyD;oGm;&ifawmh command prompt xJudk 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh
C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin> qdkwJh prompt ay:aecsdefrSm
atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/
javac Buttons.java
wu,fvYkd compile vkypf OfrmS Error &Scd &hJ if oufqidk &f m

line_No tvkduf Error awGudk &Sif;NyD;&ifawmh atmufyg
command eJY Run vkyfyg/
java Button
tJ'v
D kd Run vdu
k &f ifawmh output windows udk awGYjrif
&rSmygyJ/ tJ'D output windows udk awGYjrif&zdYk twGuf compile & Run vkyfyHkudka&m? output xGufvmyHkudk jrifEkdifzdkY
Figure 3.11.2 taeeJY a&;jyxm;wmudy
k g avhvmvku
d yf gOD;/
Super ("Buttons");
qdw
k hJ code_line udk a&;om;xm;wmawGY&if oabm
aygufomG ;rSmyg/ tJ'D main ( )function &JU twGi;f rSm
Buttons Class udk rb vdYk object_Name ay;NyD;awmh
zefw;D ac:,lygw,f/ tJ'D rb.show ( ) qdNk yD;rS show
( ) method eJY ac:,lvkdufwmygyJ/ trSefuawmh
Buttons Class ud k object tjzpf a&;zG J Y p Of r S m
uwnf;u constructor .function jzpfwJh Bustons
( ) function [m 0ifvmNyD;awmh tvkyfvkyfaeygNyD/
'gudk show ( )method eJY ac:,lvu
dk w
f t
hJ cgusawmh
Buttons awG yg0if zGJYpnf;xm;wJh Output_Form
udk awGYjrif&wmygyJ/
uJ 'Dawmh Analysis vkyf avhvmNyD;&ifawmh tJ'D file
udk Notepad xJrSm dkufoGif;xm;wJhyHkudk atmufyg Figure
3.11.1 taeeJY avhvmvdkufygOD;/
Figure 3.11.2 Demonstrate the compile & Run of
Buttons.java
uJ tckvrkd sK;d Buttons awGtaMumi;fukd em;vnfoabm

aygufoGm;&ifawmh qufvufNyD; JAVA &JU standard Dialog Box awGtaMumif;udk qufvufavhvmMuwmaygh/
'gaMumifh Standard Dialog Box awGtaMumif;udk avhvm
vkdufygOD;/
Figure 3.11.1 Type the Buttons. java program in
Notepad
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
3 .2.5
STANDARD DIALOG BOX OF JAVA COMPONENTS
Standard Dialog Box From Standard Dialog Boxes Group

Java Language &JU Button awGtaMumif;udk &Sif;jyNyD;
wJhtcgrSm qufET,faewJh Standard Dialog Box awG
taMumif;udk oifMum; ydkYcsay;csifygw,f/ tckvuf&Sd

uRefawmfwdkYtoHk;jyKaewJh JOption Pane Class [mqdk&if
trsKd;rsKd;aom standard Dialog Box awGudk zefwD;ay;Ekdif
ygw,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY oHo,r&SdbJeJY JOption Pane
class udk toH;k csNyD;awmh Standard Dialog Box trsKd;rsKd;udk
zefwD;&,lEkdifygw,f/ Oyrmajym&&ifawmhoifh&JU computer system rSm system Crashes jzpf
oGm;chJ&if Operation System uaeNyD;awmh Dialog Box
wpfck ay:vmNyD;awmh owday;vmrSmyg/ 'g[m Message
Box &JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/
wu,fvYkd pmzwfo[
l m Deleting Files vkyw
f ,fqMkd u
ygpdkY/ Dialog Box wpfck ay:vmNyD;awmh To make sure that you really want to do that?
rif;trSefwu,f jzpfysufrSmvm;vdkYar;wJh Dialog Box
ay:vmygw,f/ 'g[m Confirm Message Dialog Box
&JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/
'g[m tajccHusus tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh &Sif;jywmyg/
tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhwJh Message Box awG&JU oabmw&m;udk
b,fvdk trsKd;tpm; operating system (windows, Mac,
Linux) ukr
d qd?k oH;k pGo
J u
l rkd qdk awGYjrifz;l NyD;om;jzpfwhJ oabm
w&m;awGrdkYygyJ/
wu,fvdkY Standard Dialog Box udk tkyfpkcGJNyD;awmh
avhvmr,fqdk&if atmufrSm a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;wJh Table
3.6 utwkdif; awGY&rSmyg/
166
Type
Description
confirmDialog
Asks a question, with buttons

for Yes, No, and Cancel responses
InputDialog
Prompts for text input
MessageDialog
Displays a message
OptionDialog
Comprises all three of the

other dialog box types
Table 3.6 Types of the standard Dialog Boxes
Notes : Each of these dialog Boxes has its own

method in the JOption Pane Class included
uJ 'Dawmh tck awGYjrif&wJh Table .3.6 xJu Dialog

Box wpfcc
k si;f pDukd aoaocsmcsm tkypf ck NJG yD;awmh avhvmMu&
atmifvm;/
Confirm Dialog Boxes
tvG,fulqHk;aom enf;vrf;eJY Yes/No/Cancel qdkwJh

Buttons awGyg0ifwJh Dialog Box udk confirm - Dialog
Box udk zefwD;Ekdifygw,f/ toHk;cs&r,fh method uawmhShowConfirmDialog (components , Object);
uGefysLwm*sme,f 'DZifbmv? 2006 ckESpf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
qdkwJh method ygyJ/ Components qdkwJh argument uawmh
Container Class udk toHk;jyK&rSmyg/ Container class udk
txl;jyK rSDjirf;NyD;awmh (Parent Class taeeJY rSDjirf;wmyg)
Dialog Box udk zefwD;wmygyJ/ 'g[m toHk;jyKaeol user
ukd determine vkyfEkdifzdkYtwGuf display vkyfay;wmygyJ/
'gudk aoaocsmcsm rSwfxm;aemf/
wu,fvdkY tck toHk;csaewJh Container Class (component argument) ae&mrSm- null qdkwJh statement udk
toHk;cs xnfhoGif;vkduf&if 'grSr[kwf Container (component) [m JFrame Class &JU axmufyHhrIuae uif;vGwf
aer,fqdk&ifawmh Dialog Box [m pmzwfol&JU screen
tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm vmNyD;awmh jyay;ygvdrfhr,f/
Notes :
'Denf;vrf;udkyJ toHk;csNyD;awmh vuf&Sd standard Dialog Box awGrmS toH;k jyK oifMum; ydYk csay;
xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh &Sif;jywmudk em;vnf
atmif *kpdkufyg/
uJ- qufvufNyD;awmh 'kwd, arguments jzpfwJh

Object qdkwJh arguments udk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ tJ'D
object qdkwJh arguments ae&mrSmDialog Box rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh (jyapcsifwJh) string
pmom; components 'grSr[kwf Icon Object awGudk
xnfhoGif; zefwD;Ekdifygw,f/
tJ'D second argument ae&mrSm xnfhoGif;vkdufwJh
String, Text [mqd&
k if Dialog Box rSm yg0ifNyD;awmh vmjy
ay;rSmyg/ uJ tJ'Dawmh atmufrSm a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;wJh
example udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh Confirm Dialog Box wpfck
udk zefwD; a&;om;NyD;awmh avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ Listing 3.8 udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.8 Demonstrate the Confirm Dialog Box
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.* ;
public class dialogs extends JFrame{

public static void main (string args [ ]) {
int response;
response = JOptionPane.show ConfirmDialog
(null,
8. "Should I delete all of your irreplaceable personal files?");
9. }
10. }
uJ code_line awGudk a&;NyD;oGm;NyDqkdawmh Analysis vkyf

NyD;awmh avhvmMunfhMuatmifvm;/ aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jy
ay;xm;ygw,f/
Analysis
1/ GUI components awGudk wnfaqmuf&mrSm ta&;yg
wJh packages files awGjzpfwJh swing eJY awt tp&SdwJh
package file ESpfckudk import vkyf ac:,lygw,f/
vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmrS JFrame Class udk rSDjirf;NyD; extends vkyfum dialog 1 qdkwJh class udk zefwD; a&;
om;ygw,f/ tJ'D Class xJrSmrS main ( ) function udk
a&;zGJYygw,f/ 'Dawmh Dialog 1 qdkwJh primary class
udk zefwD; a&;om;yHkudk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;NyD

aemf/
2/ vdkif;eHygwf (6) rSmawmh int response qdkNyD;rS return
value jyefay;&r,fh value twGuf int constant value
udk Declare vkyfygw,f/ 'gudk em;vnf oabmayguf
NyDaemf/ tJ'Daemuf variable _Name jzpfwJh response
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmhrSresponse = JOptionPane .Show ConfirmDialog
(null,
"Should I delete all of you irreplaceable personal
files?"); qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ JOption Pane
Class xJu-
JOption
Pane
Show
(null , "Should I delete .......");
ConfirmDialog
Class &
object_Name
Dialog Box
Method
Call
null is used
instend of a
container
String tjzpf
yg0ifapcsifaom
pmom;rsm; " "
Double quote
ESpfckMum; a&;&
onf/
167
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
uJ tck a&;NyD;awmh &Sif;jycJhwJh show ConfirmDialog
( ) method udk tajccHNyD;awmhrS a&;om;xm;wmudk em;vnf
oabmaygufNyDaemf/ pmzwfoljzpfapcsifwJh String awGyg0if
wJh confirm Dialog Box awGuv
kd nf; a&;om;zefw;D vdYk &Ekid f
wmayghaemf/
uJ 'Dawmh tay:rSm a&;om;cJhwJh JAVA Program
code_line awGudk Notepad Program xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;
awmh a&;om;vdkufyg/ NyD;&ifawmh File_Name udk dialog1.
java vkYd trnfay;NyD;awmhrS save vkyy
f g/ tJ'v
D kd Code_Line
awG a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3. taeeJY
a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
Compile vkyfwm Error r&SdawmhbJ compiler uae

vufcv
H u
dk Nf yD qdMk uygpdYk/ atmufygtwkid ;f Program udk Run
vkyfyg/
C: \ j2sdk1.4.1_01 \Bin > javac
dialog1
Run time
keyboard
compiler accept
program (or)
File_Name
tJ'Dtcgus&ifawmh Figure 3.12.1 rSm jrif&wJhtwkdif;

command line Interface (OR) DOS Windows &JU tv,f
wnfhwnfhrSm atmufygtwdkif; Confirm Dialog Box [m
vma&mufazmfjyNyD; Run vkyfaerSmyg/
Figure 3.12 Write the program code_line in the

Notepad
uJtck awGYjrif&wJh Figure 3.12 [mqdk&ifawmh JAVA

awGudka&;om;NyD; save vkyfxm;wJh Notepad
&JUyHkygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD; avhvmMuwmayghaemf/
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Java code_line awGudk a&;om;NyD;
awmh save vkyNf yD;&ifawmh command Prompt (DOS) xJukd
0ifNyD;awmh atmufygtwkdif; JAVA &JU CLASS_PATH'S
xJudk 0ifNyD;awmh compile vkyfyg/
code_line
C: \ j2sdk1.4.1_01 \Bin > javac. dialog 1.java
compile
keyword
File_Name
tJ'Dtwdkif; Compile vkyfvkduf&if error r&Sdbl;bJ

qdkMuygpkdY/ error &Sd&ifvnf; NotePad file xJudk 0ifa&muf
NyD;awmh trSm;jyif^ aemufxyf Save As vkyfNyD;awmh jyefNyD;
awmh compile vkyfyg/
168
Figure 3.12.1 Compile & Run of the dialog1.java

[show Confirm Dialog Box]
uJ tcka&;jyxm;wJh code_line awG&,f/ File awGudk

Save vkyNf yD;awmh Compile & Run vkyy
f akH wG&,fukd aoao
csmcsm wGufcsufavhvmyg/ Analysis ukdvnf; owdjyK avh
vmyg/ 'gqdk&ifawmh a&SUvmr,fh standard Dialog Box
tkyfpk0ifawGjzpfwJh Input Dialog Box, Message Box,
Option Dialog Box tp&SdwmawGudk em;vnf oabm
aygufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh avhvmMunfh
ygOD;pdkY/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
3.2.6 SUB-TITLE OF CONFIRM DIALOG BOX
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh Confirm Dialog Box udk tjcm;

enf;vrf;wpfckeJY a&;om; zefwD;MunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Confirm Dialog Box udk tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfckeJY a&;om;
r,fqdk&if bmawGvdktyfrvJ/ tJ'DtoHk;csr,fh Method rSm
uGJjym;jcm;em;rIawG &SdEkdifovm;/ atmufrSm a&;jyxm;yg
w,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Show Confirm Dialog (Component, object, string,
int, int, int);
ta&SUoifcef;pmrSm ydkYcsay;cJhwJh Sample program rSm
vdkygyJ/ ta&SUu arguments ESpfck[m t&ifvdkygyJ/ 'g[m
tjcm;aom confirmDialog Box rsm;rSmvdyk gyJ/ toH;k cs&r,fh
enf;ynmyg/ uJ topfyg0ifvmwJh arguments taeeJYu
(3) ck&w
dS ,faemf/ tJ'gawGukd &Si;f oGm;atmif avhvmMunfMh u
&atmifvm;/
drawing vkyaf y;wJh ('grSr[kw)f determine vkyaf y;

wJh arguments ygyJ/ bmaMumifh Icon awGukd determine vkyaf y;&wmvJqakd wmh Message Dialog Box
awG[m Icon oauFwtrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;vdkY
ygyJ / twd t us &S i f ; jy&&if a wmh ERRORMESSAGE, INFORMATION_MESSAGE,
QUESTION_MESSAGE, or WARRNING_
MESSAGE pwJh icon oauFwawGygyJ/ tJ'D
oauFwawGudkawmh uRefawmf tckajymwJh arguments uae qHk;jzwfwmygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvuf
NyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.9 rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Sample program
code_line awGudk t&ifqHk; avhvmMunfhvdkufMu&atmif/
Listing 3.9 Demonstrate in ShowConfirmDialog in
Show Confirm (Component, Object, String, int, int);

Dialog
rlvoifcef;pmwGif
&Sif;vif;ay;cJhNyD;
listing 3.8
New_argument 1
New_argument 2
New_ argument 3
uJ 'Dawmh New_arguments awGukd avhvmMu&atmif

vm;/
New_argument 1 jzpfwJh String arguments [m
Dialog Box &JU title -bar rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;
(Title-bar text) ygyJ/
New_argument 2 jzpfwJh integer arguments u
awmh Dialog Box &JU option button awGukd wyfqif
ay;zdkY jzpfygw,f/ Class_constant taeeJYuawmh
YES_NO_ CANCEL_OPTION
YES _NO_OPTION
tp&SdwJh option ESpfckudk ay;ygw,f/ YES_NO_
CANCEL_OPTION udkawmh ta&SUoifcef;pmrSm
toHk;jyKcJhNyD;ygNyD/ YES_NO_OPTION udkyJ quf
vuf avhvmMuwmayghaemf/
New_argument 3 jzpfwJh integer argument
uawmh Message_Box rSm yg0if&r,fh icon awGukd
ony other method

1.
2.
import java.awt.*;
3.
4.
public class dialog 2 extends J Frame {
5.
6.
int response ;
7.
response = J Option.Show Confirm Dialog (null,
8.
"Error reading file .Want to try again? ";
9.
"File Input Error";
10. JOption Pane. YES _NO_OPTION,

11. JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
12.
13. }
14. }
Note : show ConfirmDialog (Components, Object);

show ConfirmDialog (Component, Object,
String, int, int);
Analysis
1/ 'D program udk avhvmMunfMh u&atmif/ Swing Components eJY AWT components awGudk toHk;csEkdif
zdkYtwGuf package file ESpfckudk Declare vkyfygw,f/
NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (4)rSmrS dialog 2 qdkwJh Class udk
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D Class udk zefwD;&mrSm JFrame
Class udk extends vkyfxm;wmaemf/ NyD;awmh main ( )
function udk a&;zGJYxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( )function
xJrSmrS int data type udktoHk;csNyD;awmh int response;
qdNk yD; variable udk Declare vkyyf gw,f/ tJ'v
D ikd ;f eHygwf
(7) rSm a&;om; Declare vkyfcJhwJh response qdkwJh
variable [m show ConfirmDialog ( ) method udk
ud,
k pf m;jyKcJw
h ^hJ uk,
d pf m;jyKr,fh variable yJ jzpfygw,f/
2/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (7) rSmresponse = JOption.Show ConfirmDialog
(null;"....... vdkY a&;om;xm;wm[m variable_Name
[m ukd,fpm;jyK a&;zGJYxm;wmudkygyJ/ Double quote
" " awG Mum;uae a&;zGJYxm;wJh pmom; String awGu
awmh Message Box rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;ygyJ/
'gaMumifh "Error reading file .Want to try again? "
qdkwJh String [m Message ay;&r,fh String ygyJ/
tJ'D&JUaemufrSm yg0ifwJh String jzpfwJh vkdif;eHygwf (9)
rSm a&;om;xm;wJh "File Input Error", uawmh
Message Box &JU Title Bar rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;
String ygyJ/ uJ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (10)rSm
a&;om;xm;wJh JOption Pane.YES_NO_OPTION,
uawmh Message Box rSm yg0if&r,fh Option Button
awGukd wyfqifay;zdYk jzpfygw,f/ Class Constant tae
eJY YES_NO_OPTION udk ay;xm;wmygyJ/ uJ 'Dtxd
em;vnfoabmaygufNyDaemf/ qufvuf avhvmMu&

atmif/
uJ qufvufavhvmMunfh&ifawmh vkdif;eHygwf (11)
rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
JOptionPane. <
ERROR_MESSAGE);
Show ConfirmDialog ( )
function \ Close Brace jzpf
Figure 3.13 Write the Program code_line in the

Notepad.
uJ tck azmfjyay;xm;wJh Notepad udk avhvmNyD;&if

awmh tJ'D dialog2.java qdkwJh File udk compile vkyfMu&
atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh t&ifqHk; command line windows
(DOS) xJudk oGm;yg/ tJ'DxJa&muf&if atmufygtwkdif;
File_path's vrf;aMumif;udkajymif;yg/
CD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_o1\Bin
ygw,f/
qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmuawmh MESSAGE [m b,fvdk

trsK;d tpm; MESSAGE vJqw
kd m odEidk zf YkdtwGuf determine
vkyfay;r,fh argument ygyJ/ 'gqdk&ifawmh a&;om;xm;wJh
program code_line udk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
vdkif;eHygwf (12) uawmh Blank space line csefxm;yg/
Note : Dialog Box eJY ywfoufwJh argument (OR) parameter awGudk a&;zGJY&mrSm arguments awGudk
comma (,) cHxm;NyD;awmh wpfvkdif;pDcGJNyD;awmh a&;
170
om;vdYk&ygw,f/ t"dutcsuu
f awmh comma, cHNyD;
a&;&wmygyJ/ tqHk;rSm showConfirmDialog
( )method &JU tydwf bracket ( ) udk yg&ygr,f/
vdkif;eHygwf (13) rSmawmh main ( )function &JU close
brace} ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (14) rSmawmh primary class
dialog2 &JU close brace } ygyJ/
uJtJ'Dtwkdif; Analysis awGudk avhvmvkduf&ifawmh
ERROR_ MESSAGE twGuf a&;om;&wJh program [m
tvGefvG,fulw,fqdkwmudk awGYjrif&rSmyg/ 'gqkd&if Note
pad xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;yHkudk pmzwfol
taeeJY a&;om; save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3.13 taeeJY
a&;om;NyD;awmh azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
'gqd k & if a wmh computer Directory vrf ; aMumif ; [m

atmufyg prompt yHkpHtwkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;rSmyg/
C:\j2sdk 13.4.1_01\ Bin
uJ 'Dawmh tJ'Dvdk prompt ay:aecsdefrSm atmufyg

twkdif; command-line udk dkufoGif;yg/
javac dialog2.java
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tJ'Dtwdkif; compile vkyfvkduf&ifawmh dialog 2.java
qdkwJh code_file udk compile vkyfrSmyg/ tJ'Dvdk compile
vkyfvkdufvdkY Error &Sd&ifawmh jyefjyif^save vkyfNyD;awmh
compile jyefvy
k yf g/ wu,fvYkd Error r&Sad wmhb;l qdMk uygpdYk /
atmufygtwkdif; Run &eftwGuf command-line udk dkuf
oGif;yg/
java dialog 2
'gqdk&ifawmh pmzwfola&;om;xm;wJh program codeline &JU Output [m atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 3.twki
d ;f
pmzwfol&JU Computer Screen tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm Output taeeJY azmfjyay;rSmygyJ/
bD;uav;udk pD;NyD;
pufbD;pD;&if; aw;oDcsif;em;axmifzdkYqdkwm tvGef
tE&m,frsm;ygw,f/ aw;zGifhpufudk vufeJY udkifxm;vdkY
vnf;rjzpf? tdwfuyfxJ xnfhxm;&ifvnf;
tqifrajywwfyg/ 'gayr,fh Hammacher Schlemmer
ukrPDu Bicycle MP3 player vdkY trnfay;xm;wJh
MP3 pufi,fuav;udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfvdkufygw,f/
pufbD;&JUvufudkifrSm wyfqifxm;EdkifNyD; aw;*Dw
tpDtpOfrsm;udk 1GB txd xnfhxm;Edkifygw,f/
pyDumvnf;ygvdkY oifhtaeeJY em;Muyfudk oHk;p&m
rvdkawmhyg/ olYudk xnfhxm;wJh umAmtdwfuvnf;
rdk;'Pf? a&'PfcHEdkifNyD; pGrf;tiftwGuf pufbD;vnf&mrSm
wyfqifEdkifwJh 'dkiferdkvdk ud&d,mudk oHk;Edkifygw,f/
'grSr[kwf AAA trsKd;tpm; "mwfcJ 4 vHk; xnfhNyD;
zGifhEdkifygw,f/ aemuf rvdktyf&ifvnf; jzKwfNyD;
tdrfuuGefysLwmeJY csdwfqufoHk;EdkifNyD;
SD/MMC cards rsm;udkvnf; wdk;csJUoHk;vdkY&ygw,f/
t&G,ftpm;u 8_1.25_4.5 vufrjzpfNyD;
wefzdk; a':vm 130 vdkY a&;xm;ygw,f/
Figure 3.13.1 Compile & Run the dialog2.java

[Show ConfirmDialog Box]
uJ azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 3.13.1 udk avhvmMunfhjcif;

tm;jzifh ConfirmDialog Box trsKd;tpm; tkyfpk0if Dialog
Box (2) rsKd;udk a&;om; avhusifhwJh enf;vrf;ygyJ/
qufvufNyD;awmh Standard Dialog Box tkyfpk0if
tjcm;enf;vrf;udk avhvm avhusifhMuwmaygh/ aoao
csmcsm avhvmMunfyh g/ tvGef toH;k 0ifwhJ enf;vrf;awGygyJ/
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

3 .2.7 SHOW INPUT DIALOG BOX
Data type
JOption Pane.
>
response =
>
>
String
show Input Dialog
(null, "Enter your name:");

>
a&;om;vdkY&w,fqdkwmudkyJ &Sif;jyay;wmyg/ tckvdkrsKd;

package file awGeJY wGJzufNyD;awmh r&Sif;jycJh&ao;ygbl;/
'DawmhtvG,f&Sif;jy&&if Input Dialog Box qdkwmu
awmh user udk question vmar;wJhtcgrSm text.field rSm
Input Data awGudk store vkyfNyD; response vkyfwmygyJ/
>
[2] rSmwkef;u tajccHtm;jzifh ydkYcsay;cJhzl;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

tJ'D sample program rSmwkef;uawmh tajccHtm;jzifh
Input Dialog Box udk ac:,ltoHk;csr,fqdk&if

ShowInputDialog (Component, Object);
txufyg method udk ac:,ltoHk;cs&rSm jzpfygw,f/
'Dawmh ShowInput Dialog Box xJrSm xnfhoGif; toHk;cs
xm;wJh arguments awGuawmh parent component and
string, 'grSr[kwf components or icon awGudk display
vkyfay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;wJh component
& arguments awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
>
Show Input Dialog Box taMumif;udk NyD;cJw

h hJ Chapter
Variable_Name
Parent Class
(OR)
Object_Name
Call_method
'gqdk&ifawmh InputDialog Box udk zefwD;ac:,lr,fh

tajccHenf;vrf;ygyJ/ String Data type udk toHk;csNyD;awmh
response qdkwJh variable udk aMunmygw,f/ NyD;awmh
JOption Pane Class xJuae toHk;cs&r,fhenf;vrf;jzpfwJh
Show Input Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,ltoH;k csygw,f/
Argument 1 ae&mrSm bmrS xnfo
h iG ;f rxm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh
showInputDialog Box [m vmNyD;ay:vm&if Screen
218
argument 1
argument 2
tv,fwnfw
h nfrh mS vmNyD;awmhrS Output udk show vkyaf y;
rSmyg/ taemufu argument 2 uawmh InputDialog Box
rSm yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;ygyJ/
uJ 'Dtxd &Si;f NyDaemf/ tjcm; method wpfct
k aeeJYq&kd if
awmh show InputDialog ( ) method udk atmufygenf;vrf;
taeeJYvnf; ac:,l toHk;csEkdifygw,f/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
of dialogbox: ERROR_MESSAGE, INFORMATION_MESSAGE, PLAIN_MESSAGE,
QUESTION_MESSAGE, or WARRNING
_MESSAGE.
qdkNyD;awmh JAVA Developer Guide Book rSm &Sif;jyay;
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh tckwifjyxm;wJh second-method udk
tajcjyKNyD;awmh avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if atmufyg tajccH

code_line taeeJY avhvmvdkY &Ekdifygw,f/
String response = JOption Pane . showInputDialog (null,

"What is your IIP code?",
"Enter ZIP code",
JOption Pane.QUESTION_MESSAGE);
Listing 3.10 Demonstrate the ShowInputDialog ( )

method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
import java. awt.*;
public class dialogs extends JFrame {

String response;
response = JOption Pane.ShowInputDialog
(null,
8. "Enter your name:") ;
9. }
10. }
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) uawmh java &JU swing component

udk ac:,lxm;wJh package file ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (2)
uawmh out component udk ac:,ltoHk;cszdkYxm;wJh
Declare vkyfxm;wJh package ygyJ/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;
eHygwf (3) uawmh line-spacing csefxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D
aemuf vkid ;f eHygwf (4) rSmawmh primary class dialogs
qdw
k mudk zefw;D ygw,f/ Dialogs qdw
k hJ primary Class
udk zefw;D &mrSm JFrame class udk extends vkyx
f m;wm
ygyJ/ 'Dtcsuf[m vHk;0 arhcsefxm;vdkY r&wJh ta&;BuD;
wJh tcsufwpfcsufygyJ/ uJ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (5)
rSmrS main ( ) function udk a&;om;ygw,f/
2/ uJ main ( )function xJrSm a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvm
MunfMh u&atmif/ String Date type udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh
response qdkNyD; variable_Name udk Declare vkyf
ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm response qdkwJh variable_Name
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh JOption Pane xJu ShowInput
Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,lNyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/
'g[m tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhovdkygyJ/
>
showInput Dialog
>
JOption Pane.
Analysis
>
response =
argurment 1
argument 2
argument 3
argument 4
variable_Name
Class cointainer
to call method In
Class cointainer
(null ,
1st argument
is null
"Enter your name:") ;

>
txufyg code_line udk avhvmMunhf&if atmufyg

argument (4) ckpvH;k udk pepfwus toH;k jyKxm;wmudk awGY&
rSmyg/ 'gqdk&ifawmh tajccH method awGudk avhvmNyD;oGm;
NyDqakd wmh ShowInput Dialog ( ) method udk toH;k csNyD;awmh
program wpfyk'favmuf a&;MunfhMu&atmifvm;/
<------------------------------<------------------------------<------------------------------<-------------------------------
>
Show Input Dialog

(Component, Object, String, int);
'D method rSmyg0ifwJh First & Second arguments
awGjzpfwJh Component, Object awGuawmh tay:rSm &Si;f jy
cJhwJh method awGygyJ/ uJ aemufxyf yg0ifvmwJh Third &
Fourth arguments awGuawmh
The title to display in the dialog box title bar.
One of five class constants describing the type
2nd argument
is string
219
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
uJ tJ'Dvdk avhvmvkdufawmhvnf; ShowInputDialog
( ) method [m tvGefvG,fuloGm;ygw,f/ pmzwfol
taeeJYvnf; aemufykdif;rSm tvG,fwul avhvmvdkY
&oGm;rSmyg/ " " Double quote ESpfckMum;u string
jzpfwJh Enter your name qdkwJh ae&mrSm rdrdzefwD;r,fh
program eJY vku
d zf ufwhJ pmom;udk xnfo
h iG ;f a&;om;vdYk
&ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) uawmh main ( ) function
&JU close brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) uawmh primary class dialog3 &JU close brace } ygyJ/
uJ program code_line awGudk avhvmNyD;oGm;&ifawmh
tJ'D code_line udk Notepad rSmoGm;NyD; du
k o
f iG ;f yg/ NyD;awmh
tJ'D File_Name udk dialog3 .Java vdkY trnfay;yg/ tJ'D
File udk a&;om;NyD;awmh Save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3.14
taeeJY avhvmMunfhyg/ owdjyK&rSmuawmh C:\j2sdk
1.4.1_01 \Bin > qdw
k hJ Class path atmufrmS save vky&f rSm
aemf/ uJ Figure 3.14 udk avhvmvkdufygOD;/
udk &SmazGNyD;awmh compile jyefvkyfyg/ tJ'DvdkjyefNyD; compile vkyfvdkY Error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if atmufygtwkdif; Run
vkyfyg/
java dialog 3
tJ'Dh command udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh Run vdkufw,f

qd&k ifawmh dialog3 vdYk trnfay;xm;wJh program code_file
&JU output [m command line windows <DOS> &JU
tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm [First argument jzpfwJh null argument aMumifh] vmNyD;awmh Output udk azmfjyay;wmygyJ/
tJ'D Output udk avhvmMunfhvkduf&if uRefawmfwdkY zefwD;
a&;om;vdu
k w
f hJ ^ShowInputDialog ( ) method udk toH;k cs
xm;wJh Input Dialog Box udk awGYjrif&rSmygyJ/ uJ tJ'DyHkudk
Figure 3.14.1 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avh
vmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.14 Write the sample program code_line

Figure 3.14.1 Compile & Run of the dialog 3. java
in the Notepad.
[ShowInput Dialog Box]
uJ Figure 3.14 u a&;om;xm;wJh code_line awGukd

avhvmNyD;&ifawmh tJ'Dh File udk Compile & Run vkyfzdkY&m
twGuf command line windows (DOS) xJudkoGm;yg/
Command Line Windows xJuakd &muf&if atmufyg command eJY CLASSPATH'S udkajymif;yg/
CD C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin
uJ'gqk&d ifawmh CLASSPATH'S Directory ajymif;oGm;

rSmyg/ tJ'gqkd&ifawmh atmufyg command line eJY program udk compile vkyfyg/
java c dialog3.java
tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfNyD;awmh Error uif;oGm;NyDyJ qdkMu

ygpdkY/ Error &SdcJh&ifvnf; a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSmvkdrsKd; Error
220
uJ Figure 3.14.1 rSm a&;jyxm;wJh program output

xGufvmyHkudk avhvmNyD;&ifawmh Analysis vkyfxm;yHkeJY EIdif;
,SONf yD;awmh jyefveS af vhvmoifyh gw,f/ uJ'aD wmh qufvuf
NyD;awmh Index.3.2.8 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;wJh
oifcef;pmudk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 3.2.8 [m showInputDialog ( ) method udk Icon oauFweJYwGJzufNyD;awmh OK_
BUTTON eJY CANCEL_BUTTON ESpfckudk toHk;cs a&;
om;xm;wmudk avhvmMunfhMuygpkdY/ 3.2.8 Another way
of show Input Dialog ( ) method vkdY trnfay;xm;yg
w,f/ qufvuf avhvmvkdufygOD;/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
3.2.8 ANOTHER WAY OF SHOWINPUTDIALOG ( ) METHOD
ShowInput Dialog ( )method eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
program wpfyk'fudk a&;jyNyD;ygNyD/ qufvufNyD;awmh tjcm;
enf;vrf;wpfckudk toHk;csNyD;awmh ShowInputDialog ( )
method udk toH;k csMunfMh u&atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh a&SUoifcef;
pmrSm &Si;f jycJw
h hJ ShowInputDialog ( ) taMumif;udk jyefawG;
String response = JOption Pane. ShowInputDialog

(null,
"What is your ZIP code?",
"Enter ZIP Code" ,
JOption Pane. QUESTION_MESSAGE);
'Dawmh tJ'DrSmygwJh arguments (4) ckae&mrSm rdrd xnfh
oGi;f vdw
k hJ taMumif;t&m /String & Icon tp&Sw
d mawGuykd g
xnfo
h iG ;f zefw;D vdYk &ygw,f/ tJ'aD wmh Listing 3.11 taeeJY
a&;om;xm;wJh program udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
qdkwJh primary class ukd zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D primary

class udk zefwD;&mrSm JFrame Class udk extends vkyf
zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh main ( ) function udk
a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dtajctaetxd qdk&if pmzwfol
[m tvG,fwul em;vnfoabmaygufrSmyg/ quf
vuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ vkdif;eHygwf (6) rSmawmh
String data type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh response qdkNyD;
Variable_Name udk Declare vkyfygw,f/ tck toHk;
jyKr,fh response qdkwJhvariable &SdrSomvQif Equal vkyf
NyD;awmh JOption Pane Class xJu ShowInput
Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,lrSmrdkYvdkYygyJ/ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyD
aemf/
2/ vkid ;f eHygwf (7) rSmawmh tay:rSm uReaf wmf &Si;f jyay;cJw
h hJ
Sample code_line av;udk a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ 'Dawmh tus,cf sUJ r&Si;f jyawmhygbl;/ Code_Line
taeeJYyJ &Sif;jyyghr,f/
Listing 3.11 Another way of ShowInputDialog ( )

method
1. import javax. swing.*;
3.
4. public class dialog4 extends JFrame {
5. public static void main (String args [ ] ) {
6. String response;
7. response = JOptionPane. ShowInputDialog
(null,
8. "What is your ZIP code?",
9. "Enter ZIP Code",
10. JOption Pane. QUESTION_ MESSAGE) ;
11. }
12. }
Analysis
1/ 'D sample program av;udk uRefawmfuawmh Another
way of ShowInputDialog ( ) method vdkY trnfay;
xm;ygw,f/ uJ vkid ;f eHygwf (1) eJY (2)uawmh SWING
& AWT Package file ESpfckudk import vkyf ac:,lvu
kd f
ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf(3) uawmh Blank Line_Space
csefxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmuawmh dialog 4
7. response = JOption Pane. ShowInput

Dialog (null,
8. "What is your ZIP Code?",
9. "Enter ZIP code",
10. "JOption Pane. QUESTION_MESSAGE);
pmzwfoltaeeJY owdjyK&rSmuawmh argument code_
line awGudk a&;om;&mrSm comma (,) sign cHNyD;awmh
a&;om;vdkY &ygw,f/ t"dutcsufuawmh Comma
(,) sign eJY Double quote " "ESpfckMum; jzpfzdkYygyJ/
'Dawmh vkdif;eHygwf (10)u a&;om;xm;wJh JOption
Pane QUESTION _MESSAGE aMumifh 'D ShowInput
Dialog ( ) Box rSm QUESTION oauFw Icon av;
yg0ifvmrSmyg/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (9)u "Enter ZIP
code" qdw
k hJ arguments_string [m InputDialog Box
&JUtay: Title Bar text tjzpf yg0ifvmrSmyg/ 'Dtxd
oabmaygufNyDaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (8) u "What is
your ZIP code?" qdkwJh arguments_string uawmh
InputDialog Box &JUtwGif; Input TextBox ae&mrSm
yg0ifvmr,fh pmom;ygyJ/ arguments awG olYae&meJYol
tvkyv
f yk w
f maMumifh ay:vmwJh Dialog Box yHpk aH v;udk
&Sif;NyDaemf/ 1st arguments null aMumifh showInput
Dialog Box [m command line windows (DOS) &JU
Munfh&atmif/
221
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tv,fwnfhwnfhrSmvmNyD;awmh Output udk azmfjyay;
rSmyg/ uJ'gqkd&ifawmh code_line awGudk &Sif;NyDaemf/
vkdif;eHygwf (11) uawmh main ( ) function &JU close
brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) uawmh primary class
dialog 4 &JU close brace} ygyJ/
'Dawmh tJ'D sample_ program code_line udk Notepad
xJrSmoGm;NyD;awmh a&;om;vkdufygOD;/ tJ'Dvdk a&;om;NyD;awmh
system CLASSPATH's C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin xJrSm
oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ File_Name ukdawmh dialog4 vdYk primary CLass_Name twki
d ;f yJ trnfay;vku
d yf g/
tJ'Dvdk code_line awG a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk
Figure 3.15 taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvm
Munfhyg/
Figure 3.15 Write the sample program code_line in

the Notepad
C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin >
uJ tJ'Dvdk prompt ay:aecsdefrSm atmufyg command

eJY compile vkyfyg/
Note : JAVA Language taMumif;udk uRefawmf cPcP
&Sif;jyzl;ygw,f/ C& C + + ukd tajccHNyD;rS uGmjcm;
csuf wlnDrIawGudk &Sif;jyzl;ygw,f/ C& C + +
Language rSmawmh Ctrl + F9 udk ESdyfNyD; Compile
(odkYr[kwf) Run tp&SdwJh Menu wpfckckudk ac:,l
vkduf&if Output .exe file txd xGufvmwmyg/
Compile NyD;awmh Run tp&SdwmawGudk tqifhqifh
ac:,lp&m rvdkygbl;/ VC + + <visual C + + >
Language rSmuawmh t&ifqHk; Build Menu u
compile command_menu udk awmif;&rSmyg/
Compile vkyfvkdY error r&Sdawmhbl;qdkrS
Build Make.exe odkYr[kwf Make exe tp&SdwJh
command menu eJY output file ukd .exe taeeJY
wnfaqmuf &,l&wmyg/ C & C + + Language
rSmvdk output .exe file [m wef;xGufrvmygbl;/
JAVA Language uvnf;visual C + + qefqefyg
yJ/ tajccH code_line awGukd a&;om;NyD;awmhrS save
vkyNf yD;&if javac keyword udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh compile vkyf&rSmyg/ error uif;NyDqdkrS Run vkyfNyD;
Output ukd avhvm&wmaemf/
uJ program udk compile vkyf&atmifvm;/

javac dialog4.java
uJ Figure 3.15 rSma&;om;xm;wJhykH[m NotePad rSm

azmfjyay;xm;wJh program code_line awGygyJ/ Code_Line
awGudk a&;om;NyD;vkdY save vkyfNyD;&if
Start Program Accessories command line
Interface < command- line windows- DOS> xJudk oGm;
yg/ DOS Windows yGifhvm&if
CD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin
qdNk yD;rS Directory CLASSPATH's udak jymif;yg/ 'Dtcg

rSm prompt oauFw[m atmufygtwkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;
rSmyg/
222
tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfvkdufvkdY error &SdcJh&ifvnf; error

ukd &Sif;NyD;awmh Save As vkyfNyD;awmh compile jyefvkyfyg/
uJ error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if atmufyg command eJY Run
vkyfyg/
java dialog4
uJ tJ'Dvdk Run vdkuf&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY a&;om;xm;

wJh program code-line udk trSDjyKNyD; xGufvmwJh Output
program av;jzpfwJh ShowInputDialog Box uav;udk
DOS Windows &JU tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm awGYjrif&rSmyg/
DOS Windows &JU tv,fwnfhwnfhrSm vmay:&jcif;&JU
taMumif;&if;uawmh pmzwfol code-line awGukd Analysis
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
vkyfNyD; avhvmwkef;u Show Input Dialog ( ) method rSm
yg0ifwJh arguments (4) ck &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D arguments (4)
ckxJu 1st argument jzpfwJh null argument aMumifh jzpf
ygw,fqdkwJh tcsufudk owdjyKrdrSmyg/
Note: null argument taMumif;udk C & C + + e,fy,fu
vmwJh programmer awGuawmh em;vnf oabm
ayguf vG,frSmyg/ tu,f vHk;0 r&Sif;vif;cJh&if

vnf; jyemr&Syd gbl;/ a&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS oif,l
&r,fh oifcef;pmawGrSm yg0ifvmr,fh null sign
argument awG yg0ifvmrSmygyJ/ NyD;awmh Web ykdif;
qkdif&m JAVA Applet awGus&ifvnf; 'D null argument taMumif;[m yg0ifvmOD;rSmygyJ/ tckawmh
tvG,f oifcef;pmtaeeJYyJ avhvmxm;vkdufygOD;/
Figure 3.15.1 Compile & Run of the dialog4 . java
Windows XP tips
yg0gcvkwfudk ajymif;vJjcif;
uGefysLwmudk wpfaeukef oHk;ae&olrsm;twGuf
acwem;wJh tcsdefrsm;rSm zGifhvkduf ydwfvkdufvkyf&wm
wu,fawmh tcsdefukefNyD; tvkyfIyfygw,f/ NyD;&if
aqmhzf0JawG jyefzGifh&wm? zdkifawG jyefzGifh&wmvnf;
tvkyfydkwpfckvdk jzpfaewwfygw,f/ if;twGuf
'Standby' rSm xm;Edkifygw,f/ Start > Settings uae
Control Panel odkY 0ifNyD; 'Performance and Maintenance' udk zGifhyg/ tcsKdU 0if;'dk;pfpepftwGuf 'Performance and Maintenance' rvdkyg/ xdkYaemuf 'Power
Options' udk zGifhyg/ if;wGif 'Advanced' (tab) odkY
ajymif;um atmufbufu 'When I press the power
button on my computer' ae&mwGif 'Standby' udk &SmNyD;
a&G;cs,f uvpf vkyfvdkufyg/ 'Standby' eJY ydwfxm;NyD;
uGefysLwmudk jyefzGifh&if vuf&dS tvkyfvkyfaewJh
aqmhzf0JeJY zdkifrsm;udk topfjyefzGifh&ef rvdkawmhyg/
'Start' udk pzGifh&mrSm yHkrSef 'Start menu' eJY 'Classic Start
menu' qdkNyD; pwdkifvf 2 rsKd; a&G;cs,fEdkifygw,f/ yHkrSef
'Classic Start menu' rSm Start > Control Panel odkY
wdkufdkuf0ifEdkifygw,f/
[showInputDialog Box]
uJ Figure 3.15.1 rSm a&;om;azmfjyxm;wJh Figure u

awmh ShowInput Dialog Box tjzpf Output xGufvmyHkudk
azmfjyay;xm;wmygyJ/ uJ avhvmvkdufygOD;/
uJqufvufNyD;awmh standard Dialog Box tkyfpk0if
awGjzpfwJh Show Message Dialog Box taMumif;udk 3.2
taeeJY qufvuf a&;om; ykYd csay;xm;ygw,f/ qufvufNyD;
awmh avhvmoif,lvkdufygOD;/ aoaocsmcsm ydkYcsay;xm;yg
w,f/
223
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
>
>
Message Dialog Box qdkwmuawmh tvGefdk;&Sif;wJh

Windows wpfckygyJ/ tvG,fwulajym&&ifawmh information awGudk tvG,fwul xkwfjyefay;r,fh Dialog Box
(Standard Dialog Boxes tkyp
f 0k if)yJjzpfygw,f/ Message
Dialog Box wpfckudk zefwD;r,fqkd&if atmufyg Show
Message Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,l&ygw,f/
>
3 .2.9 MESSAGE DIALOG BOXES
return the response value
>
>
Show Message Dialog (Component, Object) ;
1st argument
2nd argument
parent component
is string
tjcm;aom Standard Dialog Boxes tkyfpk0ifawGvdk

ygyJ/ 1st argument [m parent component jzpfNyD;awmh 2
nd
argument uawmh Message tjzpf azmfjyay;r,fh String
Component udk a&;om;vdkY&ygw,f/ tjcm;aom Standard Dialog Boxes awGeJY rwlnDwJhtcsufuawmh Message Dialog Box [m Message udk azmfjyay;tNyD;rSm return jyefNyD;awmh value wpfckudk Response vkyfray;Ekdifyg
bl;/ &Sif;atmifajym&&ifawmh Message Box [m OK Button wpfckwnf;om yg0ifygw,f/ tjcm;aom Standard
Dialog Box tkyfpk0ifawGuawmh Oyrm- Confirm Dialog
Box Input Dialog Box tp&Sw
d hJ Dialog Box awG[m YES,
NO, Cancel tp&Sw
d hJ Option Return Value awG &Syd gw,f/
oHk;pGJol User rSaeNyD;awmhrS a&G;cs,fvdkufwJh value udk return jyefay;NyD;awmhrS response jzpfvmrSmyg/ Oyrm- Confirm Dialog Box qdkMuygpdkY/ atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJh Confirm Dialog Box udk avhvmMunfy
h g/
'D Confirm Dialog Box uav;rSmqk&d if Yes Button,

No Button, and Cancel Button awG toD;oD;yg0ifygw,f/
Yes Button udo
k m ESyd v
f u
dk &f if value [m return jyefomG ;NyD;
awmh File awGudk zsufypfEkdifzdkYtwGuf response ay;rSmyg/
If wu,fvkdY NO Button udkom ESdyfvkduf&if rzsufbl;qdkwJh
value udk response ay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf return jyefoGm;rSmyg/
Cancel Button udkom ESdyfvkduf&ifawmh select an Option
&JU b,fwefzdk;udk twnfjyK ra&G;cs,fygbl; qdkNyD;rS value
udk response ay;rSmyg/
tck&Sif;jywJh tcsufawG[m tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh &Sif;jy
wmyg/ wu,fvdkY uRefawmf tck &Sif;jyoifMum;aewJh Message Dialog Box udkom avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if return
jyefNyD;awmh response vkyfay;Ekdifr,fh value awG[m Message Box rSm vHk;0ryg0ifygbl;/ omrefowday;wJh Message udk xkwaf zmfNyD; owday;wJt
h aeeJYyJ azmfjyay;Ekid w
f myg/
aemuf tcsufwpfcsufuvnf; showMessageDialog ( )
method udk tjcm;enf;vrf;wpfcktaeeJY ac:,ltoHk;cswJh
tcgrSmvnf; NyD;cJw
h o
hJ ifcef;pm 3.2.8 rSm oifMum;ydYk csay;cJw
h hJ
ShowInput Dialog ( ) method eJY Identical t& twlwlyJ
jzpfygw,f/ arguments awGuvnf; twlwlyJ jzpfygw,f/
OyrmtaeeJY a&;jy&&if-

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>
string,
int);
>
object,
>
Show Message Dialog (Component,
>
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
argument 1
argument 2
argumnt3
argument 4
txufyg Message udk avhvmMunfhr,fqdk&if NyD;cJhwJh

oifcef;pmrSm oif,lcJhwJh ShowInputDialog ( ) Method
eJY arguments t& wnfaqmufyHk twlwlygyJ/ rwlnDwJh
tcsufuawmh show Message Dialog ( ) Method rSm
return value [m ryg0ifygbl;/ tJ'D show Message Dialog ( ) method udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh message Box wpfckudk
atmufygtwkdif; zefwD;vdkY&ygw,f/
JOption Pane .show Message Dialog (null,

"An asteriod has destroyed the Earth",
<------------------- argument 2
"Asteriod Destruction Alert",
<------------------- argument 3
JOption Pane. WARNING_MESSAGE);
<------------------- argument 4
ShowInputDialog ( ) method wkef;uvdkygyJ/ arguments
toD;oD;&JUae&mrSm vdktyfwJhtcsufawGudk xnfhoGif;NyD;awmh

Message Box udk zefwD;&,lvkdY &ygw,f/
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh Listing 3.12 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh
program udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.12 Demonstrate the show Message Dialog
( ) method
2.
<------------------- argument 1
import java.awt.*;
3.
4.
public class dialog 5 extends JFrame {
5.
public static void main (String args [ ]) {
6.
7.
JOption Pane. Show Message Dialog (null,
8.
"The program has been uninstalled.");
9.
toHk;cszkdYtwGuf package file ESpfckudk import vkyfyg

w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) eJY (2) rSm Declare vkyfxm;wm
udk awGY&rSmyg/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmrS dialog 5
qdw
k hJ primary class udak &;zGYJygw,f/ a&;zGYJ&mrSm JFrame
Class udk trSDjyKNyD;awmh extends vkyfxm;wmaemf/
vkid ;f eHygwf (5) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;zGYJ xm;
ygw,f/
2/ vkid ;f eHygwf (7)rSmawmh JOption Pane.Show Message
Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,ltoH;k csygw,f/ toH;k cs&m
rSm omref Message Dialog Box yHkpHeJY a&; om;xm;
ygw,f/
Show Message Dialog (Component, object);
tp&SdwJh arguments type eJYyJ a&;zGJYxm;wmygyJ/ uJ'Dawmh

avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
10. }
JOption Pane.ShowMessage <----------- component

Dialog (null,
argument
Analysis
1/ 'D program av;udk avhvmr,fqdk&if SWING component & AWT component awGukdac:,lNyD;awmh
"The program has been

uninstalled" );
162

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<----------- object
argument
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Component argument ae&mrSmawmh xH;k pHtwki
d ;f null
statement twdkif; toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f/ Object argument
ae&mrSmawmh "The program has been uninstalled" qdkwJh
String object ukd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
brace} ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) uawmh primary class &JU
close brace} ygyJ/
Note : Unlike the other dialog boxes, message dialog
boxes do not return any kind of response
value.
uJ Analysis vkyNf yD;awmh code_line awGukd avhvmvdYk

tNyD;rSm tJ'D code_line awGukd Notepad program xJrmS oGm;
a&mufNyD;awmh a&;om;dkufoGif;yg/ tJ'D code_line awGudk
Notepad rSm a&;om;xm;yHkudk Figure 3.16 taeeJY awGY&rSm
yg/
C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin >
uJ command line [m atmufygyHkpHtwkdif; ajymif;vJ

oGm;NyDqdkygpdkY/ atmufyg command eJY program udk compile vkyfyg/
javac dialog5 .java
tJ'Dtcg program udk compile vkyfvkdY error r&Sdawmhbl;

qdk&if atmufyg command eJY qufvufNyD;awmh program
udk Run vkyfyg/
java dialog 5
tJ'Dvkd program udk Run vkyfvkduf&ifawmh java

compiler uaeNyD;awmh Figure 3.16.1 rSmjrif&wJh Message
Dialog Box yHkpHav;udk jrif&ygvdrfhr,f/ Compile & Run
vkyfaeyHkudk azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 3.16.1 udk avhvmMunfh
vkdufygOD;/ pmzwfoltaeeJY dk;&Sif;vSwJh code_line &JU pGrf;
aqmifcsufudk awGYjrif&rSmyg/
Figure 3.16.1 Compile & Run of the dialog

5. java [Show Message Dialog ( ) method]
Figure 3.16 Write the program code _line
in the Notepad
uJ Figure 3.16 u Notepad xJrSm code_line awG

a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmNyD;&ifawmh tJ'D File udk File_
Name taeeJY C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin > qdkwJh System
CLASSPATH'S xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyf odrf;
qnf;yg/ File_Name udkawmh dialog5.java vdkY trnfay;
vkdufyg/ uJNyD;&ifawmh command line windows (DOS)
xJudk oGm;NyD;awmh atmufyg command eJY Directory path
ukd ajymif;vJyg/
CD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin
'gqdk&ifawmh command prompt [m atmufygyHkpHtwkdif;

ajymif;vJoGm;rSmyg/
tckazmfjyxm;wJh Compile & Run type udk avhvm

Munfrh ,fq&kd if Message Dialog [m command line windows rSmvmNyD; azmfjyaerSmyg/ owdjyKr,fqdk&if OK Button wpfckom yg0ifwmudk awGY&rSmyg/ 'g[m tay:rSm
uRefawmf&Sif;jyaewJh return jyefzdkY response value r&Sdyg
bl;/ vufcHzdkY b,fvdk Message yJjzpfjzpf OK Button
wpfckom yg0ifygw,f/
Note : Visual Basic Programming Language udk toH;k jyK
wJh programmer awGtzdYkuawmh atmufyg method
udk toHk;cs&wmygyJ/ MsgBox ( ) method yg/
tvG,fqHk;ajym&&if command Button udk Form_
Windows ay:rSm ae&m csNyD;awmh tJ'Dh command
Button &JU code_windows xJ a&mufatmif D-

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Click acgufNyD;awmh0ifyg/ NyD;awmh Message Box
udk toHk;jyKzdkYtwGuf MsgBox (Message String , ButtonsAnd

Icon, Title String)
tp&SdwJh Method udkom toHk;csvkduf&if tvG,f

wuleJY Message Box wpfckudk zefwD;EkdifrSmyg/
JAVA Language rSmuawmh Visual Basic Language rSmavmuf rvG,fulygbl;/ owfrSwfxm;wJh
container class udk trSDjyKNyD;rS a&;zGJY&wmyg/ 'D

tcsuf[m Language ESpfckuGm[csufudk tvG,ful
qHk; EdIif;,SOfjywmygyJ/ Visual Basic Language
rSmavmufawmh JAVA [m rvG,fulygbl;/
uJ q uf v uf N yD ; awmh Standard Dailog Boxes
tkyfpk0ifawGjzpfwJh Option Dialog Boxes awGtaMumif;udk
avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ Sub- Index 3.2. 10 taeeJY
a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ qufvuf avhvmvkdufygOD;/
3.2.10 OPTION DIALOG BOXES

&atmifvm;/
Show Option Dialog (Component, Object, String,
int, int, Icon, Object [ ], Object) txufyg method rSm
arguments (or) components pkpkaygif; (8) ckwdwd yg0ifyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh tJ'D arguments awGudk aoaocsmcsm avhvm
Object[ ],
Object)
>
Icon,
>
int,
>
>
>
int,
>
MunfhMu&atmifvm;/
(Component, Object, String,
>
Show Option Dialog
Dialog ( ) method udk toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ uJ avhvmMunfhMu
>
tckoifMum;ydkYcsay;aewJh Dialog Boxes tkyfpk0ifawG

xJrSm option Dialog Box [mvnf; tkyfpk0ifwpfcktaeeJY
yg0ifygw,f/ Option Dialog Boxes &JU features uawmh
ta&SUrSm oifMum; ydkYcsay;cJhwJh tjcm;aom Dialog Boxes
awG&JU features awG tm;vHk;udk aygif;pyfxm;wmqdk&ifawmh
rrSm;ygbl;/ olYudk zefwD; ac:,la&;om;&mrSmawmh NyD;cJhwJh
oifcef;pmawGrSm roifMum;ay;&ao;wJh Show Option
The parent Component

To display text, Icon
To display String
to title_bar
Using Class Constant
YES_NO_OPTION
OR YES_NO_CANCEL
_OPTION
Icon to display
ERROR_MESSAGE,
PLAIN- MESSAGE
Icon object to display
An array of object
Components
The object representing
the default selection
tay:rSm a&;jycJhwJh yHkpHuawmh show Option Dialog

( ) method udk tvG,fulqHk;jzpfatmif a&;jycJhwJhyHkpHygyJ/
'gayr,fh ydkNyD; vG,fulatmif arguments wpfckcsif;pDukd
164
aoaocsmcsm &Si;f jyay;yghr,f/ Exam awG ajz&mrSm taxmuf

tul&apEkid zf YkdtwGuf rl&if; Guid Book xJutwkid ;f a&;om;
azmfjyay;yghr,f/ Simple English jzpfwJhtwGufaMumifh

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
pmzwfoal wGtaeeJY tvG,w
f ul em;vnfoabmaygufEidk yf g
vdrfhr,f/ uJ avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/
The parent components of the dialog

The text, icon, or component to display
A String to display in the title bar
The type of box, using the class constants YES_
NO_OPTION or YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION , or
the literal 0 (Zero) if other buttons will be used
instead
The icon to display, using the class constants
ERROR- MESSAGE ,INFORMATION- MESSAGE,
PLAIN- MESSAGE, QUESTION- MESSAGE, or
WARRNING- MESSAGE, or the literal 0 (Zero) if
non of there should be used
An Icon object to display instead of one of the
icons in the preceding arguments
An array of objects holding the components or
other objects that represent the choices in the
dialog box, if YES_NO_OPTION and YES_NO_
CANCEL_OPTION are not being used
The object representing the default selection if
YES_NO_OPTION and YES_NO_CANCEL option
are not being used
rlv Guid Book xJutwdkif; a&;om;ay;&wmuawmh
certification Practice taeeJY tavhtusi&
hf atmifygyJ/ 'grS
15. JOption Pane.INFORMATION- MESSAGE,

16. null,
17. g,
18. g [2] ; // close bracket for show option Dialog
method
19. }
20. }
Listing 3.13 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh code-line pkpak ygif;

<Line-spacing usew
f mtygt0if> vkid ;f 20 wdw&d ydS gw,f/
Show Option Dialog ( ) method rSm arguments parameter tm;vHk; (8) ckwdwd yg0ifygw,f/ tJ'D parameter
arguments awGudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&Sd&atmifvdkY vkdif;
eHygwfawGcNJG yD; a&;jyxm;wmygyJ/Note Pad xJrmS code_line
awG a&;om;&ifvnf; 'DyHkpHtwkdif;yJ a&;om;&if &ygw,f/

twlwlygyJ/
uJ tJ'D code_line awGudk Notepad Program xJrSm
oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh JAVA_code awGukd a&;om;du
k o
f iG ;f yg/
tJ'Dvdk JAVA_code awG a&;om;&yHkawGudk Figure 3.17
taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D Figure 3.17 udk
avhvmNyD;awmh tJ'Dtwkdif; code awGudk a&;om;xm;yg/
omvQif tawGYtBuHK&SdrSm jzpfrSmygyJ/

uJ Listing 3.13 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh code-line
awGudk t&ifqHk; avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.13 Demonstrate the opting Dialog Boxes
1. import javax.swing. *;
3.
4. public class dialog6 extends JFrame{
6.
7. JButton [ ] g = new JButton [3] ;
8. g [0] = new JButton ("Male");
9. g [1] = new JButton ("Female") ;
10. g [2] = new JButton ("Non of Your Business");
11. int respone = JOption Pane. ShowOption Dialog
(null, // open bracket for// showOption Dialog method
12. "What is your gender?" ;
13. "Gender",
14. O ,
Figure 3.17 write the program code-line In the

Notepad
1/ uJ code_line awGudk Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh avhvm

MunfhMu&atmifvm;/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) eJY (2) rSmAWT
& SWING components awGukd ac:,ltoH;k cszYkdtwGuf
package File ESpfckudk import vkyf ac:,lxm;ygw,f/
NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm dialog 6 qdkwJh primary
class udk a&;om; zefwD;ygw,f/
tJ'D primary class xJrmS main ( ) function udk a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSmrS JButton

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uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
2/
Class udk object toGifac:,ltoHk;csygw,f/ JButton

Class [m JFrame Class xJrSm yg0ifygw,f/ tJ'gudk
toHk;csEkdifzdkYtwGuf dialog 6 qdkwJh primary class udk
a&;om;zefwD;pOfuwnf;u extends vkyfxm;wmygyJ/
JButton Class udk object_Name 9 tjzpf a&;om;
zefw;D pOfwek ;f u Array_Type taeeJY a&;om;cJyh gw,f/
Array <OR> Demisional Array_Type eJY a&;om;cJw
h m
ygyJ/ tJ'gudk pmzwfoltaeeJY owdjyKrdrSmyg/

Note : Array ywfoufwJh oifcef;pmawGudk Chapter [1]
& [2] rSm a&;om; ydkYcsay;cJhNyD;om;yg/ owdxm;NyD;
ravhvmcJh&ao;&if vmr,fh a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm

xyfrH ydkYcs&Sif;vif;ay;ygOD;r,f/
Demisional -Array taeeJY a&;om;NyD;awmh
g [ 0] = new JButton ("Male");
g [1] = new JButton ("Female");
g [2] = new JButton ("None of Your Business");
qdkNyD;rS Array_Type ukd (3) ck cGJNyD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
Demisional Array &JU prSwf Initialize ude;f [m [0] u pyg
w,f/ 'Dawmh Array Initialize vkyfxm;wJh g [ ] udk toH;k jyK
NyD;awmh Option Dialog Box rSm Button tjzpf xnfo
h iG ;f a&;
om;rSmyg/ 'DtcsufawG aoaocsmcsm zwfNyD;awmh avhvm

Munfhyg/
uJ vkid ;f eHygwf (11)rSmawmh response qdw
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Option Dialog ( ) method udk ac:,ltoH;k csygw,f/ 'Dtcg
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oGif;ay;&zdkYtwGuf vkdif;eHygwf (11) uaeNyD;awmh vkdif;
eHygwf (18) txd tqifq
h ifh code_line awGukd cGNJ yD; a&;om;
ay;xm;ygw,f/ a&;om;&mrSmvnf; arguments-type awG
udk olY&JU type tvkduf xnfhoGif;xm;wmrdkY taxGtxl;
xyfrH &Si;f jyp&mrvdak wmhygbl;/ ydNk yD; rsufpx
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vdYk 'Doifcef;pm&JU a&SUqH;k rSm a&;om;&Si;f jycJw
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vmoifhygw,f/ 'gqkd&if Arguments_Type awGudk em;
vnfoabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
brace } ygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (20) rSmawmh primary_class
dialog 6 qdkwJh class &JU close brace } yJ jzpfygw,f/
uJ'Dawmh program code_line awGudk a&;om;NyD;awmh
save vkyfMu&atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh Notepad xJrSm code-
166
line awG
udk a&;om;NyD;&if File uae Save vkyfyg/ Save

vkyf&mrSm File_path vrf;aMumif;udk C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\
Bin qdw
k hJ directory atmufrmS save vkyyf g/ Save vky&f r,fh
File_Name uawmh dialog 6 .java yJ jzpfygw,f/
Note : Save vkyfyHk^ Compile & Run vkyfyHkawGudk ta&SU
oifcef;pmrSmvnf; xyfBudrfwvJvJ a&;om;ay;cJhNyD;

om;yg/ t"du &nf&G,fcsufuawmh JAVA oifcef;
pmudk pdwf0ifpm;wJh b,folrqdk tcka&mufqJ oif
cef;pm&JU Chapter-Index ae&muae Mum;jzwfNyD;
avhvmoif,rl ,fq&kd if tvG,w
f ul avhvmvdYk &Ekid f
atmif a&;om;ay;&wmyJ jzpfygw,f/
uJ C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin qdkwJh CLASS_PATH'S
xJrSm save vkyfNyD;&if compile & Run vkyfEkdifzdkYtwGuf
Start
Program
Accessories
command
prompt xJukd oGm;yg/ Command Line Windows <DOS>
yGiv
hf m&if Save vkyx
f m;wJh Directory &S&d mudk oGm;zdYk twGuf
atmufyg command -line udk dkufoGif;yg/
CD C: \j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin
tJ't
D cgus&if prompt [m C : \j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ Bin>
qdkNyD; ay:vmrSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm Save vkyfcJhwJh dialog6.java
qdw
k hJ code_File udk atmufyg command eJY compile vkyyf g/
javac dialog6. java
Compile vkyfvkdufvkdY Error wufvm&ifvnf; Line_
Number udk rSwfxm;NyD;awmh Error udk jyifyg/ NyD;&if Save
As vkyfNyD;awmh DOS xJrSm xyfrHNyD;awmh compile jyefvkyf
yg/ tu,f Error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if atmufyg command
eJY xyfrHNyD;awmh program udk Run vkyfyg/
Note : C & C + + program rSmvdkrsKd; Run vdkufwmeJY
Compile & Build jzpfomG ;wmrsK;d r[kwb
f ;l qdw
k mudk
tJ'D e,fy,fuvmwJh programmer awGtzdkY txl;
owdjyKyg/ code_line a&;om;yHkuawmh odyfruGm
jcm;ygbl;/ NotePad xJrSmyJ C & C + + program
code awG a&;om;NyD;awmh file extension udk .CPP
/ .C tp&So
d jzifh xnfo
h iG ;f NyD; Save vkyf C & C + +
code file tjzpf windows u owfrSwfay;wmudk
tcsKdUaom programmer awG toHk;jyKzl;ygvdrfhr,f/
tajccH Theory usawmhvnf; odyfruGmjcm;ygbl;/

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Run & Compile vkyfyHkrSmuawmh
awmfawmfav;
uGmjcm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsufudk owdjyKMunfhyg/
uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh compile vkyfNyD;awmh
Error r&Sd&if program udk Run vkyfMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
atmufyg command udk toHk;jyKyg/
java dialog 6
tJ'D command udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh Run vdu
k &f if tay:
rSm a&;om; oifMum;ydkYcsay;cJhwJh dialog 6. java &JU Output
Windows udk awGYjrif&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh programs udk compile & Run vkyfyHkeJY output xGufvmyHkudk Figure 3.17.1
taeeJY a&;om;NyD;awmh azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfh

yg/
Figure 3.17.1 Compile & Run of the

dialog 6 .java
uJ Figure 3. 17.1 rSm a&;jyxm;wmuawmh dialog

qdkwJh program udk compile & Run vkyfvdkufwJh
twGuf &&SdvmwJh Output ygyJ/ 'Dawmh Standard Dialog
Box awG taMumif;udk avhvmvdkYtNyD;rSm qufvufNyD;awmh
3.3 Working with Swing Components qdw
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qufvuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ tvGeftoHk;0ifwJh
Components Tools awGudk toHk;jyKwJh Method awGudk
a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
6.java
Note :
pmzwfol[m oifcef;pmxJu Code_File awGudk

toHk;jyKNyD; Program wnfaqmuf&mrSm Error
wufwmaMumifh tcuftcJjzpfaew,fq&kd if uReaf wmfh
taeeJYcode_line a&;NyD;om; File av;awGudk CD
acGeYJ twl uGeyf sLwm*sme,fukd ay;ydYk ay;xm;ygw,f/
tvG,w
f ul ul;,lNyD; rdr&d UJ uGeyf sLwmxJrmS compile
& Run vkyfvkdY&EkdifrSmyg/ 'gayr,fh tck vuf&Sd
chapter [3] eJY vmr,fhoifcef;pm program tcsKdUyJ
yg0ifygw,f/ NyD;cJhwJh oifcef;pmta[mif;u pro-
awGudkawmh tm;vHk;pkpnf;NyD; ay;ydkYay;xm;

ygw,f/ ta&;BuD;wmuawmh pmzwfo[
l m Microsoft Visual Studio. Net udk Install vkyfxm;w,f
qdk&if uRefawmfh&JU Code_File awGudk C:\j2sdk
1.4.1_01 \Bin xJudk ul;xnfhvkduf&if atmufrSm
azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 3.17.2 u yHktwdkif; Icon
oauFwjyaerSmyg/ D-Click acgufNyD;awmh zGiv
hf u
dk f
&ifvnf; Microsoft Development Environment
[design] qdkNyD;rS yGifhvmrSmyg/ Compile & Run
vky&f mrSm xH;k pHtwkid ;f command prompt xJomG ;NyD;
Compile & Run vkyfHkygyJ/
gram
Figure 3. 17.2 The JAVA code file is showing

with the Visual J# language (Microsoft Visual
Studio .Net Framework)
tu,f pmzwfol[m xHk;pHtwkdif; Notepad eJYyJ

zwfMunfch siw
f ,fq&kd ifawmh File _Icon udk R-Click acgufNyD;
awmh open with
Notepad udka&G;yg/ 'gqdk&ifawmh
Notepad Program eJYyJ yGiv
hf mrSmyg/ b,fvykd J yGiv
hf myGiv
hf m
Compile & Run vkyfwmuawmh twlwlygyJ/ 'Dawmh
pmzwfoltaeeJY tckvuf&Sd Standard Dialog Box eJY
ywfoufwJh program awG tygt0if a&SUvmr,fh Chapter
[3] &JU Sub- Index u program awGudkyg ul;,l avhvmNyD;
awmh Run vkyfvkdY&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh 3.3 Working with
Swing Components qdw
k hJ oifcef;pmudk qufvuf avhvm
Munfhyg/ Code_File CD eJY qdk&ifawmh oifcef;pm&JU
Analysis udk avhvmNyD;awmh Compile & Run vkyr
f ,fq&kd if
ydkNyD; tqifajyygvdrfhr,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/

D ? 2007 ckEpS f
167
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

WORKING WITH THE SWING COMPONENTS
3.3 USING THE JRADIO BUTTON IN JAVA
JRadio Button eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh ta&SUoifcef;pmawG
rSm uReaf wmf &Si;f jyay;cJzh ;l ygw,f/ Visual Basic Language
rSmawmh Option Button vdkY ac:a0:ygw,f/ olY&JU oabm
w&m;uawmh a&G;cs,v
f u
kd w
f JhJ Radio Button udk True tjzpf
wefz;kd owfrw
S af y;NyD;awmh ra&G;cs,fxm;wJh JRadio Button
ukd wefz;kd False tjzpf owfrw
S af y;xm;ygw,f/ wpfBudrrf mS
JRadio Button wpfckudkom select vkyfEkdifygw,f/ 'g[m
tMurf;zsi;f tm;jzifh &Si;f jywmaemf/ JRadio Button taMumif;
udk vufawGY em;vnf oabmaygufomG ;atmif Listing 3.14
taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh code_line awGudk t&ifqHk; avhvm
MunfhvkdufygOD;/ NotePad Program rSm a&;om;xm;wmudk
t&ifazmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ Figure 3.18 taeeJYygyJ/
tck code_line awG a&;om;xm;wmuawmh NotePad

program xJrSm code_line awG a&;om;jyxm;wmygyJ/
File_Name udkawmh radio.java vdkY trnfay;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'Dh Code_File udk C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin > qdkwJh
directory atmufrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/
'gqdk&ifawmh JAVA Radio Button wpfckudk zefwD;&,lzdkY
twGuf code_line awGukd a&;om;zefwD;NyD;NyDyJ qdkMuygpdkY/
Program udk Compile & Run rvkyfcifrSm t&ifqHk;
Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
uJ'Dawmh Line No: awG yg0ifNyD; xnfhoGif; a&;om;
xm;wJh Listing 3.14 udk t&ifqHk; avhvmzwfIMunfhvdkuf
ygOD;/ Listing 3.14 Demonstrate the JAVA Radio Button
vdkY trnfay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/ Code_Line
ta&twGuf pkpkaygif; (33) aMumif; &Sdygw,f/ NotePad
xJrSma&;&ifawmh Line_ No : awG xnfha&;p&m rvdkygbl;/
avhvmMunfhyg/
Listing 3.14 Demonstrate the JAVA Radio Button
1. import javax.swing,*;
2. import java .aut, * ;
3.
4. public class radio extends JFrame {
5. JRadio Button [ ] rb = new JRadio Button [7] ;
Figure 3.18 Write the program code_line

In the Notepad
166
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
public radio ( ) {
super ("Choose Your's Name");
setSize (400,150);
set Default Close Operation (JFrame. EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
uGefysLwm*sme,f rwfv? 2007 ckESpf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
11. rb [0] = new JRadio Button ("Kyaw Zayar Lay",
true);
2/ uJ vdkif;eHygwf (11) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh code_line

udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
12. rb [1] = new JRadio Button ("Kyaw_Myo_Htet");
for (int i = O; i<rb. Length; i + +) {

b.add (rb [i]);
pane.add (rb [i]) ;
}
set Content Pane (pane);
show ( );
}
object
Name
>
rb [0] = new JRadioButton ("Kyaw Zayar Lay.", ture);
>
rb [2] = new JRadio Button ("Ko_Bo_Min");

rb [3] = new JRadio Button ("Ma Zar Zar Oo");
rb [4] = new JRadio Button ("Ma_Moe_ ThiDa");
rb [5] = new JRadio Button ("Ma_Wit_Yi");
rb [6] = new JRadio Button ("Ma_Zar_Chi");
JPanel pane = new JPanel ( ) ;
Button Group b = new Button Group ( );
>
>
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
String arguments object
Array Index _Number
Selecting components
'gqdk&ifawmh Array &JU Index _Number awG oGm;yHkudk

&Sif;oGm;NyDaemf/ tJ'DyHkpHtwkdif;yJArray Type awGeYJ atmufyg
Code_Line awGudk a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/
rb [1] = new JRadio Button ("Kyaw _Myo_Htet");
rb [2] = new JRadio Button ("Ko_Bo_Min");
public static void main (String [ ] arguments) {

radio r = new radio ( ) ;
}
}
uJ code_line awGudk line No: eJYwuG awGY&NyDqdkawmh

Analysis vkyfMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Analysis
1/ vkid ;f eHygwf (1)eJY (2) rSmawmh xH;k pHtwkid ;f awt & Swing
components awGukd ac:,l toH;k csEki
d zf Ykd twGuf package File ESpfckudk import vkyfNyD; ac:,lxm;ygw,f/
tJ'DaemufrSmrS radio qdkwJh primary class udk zefwD;
ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
JRadio Button [ ] rb = new JRadio Button [7];
qdkNyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'D code_line

[m Array Type wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh Demisional
Array taeeJY JRadio Button udk zefwD; &,lwmygyJ/
wpfenf; ajym&ifawmh JRadio Button rSeforQudk
ac:,lwikd ;f object_Name rb taeeJYyJ ac:,l&ygw,f/
ac:,lwJhtcgrSm Array Type tjzpfzefwD;wJh square
bracket [ ] xJrSmyg0ifwJh index _Number yJ ajymif;vJ
oGm;rSmyg/ ta&twGufu [7] ck qdkawmh Index_
Number taeeJYuawmh Index [0] to Index [6]
txdayghaemf/ 'Dawmh pmzwfol rsufpdxJrSm &Sif;oGm;
atmif constructor ( ) function xJ u d k o G m ;NyD ;
avhvmMunfh Mu&atmifvm;/
rb [3] = new JRadio Button ("Ma _Zar _Zar _Oo");

rb [4] = new JRadio Button ("Ma_ Moe_ Thida");
rb [5] = new JRadio Button (" Ma_Wit_Yi");
rb [6] = new JRadio Button ("Ma_Zar_Chi");
'Dawmh rb [ ] vdkY ac:,lvkduf&if tay:rSm a&;om;cJhwJh

Array Object jzpfwJh JRadio Button awG tm;vHk;udk
qdv
k w
kd mygyJ/ 'gqd&k if tay:u Declare vkycf w
hJ hJ vkid ;f eHygwf
(5) rSm a&;om;cJhwJh
JRadio Button [ ] rb = new JRadio Button [7] ; qdkwJh
Code_Line eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh em;vnfoabmaygufNyD
aemf/ 'Dae&mrSm ta&;BuD;wJh xnfo

h iG ;f &Si;f vif;&r,fh tcsuf
uawmh vkdif;eHygwf (11) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Code_Line
eJY usefwJhvkdif;eHygwf (12) uae (17) txd a&;om;xm;wJh
Code_ Line awG&JU uGm[csuf rwlnDrIygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf
(11) u a&;om;xm;wJh Code_Line rSm rb [0] = new JRadio Button
("Kyaw Zayar Lay", true);
tjyif selecting Components

wpfcu
k ykd g xnfo
h iG ;f a&;om;xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ usefwhJ
array object awG ryg0ifygbl;/ 'g[m program udk Run
NyDqdkwmeJY array Index [0] udk always Default taeeJY
tNrJwrf; select vkyfNyD;om;jzpfatmif a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/
xnfhoGif;csifwJh array-Index wpfckckrSm tJ'D arguments
String arguments
167
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
udk xnfo
h iG ;f Hyk gyJ/ uJ [kwNf yDav/ tJ'D code_line rSmyg0if
wJh true qdkwJh selecting components arguments udk
rxnfhoGif;awmhbl;vdkYyJ qdkMuygpdkY/
tJ'Dus&if b,fvdkjzpfvmrvJ/ tJ'D arguments rSm
yg0ifwJh true udk jzKwfxm;vkduf&if Output [m Figure
3.18.1 rSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwdkif; vmjyrSmygyJ/ Code_Line
eJY Figure udk ,SOfwGJNyD; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
vkid ;f eHygwf (2) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Looping udk avhvm

MunfhMu&atmif/
For [int i [m 0 u pw,f? nDw,f/ i [m rb .length
[JRadioButton _Array &JU Length] xufawmh i,f
r,f/ i udk portfix order eJY wpfckNyD;wpfck wdk;r,f/
qdkNyD;awmh Looping ywfxkwfxm;ygw,f/
Object _Name b [m Button Group Class udk ac:wm
ygyJ/ JFrame Class xJrSm yg0ifygw,f/ Object _Name
tjzpf vkdif;eHygwf (19) rSm zefwD;xm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/
'Dawmh tJ'D Class xJrSmyg0ifwJh add ( ) method udk ac:,l
toHk;csEkdifzdkY for looping statement &JUatmufrSm step
wpfckwdk;wdkif; brace xJ0ifNyD;
{ b.add (rb [i]);
pane .add (rb [i]);
udk wdk;NyD;awmh azmfjyay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf

a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ Primary Class xJrSmyg0ifwJh
usefwJh Code_Line awGuawmh odyftaxGtxl; r&Sdawmhyg
bl;/ tvG,fwul em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/ vkdif;
eHygwf (30) rSmawmh yifr main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;
ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSmrS tay:rSm zefwD;
a&;om;cJw
h hJ radio qdw
k hJ class udk ac:,lvu
dk w
f mygyJ/ 'Dawmh
Constructor function [m tvdktavsmuf 0ifvmawmhwm
ygyJ/ Constructor function uwpfqifh JRadio Button
[ ] Array awGudk oGm;a&mufac:,l toHk;cswmygyJ/
'DtcsufawG[m Listing 3.1 rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
Code_Line awGudk Analysis vkyfMunfhwmygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh
Code_Line awGudk em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;NyDqdkawmh
program udk compile vkyMf unfMh u&atmifvm;/ Command
Prompt (DOS) xJuo
kd mG ;yg/ CD C : \j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin
qdkNyD;rS directory udkajymif;yg/ NyD;&if CLS Command eJY
Clear Screen vk y f v k d u f y gOD ; / NyD ; &if a wmh atmuf y g
command eJY compile vkyfyg/
array _index
Figure 3.18.1 Change the Code_Line in the

radio .java program.
'g[m arguments taeeJYyg0ifwJh true qdkwmudk

jzKwfxm;wJhtwGuf Output xGufvmwJhtcgrSm selecting
taeeJY a&G;cs,fxm;jcif; r&Sad wmhygbl;/ 'gqd&k ifawmh pmzwf
oltaeeJY em;vnfoabmaygufNyDaemf/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (9) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh setsize ( ) method
udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ setsize ( ) method rSm
yg0ifwhJ Width, Height qdw
k hJ arguments ESpcf ak e&mrSm
rdrdvdkcsifwJh Width, Height t&G,ftpm;udk xnfhoGif;
a&;om;Ekdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
SetSize (400,150);
qd k N yD ; rS a&;om;xm;wmud k awG Y & rS m yg/ usef w J h

Code_Line awGuawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY ta&SU program awGrSm awGYjrifNyD;om;jzpfwJhtwGuf tvG,fwul
em;vnf oabmaygufrSmyg/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh 'D
program rSm yg0ifwJh Code_Line awG[m ta&SU program awGrSm toHk;cs a&;om;cJhwJh Code_Line awG
twkdif;ygyJ/ t"duuswmudk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
168
javac radio.java
tu,f compile vkyv

f u
dk v
f Ykd error wufc&hJ if NotePad xJrSm a&;om;xm;wJh Code_Line awGrSm oGm;NyD;awmh
jyifyg/ Java compiler uvnf; error udk b,f Line NO:
b,fae&mrSm error &Sdw,fqdkwmudkvnf; twdtus azmfjy
ay;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh error udk jyifNyD;&if tJ'D Code_File udk
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Save As vkyfyg/ NyD;&if tay:u a&;ay;cJhwJh command
eJYyJ compile jyefvkyfyg/ error r&Sdawmhbl; qdkygpdkYaemf/
atmufrSm a&;jyxm;wJh command eJY Run vkyfvdkufyg/
java radio
tJ'DvdkrsKd; compile & Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.18.2

taeeJY a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
SetSize (400,150) ;
qdkwJh Output Windows < JFrame &JU Frame Size > udk
Width = 400, Height =150 qdkNyD;awmhrS owfrSwfay;xm;
wmygyJ/ tu,frsm; Width = 150, Height = 250 jzpf
atmif atmufygtwkdif; jyifa&;vkduf&ifa&m b,fvdkjzpfvm

rvJ/
SetSize (150,250) ;
tJ'Dtcgus&ifawmh atmufrSma&;jyxm;wJh Figure

3.18.4 twdkif; awGYjrif&rSmygyJ/ Code_Line jyifa&;xm;yHk
udkyg xnfhoGif;ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.18.2 Compile & Run of the radio java

program
uJ tJ'DvdkrsKd; Compile & Run vkyfvkdufNyDqdkwmeJY

Figure 3.12.3 rSm a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;wJt
h wkid ;f radio.java
qdkwJh program i,fav;[m computer Desktop Screen
&JU b,fbuftay:qHk;axmifhrSm vmNyD;awmh Run aerSmygyJ/
Figure 3.18.3 Running the radio.java program
tckjrif&wJh output windows [mqdk&if tay:rSm a&;

om; &Si;f jycJw
h hJ code_line awGukd tvkyv
f yk cf idk ;f xm;wmygyJ/
qufvufNyD;awmh &Si;f jywmuawmh vkid ;f eHygwf (9) rSm a&;jy
xm;wJh-
Figure 3.18.4
Change the
Code_Line Compile
& Run of the
radio.java
uJ'gqk&d ifawmh pmzwfot

l aeeJY rdrEd pS o
f ufwhJ FrameSize t&G,ftpm;eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh zefwD;&,lvkdY&w,f
qdkwmudk &Sif;NyDaemf/ qufvufNyD;awmh JRadio Button eJY
ywfoufwJh oifcef;pmtNyD;rSm Java &JU ComboBox
taMumif;udk 3.4 Using the ComboBox In JAVA qdNk yD;awmh
a&;om; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
3.4 Using the ComboBox In JAVA
ComboBox (OR) JComboBox
Visual Basic programming language udk toH;k jyKwJh
programmer awG tzdkYuawmh comboBox udk toHk;cszl;rSm
yg/ Visual Basic Tool Bass xJu Combo Box ukd DClick acgufNyD;awmh Form_Windows ay:udk ac:wif&yg
w,f/ NyD;rS Properties _Windows xJudk0ifNyD;awmh Data
Field awGudk set vkyfr,f/ NyD;&if Code_Windows xJudk
0ifa&mufNyD;awmh vdt
k yfwhJ Code_Line awGukd a&;om;r,f/
'g[m VB rSm awGYjriftoHk;cs&r,fh tykdif;rSmyg/
Java Language rSmawmh visual Basic Language rSm
avmuf toHk;cs&wm rvG,fulayr,fh toHk;cs&mrSmawmh

tvGefdk;&Sif;ygw,f/ b,f Language rSmyJjzpfjzpf?comboBox [m xnfhoGif;xm;wJh Data awGxJu Data wpfcsufudk
select vkyfEkdifzdkYtwGuf a&G;cs,f&r,fh Data Field ygyJ/
tvG,u
f q
l ;kH ajym&&ifawmh page Maker program rSm page
size / paper size ukd a&G;cs,fovdkrsKd; print xkwf&mrSm
pm&Guft&G,ftpm;udk select vkyfovdkrsKd;aygh/ tJ'D yHkpHrsKd;
ComboBox udk toHk;csygw,f/
ComboBox xJu Data wpfckudk select vkyfvkduf&if
qufET,faewJh tjcm;aom components set awGu Data
awGudkyg ajymif;vJoGm;atmif zefwD; a&;om;vdkY&ygw,f/
'gayr,fh tckyYkdcsr,fh oifcef;pmrSm comboBox udk toH;k csykH
Demonstrate vkyjf yxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfy
h g/ t&ifq;kH
Listing 3.15 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh program udk avhvm
MunfhMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.15 Testing the Java ComboBox
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
import java.awt.*;
public class comboBox extends JPanel
{
public comboBox ( )
{
String S [ ] = {"Kyaw Zayar Lay", "IT Engineering",
"Katha" };
JComboBox cbo = new JComboBox (S) ;
add (cbo);
}
public static void main (String args [ ] )
{
JFrame f = new JFrame ("Testing the JAVA
170
ComboBox" );
comboBox cb = new comboBox ( ) ;
f.SetSize (300, 200);
f.get Content Pane ( ). add (cb);
f.setDefault Close Operation (JFrame. EXIT_
ON_
CLOSE);
19. f.show ( );
20. }
21. }
Analysis
15.
16.
17.
18.
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1)eJY (2) rSmawmh Swing Components eJY

awt components awGudk ac:,ltoHk;csEkdifzdkY atmufyg
twkdif; package file ESpfudk Declare & import
vkyfygw,f/
import javax. swing .*;
import java. awt.*;
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh JPanel udk extends vkyfNyD;awmh
comboBox qdkwJh primary Class udk wnfaqmufyg
w,f / tJ ' D a emuf constructor function jzpf w J h
ComboBox ( ) qdkwJh function udk a&;om;ygw,f/
tJ'D constructor function xJrSm string Data type
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh S [ ] qdkwJh Demisional Array udk
Declare vkyfygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
S [ 0] = "Kyaw Zayar Lay"
S [1] = "IT Engineering"
S [2] = "Katha"
qdNk yD;awmh Array_Type twkid ;f awGY&rSmyg/ tJ'aD emuf
JPanel xJrSmyg0ifwJh JComboBox Class udk vSrf;NyD;
awmh ac:,lNyD;rS object tjzpf zefwD;ygw,f/ Object
_Name uawmh cbo yg/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (9)
rSmJComboBox Cbo = new JComboBox (S) ;

one -demisional Array-S
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmayghaemf/
2/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh main ( ) function udk avhvmMunfh
Mu&atmifvm;/ JFrame Class udk ac:,lNyD;awmh
Object_ Name f tjzpf zefwD;ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
JFrame &JU Passing Arguments ae&mrSm Testing the JAVA Combo Box
qdkNyD;awmh a&;om;ygw,f/ 'g[m Output Windows

&JU Title Bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;ygyJ/ 'gudk oabm
aygufrmS yg/ vkid ;f eHygwf (15) rSmawmh tay:rSm zefw;D cJh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
wJh comboBox qdkwJh primary class udk self-assign
vkyNf yD;awmh object_Name Cb vdYk ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lyg
w,f/ 'DtcgrSm constructor function &JU oabm
twkdif; tvkdvkd 0ifvmNyDaygh/
Note : Constructor function ( ) &JU oabmw&m;udk olY&JU
rlvoabmtwkdif; a&;jy&r,fqdk&ifThe Constructor is a special method that is

invoked only at the beginning of an object's
lifetime. If contains any code that must be
executed for the object to work qdkNyD;awmh
awGYjrif&ygw,f/ 'Dtcsufudk &Sif;jywm[m NyD;cJhwJh

oifcef;pmawGxJuygyJ/ 'gayr,fh swing & awt
components tykdif;rSmawmh JPanel/ JFrame
tp&SdwmawGudk extends vkyf&ygw,f/ extends
vkyfNyD;awmh primary_class wpfckckudk a&;zGJY&mrSm
constructor function oabmw&m;udk toHk;cs
r,fqdk&if program code_line a&;om;&mrSm
ta&twGufudk avQmhcsay;Ekdifovdk Compile &
Run vkyf&mrSmvnf; ydkrdkNyD; vG,fulapEkdifygw,f/
3/ uJ qufvufNyD;awmh avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/ vkdif;
eHygwf (15) rSm Class comboBox udkvSrf;NyD; object
tjzpf zefwD;&mrSm constructor function [m tvkd
tavsmuf Invoked jzpfvmygNyD/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh
Form_Windows &JU t&G,ftpm;udk owfrSwfay;EkdifzdkY
twGuf
f.SetSize (300,200);
qdkNyD;awmhrS width & Height udk rdrdvdkcsifwJh t&G,f

tpm; &&Sad tmif zefw;D a&;om;ygw,f/ uJ tJ'aD emufrmS
awmh getcontentPane ( ) method
add ( ) method
SetDefault Close Operation ( ) method
tp&SdwmawGudk ac:,ltoHk;csygw,f/ 'D method ( )
awGtaMumif;udk a&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS tBudrBf udrf &Si;f jy

cJhNyD;ygNyD/ 'D method ( ) awG API taeeJY yg0ifvmwJh
tvGef toHk;0ifwJh method ( ) awGyJ jzpfwmaMumifh
ac:,ltoHk;cs&mrSmvnf; tvGef vG,fulrI &Sdygw,f/
uJ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh Show ( ) method udk ac:,l
NyD;awmh toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (20) u
Close brace } [m main ( ) function &JU Close brace

yg/ vkdif;eHygwf (2) uawmh primary class comboBox &JU Close brace ygyJ/ 'gqd&
k ifawmh &Si;f oGm;NyDaemf/
uJ tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhwJh Listing 3.15 u code_line
awGudk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;&ifawmh start
Accessories NotePad xJudkoGm;NyD;awmh code_line
awGukd du
k o
f iG ;f yg/ NotePad rSm ku
d o
f iG ;f NyD;&if File_Name
udk combobox. java vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/
Save vkyf&r,fh File_Path vrf;aMumif;uawmh C:\ j2sdk
1.4.1._01\ Bin xJrmS yg/ tJ'v
D kd code_line awGa&;NyD; save
vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3.20 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.20 Write the program code_line

in NotePad
uJ tcka&;jyxm;wmuawmh Code_Line awGudk

NotePad rSm dkufoGif;xm;wmygyJ/ NyD;&ifawmh commandline Interface <DOS> xJ u d k 0if N yD ; awmh atmuf y g
command- line eJY Directory path udkajymif;yg/
CD C;\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin
'DtcgrSm prompt [m C: \j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin qdw

k hJ
prompt twkdif;ay:ae&if CLS command eJY Clear
Screen jzpfatmif &Sif;vkdufygOD;/
tJ'Dtcgus&if Figure3.20.1 twkdif; awGYjrif&&if yHkrSm
azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif;java comboBox.java
eJY compile vkyfyg/ NyD;&if
java combobox
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
command eJY Run vkyfyg/ Compile & Run
atmufu Figure rSm avhvmMunfhyg/
vkyfyHkudk
Figure 3.20.1 Compile & Run of the

combobox.java program
uJ qufvufNyD;awmh tJ'Dtwkdif; Compile &Run

vkyfvdkY &&Sdvmr,fh Output Windows udk Figure 3.20.2
rSm a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/ tJ'D
Figure [m java combobox udk zefw;D &,lxm;wJh programs
i,fav;ygyJ/
Drop -Down Lists and Combo Boxes

ta&SUoifcef;pmrSmwke;f uawmh tajccH oabmw&m;eJYyJ
Demo program a&;jycJhwmaemf/ tajccH Theory tcsuf
tvufawG bmwpfckrQ ryg0ifygbl;/ uRefawmfh&JU xHk;pH
twkdif; tajccH Theory eJY structure method av;eJYawmh
xnfhoGif;&Sif;jy&OD;rSmaygh/ 'grSom b,f method ( ) aMumifh
bmawGjzpfvm&wmvJqw
kd mudk em;vnfoabmaygufrmS aygh
aemf/ Swing Class xJrSmyg0ifwJh JComboBox udk toHk;jyK
r,fq&kd if drop- down lists taeeJYa&m? ComboBox taeeJY
a&m? user Interface taeeJY pdwfBudKuf zefwD;&,lvdkY &Ekdifyg
w,f/
Drop-down lists qdkwmuawmh tck toHk;cscJhwJh
JCombo Box udk ac:a0:wmygyJaemf/ 'D features tae
eJY toHk;jyKr,fqdk&if ay;xm;wJh Data item field xJ
u single item wpfckudk select vkyfNyD;awmh a&G;udk
a&G;cs,f&rSmyg/ 'grSomvQif program &JU qufvkyf&
r,ft
h ykid ;f rSm yg0ifNyD;awmh vkyaf qmifEidk rf mS yg/ [Option
Button (OR) Radio Button eJY tenf;i,f qifwlyg
w,f/] 'gaMumifh olYudk choice lists vdkYvnf; ac:a0:
ygw,f/
Note :
Figure 3.20.2 Running the combobox.java

program
tay:rSm a&;om; &Sif;jycJhwmuawmh combobox udk

Demonstrate vkyfjycJhwmygyJ/ tjcm;aom Java components awGrSmvdkrsKd;ygyJ/ aemufxyf examples wpfcktae
eJYa&m comboBox &JU serval methods awGukda&m aoao
csmcsm avhvmMunfMh u&atmifvm;/ 'gaMumifh Drop-Down
lists and Combo Boxes qdkNyD;awmh example program
eJYtwl a&;om; &Sif;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ qufvuf avhvm
Munfhyg/
172
uReaf wmfuawmh tvG,w

f ulyJ Drop-lists vdYkyJ ac:
ygw,f/
Combo Boxes taeeJ Y u sawmh rl v Drop-lists

features xuf ydNk yD; us,fjyefYvmygw,f/ bmawGus,f
jyefYvmovJqdkwmudk vufawGYavhvmNyD;awmh toHk;cs

MunfhMu&atmifvm;/
JComboBox ( ) udk ac:,l toH;k csr,fq&
kd if olY&UJ Class
xJrmS yg0ifwhJ constructor ( ) function [m tvdt
k avsmuf
yg0ifvmygNyD/
txl;owdjyK&r,fh tcsufuawmh JComboBox ( ) &JU
constructor function rSm arguments vHk;0 ryg0ifygbl;/
tvG,fajym&&ifawmh JComboBox ( ) has with no
arguments ayghaemf/
aemufwpfcsufuawmh JComboBox ( ) method udk
toH;k jyKNyD;awmh Data -Field xJukd Data item awG xnfo
h iG ;f
r,fqdk&if add Item (object) method udk toHk;jyK&ygr,f/
'grSomvQif List xJudk Data Item awGudk jznfhoGif;NyD;om;
jzpfrSmayghaemf/ 'gu Data Item awGudk udef;ao Input
vkyfxm;wmudk ajymwmyg/ 'DtcgrSm SetEditable ( )
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
method udk toHk;jyK&rSmaemf/ toHk;jyK&r,fh arguments
udkawmh true vkyfxm;&rSmaygh/ 'g[m Drop-down lists udk
zefwD; toHk;cs&r,fh enf;vrf;ygyJ/ ComboBox taeeJYu
awmh tJ'D field xJudk user u enter text vkyfNyDqdkwmeJY
wpfzuf Drop-List uaeNyD;awmh Data Item udk pick vkyf
ay;ygw,f/
uJ b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpfayghaemf/ JComboBox Class xJrSm
yg0ifwhJ serval method awGukd avhvmMunfMh u&atmifvm;/
tck a&;om;ay;r,fh serval method awGuawmh Dropdown list (OR) combo Box udk control vkyfr,fh method
awGygyJ/ rlv method awGtwkid ;f yJ a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/
getItemAt (int) - Return the text of the list item at

the index position specified by the integer argument. As with arrays, the first item of a choice list
is at index position 0, the second at position 1,
and so on.
getItem Count ( ) - Return the number of items in
the list.
getselected Index ( ) - Return the index position
of the currently selected item in the list.
getselected Item ( ) - Return the text of the
currently selected item.
setSelected Index (int) - Select the item at the indicated index position.
setSelectedIndex (object) - Select the specified
Object in the list.
setMaximumRow Count (int) - Set the number of
rows in the combo box that are display at one
time.
uJ tck a&;jycJhwmawGuawmh JComboBox Class xJ
rSm yg0ifwJh JComboBox (OR) Drop-down list eJY ,SOfwGJ
NyD;awmh toHk;cs&r,fh method ( ) awGygyJ/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
JComboBox txJrmS yg0ifNyD;om; method awGygyJ/ 'Dawmh
JComboBox eJY ywfoufwhJ oifcef;pmwpfy'
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avhvmMu&atmif/ Listing 3.16 taeeJY a&;om;ay;xm;yg
w,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfhyg/

Listing 3.16 Advenced Method of JComboBox
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
public class combo extends JFrame {
JComboBox monthBox = new JComboBox ( ) ;
JComboBox year Box = new JComboBox ( ) ;
7.
public combo ( ) {
8.
super ("selecting the Date");
9.
SetSize (350,250);
10. setDefault Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_

CLOSE);
11. JPanel pane = new JPanel ( );
12. JLable exp = new JLabel ("Seleting the Date");
13. pane. add (exp) ;
14. for (int i = 1; i <13; i + +)
15. month .addItem ( " " + i);
16. for (int j = 2006; j < 2020; j + +)
17. year .addItem ( " " + j);
18. pane. add (month) ;
19. pane .add (year);
20. setcontent Pane (pane) ;
21. Show ( ) ;
22. }
23.
24. public static void main (string [ ] args) {
25. combo Cb = new Combo ( ) ;
26. }
27. }
uJ 'gqdk&if Listing 3.16 rSm a&;jyxm;wJh code_line

awGukd Analysis vkyMf unfMh u&atmifvm;/ t&if avhvmMu
wmaygh/
Analysis
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) rSm import java.swing .*; package

udk Declare vkyfNyD; ac:,lxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (3)
rSmrS combo qdkwJh primary class udk extends vkyf,l
zefw;D ygw,f/ tJ'D primary class xJrSmrS constructor
( ) function udk ra&;cifrSmmonthBox
yearBox tp&SdwJh Variable_Name ESpfckudk wpfenf;
ajym&&ifawmh object_Name ygyJ/ Declare vkyfyg
w,f/ 'g[m Java Swing Package xJrmS yg0ifwhJ component object awGjzpfwJh JComboBox udk ac:,l
toH;k cswmygyJ/ tJ'aD emuf vkid ;f eHygwf (7) rSmrS combo
( ) qdkwJh constructor function ukd a&;zGJYygw,f/
vkdif;eHygwf (8) rSmrS

Super ("Selecting the Date");
udk a&;om;xm;wmyg/ 'g[m Output tjzpf&vmr,fh
Frame_ Windows &JU Title Bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
twGufygyJ/ Super ( ) Interitance Method eJY toHk;jyK
xm;wmyg/ NyD;awmh Frame_Windows &JU t&G,ftpm;
twGuf setsize ( ) method udk toH;k csNyD;awmh Width=
350, Height = 250 qdNk yD;awmh owfrw
S yf gw,f/ NyD;awmh
program_Run aepOfrmS EXIT_ON_CLOSE vkyE
f idk zf Ykd
twGuf setDefault Close Operation ( ) method ukd
vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSm ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ uJ
NyD;awmh JPanel Class udk Object _Name pane tjzpf
ajymif;vJ zefwD;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh JPanel Class &JU
Object_ Name [m pane jzpfoGm;NyDaemf/
NyD;awmh JLabel Class udk ac:,ltoHk;csEkdifzdkYtwGuf
Object_ Name udk exp vdYk ay;vku
d yf gw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(13) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
oabmaygufNyDaemf/ 'gqdk&ifawmh tJ'D code_line awGudk

NotePad xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh a&;om;Mu&atmifvm;/
NotePad xJrSm code_line awG a&;om;xm;yHkudk Figure
3.20.3 taeeJY a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
pane. add (exp);
qdkwJh code_line [m zefwD;xm;wJh JLabel awGudk

JPanel xJudk add ( ) vkyfEkdifzdkY a&;om;xm;wJh code_
line ygyJ/
2/ Month & Year awGudk dkufxkwfay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf for
looping udk toH;k csxm;wmudk awGY&rSmyg/ month.add.
Item (" " + i) udk dkufxkwfay;EkdifzdkYtwGuf for (int i
[m 1 u pw,f; i [m 13 xufawmh i,fvdkY&w,f; i
udk postfix order eJY aemufwpfvkdif;rSmrS 1 wdk;r,fqdkwJh
Looping eJY dkufxkwfygw,f/
tJ'DvdkygyJ/ for (int j [m 2006 upw,f ; j [m 2020
xufawmh i,fvrd rhf ,f ; j udk portfix order increment
eJY aemufwpfvkdif;rSmrS 1 wdk;r,fqdkNyD;awmh a&;om;ay;
xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m month & year udk looping udk
wGufxkwfygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf JPanel Class xJrSm
yg0ifwJh add ( ) method xJudk looping yg0ifxm;wJh
month & year udk xnfhoGif;ygw,f/
'gawG[m combo ( ) constructor function xJrSm
yg0ifwJh t"du program &JU ausmdk;tydkif;awGygyJ/ 'Dyifr
program yki
d ;f udk wnfaqmufNyD;oGm;wJt
h cgrSm constructor
( ) function udk 0ifvmatmifvdkY class udk object tjzpf
zefw;D vdu
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f meJY tvdt
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vkid ;f eHygwf (24) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;xm;
ygw,f/ tJ'Dh main ( ) function xJrSmrS combo qdkwJh class
udk cb qdw
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d f
ygw,f/ 'gqd&k iftay:rSm a&;om;cJw
h hJ yifrausmd;k tykid ;f jzpf
wJh constructor ( ) function [m tvdktavsmuf yg0if
tvkyfvkyfoGm;awmhrSmyg/ uJ'D code_line awGudk em;vnf
174
Figure 3.20.3 Write the program code_line In

NotePad
tcka&;jyxm;wJh Figure 3.20.3 [m Listing 3.16 u

program code_line awG u d k a&;om;NyD ; awmh save
vkyx
f m;wmygyJ/ Save vky&f r,fh CLASS PATH'S uawmh
C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ Bin xJrSmaemf/ File_Name uawmh
combo.java yJ jzpfygw,f/ uJ tJ'D File udk Save vkyNf yD;&if
command Prompt <DOS> xJukd oGm;Ny;D awmh CD C:\ j2sdk
1.4.1_01\Bin qdNk yD;rS Directory path udak jymif;yg/ NyD;&if
javac combo.java
tu,f compile vkyv

f u
dk v
f Ydk error r&Sb
d ;l qd&k ifawmh
atmufyg command eJY Run vkyfvkdufHkygyJ/
java combo
tJ'Dvdk command prompt <DOS> xJrSm compile&

Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.20.4 rSm a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
bmawG aysmufaysmuf
b,fae&m a&mufa&muf
Figure 3.20.4 Compile & Run of the combo.
java program
'DtcgrSmawmh program &JU output udak tmufu Figure

3.20.5 twdkif; awGYjrif&rSmygyJ/ avhvmMunfhygOD;/
Figure 3.20.5 Running the Combo. java

Program
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh JComboBox (OR) DropDown List

taMumif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufNyD;awmh program awG
a&;wwfvmrSmygyJ/
qufvufNyD;awmh 3.5 Using the ImageIcon In JAVA
qdkwJh oifcef;pmudk qufvuf avhvmvkdufygOD;/ Java
Language xJrSm Image Icon Type awGudk toHk;cs a&;jy
xm;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsmavhvmMunfyg/ Image File awG
udk File_type ajymif;vJNyD;awmh toHk;csenf;vnf; yg0ifyg
w,f/
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arhwwfvmygw,f/ um;aomhudk tckyJ pm;yGJay:
wifvdkufrdw,fxifw,f/ &SmrawGUawmhyg/
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xkwfvkyfvdkufwJh Loc8tor tracking device udkyJ
tm;udk;&ygr,f/ tqdkygud&d,mav;u t&G,ftpm;
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vG,fulovdk toHk;jyK&wmvnf; vG,fygw,f/
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ta&twGufay: rlwnfNyD; pufuav;&JUwefzdk;u
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175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

3.5 USING THE IMAGE ICON IN JAVA
Listing 3.17 Demonstrate the JAVA ImageIcon

1.
2.
3.
public class icon extends JFrame {
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
JButton [ ] buttons = new JButton [25] ;

public icon ( ) {
Super ("Demonstrate the Image Icon in JAVA") ;
setsize (480,380);
setDefault Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_ ON_
CLOSE);
9. JPanel pane = new JPanel ( ) ;
10. Image Icon ic = new Image Icon ("fo ood.GIF"); /
* this. GIF image is
11. include in the C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin\fo ood.GIF,
if this image is not include
12. you will use to another image.GIF type */
13.
14. for (int i = 0; i < 25; i + +) {
15. buttons [i ] = new JButton (ic);
16. pane.add (buttons [i]) ;
17. }
18. set ContentPane (pane);
19. show ( ) ;
20.
21. }
22.
23. public static void main (String [ ] args) {
24. icon c = new icon ( );
25. }
26. }
uJ Image Icon eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh ydYkcs&mrSm tus,cf sUJ

r&Sif;jycifrSm tay:rSma&;jycJhwJh Listing 3.17 ukd t&ifqHk;
avhvmMunfhvkdufygOD;/ 'Doifcef;pmrSm JAVA Image Icon

awGukd b,fvrkd sK;d zefw;D &,lEidk o
f vJqw
kd mudk awGYjrif&rSmyg/
Image Icon awGeJY ywfoufNyD;awmh http://www.java 21
pro.com &JU Day 9 page rSm oGm;&Smr,fqdk&if tvG,fwul
&&SdEkdifygw,f/ wu,fvdkY pmzwfol[m Icon trsKd;rsKd;udk
&csiw
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w,f/
http:// www.Zeldman.com/ icon.html
tu,f pmzwfo[
l m Icon Image awGukd tvG,w
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&SmazGvYkd r&bl;qk&d ifawmh tjcm;aom *.bmp,*.JPG, *.JPEG,
*.TIF, *.ICO tp&SdwJh rdrdESpfoufwJhyHk b,fvdk File_type
rsKd;yJjzpfaeygap/ tvG,fwuleJY *.GIF File_type udk
ajymif;vJNyD;awmh ac:,l xnfhoGif; toHk;csEkdifygw,f/

'Dawmh tckvuf&Sd listing 3.17 udk r&Sif;jycifrSm Image
awGudk File_type ajymif;vJwJhenf;udk t&ifavhvmMunfhMu
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Changing the File_type In *. GIF type
t&ifqHk; pmzwfolESpfoufwJh picture yHkukd &SmazGyg/
t"dutcsuu
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uawmh Listing 3.17 rSm toHk;jyxm;wJh Image eJY rqdkifwJh
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ajymif;ay;xm;ygw,f/ b,fvkd Image av;yJjzpfjzpfayghaemf/
Copy ul;,lNyD;awmh My Computer Drive C: j2sdk
1.4.1_01 Bin xJudkoGm;yg/ Path twkdif;ajymr,fqdk&if
awmh C:/j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin xJudkoGm;yg/ NyD;&if tJ'DyHkudk
uGefysLwm*sme,f {NyDv? 2007 ckESpf
167
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wJh Software.Icon Image udkyJ toHk;jyKay;xm;ygw,f/
uRefawmfh&JU code_File CD xJrSmawmh yg0ifygw,f/
Figure 3.21.3
Opening the
Paint
Program,the
Icon Image is
Showing
Figure 3.21.1 The Icon image
uJ 'DyHkav;yJjzpfjzpf? pmzwfoloabmuswJh yHkav;yJjzpf

jzpfayghaemf/ uRefawmfajymwJh C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin xJrSm
oGm;NyD;awmh xm;NyD;oGm;NyDqdk&if File_type ajymif;zdkYtwGuf
tJ'D Image yHkudk paint program eJY zGifh&rSmyg/ 'Dawmh tJ'D
Image udk R-click acgufNyD;awmh ay:vmwJh Pop-up Menu
xJu Open With Paint ukd a&G;yg/ atmufrSma&;jyxm;
wJh Figure 3.21.2 rSm vufawGYvkyfjyxm;ygw,f/ avhvm
Munfhyg/
tJ't
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l aeeJY File menu uaeNyD;awmh
Save As udkawmif;yg/ atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJh Figure rSm
azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; File Save As udk awmif;&rSmaemf/
Figure 3.21.4 Save As the Icon Image in Paint Program
uJ tay:rSmazmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; Save As menu udk awmif;
vkdufNyD qdkMuygpdkY/ uRefawmfwdkYu atmufyg Image yHkudk
C:\j2sdk 1.4.1.01\Bin xJrSm xm;wmqdkawmh yGifhvmr,fh?
usvmr,fh Save As Dialog Box uvnf; bin xJrmS yJ Save
As vky&
f r,fh Dialog Box yHpk yH gyJ/ atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wmudk
avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.21.2 Open With the Paint Program

Using the Icon Image
tJ'Dtcgus&ifawmh tJ'D Image yHk[m paint program

eJY yGiv
hf mygNyD/ tJ'gudk pmzwfo[
l m atmufygtwkid ;f awGYjrif
&rSmyg/ azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
168
Figure 3.21.5 To Select the GIF (*.GIF) File

Type in Save As Dialog Box.
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tJ'Day:vmwJh Save As Dialog Box xJu atmufajc
rSm yg0ifwJh Save as type qdkwJhae&mrSm GIF [*GIF] qdkwJh
file_type udk a&G;cs,fyg/ tJ'g[m vuf&Sd Image &JU File_
type ukd ajymif;vJypfzYkd ygyJ/ azmfjyxm;wJh Figure udk avhvm
NyD;awmh aoaocsmcsm a&G;cs,fyg/ oabmaygufNyDaemf/
File_type rrSm;ygapeJY/ File_type udk a&G;NyD;&if Save As
Button ukdESdyfyg/
tJ'DtcgrSm *.Ico Image Type uaeNyD;awmh *.GIF
Image Type udk ajymif;vJNyD;rS Save vkyfvkdufwJhtwGuf
Some loss of Color Information jzpfoGm;wmawGudk
owday;wJh Message Box wpfck ay:vmygvdrfhr,f/ Yes_
Button udk ESdyfvkdufyg/ ay;vmr,fh Message Box udk
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
Figure 3.21.6 Prompt the Message, Changing

the File Type of *. Ico Image
uJ 'D Message Box rSmyg0ifwJh Yes_Button ukd ESdyf

vdkufNyD qdkygpkdYaemf/ color Information tcsKdU[m ajymif;vJ
oGm;ygw,f/ atmufrSmazmfjyay;xm;wJh paint program ukd
avhvmMunfhvdkufyg/ owdjyKrdygvdrfhr,f/
File Exit udk a&G;NyD;jzpfap program ukd ydwfypfvkdufyg/

'DtcgrSm C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin udk oGm;Munfhr,fqdk&if
[My_computer Drive C: j2sdk 1.4.1_01
Bin xJukd D-Click acgufNyD;oGm;&ifaygh] rlv&Sw
d hJ Software.
yH
k
p
H
t
jyif
atmuf
a
zmf
j
yygyH
keJY Software
Icon Type Image
.GIF qdw
k hJ Image udyk g .* GIF File_type eJY wnf&adS ewmudk
pmzwfoltaeeJY awGY&Sd&rSmygyJ/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.21.8 The GIF Image
tckazmfjyxm;wJh Image Icon av;udk pmzwfol&JU

C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \Bin qdkwJh folder xJrSmawGYjrif&rSmyJ/
'Dawmh tJ'D GIF Image &JU properties udkodcsif&if Image
udk R-click acgufNyD;awmh ay:vmwJh Pop-up Menu xJu
atmuf q H k ; rS m yg0if w J h Properties ud k a&G ; cs,f y g/
tJ'Dtcgus&if Software qdkwJh Image jzpfwJhtwGuf
Software Properties qdkNyD;awmh Properties Dialog Box
ay:vmrSmyg/ Figure 3.21.8 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;
ygw,f/
Figure 3.21.7 *.
GIF color format
type is cause some
lost color
information
NyD;&ifawmh tckazmfjyxm;wJh Paint Program &JU nm

buf tay:axmifhrSm&SdwJh Close Button udkydwfjzpfap?
Figure 3.21.8
The properties
windows.*GIF
Type of Image
tckazmfjyxm;wJh Figure 3.21.8 [m Image &JU File_

type udk *. GIF Type tjzpf ajymif;vJay;NyD;awmhrS File_
type , File Size tp&Sw
d mawGukd avhvmvdYk&atmif azmfjyay;
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
xm;wJh properties windows ygyJ/ avhvmMunfyh g/ uJ'gqdk
&ifawmh rdrEd pS o
f ufwhJ tjcm; File_type rsm;udk .*GIF trsKd;
tpm; File_type tjzpf &&Sdatmif ajymif;vJwwfoGm;rSm jzpf
ygw,f/ 'Dawmh pmzwfo&l UJ computer xJrmS &Sw
d hJ rdrEd pS o
f uf
picture
awG
u
d
k
ajymif
;
vJ
xnf
h
o
G
i
f
;
toH
k
;
jyKEk
d
i
f
y
gw,f
/
wJh
'gqdk&ifawmh qufvufNyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 3.17 rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Demonstrate the JAVA
Image Icon qdkwJh oifcef;pmudk Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh avh
vmMunfhMu&atmif/
Analysis
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) rSm Swing package udk import vkyf

ac:,lxm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh JFrame Class udk extends
vkyNf yD;awmh icon qdw
k hJ primary class udk a&;om;zefw;D
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dh primary class xJrSmrS Demisional
Array Method eJY JButton [ ] udk zefwD;ygw,f/
Array ta&twGuu
f awmh [25] ckyg/ tJ'gNyD;awmh icon
( ) qdkwJh constructor function udk zefwD;ygw,f/
tJ'D constructor function xJrSm zefwD;r,fh program
rSm yg0if&r,fh [Title bar rSm yg0if&r,fh text] &,f?
Windows Frame &JU Width & Height t&G,ftpm; ?
aemufNyD;awmh Windows udk Close vkyzf Ykd Set Default
Close Operation ( ) method tp &SdwmawGudk xnfh
oGif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (9)
rS JPanel udk object_Name pane tjzpf zefw;D ac:,l
ygw,f/ uJ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyDaemf/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSmawmh ImageIcon udk zefwD;&,lzdkY
twGuf atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
Image Icon ic = new
Image
Icon
("foood. GIF");
xnfo
h iG ;f vko
d nf*.GIF type
Image &Sdonfhae&m? path
vrf ; aMumif ; ud k xnf h
oGi;f vQifvnf;&onf/ Oyrm
["C:\j2sdk1.4.1.01\-bin
\foood.GIF"]
txufygtwkdif; a&;om;vdkufygu C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_

01\bin folder xJ&Sd wnf&Sdaeaom foood.GIF Image
udkom ac:,lEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ tjcm;aom folder
_path vrf;aMumif;xJ&Sd .*GIF Image udk &,lcsifygu
170
if; Image wnf&Sd&m path vrf;aMumif;udk " " Double

f Mk um;wGif a&;om;&rnfjzpfonf/ vkid ;f eHygwf
quote ESpc
(9) u code_line uawmh C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1.01\bin xJ
u jzpfwJhtwGufaMumifh path vrf;aMumif; xnfha&;
p&m rvdkygbl;/
tJ'Daemufu a&;xm;wJh /* cHNyD; a&;xm;wmuawmh
comments ygyJ/ xnfr
h a&;vnf;&ygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(12) txd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ */ ydwfxm;wJhtxdyg
yJ/ xnfha&;&ifvnf; Java Compiler u todtrSwf
rjyKygbl;/ vkid ;f eHygwf (14) rSmrS for looping udk toH;k
jyKNyD;awmh tay:rSm Declare vkyfcJhwJh JButtons [ ]
awGudk y,fxkwfygw,f/ 'D looping yg0ifwJh vrf;
aMumif;udak wmh ta&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS awGYjrifz;l NyD;om;
jzpfwJhtwGuf tus,fcsJUNyD;awmh r&Sif;jyawmhygbl;/
Note :
owdjyK&r,fhtcsufuawmh vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm

JButton [ ] udk object_Name buttons vdkY trnf
ay;xm;wmaemf/ vkid ;f eHygwf (10) rSmusawmh Image
Icon udk object_Name ic vkYd trnfay;xm;wmaemf/
'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (16) rSm
pane.add (buttons [i]);
a&;om;xm;wmyg/ tJ'Drwkdifcif vkdif;eHygwf (15)

rSmvnf; Button [ ] awGxJudk Image Icon awG
yg0ifvmzdkYtwGuf
buttons [i] = new JButton (ic);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/
uJ 'Dtxd &Sif;NyDaemf/ 'gqdk&if qufvuf avhvmMunfh
Mu&atmifvm;/
3/ usefwhJ code_line awGu taxGtxl; &Si;f jyp&mrvdw
k hJ
twGuf main ( ) function udkyJ qufvuf avhvmMu
&atmifvm;/ main ( ) function xJrSmawmh tay:rSm
zefwD;cJhwJh primary class icon udk object_Name ic
vkdY trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,lvdkufwmygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf
(24) rSm avhvmMunfhyg/
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY listing 3.17 udk
Analysis vkyfNyD; avhvmMunfhwm em;vnf oabmayguf
oGm;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh 'D code_line awGudk Notepad rSmoGm;NyD;
a&;om;Mu&atmif/ Notepad xJrSm code_line awG a&;
om;NyD;oGm;&if icon.java qdkNyD;awmh File_Name ay;NyD;
save vkyf&ygr,f/ File udk Save vkyf&r,fh path uawmh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
C:\j2sdk 1.4.1.01 \bin xJrSmaemf/ uJ code_line awGudk
a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 3.21.9 taeeJY
a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/ 'D program
rSm AWT package udk jzKwfxm;wJhtwGuf
import java.awt. *;
qdkwJh code_line [m ryg0ifygbl;/ 'gudk oabmayguf
java icon
Program udk compile & Run vkyy
fu
kH kd Figure 3.21.10 taeeJY
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
w,faemf owdxm;Munfhyg/
Figure 3.21.10 Compile & Run of the icon.java

program
Figure 3.21.9 Write the program code_line In

Notepad
uJ Figure 3.21.10 rSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; compile

& Run vkyfvkduf&ifawmhcomputer screen &JU b,fbuf
tay:axmifrh mS atmufygtwkid ;f Demonstrate the ImageIcon in JAVA qdkwJh Title Bar eJY program [m Run aerSm
ygyJ/
icon.java qdw
k hJ File udk C: \ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin atmuf
rSm save vkyNf yD;&if command Prompt <DOS> xJukd 0ifNyD;
&if atmufyg command eJY compile vkyyf g/ compile rvkyf
cifrSmCD C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin
qdkNyD;rS DIR ukd change vdkufygOD;/ NyD;rS atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/
javac icon.java
tu,f compile vkypf OfrmS Error wufvm&if vkid ;f eHygwf

udk rSwfxm;NyD; icon.java qdkwJh Notepad xJrSmoGm;NyD;awmh
jyifyg/ NyD;&if Save As jyefvkyfNyD;rS txufyg command
eJY compile jyefvkyfyg/
'gaMumifh uRefawmfuawmh Notepad a&m command Prompt udka&m wpfNydKifeuf zGifhxm;NyD;rS
compile & Run vkyfapcsifygw,f/ 'grSom error
wufvm&if tcsdefukefoufomrSm jzpfygw,f/
uJ error r&Sad wmhb;l bJ qdMk uygpdYk/ atmufyg command
eJY program udk Run vkyfyg/
Note :
Figure 3.21.11 Running the icon.java program
uJ 'gqdk&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY Image Icon awGudk

eJY b,fvdk zefwD;,lvdkY&w,fqdkwmudk
oabmaygufoGm;avmufygNyD/ 'Dawmh pmzwfol ESpfoufwJh
Image yHkawGudk File_type ajymif;NyD;awmh xnfhoGif; toHk;
jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'gaMumifh qufvufNyD;awmh 3.6 Using the
Password Field In JAVA qdw
k hJ oifcef;pmudk ydYk csay;xm;yg
w,f/ qufvufavhvmMuygpdkY/
JAVA Language
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
3.6 USING THE PASSWORD FIELD IN JAVA
Listing 3.18 Using the Password Field in JAVA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
import javax. swing.*;

public Class form extends javax. swing .JFrame {
J Text Field username = new JText Field (15) ;

JPassword Field password = new JPassword
Field (15);
7. JTextArea comments = new JTextArea (4,15);
8.
9. public form ( ) {
10. super ("Using the password Field in JAVA");
11. setsize (300,200);
12. setDefault Close Operation (JFrame. EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
13. JPanel pane = new JPanel ( ) ;
14. JLabel usernamelabel = new Jlabel
("UserName:");
15. JLabel passwordlabel = new Jlabel
("Password:");
16. JLabel commentslabel = new JLabel
("Comments:");
17. Comments.Setline Wrap (true) ;
18. Comments .Set Wrap Style Word (true) ;
19. pane. add (username label);
20. pane.add (username);
21. pane.add (passwordlabel);
22. pane.add (password);
23. pane.add (commentslabel);
24. pane.add (comments);
25. set Content Pane (pane) ;
26.
27. show ( ) ;
28. }
29. public static void main (string [ ] args) {
30. form f = new form ( ) ;
31. }
32. }
Listing 3.18 taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh program code_line

awGudk t&ifqHk; Analysis vkyfMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ NyD;rS
vufawGY wnfaqmufMunfhMuwmaygh/
Analysis
1/ Program &JUtprSm swing components awGudk ac:,l
toHk;csEkdifzdkY Swing package udk import vkyfNyD;awmh
172
xnfhoGif;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh primary class form qdkwm

udk zefwD;ygw,f/ zefwD;&mrSmvnf; javax.swing
.JFrame Class ukd extends vkyfxm;wmaemf/ 'Dvdk
extends vkyfxm;&mrSm
public class form extends javax.swing.JFrame {
vdkY a&;jcif;eJY
public class form extends JFrame {
vkdYa&;jcif;[m twlwlygyJ/ 'Dawmh tJ'D Class udk quf

vufNyD;awmh avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
username vdkY object_variable_Name ay;xm;wJh
JTextField u wpfck
password vdkY object_variable_Name ay;xm;wJh
JPassword Field uwpfck
comments vdkY object_variable_Name ay;xm;wJh
JText Area u wpfckudk ac:,lxnfhoGif;ygw,f/ tJ'D
ae&mrSm JText Field eJY JTextArea uawmh ta&SUu
NyD;cJhwJh program awGrSm toHk;jyKzl;NyD;om;yg/ JPassword Field uawmh tck oifcef;pmrSmrS toHk;jyK
zl;wmyg/
vkdif;eHygwf (9) rSmrS form ( ) qdkwJh constructor
function ud k a&;om;ygw,f / tJ ' D constructor
function xJrmS rS Title Text taeeJY yg0if&r,fh pmom;udk
super ("Using the Password Field in JAVA");
vdkY a&;om;ygw,f/ Super ( ) method [m JFrame
Class xJrSm yg0ifygw,f/ ta&SUoifcef;pmrSmvnf;
yg0ifNyD;om;yg/ tJ'Daemuf Frame &JU t&G,ftpm;udk
SetSize (300,200) ;
qdkNyD;rS owfrSwfygw,f/ tJ'D Frame udk EXIT_ON_
CLOSE vkyE
f idk zf YkdtwGuf
SetDefault Close Operation ( ) method ukd ac:,l
toHk;csygw,f/
2/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) rSmrS JPanel Class udk object_Name
pane qdkwJh trnfay;NyD; ac:,lygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
Jlabel udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh Label Box oH;k ckukd zefw;D yg
w,f/ olwdkY&JU Name awGuawmh
Usernamelabel
password label
comments label vdkY jzpfMuygw,f/ 'gawG[m
Object _variable _Name awGtaeeJYygyJ/ 'DemrnfawGeJYyJ
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
qufvufNyD;awmh toHk;csrSmaemf/ tJ'D label Box awGrSm
yg0ifapcsifwJh pmom;udk Jlabel ( ) method &JU arguments
ae&mrSm wpfcgwnf; xnfhoGif; a&;om;NyD;om;yg/ 'Dtcsuf
udk owdxm;NyD;awmh pmzwfol avhvmMunfhyg/ vkdif;eHygwf
(17) eJY (18) rSm awGY&wmuawmh comments vkdY trnfay;
xm;wJh JText Area ( ) udk uRefawmfwdkY toHk;rcs&ao;wJhSetLine Wrap ( ) method eJY
setWrap Style Word ( ) method &,fqNkd yD; awGY&rSmyg/
'Dawmh 'D method ESpfck[m JTextArea ( ) eJYywfoufwJh
method awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D method eJY ywfoufwm
awGudk &Sif;jyzdkY vdkvmNyDaygh/ uJ 'Dawmh Note: taeeJY a&;
om;xm;wJt
h csuaf wGukd aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunfyh g/ API
method taeeJY tvGeftoHk;0ifygw,f/ 'Dawmh pmzwfol
taeeJYvnf; Exam ajzqd&k mrSm taxmuftyH&h Ekid af tmif rl&if;
ta&;tom;twkdif;yJ azmfjyay;vkdufygw,f/
Note : Set Line Wrap ( ) method
Set Wrap style Word ( ) method
The selline Wrap (boolean) method determines whether text will wrap to the next line
when it reaches the far edge of the component.Call setlineWrap (true) to cause line
wrapping to occur.
The SetWrap Style Word (boolean) method
determines What wraps to the next line either
the current word (an argument of true) or
the current character (false).
uJ tck a&;jycJhwJh API method (2) ckudk aoaocsmcsm
avhvmNyD;oGm;&if code_line awGudk qufvufavhvmMu
&atmifvm;/ vdkif;eHygwf (17) rSm a&;xm;wJh

comments.setline wrap (true) ;
method aMumifh JText Area xJrmS vufcx
H m;wJh text awGukd
Wrapping vkyE
f idk zf YkdtwGuf vuf&dS Text &JU tpuaeNyD;awmh
pwif rSwf,lygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (18) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh

coments.setwrap Style Word (true) ;
qdkwJh code_line uawmh vuf&Sd Text ae&muaeNyD;awmh

a&SUvmr,fh dkufoGif;wJh current character udk wrap vkyfzdkY
twGufygyJ/
'Dawmh txufyg method ( ) ESpfckudk ac:,lNyD;awmh
code_line rSm xnfhoGif;vkdufwJhtwGuf comments vdkY
trnfay;xm;wJh JTextArea rSm kdufoGif;wJh pmom; Text

awG[m owfrw
S x
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usvmrSmyg/ tJ'g[m Text Wrapping &JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/
tus,fcsJUMunfhMu&atmifvm;/
JText Area (int ,
int);
vkdY toHk;jyKcJhwJhtcgrSm
Specified Number
Of Row
Specified Number of
Columns
vkYd ta&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS a&;NyD; &Si;f jycJzh ;l w,faemf/ tvG,f

rSwf&ifawmh
JTextArea xJrSmqHhr,fh pmaMumif; ta&twGufeJY
/JTextArea rSmqhHr,fh pmvHk;ta&twGufvdkYajym&if rrSm;yg
bl;/ 'g[m JText Area wpfckudk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh zefwD;
wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh 'DzefwD;vkdufwJh JTextArea rSm owfrSwf
xm;wJh ta&twGux
f uf pmvH;k a&udk ydNk yD;awmh du
k o
f iG ;f rd&if
JText Area [m tvdt
k avsmuf JTextArea udk Resizeable
vkyfay;ygw,f/ trSefwu,fawmh JTextArea udk toHk;jyK
r,fqdk&if Scrolling Panes vdkYac:wJh JScrollPane ( )
method udkyg ac:,ltoHk;cs&ygw,f/
Oyrm JScrollPane (YERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_
ALWAYS) ;
qdw
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'gqdk&ifawmh vkdif;eHygwf (17)? (18) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
setline Wrap ( ) method eJY
setWrap Style Word ( ) method awGudk xnfhoGif;
toHk;jyKp&mrvdkbl;ayghaemf/ 'gayr,fh tck Oyrm a&;jyxm;
wJh code_line [m trSerf [kwyf gbl;aemf/ Oyrmay;NyD; a&;jy
xm;wmyg/ tckvuf&Sd listing 3.18 rSm tck &Sif;jyaewJh
JScroll Pane awGukd xnfo
h iG ;f toH;k jyKrxm;wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh
tay:u&Sif;jyaewJh method (2) ckudk xnfhoGif; toHk;jyK&
wmygyJ/
'D method (2) ckom ryg0ifcJh&if pmvHk;a&[m owf
rSwfxm;wJh limit xufykdcJh&if JTextArea udka&m? Form_
Window udka&m tvdktavsmuf Resizeable vkyfNyD; csJUay;
rSmyg/ 'DtcgrSm owfrSwfxm;wJh Form_Windows yHkpH[m
ysufNyDayghaemf/
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note :
pmzwfol[m setlinewrap ( ) method / setwrap

Style Word ( ) method ESpfckudk jzKwfxm;NyD;awmh
compile & Run vkyMf unfy
h g/ pmvH;k a&^ pmaMumif;
a& rsm;&ifrsm;oavmuf tvdktavsmuf csJUoGm;NyD;
awmh vufcHaeygvdrfhr,f/ wu,fvdkY 'D method
( ) awGudk roHk;csif&ifawmh JscrollPane udk ac:oHk;
&rSmayghaemf/ pmzwfoltaeeJY prf;Munfhyg/
tJ'aD emufrmS awmh show ( ) method udk ac:,l toH;k

csygw,f/ Frame udk Display jyEkdifzdkYtwGufaygh
aemf/ 'Dae&mrSm show ( ) method udk toHk;rjyKcsif
&if setvisible (true) method udk toHk;jyK&ifvnf;
&ygw,f/ tcsKdU program awGrSm uRefawmf toHk;
jyKcJhzl;ygw,f/
Note :
3/ uJ qufNyD;awmh avhvmMunfMh u&atmifvm;/ tJ'D vkid ;f

eHygwf (17)? (18) u Text Wrapping method ESpfck
aMumifh JTextArea udk owfrSwfxm;wJh specified of
Number Rows (4) Rows pmaMumif;ta&wGuf(4)
aMumif; specified Number of columns(20) pmvH;k a&
ta&twGuf (20) vH;k wdwd udk vufcrH mS yJ jzpfygw,f/
owfrSwfxm;wJh pmvHk;a& (20) xuf ydkvm&if aemuf
wpfaMumif;udk tvdktavsmuf Enter key ESdyfp&m
rvdkygbJeJY qif;oGm;rSmyg/ 'g[m Text wrapping
method awG&JU oabmw&m;ygyJ/
uJ code_line eHygwf (19) (20) rSmawmh pane vdkY
Object_ Name ay;xm;wJh JPanel Class xJu add ( )
method udk toHk;csNyD;awmh panel xJrSm add vkyfygw,f/
'gaMumifh
pane .add (username.label); // add the JPanel
pane.add (username); // add the JText Field
vdkY a&;xm;wmaygh/ 'g[m JText Field wpfckeJY JLabel

wpfckudk form ay:rSm wyfqifvkdufNyDaemf/
Note : Swing Containers ,including frames, windows,
applets, and dialog boxes, do not allown
components to be added in this manner. Those
containers are broken down into panes, a kind
of container within a container. Ordinarily ,
components are added to the container's
content pane.
txufyg enf;vrf;twkdif;yJ JPassword Field eJY
JLabel wpfckpDudkvnf;aumif;? JText Area eJY
JLabel wpfckpDudkyg txufyg code_line awG
twkdif; xnfhoGif;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (22) uae

(25)txdygyJ/ avhvmMunfyh g/ tvG,w
f ul oabm
aygufEkdifygw,f/
174
tcsKdUaom Swing container xJrSmyg0ifwJh API

method awG[m r&Sif;jy&ao;bJ &Sdaeygao;w,f/
tJ'gawGeJY ywfoufwmawGudkawmh Appendix of
Swing & AWT components vdkY trnfay;NyD;
awmh ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ oD;oefYoifcef;pmtaeeJY

ygyJ/ vuf&Sd Swing & AWT eJY ywfoufwJh oif
cef;pmawGtNyD;rSmyg/ tJ'DtcgrSm vuf&Sd toHk;jyK
NyD;awmh em;rvnfwJh API method awGudkyg compare vkyfNyD;awmh &Sif;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (29) rSmawmh main ( )
function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( )
function xJrSmrS tay:rSm a&;om;cJhwJh form qdkwJh
class udk Object_Name f vkdY ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l
vdkufygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm form ( ) qdkwJh class &JU
constructor function [m tvdkvdk0ifvmNyDaygh/
tJ't
D cgrSm form ( ) qdw
k hJ constructor xJrmS a&;om;
xm;wJh (uRefawmfwdkYjzpfcsifwJh code_line awG) u
tvkyfvkyfNyDaygh/ vdkif;eHygwf (30) rSmyg/ uJusefwJh
brace } awGuawmh main ( ) function eJY primary
class &JU close brace } awGygyJ/
'gqdk&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY listing 3.18 u codeline awGukd Analysis vkyw
f m tvG,w
f ul em;vnf oabm
aygufoGm;NyDayghaemf/ 'Dawmh tJ'D code_line awGudk program taeeJY vufawGYwnfaqmufMu&atmif/ Notepad
program xJudkoGm;NyD;awmh tJ'D code_line awGudk a&;om;
yg/
tJ'Dvdk code_line awGudk a&;om;NyD;&ifawmh File
Save udak wmif;yg/ Save vky&
f mrSm C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \bin
qdkwJh folder atmufrSm save vkyf&rSmaemf/ File_Name udk
awmh form.java vdkY trnfay;&ygr,f/ tJ'Dvkd trnfay;NyD;
awmh save vkyx
f m;yHu
k kd Figure 3.22 taeeJY a&;jyay;xm;yg
w,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Figure 3.22.1 Compile & Run of the form.java

program
Figure 3.22 Write the program In the Notepad
tu,frsm; Compile vkyfpOfrSm error wufvmcJh&if

vnf; Notepad xJu code_line awGudk0ifNyD;awmh error
Line_No twkdif;jyifNyD;awmh Save As vkyfyg/ NyD;&ifawmh
Compile & Run vkyfyg/ 'Denf;eJYyJ error uif;atmif BudK;
pm; wnfaqmuf&rSmygyJ/ uJ error uif;oGm;vdkY trSm; r&Sd
awmh&if Run vkyfwJhtcgrSm atmufygtwkdif; output xGuf
vmrSmygyJ/ Figure 3.22.2 taeeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunfhyg/
uJtay:rSma&;jycJhwJh Figure 3.22 uawmh Notepad

rSm Code_Line awG a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyfxm;yHkygyJ/
'Dawmh File udk Save vkyfNyD;&if command prompt xJudk
0ifNyD;awmh compile & Run vkyfMu&atmifvm;/ t&ifqHk;
Directory path udk ajymif;vdkufygOD;/ atmufyg command
eJYajymif;yg/
CD C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \bin
'Dawmh j2sdk 1.4.1_01 &JU directory atmufuakd &mufomG ;&if

CLS command eJY screen udk clear vkyv
f u
dk yf gOD;/ NyD;&if
javac form.java
compile vkyNf yD;awmh error r&Sc
d &hJ ifawmh atmufyg command
eJY qufvufNyD;awmh Run vkyfyg/
java form
atmufygtwkdif; compile & Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 3.22.1

taeeJY a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 3.22.2 Running the form.java program
uJ'gqdk&ifawmh JPassword Field udk toHk;cs a&;om;

xm;wJh program i,fav;udk Demonstrate vkyfjyvdkY NyD;yg
NyD/ pmzwfot
l aeeJY ta&SUuoifcef;pmawGeYJ aygif;pyfNyD;awmh
toHk;jyK zefwD;Munfhyg/ qufvufNyD;awmh swing & AWT
components awG[m rsm;jym;vSwmaMumifh sub-Index tae
eJY &Sif;jy&wm[m rsm;jym;vSwmaMumifh Chapter [4] tjzpf
qufvufNyD;awmh oifMum; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ Swing &
AWT components awGxJrSm yg0ifwJh API method awGudk
vnf; Appendix tjzpf qufvufydkYcsay;rSmyg/ 'gaMumifh
qufvufNyD;awmh Chapter [4] udk qufvufavhvmMunfyh g/
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (4)
4.1 CREATE A NEW TOOLBAR WITH JAVA LANGUAGE

Toolbar wpfckudk zefwD;r,f qkdMuygpdkY/ JToolbar_
Class [m Swing Package xJrmS yg0ifNyD;om;yg/ JToolbar_
Class [m tkyfpkzGJUxm;wJh serval components awGudk row
(or) column taeeJY zefwD;Ekdifygw,f/ trsm;tm;jzifhawmh
Toolbar awGukd zefw;D &mrSm JButton awGukd tkyp
f zk UJG NyD;awmh
toHk;csavh &Sdygw,f/ Toolbar vdkYqkd&mrSm pmzwfol[m
omref user wpfa,mufyJ jzpfaeOD;awmh toHk;cszl;NyD;om;yJ
jzpfrmS yg/ Oyrm- Microsoft Word, Netscape Navigator,
or Lotus Wordpro tp&SdwmawGrSm toolbar awG[m yg0if
NyD;om;yg/ 'DaeYacwf omref user wpfa,muftzdkYrSmawmif
Toolbar awGudk Family jzpfNyD;om;yg/ Microsoft Word,
Microsoft Excel rSmyJ avhvmMunfhav/ Pull-Down
Menu uae usvmr,fh command qDudk oGm;r,fhtpm;
alternative shortcut awGyJ toHk;jyKrvm;? 'grSr[kwf
Toolbar ay:u shortcut button awGudkyJ toHk;jyKrvm;
pojzifh tvG,fwul toHk;0ifatmif user interface taeeJY
zefwD;xm;vdkY &ygw,f/
Toolbars awGudk zefwD;&mrSm default tm;jzifhawmh
Horizontal_Toolbar_Type taeeJYyJ zefwD;Muygw,f/
'gayr,fh vuf&SdemrnfBuD; Application Software awGrSm
vnf; vertical type toolbar awGvnf; awGUjrif&ygvdrrfh ,f/
'g[m jyemr&Sdygbl;/ vkdcsifwJh type udk &&SdEkdifzdkY Horizontal or Veritcal Class variables awG[m JToolbar Class
&JU Swing Constants interface xJrSm yg0ifNyD;om;yg/
JToolbar Class xJrmS yg0ifwhJ constructor methods awGukd
avhvmMunhf&atmif/
JToolBar ( )
168
- Creates a new toolbar
JToolBar (int) - Creates a new toolbar with the

specified orientation
uJ 'D construction method awGudk avhvmMunhfr,f
qkd&if JToolbar Class xJrSm yg0ifwJh construction function awG[m overloading yHkpHeJY a&;om;xm;wmudk awGU&rSm
yg/
Note : Overloading method taMumif; yg0ifvmvdkY Iyf
axG;roGm;ygeJY/ C & C++ e,fy,fu programmer
awGuawmh over loading &JUoabmw&m;udk oabm
aygufrSmyg/ tvG,fajym&&if function ( )_Name
awG wlnDNyD;awmh parameter arguments type awG
uJjG ym;jcm;em;wmudk tajcjyKNyD;awmh wGucf sut

f oH;k cs
&mrSm oufqkdif&m Function ( )uyJ 0ifa&muftvkyf
vkyfwmvdkYyJ tvG,frSwf,lxm;yg/ trSefwu,fu
awmh overloading &JU oabmw&m;u 'Dx
h uf trsm;
BuD; us,fjyefYygw,f/
NyD;cJw
h hJ chapter (1) & Chapter (2) rSm avhvmMunhyf g/
tJ'D Toolbar awGay:rSm Components awGukd xnho
f iG ;f csif
w,fqkd&ifawmh a&SUoifcef;pmawGrSm toHk;cscJhwJh add (Object) method udk toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ Program trsm;pkrSm
zefwD;xm;wJh Toolbar awGudk tvG,fwul move vkyfvkdY
&ygw,f/ tJ'v
D kd move vky&f mrSm tvG,w
f ul a&TUajymif;Ekid f
wmudk dockable toolbars vdkY ac:a0:ygw,f/ Swing
Package udk toHk;jyKNyD; zefwD;xm;wJh Toolbar awG[m
dockable toolbars awGygyJ/ 'gaMumifh
Swing toolbars can also be docked into a new
window, separate from the original.
uGefysLwm*sme,f arv? 2007 ckESpf
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh pdwfwdkif;us Best
Results udk &csifw,fqkd&ifawmh JToolbar udk zefwD;&mrSm
dockable JTool-bar jzpfatmif container class xJrmS yg0if
wJh border-layout manager udktoHk;jyKNyD;awmh arranged
vkyf&rSmygyJ/ 'Dtcsufudk rSwfxm;aemf/ bmvdkYvJqkdawmh
Border-layout eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh oifcef;pmudk oifMum;
ykdYcsay;jcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;/ tckoifcef;pm chapter (4) &JU
sub-index taeeJY borderlayout eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh
oifMum;ydYk csay;ygr,f/ Borderlayout taeeJY zefw;D toH;k cs
r,fqkd&if container udk divides into five areas vkyfvkdY&yg
w,f/ Oyrm- north, south, east, west, center tp&Sdojzifh
aygh/ zefwD;&,lvkdY &ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY zefwD;xm;wJh
JToolbar awGudk Borderlayout &JU directional areas
wpfckckrSm xm;udk xm;&rSmygyJ/ 'Dawmh Borderlayout eJY
ywfoufwhJ tcsut
f vufawGukd a&SUvmr,fh chapter index
rSmyJ qufvuf avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
uJ 'Dawmh Toolbar eJY ywfoufwhJ tcsuftvufawGukd
avhvmNyD;oGm;NyDq&dk ifawmh dockable toolbar wpfcyk g0ifwhJ
Program i,fav;wpfckudk zefwD; wnfaqmufMunhfMu&
atmif/ Listing 4.1 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh The Full Text
of ToolBar. java qkw
d hJ Program udk t&ifq;kH avhvmvdu
k f
Mu&atmifvm;/ uJ avhvmMuygpkdY/
Listing 4.1 The Full of ToolBar . java
1. import java. awt. *;
2. import java . awt. event, * ;
3. import javax. swing. *;
4.
5. public class Toolbar extends Jframe{
6.
7. public class ToolBar( ) { // constructor function
()
8. super ("Testing the JAVA ToolBar");
9. set Default Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
10. ImageIcon images1 = new ImageIcon ("button
1.gif");
11. J Button button 1 = new JButton (image1);
12. ImageIcon image 2 = new ImageIcon ("button
2.gif");
13. JButton button 2 = new JButton (image 2);
14. ImageIcon image 3 = new ImageIcon("button3.
gif");
15. JButton button 3 = new JButton (image3);
16. JToolBar bar = new JToolBar ( );
17. bar. add (button 1);
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
25.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
JTextArea. edit = new JTextArea (8,40);

JScrollPane scroll = new JScrollPane (edit);
JPanel pane
= new JPanel ( );
Borderlayout (bord) = new BorderLayout( );
Pane.setlayout (bord);
Pane. add ("North", bar);
Pane. add ("enter", scroll);
SetContentPane (pane);
}// Close brace of the constructor function ( )
Public static void main (String [ ] arguments) {
ToolBar frame = new ToolBar ( );
Frame. pack ( ) ;
Frame. setvisible (true);
} // close barce fn main function
}
ToolBar. Java qkdwJh Program [m code _line (36)

aMumif; yg0ifwJh program i,fav;ygyJ/ Notepad xJrSm
a&;om;&mrSmawmh line No: awG xnhfoGif;a&;om;p&m
rvkdygbl;/ uJ 'D program udk Analysis vkyfNyD;awmh avh
vmMu&atmifvm;/
Analysis
1/ java. awt.*; java.awt, event.*; java, swing.*; qdkwJh
package file (3) ckudk import vkyfNyD; ac:,lxm;yg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) (2) (3) rSm Declare vkyfxm;wm
udk awGU&rSmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (5)rSmawmh JFrame Class
udk extends vkyfNyD;awmh ToolBar qdkwJh primary class
udk a&;om;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (7) rSmawmh ToolBar
class &JU constructor function ( ) udk a&;om;ygw,f/
tJ'Dh constructor function xJrSmrS super ( ) method
udk toHk;csNyD;awmh JFrame. windows &JU title_bar
text udk a&;om;ay;ygw,f/ " " Double quote ESpfck
Mum;rSm a&;om;xm;wJh pmom;udk awGU&rSmyg/ vdkif;

eHygwf (9)rSmawmh SetDefault Close Operation ( )
method udk toHk;csNyD;awmh
SetDefault Close Operation (JFrame. EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
qkdNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m JFrame Windows udk exit vkyfEkdifzdkYtwGuf xnhfoGif; a&;om;xm;
wmygyJ/ ta&SU chapter (3) &JU standard dialog box
oifcef;pmawGrmS 'D code line udk toH;k rjyKbeJ YJ program
awG a&;jyzl;ygw,f/ jyefveS f avhvmMunhyf g/ Compile
vkyfaewm Run aewmudkyg &yfypfvdkufrSomvQif
program_exit jzpfoGm;rSmyg/
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note : tu,f
pmzwfol[m txufyg code_line udk

toHk;rjyKcsifvQif [SetDefault Close Operation
( ) method udk roHk;csifvQif] atmufyg command
code-line udk ajymif;vJ toHk;jyKMunhfygvm;/
System. exit (0);

'g[m javax. swing. JWindow; package udk ac:,l
toHk;csNyD;awmh Java command_line windows
wpfck zefw;D r,fq&dk ifawmh tusK;H 0ifygvdrrfh ,f/ tJ'D

tydik ;f eJYywfoufNyD; 4.6 Developing a FrameWork
qkdNyD;rS ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
2/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (10)rSm ImageIcon ( ) method
udk ac:,lNyD; button. gif qkdwJh Image file eJY wGJzufNyD;
toHk;csxm;ygw,f/
Note :
'D program rSm button 1. gif/ button2. gif/

button3. gif qkdwJh Image file awG[m wu,f
r&Syd gbl;/ C:\ j2sdk1.4.1_01\Bin qkw
d hJ folder xJrmS
bmyHkrQ xnhfoGif;rxm;wJhtwGuf Program Run
vkyfwJhtcgrSm ToolBar ay:rSm bmyHkrQ xGufvmrSm
r[kwyf gbl;/ pmzwfov
l cdk sifwhJ Icon Image awGukd
.gif Type ajymif;jyD;awmh C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\Bin
atmufrSm oGm;xm;NyD;awmh program code_Line
awG a&;&mrSm Image File_Name udk xnhfa&;&yg
r,f/ File_ type ajymif;enf;udkvnf; NyD;cJhwJh ta&SU
oifcef;pmrSm oifMum; ydkYcsay;NyD;om;yg/ 'gaMumifh
tvG,fwul rdrdESpfoufwmudk xnhfoGif; zefwD;Ekdif
MurSmygyJ/ uRefawmfuawmh b,f Icon yHu
k rkd Q xnhf
oGif;xm; jcif;r&Sdygbl;/ vdkif;eHygwf (11)rSmuawmh
JButton ( ) method udk toHk;csNyD;awmh Button
wpfckudk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D Button rSm yg0if&r,fh
IconImage uawmh tay:rS m zef w D ; &,l c J h w J h
ImageIcon ( ) method xJu Image ygyJ/ 'Denf;
vrf;twkid ;f vkid ;f eHygwf (12)uae (15)txd zefw;D
NyD;awmh IconImage u (3)ck &,f? Button uvnf;
(3)ck &,fudk zefwD;ygw,f/
3/ vdkif;eHygwf (16)rSmawmh JToolBar Class udk Object

_Name bar qkdwJh trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csyg
w,f/ tJ'Dh JTool-Bar xJrSmrS tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh
button1/ button2/ button3 qkdwJh JButton (3)ckudk
ac:,l xnfhoGif;ygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm JButton awGudk
170
ac:,l&if ImageIcon awGukdyg ac:,ljyD;om; jzpfoGm;

jyDayghaemf/ 'gaMumifh
bar.add (button 1);
bar.add (button2);
bar.add (button3); vdkYa&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ vkdif;
eHygwf (20)rSmawmh JText-Area Class udk object name
edit vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh zefwD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
JTextArea edit = new JTextArea (8,40);
vdkY a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ JTextArea ( ) &JU arguments
rSm yg0ifwmuawmh pmvHk;a& (40)qHhwJh pmaMumif; (8)

aMumif;vkdY limit vkyfxm;wmygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ vkdif;
eHygwf (2)rSmuawmh JScroll Pane Class udk toH;k csNyD;
awmh JTextArea [Object_Name_ Edit] ay:rSm owf
rSwx
f m;wJh arugments xufausmv
f m&if Scrolling vkyf
Ekid zf Ykd [Scroll Bar awG yg0ifvmzdYk] a&;om; xnho
f iG ;f ay;
ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; JPane1 Class udkyg ac:,l
toH;k csxm;wmudk vkid ;f eHygwf (22) rSm awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/
tJ'DhaemufrSm JToolBar udk wyfqifzdkYtwGuf BorderLayout udak c:,lNyD;awmh toH;k csygw,f/ 'Dtcsue
f YJ ywf
oufwmudkawmh tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhNyD;om;yg/ tJ'Dhaemuf
Pane.setLayout (bord):qkdNyD;awmh JPanel Class
udk rSND yD;awmh BorderLayout udk wyfqifygw,f/ 'Dawmh
JToolBar udkyg yg0ifvmapygNyD/ 'gaMumifh
pane.add ("North.", bar);
pane.add ("Center", scroll); vdkY a&;om;xm;wm
aygh/ NyD;awmh vkid ;f eHygwf (28) rSmawmh tay:u calling
vkyfxm;wJh object awG tukefyg0ifEkdifapzdkYtwGuf
qkdNyD;rS ac:,l a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (29)

uawmh Constructor Function ToolBar ( ) &JU Close
brace ygyJ/ tJ'Dhaemuf blank_line_space csefxm;yg
w,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (31) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk
a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ Main ( ) Function xJrSmawmh
tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh ToolBar Class udk Frame vdkY
Object_Name ay;NyD; ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
constructor. function ( ) [m tvkdvdk 0ifa&mufvmyg
NyD/ tJ'DxJu calling method ( ) awGtm;vHk; yg0if
vmatmif&,f pack ( ) method aMumifh bmawGjzpfvm
ovJqkd&if Sets its size to the prefered size of its
components vdkYajym&&ifvnf;jzpfygw,f/ NyD;awmh
object udk visible jzpfatmif
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
javac.ToolBar.java
Frame.setVisible (tsuo);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf main ( )

function &JU class brace} udk vdkif;eHygwf (35)rSm a&;
om;xm;ygw,f/ ToolBar Class &JU close brace}
udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (36)rSm vmydwfxm;ygw,f/ ao
aocsmcsm zwfINyD;awmh avhvmMunhfyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh
ToolBar wpfck zefw;D &,lwhJ enf;vrf;udk oabmayguf
oGm;rSmyg/ uJ code_line awGudk em;vnfoabmayguf
oGm;&ifawmh 'D code_line awGudk NotePad xJrSm
oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh a&;om;Mu&atmifvm;/ Code_
Line awG a&;om;xm;yHkudk Figure 4.1 taeeJY azmfjy
ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
error udk awGU&vdkY code line jyefjyifNyD;&if notepad xJu

Toolbar . java qkw
d hJ file udk jyefNyD;awmh save as vkyaf y;&yg
r,f/ tu,f compile error r&Scd &hJ ifawmh atmufyg command line eJY run vkyfvkdufyg/
java Toolbar
tJ'Dtcgus&ifawmh uRefawmfwkdY a&;om;xm;wJh ToolBar.java qkdwJh program [m run vkyfNyD;awmh computer

screen ay:rSm vmNyD; azmfjyay;vmrSmygyJ/ Compile & Run
vkyfyHkudk Figure 4.2 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 4.2 Compile & Run of the ToolBar.java
uJ Compile & Run vkyfyHkudk avhvmNyD;awmh Figure

4.3 rSm azmfjyxm;wJh program run aeyHu
k akd vhvmMunhyf gOD;/
JButton awG a y:rS m awmh IconImage awG yg0if r S m
r[kwfbl; aemf/ pmzwfolxnhfoGif;csifwJh IconImage udk
.GIF File_type ajymif;NyD;awmh C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin xJrmS
xm;NyD;awmh ac:,l xnhfoGif;vkdY&ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

NotePad
uJ tay:u Figure 4.1 twkdif; code line awGudk a&;

om;NyD;oGm;&if C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin xJudk oGm;NyD; save
vkyfyg/ Save vkyf&r,fh File name uawmh toolbar. java
vdkY trnfay;&ygr,f/ uJ NyD;&ifawmh Command Line
Windows (DOS) udk zGifhNyD;awmh atmufyg command eJY
Directory path udk ajymif;yg/
cd C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ bin
NyD;&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/ Error

&Sd&ifawmh code_line udk jyefjyif&rSmygyJ/
Figure 4.3 Run the program, ToolBar.java
uJ Java Language eJY ToolBar awGudk zefwD;wwf

oGm;NyDqadk wmh qufE,
T af ewJh Borderlayout awGtaMumif;udk
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ 4.2 Using the Basic Interface
Layout qkdNyD;rS a&;om; ykdYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhf
vkdufygOD;/
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
4.2 USING THE BASIC INTERFACE LAYOUT
tckvuf&dS oifMum;ydYk csay;aewJh Chapter (4) &JU acgif;
pOfrSmukdu Arranging Components on a User Interface
vdkY trnfay;xm;w,faemf/ tckvuf&Sd Layout Manager
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh User Interface tydkif;udk pdwfMudKuf
zefwD;&,lEkdifygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh Basic Layout Manager
eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunhfMu&atmif/
Laying Out an interface
uRefawmfwkdY Swing components &JU tpdwftydkif;
wpfckckudk toHk;jyKr,fqkd&if wpfenf;ajym&&if container
classes &JU tpdwftydkif;wpfckckudk ac:,l toHk;csr,fqkd&if
tJ'D components awGukd arranged vkyEf idk zf Ykd twGuf layout
manager uae determine vkyfygw,f/ Oyrm- NyD;cJhwJh
chapter index 4.1 u ToolBar.java program udk avhvm
Munhfyg/ [kwfNyDaemf/
Layout manager class udk toHk;csr,fqkd&ifawmh
uRefawmfwkdY[m Flow Layout Class udk default tm;jzifh
toH;k cs&rSmygyJ/ 'g[m Flowlayout wpfcw
k nf;eJYyJ ywfouf
wmudk ajymwmaemf/ usefwJh Layout manager awGeJY rouf
qkdifao;ygbl;/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh Java Language rSm
yg0ifwJh container class xJrSmFlowlayout, Gridlayout, Borderlayout,
Cardlayout and GridBaglayout
qkNd yD;rS uGjJ ym;aewmawGukd index oifcef;pmtvku
d f awGUjrif
&ygvdrhfr,f/ wu,fvkdY method ( ) wpfcu
k kd ac:,l toH;k cs
r,fqkd&if oufqkdif&m class &JU constructor method udk
ac:,lvkdufHkygyJ/ OyrmFlowlayout Flo = new flowlayout ( ) ;
vdYk a&;om;NyD;awmh ac:,ltoH;k cs&rSmygyJ/ tu,f layout

manager udk create vkyfNyDqkdwmeJY tJ'Dh container class
xJrSm yg0ifwJh Setlayout ( ) method udy
k g xnho
f iG ;f toH;k cs&awmhrmS
ygyJ/ 'gayr,fh pmzwfol[m layout manager awGudk program a&;pOfrSm rxnhfoGif;cJh&ifvnf; default tm;jzifh
atmufygtwkdif; owfrSwfay;vdkY &ygw,f/
- Flowlayout for panels
- Borderlayout for frames and windows
uJ 'Dawmh layout manager eJY setlayout ( ) method udk
toHk;csr,fqkd&if t&ifqHk; atmufyg code_line av;udk
172
avhvmvkdufygOD;/
Sample - public class starter extends javax. swing.
Jframe{
Public starter ( ) {
Container pane = get content pane ( ) ;
Flowlayout Lm= new flowlayout ( );
pane.setlayout (Lm);
// add component here
set contentPane (pane);
}
}
tay:u a&;jycJw
h hJ sample code_line rSm // add component here ae&mrSm components awGukd xyfrjH znho
f iG ;f vkYd
&Ekdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh layout manager udk
jznhfoGif; toHk;csNyD;oGm;NyDav/ 'Dawmh components awGudk
add vkyfwmudk container class uae tvG,fwul vufcH
Ekid yf gvdrrfh ,f/ 'gudk oabmaygufatmif tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh

&Sif;jywmygyJ/
Flow Layout
Flow layout calss [m layout manager xJrSm tdk;
&Sif;qHk; class wpfckygyJ/ 'D flow layout manager eJY ywf
oufNyD;awmh &Sif;jy&r,fqkd&if components awGudk left
to right tvdkuf pDpOfzefwD;ay;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ajymp&m
&Sdwmuawmh tu,f owfrSwfxm;aom JFrame Area
u qHk;oGm;NyDqkd&ifawmh aemuf Row wpfckudk pDpOfNyD;awmh
Sd,lay;xm;rSmyg/
Flow Layout ukd oHk;r,fqkd&if flowlayout class udk
ac:oHk;&rSmyg/ tJ'DtcgrSm flowlayout ( ) constructor
method udk ac:oHk;&rSmyg/ wu,fvdkY flowlayout ( ) conf ;l qk&d ifawmh xnho
f iG ;f xm;
structor rSm arguments rxnhb
wJh components awG[m JFrame &JU tv,frSm vmay:ay;
aerSmyg/ wu,fvdkY pmzwfol[m xnhfoGif;xm;wJh components awGudk aligned along the left or right edge
taeeJY pDpOfr,fqkd&if
FlowLayout.LEFT or FlowLayout.RIGHT
qkdNyD; FlowLayout ( ) constructor method &JU argument
ae&mrSm xnhfoGif; a&;om;&rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh FlowLayout
( ) constructor rSm arguments taeeJY wpfckyJ vufcHwm
aemf/ uJ OyrmtaeeJY atmufygtwkid ;f a&;MunhMf u&atmif/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
FlowLayout righty = new Flowlayout
(Flowlayout.Right);
'gqkd&ifawmh xnhfoGif;xm;wJh component udk flowlayout [m nmbuftjcrf;rSm oGm;NyD;awmh pDpOfay;rSmygyJ/
wu,fvkdY
FlowLayout right = new FlowLayout
(FlowLayout.Center);
vdkY a&;vkduf&if components awGudk JFrams &JU tv,frSm
vmNyD;awmh pDpOfay;rSmygyJ/
uJ 'Dawmh FlowLayout eJY ywfoufwhJ program wpfck
udk Listing 4.2 taeeJY a&;om;ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/ JButton
(6) ckudk zefwD;NyD;awmh Flow Layout manager taeeJY
xde;f csKyfrmS ygyJ/ Flowlayout ( ) constructor method xJrmS
FlowLayout.LEFT qkw
d hJ arguments udk xnfo
h iG ;f a&;om;
xm;wJt
h wGuf xnho
f iG ;f xm;wJh JButton components awG
udk lined up twkdif; left side of the JFrame windows u
ae pDpOfNyD;awmh zefwD;ay;ygvdrhfr,f/ owfrSwfxm;wJh
JFrame &JU t&G,ftpm; width twkdif; jynhfoGm;&if aemuf
lined up twkdif; pDpOfay;ygvdrhfr,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvm
Munhfyg/
Listing 4.2 Demonstrate the flow layout method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
import java. awt. * ;

import java. awt. event. *;
import javax. swing. *;
class Alphabet extends JFrame {
JButton a = new JButton ("Alibi");
JButton b = new JButton ("Burglar");
JButton c = new JButton ("Corpse");
JButton d = new JButton ("Deadbeat");
JButton e = new JButton ("Evidence");
JButton f = new JButton ("Fugitive")'
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
pane . add (d);

pane. add (e);
pane. add (f);
setcontent pane (pane);
setVisible (true);
}
public static void main (string [ ] arguments){
JFrame. Frame = new Alphabet ( );
Frame. show ( ) ;
}
}
Analysis
1/ t&if q H k ; java.awt.*; java.awt.event.*; java.

swing.*; qkdwJh package file (3) ckudk program &JU
tay:bufrSm import & declare vkyfxm;ygw,f/
NyD;awmh JFrame Class udk extends vkyfNyD;awmh
Alphabet qkdwJh primary class udk zefwD; a&;om;yg
w,f/ tJ'D primary class xJrSm JButton ( ) constructure method udk trSDjyKNyD;awmh Button (6) ckudk
zefwD;ygw,f/ JButton class &JU Object_Name awG
udk a to f vdkY toD;oD;ay;xm;ygw,f/ JButton ( )
constructor &JU parameter arguments rSm a&;om;
xm;wJh pmom;awGuawmh Button toD;oD;rSm yg0if
&r,fh pmom;awGygyJ/ 'gawG[m primary_class Alphabet xJrSm a&;om;xm;wmaemf/ tJ'gudk owdxm;
vkdufygOD;/ vkdif;eHygwf (13) rSmawmh Alphabet class
&JU constructor function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
constructor function xJrSm super ( ) method udk
toHk;csNyD; a&;om;xm;wmuawmh Frame Windows
&JU Tittle Bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;udk a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/ Frame Windows &JU t&G,ftpm; Width&
Height udkawmh
Alphabet ( ) {
// constructor function
Super ("Alphabet");
Setsize (360, 120);
SetDefault Close Operation (JFrame. Exit . on .
Close);
SetSize (360, 120); // width and Height of Frame

qkdNyD;rS a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ Frame windows udk
Close & Exit vkyE
f idk af tmiftwGuu
f awmhSetDefault Close Operation ( JFrame. EXIT_ON_
CLOSE);
17.
18. JPanel. pane = new JPanel ( );
19. Flowlayout Lm = new Flowlayout (Flowlayout.
LEFT);
20. pane. setflayout (Lm);
21. pane. add (a);
22. pane . add (b);
23. pane. add (c);
vkdY a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (18)rSm

JPanel class udk Object_Name pane vdkY emrnfay;
xm;NyD;awmh ac:,lxm;vdkufygNyD/ NyD;awmh FlowLayout Class udv
k nf; Object_Name Lm vdYk trnf
ay;NyD; ac:,lvdkufygw,f/ FlowLayout( ) &JU parameter arguments ae&mrSmawmh tay:rSm &Sif;jycJhwJh
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
twdkif; Frame Windows &JU b,fbufuae pwif
ay:vmatmif FlowLayout.LEFT vdkY xnhfoGif; a&;
om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsufudk aoaocsmcsm avhvm
Munfhyg/ jyefa&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
FlowLayout Lm = new FlowLayout
(FlowLayout.LEFT);
2/ JPanel class xJu setlayout ( ) method udk ac:,l

toHk;csEkdifzkdYtwGuf object name eJY ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh
ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
Pane.SetLayout (Lm);
vdkY awGUjrif&rSmyg/ tJ'Daemuf tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh

JButton awGudk JPanel Class xJu add ( ) method
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/
Note : SetLayout ( ) method eJY add ( ) method awG[m
JPanel class xJrSm yg0ifwmawGygyJ/ tJ'Daemuf
vkid ;f eHygwf (27) (28)rSm a&;om;xm;wJh SetLayout
Pane ( ) method &,f? SetVisible ( ) method &,fudk
awmh &Sif;jyp&m rvkdawmhygbl;/

3/ vkdif;eHygwf (30)rSm main ( ) function udk a&;om;ay;
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSmrS tay:rSm
zefwD;cJhwJh Alphabet class udk ac:,lvdkufwmygyJ/
tJ'Daemuf JFrame windows udk show ( ) vkycf ikd ;f wm
ygyJ/ 'DtcgrS Button (6) ck yg0ifwJh Alphabet qkdwJh
[FlowLayout method udk toHk;csxm;wJh] program
i,fav;[m vmNyD;awmh run aerSmygyJ/ FlowLayout
udk toHk;cswJhtwGuf swing components awGudk
toHk;cs&mrSm t&ifvkd x, y coordinate rsOf;vkdif;ae&m
awGudk xnfhoGif;ay;p&mrvkdawmhygbl;/ 'Dtcsuf[m
tckvuf&Sd avhvmaewJh program wpfckvHk;&JU t"du
tcsuftvufygyJ/
uJ listing 4.2 u program ukd oabmaygufoGm;&if
awmh Notepad xJrmS oGm;NyD;awmh code_line awGukd a&;om;
Mu&atmifvm;/ File_Name udkawmh Alphabet.java vdkY
trnfay;yg/ tJ'v
D dk code_line awGukd a&;om;NyD;awmh save
vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 4.4 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunfhyg/
174
Figure 4.4 Write the Program code line in the

Notepad, the Alphabet. java program
uJ Notepad xJrSm txufrSmazmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; oGm;

a&mufNyD;awmh code_line awG a&;om;NyD;awmh save vkyyf g/
File name uawmh Alphabet.java aemf/ NyD;&if compile &
run vkyfzdkYtwGuf command line windows (DOS) xJudk
oGm; yg/ NyD;&ifawmh atmufyg command line eJY directory
path udk ajymif;vdkufyg/
cd c:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin
'gqk d & if a wmh DOS windows xJ u prompt

oauFw[m c:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin2 > vdkY ay:aerSmygyJ/
tJ'DtcgrSmawmh atmufyg commd line eJY Alphabet.java
program udk compile vkyfvdkufyg/
javac Alphabet.java
tu,f error r&SdcJhbl;qdk&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY

run vkyfyg/
java Alphabet
'gqkd&ifawmh Alphabet . java program [m run aerSmyg/

Compile & Run vkyy
fu
kH kd Figure 4.5 taeeJY a&;om;NyD;awmh
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
w,f/ 'gayr,fh gap of pixels udk xnhfoGif;wJh
tcgrSm horizontal and vertical gap awGudk compontens toD;oD;Mum;rSm pdwfBudKuf xnhfoGif;vdkY
vnf ; &ygw,f / tJ ' D t cgrS m flowlayout( )
constructor method udk toHk;jyK&rSmyg/ uJ tJ'D
method udk atmufrSma&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
Flowlayout (int, int, int)
Figure 4.5 Complie & Run of the Alphabet.java
in the command prompt
Figure 4.5 uawmh DOS Windows/Command line

Interface xJrmS Compile & Run vkyaf ewJy
h ykH gyJ/ Program
Output xGuv
f myHu
k adk wmh Figure 4.6 taeeJY azmfjyay;xm;
ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
qkdNyD; constructor method xJu arguments (3) ckudk awGU

jrif&rSmyg/ arguments wpfckcsif;pDudk &Sif;jyyghr,f/
The alignment which must be FlowLayout.
CENTER, FlowLayout.LEFT, or FlowLayout .
RIGHT
The horizontal gap between components, in
pixels
The vertical gap, in pixels
uJ tJ'D constructor method udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh
code_line wpfaMumif; a&;jyyghr,f/
FlowLayout flo = new FlowLayout
(FlowLayout.CENTER, 30,10)
uJ tJ'gudk avhvmMunhfr,fqkd&if
flow layout manager udk JFrame
&JU tv,frSm pDpOfay;ygvdrhfr,f/
2 nd arguments Horizontal gap of 30 pixels taeeJY
pDpOfay;zdkYyg/
id
3 arguments Vertical gap of 10 pixels taeeJY
pDpOfay;ygvdrhfr,f/
uJ 'D gap of pixels taeeJY pDpOfwmawGudk vmr,fh
oifcef;pmjzpfwJh Gridlayout, Borderlayout tp&SdwJh
oifcef;pmawGrSm qufvufydkYcsay;ygvdrfhr,f/
uJ 'Dawmh index 4.3 Using the Gridlayout of Java
qkw
d hJ oifcef;pmudk qufvufNyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
'grSom Java Language eJY ywfoufwhJ Basic interface
layout awGtaMumif;udk tajccHusus em;vnfoabmayguf
vmrSmaygh/ uJ avhvmvkdufygOD;/
1st arguments
Figure 4.6 . Run the Alphabet.java Program
'gqkd&ifawmh pmzwfol[m flowlayout method udk

xnhfoGif; toHk;csyHk gap of pixels tjzpf yg0ifvmyHkawGudk
pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSm
yg/
Note :
tck Alphabet application xJrSm flow layout

manager udk toHk;cswJhtcgrSm default taeeJY gap
udk five pixels qkdNyD; xnhfay;xm;ygw,f/ Gap of
pixels qkdwmuawmh components wpfckeJY wpfck
Mum;rSm (wpfenf;ajym&&if row awGMum;rSmaygh)
tenf;i,f jcm;ay;zkdYtwGuf zefwD;&wmyJ jzpfyg
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (4)
4.3 USING THE GRID LAYOUT OF JAVA

The grid layout manager arranges components
into a grid of rows and columns. Components are
added first to the top row of the grid, beginning with
the leftmost gird cell and continuing to the right. When
all the cells in the top row are full, the next components
is added to the leftmost cell in the second row of the
grid- if there is a second row and so on.
'guawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul avhvmvkdY&

atmif Guide Book xJutwkdif; a&;om;ay;xm;wmyg/
Simple English jzpfwmaMumifh Grid Layout taMumif;udk
pmzwfol tvG,fwul em;vnfEkdifrSmyg/ Gridlayout manager [m components awGudk arranges vkyfay;ygw,f/
Components awGudk added vkyfwJhtcgrSm first to the
top row of the grid uae xnho
f iG ;f rSmyg/ xnho
f iG ;f wJt
h cg
rSm leftmost grid cell uae right udk xnhfoGif;rSmudk;/
wu,fvdkY top row cell [m fulls jzpfoGm;NyDqkd&if the next
component [m 'kw,
d row &JU b,fbuftpGeq
f ;kH cell uae
xnhfoGif;NyD;awmh csdefnday;rSmygyJ/ wu,fvkdY 'kwd, row
[m jynhfoGm;jyefNyDqkd&ifvnf; txufyg enf;vrf;twkdif;yJ
qufvufNyD;awmh pDpOfay;rSmygyJ/
Grid Layouts udk zefwD;csifw,fqkd&if GridLayout
class udk ac:NyD;awmh toHk;cs&rSmyg/ GridLayout ( )
constructor method rSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;vkdY&ygw,f/
Munhfr,fqkd&if GridLayout manager udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh

10 rows and 3 columns taeeJY zefwD;xm;wmygyJ/
GridLayout gr = new GridLayout (10,3);
uRefawmfwdkY ta&SUu FlowLayout class udk ac:NyD;
awmh toHk;jyKpOfwkef;u arguments rSm horizonal gap eJY
vertical gap awGudk components awGMum;rSm xnhfoGif;zdkY
twGuf gap pixels awG xnho
f iG ;f zl;wmudk rSwrf yd gvdrrfh ,f/
rlv yg0ifNyD;om; Grid Layout &JU constructor method
ae&mrSm aemufxyf 3rd & 4th arguments awG xyfjznfv
h u
kd f kH
ygyJ/
3rd arguments = horizonal gap of pixels
4th arguments = vertical gap of pixels
uJ atmufrSm a&;jyxm;wJh statements uawmh tay:
u code line udk jyifa&;xm;wmygyJ/ 10 row and 3 column
yg0ifNyD;awmh horizontal gap 5 pixels eJY vertical gap u
8 pixels jcm;xm;wJh statements ygyJ/ avhvmMunhv
f u
kd yf g/
Grid
= new
(10,
Layout grz
GridLayout
1st arguments =Rows in the grid

2nd arguments = number of columns grid
uJ 'Dawmh atmufrmS a&;jyxm;wJh statement udk avhvm
uGefysLwm*sme,f ZGefv? 2007 ckESpf
3,
5,
8);
Rows in the grid

number of
columns grid
Horizontal gap
of pixels
vertical gap
of pixels
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
'g[m gap of pixels awGudk xnhfoGif;NyD;awmh a&;om;
xm;wmygyJ/ pmzwfoltaeeJY bmrQ xnhfoGif;NyD;awmh ra&;
om;bl;qk&d ifawmh default tm;jzifh grid layout [m vertical
eJY horizontal directions Mum;rSm 0 pixels taeeJYyJ pDpOf
ay;rSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh vufawGUtaeeJY Listing 4.3 taeeJY
a&;jyxm;wJh Demonstrate the Grid Layout qkdwJh oifcef;
pmudk vufawGU avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/ tvG,fulqHk;
jzpfatmif twwfEkdifqHk; &Sif;vif; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
Listing 4.3 Demonstrate the Grid Layout
1.
import java.awt.*;
2.
import java.awt.event.*;
3.
4.
5.
import javax. swing.*;
6.
JButton a = new JButton ("Kyaw Zayar Lay.");
7.
8.
9.
JButton b = new JButton (" Phyu Phyu Kyaw.");

JButton c = new JButton ("Kyaw Myo Htet.");
JButton d = new JButton ("Zar Zar Oo.");
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
JButton e = new JButton ("Ko Bo Min.");

JButton f = new JButton ("Ma Wit Yi.");
JButton g = new JButton ("Ko ThiHa");
JButton h = new JButton (" Ma Zar Chi");
JButton i = new JButton ("Ma Moe ThiDa");
gridlayout ( ) {
Super ("Demonstrate the Gridlayout");
SetSize (420,400);
SetDefault Close Operation (JFrame. EEXIT- ON
- CLOSE);
JPanel Pane = new JPanel ( );
Gridlayout obj = new Gridlayout (3,3,10,10);
Pane. setlayout (obj);
Pane. add (a);
Pane. add (b);
Pane. add (c);
Pane. add (d);
Pane. add (e);
Pane. add (f);
Pane. add (g);
Pane. add (h);
Pane. add (i);
SetVisible (true);
}
Public static void main (string [ ] arguments){
JFrame frame = new gridlayout ( ) ;
frame. show ( );
}
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
class gridlayout extends JFrame {
170
38. }
Analysis
1/ Grid Layout eJY ywfoufwJh demonstrate program
udk listing 4.3 rSm a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ 'D
program rSmvnf; JButton awGudk tkyfpkzGJU ac:,l
toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmhrS gridlayout class udk
ac:,l toHk;csxm;wmygyJ/ 'Dawmh avhvmMunhfMu&

atmifvm;/ Package file (3) ckudk import & declare
vkyfxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D package file (3) ckuawmhimport java.awt.*;
wdYkyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'D package file awGuawmh tckvuf&dS
oifcef;pmawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm xnhfoGif; toHk;csaewJh

package file awGygyJ/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSm
JFrame class udk extends vkyfNyD; zefwD; a&;om;xm;
wJh gridlayout qkdwJh primary class udk zefwD; a&;
om;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf global variable awGudk
declare vkyfygw,f/ tJ'D variable awGudk JButton
Class & Constructor method udk trSDjyKNyD;awmh
zefwD; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (6)uae vkdif;
eHygwf (14)txdygyJ/ tJ'gawGudk jrifatmif t&if avh
vmMunfhvdkufygOD;/
2/ uJ vkdif;eHygwf (15)rSmawmh gridlayout class &JU
consrtructor ( ) method udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
constructor function xJrSmrS super ( ) method udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh JFrame Windows &JU title text udk
zefwD;a&;om;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh JFrame Class &JU
SetSize ( ) method udk toHk;csNyD;awmh Output
Windows &JU t&G,ftpm; width & height udk zefwD;
a&;om;ygw,f/ Width = 420 eJY height = 400 ygyJ/
tJ'Daemuf SetDefault Close Operation ( ) method
udk toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (18)rSmyg/ tJ'D
aemuf vk d i f ; eH y gwf ( 19)rS m JPanel Class ud k
Object_Name Pane vkdY ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/
Gridlayout class udkawmh Object_Name obj vdkYyJ
ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh Grid
Layout class &JU constructor method rSm Row &
Column omruygbl;/ Gap of pixels awGukd xnho
f iG ;f
toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh-
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
GridLayout obj = new GridLayout (3, 3, 10, 10);
Row &Columns
gap pixels of
vertical and horizontal
vdYk a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ tJ'aD emuf JPanel Class xJu

setlayout ( ) method xJudk gridlayout class udk
arguments taeeJY xnhfoGif; toHk;csygw,f/ Parameter arguments taeeJYygyJ/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf
(22) uae vkdif;eHygwf (30) txdrSmawmh tay:u
zefwD;cJhwJh [global variable taeeJY declare vkyfcJhwJh]
JButton awGukd JPanel Class xJrmS setup vkyy
f gw,f/
'Dawmh tckvuf&Sd constructor ( ) function xJrSm
a&;om;xm;wJh code line awGuawmh tvG,fwulyJ
em;vnf oabmaygufEkdifMurSmyg/ 'Dawmh vdkif;eHygwf
(34) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh main ( ) function udk avhvm
MunhMf u&atmifvm;/ bmrQawmh taxGtxl; r&Syd gbl;/
tay:uzefwD;cJhwJh gridlayout class udk object_
Name ay;NyD; ac:,lvdkufwmygyJ/ NyD;awmh JFrame
Class udk trSDjyKNyD;awmh gridlayout.java qkdwJh program [m tvkyf vkyo
f mG ;wmygyJ/ vkid ;f eHygwf (37)u
awmh main ( ) function &JU close &JU close brace}
ygyJ/ Primary class &JU close} uawmh vkdif;eHygwf
(38)rSm vmydwfxm;wmygyJ/ 'gqkd&ifawmh tck program udk em;vnf oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
'D gridlayout. java qkw
d hJ program rSm ta&SUoifcef;pm
rSm oifMum;ydYkcsay;cJw
h hJ flow layout class udk toH;k csxm;yHek YJ
yHkpHwl rjzpfbl;vm;/ NyD;cJhwJh chapter index 4.2 udk jyefvSef
avhvmMunhfprf;yg/ 'gqkd&if flow layout eJY grid layout
eJY bmuGmjcm;wmvJqkdwmudk pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul
EIdif;,SOfNyD;awmh oabmaygufvmygvdrhfr,f/ uJ 'Dawmh
code_line awGudk a&;om;NyD;awmh Notepad xJrSm save
vkyfxm;yHkudk figure 4.7 taeeJY a&;om;ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
File name uawmh gridlayout .java jzpfNyD;awmh save vkyf
&r,fh ae&muawmh xHk;pHtwkdif;ygyJ/
C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin &JU atmufrSmygyJ/ 'Dawmh
notepad xJukd code_line awG du
k o
f iG ;f NyD;awmh gridlayout.
java vdYk trnfay; wnfaqmufxm;wmudk figure 4.7 taeeJY
avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 4.7 Write the program code_Line in the

Notepad, gridlayout. java
uJ figure 4.7 utwkdif; file udk a&;om;NyD;awmh save

vkyfNyD;NyD qkd&ifawmh Start Program Accessories
Command prompt udk jzpfap? Start All programs
Accessories Command prompt udjk zpfap? 'grSr[kwf
Start Run udk oGm;NyD; Run Dialog Box usvm&if
command.com vdkY dkufoGif;NyD;awmh command - line interface udk zGifhyg/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh DOS yJayghaemf/
tJ'D command prompt udk zGifhNyD;awmh gridlayout.java
program udk Compile & Run xm;yHkudk figure 4.8 taeeJY
a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 4.8 Compile & Run of the gridlayout.java
uJ tckazmfjyxm;wJh figure 4.8 utwkdif; Compile &

Run vkyfvdkufNyD qkdygpkdY/ Gridlayout . java qkw
d hJ program
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
[m pmzwfol&JU computer &JU Desktop ay:rSm vmNyD;awmh
atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyay;aerSmygyJ/
Figure 4.9 Run

the program,
gridlayout.java
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh gridlayout. java qkw

d hJ Demonstrate
program i,fav; tvkyv
f yk o
f mG ;yHu
k akd &m Compile & Run
vkyfxm;yHkudka&m pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmygyJ/
qufvufNyD;awmh Chapter (4) &JU sub-index 4.9 taeeJY
a&;om;xm;wJh oifcef;pmjzpfwJh using the borderlayout
qkdwJh oifcef;pmudk qufvuf avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/
'gqk&d ifawmh Basic interface layout awGeYJ ywfoufNyD;awmh
awmfawmfav;udk avhvmrdvmrSmygyJ/ uJ avhvmvdkufMu&
atmif/
4.4 USING THE BORDER LAYOUT

Border Layout udk zefw;D &mrSmvnf; ta&SUu oifcef;
pmawGvkdygyJ/ Borderlayout class udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh
zefwD;&rSmygyJ/ Borderlayout udk zefwD;wJh container
calss xJrSm divided into five sections qkdNyD;rS zefwD;xm;
ygw,f/ Divide section vkyfwJhtcgrSmvnf;
North Section
South Section
East Section
West Section
Center Section qkNd yD;awmhrS five areas udk cGNJ yD;xm;yg
w,f/ 'Dawmh tJ'D section toD;oD;ukd b,fvkd arranged
vkyfxm;ovJqkdNyD;awmh figure 4.10 rSm azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ t&ifqHk; avhhvmMunhfygOD;/
Figure 4.10
172
Borderlayout class udk avhvmNyD;awmh txufyg

twkdif; toHk;csr,fqkd&if borderlayout &JU Result &
Arrangement type awGudk tajccHusus em;vnf oabm
aygufxm;&r,faemf/ tajccHtm;jzifah wmh Result xGuv
f mwJh
tcgrSm central components [m usefwJhywfywfvnfrSm
yg0ifwJh components av;ckxufykdNyD;awmh BuD;rm;aewmudk
awGUjrif&r,faemf/
uJ [kwfNyDav/ Borderlayout class udk toHk;jyKr,f
qkd&if olY&JU constructor function ( ) udk avhvmMunhfMu&
atmifvm;/ tajccHtm;jzifhawmh
Borderlayout ( )
Borderlayout (int, int)
qkdwJh constructors function ( ) awGudk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/
'g[m overloading method t& a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ avh
vmMunhrf ,fq&dk if parameter. argument ryg0ifwhJ borderlayout ( ) method udk toHk;csr,fqkd&if ta&SU oifcef;pm
awGrSm yg0ifwJh tjcm; layout class awGutwkdif; zefwD;
vdkufwJh components toD;oD;Mum;rSm gap [m ryg0ifyg
bl;/ 'g[m ta&SUu oifcef;pmawGu layout calss awG
twkdif;yJaemf/
wu,fvdkY pmzwfol[m second construstor method
udk toHk;csr,fqkd&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY horizontal gap
eJY vertical gap toD;oD;ukd xnhfoGif; wGufcsufNyD;awmh
toHk;csvdkY &ygw,f/
pmzwfol[m borderlayout udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh pro-
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
gram udk zefwD;r,fqkd&if container class xJu layout
manager [m yg0ifvmNyDaemf/ 'Dawmh yg0if toHk;jyKxm;wJh
components awGudk add ( )method udk toHk;jyKNyD; a&;om;
&rSmyg/ 'gayr,fh add ( ) method udk toHk;cswJhtcgrSm
ta&SUu toH;k jyKcJw
h hJ add ( ) method eJY uGmjcm;rI &Syd gw,f/
tJ'gudkawmh txl; owdjyKNyD;awmh avhvmyg/ 'Dawmh add
( )method &JU arguments type udk avhvmMunhf&atmif
13.
Super ("Demonstrate the borderlayout:);
14.
15.
SetSize (240,280)
SetDefault Close Operation (JFrame.EXIT_ON
_CLOSE);
16.
JPanel pane = new JPanel ( );
17.
Borderlayout Obj = new Borderlayout ( );
18.
pane.setlayout (obj);
vm;/
19.
pane.add ("North",a);
add (String, Component)

tck toHk;jyKxm;wJh add ( ) method rSm yg0if&r,fh
arguments (2) ckrSm 1st arguments uawmh Borderlayout
xJrmS yg0if&r,fh assign vkyx
f m;wJh Swing_Object_component ay:rSm yg0if&r,fh string pmom;ygyJ/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
ta&SUu Figure 4.10 rSm yg0ifwJh "North", "South",
"East", "West", or "Center" tp&SdwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
rdrdESpfoufwJh (jzpfapcsifwJh? a&;csifwJh string udk double
quote " " Mum;rSm a&;vkdufHkygyJ/) 2nd argument uawmh
'D method udk toHk;jyKwJhtcg container twGif; b,fae&m
20.
pane.add ("South", b);
21.
pane.add ("East", c);
22.
pane.add ("West", d);
rSm xnhfoGif;r,fqkdwmudk a&;om;wJh tydkif;ygyJ/ wpfenf;

ajym&&ifawmh Borderlayout &JU portion udk pDpOfay;wJt
h ykid ;f
ygyJ/
Oyrmtm;jzifh add ("North", quit button); vkdY a&;
om;vkduf&if quit button vkdYac:wJh JButton wpfckudk
borderlayout &JU north portion tykdif;rSm vma&mufNyD;
awmh add vkyfay;rSmygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh Listing 4.4 taeeJY
BorderLayout zefwD; a&;om;xm;yHkudk program eJYwuG
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 4.4 Demonstrate the Borderlayout
1.
import java.awt.*;
2.
3.
4.
23.
pane.add ("Center",e)
24.
25.
26.
27 }
28.
29. public Static Void main (String [ ] arguments) {
30.
JFrame frame = new borderlayout ( );
31.
frame.show ( );
32.
}
33. }
Analysis
1/ Borderlayout udk demonstrate vkyfjywJh programe
rSm xHk;pHtwkdif; package file (3) ckudk declare vkyf
ygw,f/ NyD;awmh borderlayout qkdwJh primary class
udk zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ xHk;pHtwkdif; JFrame class
udk extends vkyfxm;w,faemf/ NyD;awmh JButton (5)
ckudk variable name a, b, c, d, e vkdY ay;NyD;awmhrS
zefwD;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (12)rSmawmh

borderlayout ( ) qkdwJh constructor function udk
a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D constructor function xJrSm
awmh Title Bar twGuf text awGudk a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh
5.
Class borderlayout extends JFrame {
Super ("Demonstrate the borderlayout");
6.
JButton a = new JButton ("North");
7.
JButton b = new JButton ("South");
8.
JButton c = new JButton ("East");
9.
JButton d = new JButton ("West");
10.
JButton e = new JButton ("Center");
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmaemf/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh 'g[m

JFrame Class udk extends vkyfxm;wJhtwGufaMumifh
ygyJ/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh extends rvkyfbJeJY main
( ) function xJrSmrS JFrame class udk ac:,lNyD;awmh
atmufygtwkid ;f object zGUJ NyD;awmh a&;&ifvnf; &w,f
aemf/
11.
12. borderLayout ( ){
JFrame f = new JFrame ( );
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
F.SetTitle ("Demonstrate the broderlayout");
vdYk a&;&ifvnf; &ygw,f/ twlwyl gyJ/ 'gayr,fh constructor function xJrSm super ( )method udk toHk;cs
wmu ykdNyD;awmh tqifajyygw,f/

2/ tJ'aD emuf vdik ;f eHygwf (14)rSmawmh SetSize ( ) method
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh JFrame Windows &JU t&G,ftpm;
ukdyg xnhfoGif;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf SetDefault Close
Operation ( ) method udk toHk;csygw,f/ 'g[m
ta&SUoifcef;pmawGrmS toH;k jyKcJw
h hJ type awGygyJ/ vdik ;f
eHygwf (16)rSmawmh JPanel class udk ac:,lNyD;awmh
Object_Name pane vdkY trnfay; zGJUpnf;ygw,f/
tJ'aD emufrmS awmh JPanel Class xJu add ( ) method
udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh borderlayout rSm toHk;jyKr,fh
JButton awGukd xnho
f iG ;f wyfqifygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf
(19) uae vkdif;eHygwf (23) txdygyJ/ tJ'DrwkdifcifrSm
vnf; vdkif;eHygwf (17) rSm borderlayout class &JU
constructor method udk ac:NyD;awmh toHk;csxm;NyD;
om;aemf/ 'ghtjyif setlayout ( ) method udk toH;k csNyD;
awmh JPanel Class xJudk borderlayout udk xnhfoGif;
NyD;om;aemf/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (29)rSmawmh main
( )function udk a&;om;vkdufNyDaemf/ NyD;awmh tay:rSm
zefwD;vdkufwJh borderlayout class udk ac:,lvdkufyg
w,f/ NyD;awmh extends vkyfxm;wJh JFrame Class
xJu show ( ) method ukd ac:,l toH;k jyKvku
d w
f mygyJ/
tJ'Daemuf main ( ) function &JU close brace} eJY
primary class borderlayout &JU close brace} awGudk
toD;oD; vmNyD;awmh ydwfxm;wmygyJ/
'D program udk avhvmMunfhr,fqkd&ifawmh ta&SUu
FlowLayout, GridLayout wdkYeJY odyfNyD;awmh taxGtxl;
uGmjcm;rI r&Sdygbl;/ tvG,fwul em;vnf oabmaygufEkdif
MurSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh 'D Code_Line udk Notepad xJrSm
oGm;NyD;awmh kdufoGif;yg/ NyD;&if C:\ j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin
xJudk oGm;NyD;awmh save vkyf&ygr,f/ Save vkyf&r,fh file_
Name uawmh borderlayout.java vkdY trnfay;&rSmygyJ/
Notepad xJ r S m code_line awG a&;om;NyD ; awmh
borderlayout.java vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh odrf;qnf; save
vkyx
f m;wmudk figure 4.11 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvmMunhfvdkufygOD;/
174
Figure 4.11 Write the program code_line,

borderlayout.java
tckazmfjyxm;wJh figure 4.11 uawmh notepad program xJrSm code_line awG a&;om;xm;wJhyHkygyJ/ 'Dawmh
tJ'DvkdrsKd; code_line awG a&;om;NyD;oGm;&if command
prompt (DOS) udk zGiy
hf g/ tJ't
D cgrSm atmufyg command_
line udk dkufoGif;NyD;awmh Directory udk ajymif;yg/ Java
Compiler xJudk 0ifzdkYayghaemf/
Cd c: \ J2sdk 1.4.1_01 \ bin
'gqkd&ifawmh command windows xJrSm&SdwJh prompt

oauFw[m C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\ bin xJudk a&mufaeNyDvdkY
vmNyD;awmh jy&if atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/
javac borderLayout.java
uJ 'Dvrdk sK;d compile vkyv

f u
kd v
f Ykd error r&Sb
d ;l qk&d ifawmh
atmufyg command eJY wpfcgjyefNyD;awmh Run vkyfvdkuf
ygOD;/
java borderLayout
tckvdkrsKd; command prompt xJudk 0ifNyD;awmh Java

compiler xJrSm compile & run vkyfwJhyHkudk figure 4.12
taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Code_Line awGrSm error r&SdbJeJY compile & run vkyfwJhyHk
udk &Si;f jyay;xm;wmygyJ/ trSew
f u,fuawmh compile vkyf
pOfrSmawmif error awG trsm;BuD; &SdvmEkdifygw,f/ tJ'gawG
udk txyfxyftcgcg &Sif;vkduf? Save As udk notepad rSm
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
jyefvyk ?f jyD;&if compile jyefvyk Nf yD;rS error r&Srd S run &rSmygyJ/
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh figure 4.12 udk avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 4.12 Compile & Run the borderlayout

.java in the Command Prompt.
'DtcgrSmawmh figure 4.12 utwkid ;f Compile & Run

vkyfvdkuf&if atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; program &JU
output console windows [m azmfjyay;vmrSmyg/ Desktop screen &JU upper-left corner rSmygyJ/ tvG,fwul
awGYjrifEkdifrSmyg/ 'Dawmh output windows udk figure 4.13
taeeJY a&;om;ay;xm;wmudk avhvmvkdufygOD;vm;/ ta&SU
u theory & structure &Sif;pOfu DEMO figure yHkpHygyJ/
avhvmMunfhyg/
Figure 4.13
Run the
program,
borderlayout.java
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh layout type awGeJY ywfoufwJh

taMumif;t&mawGukd tajccHavmufawmh oabmaygufomG ;
avmufygNyD/ b,fvkdae&mrsKd;rSm ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh toHk;csr,f
qkw
d mudk awG;qNyD;awmh toH;k jyKEkid rf mS ygyJ/ uJ qufvufNyD;
awmh Index 4.5 Mixing layout Managers and components qkdwJh oifcef;pmudk qufvuf avhvmMunhfMu&
atmif/
Laptop uGefysLwmudk at;apzdkY&m

Laptop uGefysLwmrsm;&JU
wnfaqmufyHkt& tat;ay;
pepfrsm; xyfrH wyfqif&ef rvG,fyg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh
yefum tydkwyfzdkY&m ae&mr&dSyg/ tyloufomatmifawmh
owdjyK oHk;pGJEdkifygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh rsufESmjyif
nDnmwJh pm;yGJay:rSmwifxm;wmrsKd;? av0ifavxGuf
aumif;rGefwJh ae&mrSm oHk;wmrsKd;yg/ 'gayr,fh uGefysLwm
tydkypnf; xkwfvkyfolawGu tqdkyg tyl'Pfudk
oufomapzdkY ypnf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfMuygw,f/
if;wGif Belkin Cooling stand qdkwJh laptop wifwJh
pifuav;vnf; tygt0if jzpfygw,f/ if;udk USB
port uwpfqifh laptop eJY qufoG,fxm;NyD; yefumudk
vnfapygw,f/ Belkin Cooling stand &JU yHkpHu
tjym;i,fav;jzpfvdkY av0ifavxGuftwGuf
aumif;rGefapovdk o,f,l&mrSmvnf; tyef;rBuD;apyg/
Laptop xnfhwJh tdwfxJudk a&mxnfhEdkifygw,f/ if;wGif
wyfqifxm;wJh yefumu avrIwftm; aumif;ayr,fh
yg0gpGrf;tifudk odyfroHk;bl;vdkYqdkygw,f/ yg0gtwGuf
adapter vnf;cHp&mrvdkyg/ Stand wnfaqmufyHku
oifhtwGuf laptop udk oufoufomomeJY oHk;Edkif&ef
usef;rma&;enf;vrf;rsm;eJY wGufcsuf wnfaqmufxm;
wmyg/ tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;udk
www.belkin.com odkY qufoG,f pHkprf;Edkifygw,f/
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (4)
4.5 MIXING LAYOUT MANAGERS AND COMPONENTS

tckvuf&Sd oifMum;ykdYcsay;cJhwJh oifcef;pmawGrSm Layout Managers taMumif;awGudk tajccHusus toHk;jyKcJhNyD;
ygNyD/ 'Dawmh oifMum;NyD;orQ oifcef;pmawGxJu swing
components awG&,f? layout managers awG&,fudk ,SOw
f JG
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh Application programs i,fav;wpfck
avmuf zefwD;MunhfMu&atmifvm;/ 'DzefwD;r,fh application rSm JLabel, JText-Field tp&SdwJh Swing components
awG&,f? NyD;cJhwJh standard Dialog tkyfpk0if showInput-
Title, Address, Type awG yg0ifwJh Site Information

windows [m pmzwfol&JU jznfhoGif;vkdufwJh tcsuftvuf
Input_Data awGudk trSDjyKNyD;awmh Output xkwfvmay;rSm
ygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ 'Dawmh zefwD; a&;om;r,fh Application
&JUoabmw&m;udk em;vnfomG ;&ifawmh t&ifq;kH code_line
awGukd csa&;NyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmif/ Listing 4.5 Mixing
Layout Managers and Components qkdwJh program udk
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
Dialog ( ) method, Show OptionDialog ( ) method
tp&Sw
d hJ method awG&,f? tck Chapter (4) rSmrS yg0ifvmwJh
Gridlayout class awG&,fudk aygif;pyfNyD;awmh program
wpfcktaeeJY zefwD;rSmygyJ/
Program Flow_type uawmh program Run NyDqkdwm
eJY Enter the Site Title: qkdwJh ShowInputDialog Box
wpfck ay:vmNyD; avhvmr,fh Web_Site Title & Topics
udk vmNyD;awmh Input_Data vkyfckdif;rSmygyJ/ [kwfNyD/ Data_
Input vkyfNyD;awmh OK Button udk ESdyfvdkufr,fqkd&if
Enter the Site Address: qkdwJh ShowInputDialog
Box wpfcku xyfrHNyD;awmh Data udk awmif;vmrSmygyJ/ tJ'D
rSm oGm;NyD;awmh avhvmr,fh Web-Site Address udk du
k o
f iG ;f
NyD;awmh OK Button udk ESdyfvdkufr,fqkdMuygpkdY/
tJ'DtcgrSm uRefawmfwkdY avhvmr,fh website &JU type
trsKd;tpm;ayghaemf/ Personal Type vm;? Commercial
Type vm;? 'grSr[kwf Unknow Type yJvm;vdkY ar;vmwJh
Site Type jzpfwJh ShowOption Dialog Box [m vmar;
vmrSmyg/
tJ'DhtcgrSmawmh pmzwfolavhvmr,fh web-site &JU
Listing 4.5 Mixing Layout Managers and

Components
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
import java.awt.GridLayout.*;
public class info extends JFrame{

private JLabel titlelabel = new JLabel
("Title:",
7 . Swingconstants.RIGHT);
8 . private JTextFlied title;
9 . private JLabel addresslabel = new
JLabel ("Address;",
10. Swing constant RIGHT);
11. private JTextField address;
12. private JLabel typelabel = new JLabel
("Type:",
13. swing constants.RIGHT);
14. private JTextfiled type;
15.
16. public info ( ) {
17. super ("Site Information");
18. setDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_
ON_CLOSE);
uGefysLwm*sme,f Zlvdkifv? 2007 ckESpf
169
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
19. setLook AndFeel ( );
20.
21. //Site name
22.
23. String response1 = JOptionPane. Show
Input Dialog (null,
24. "Enter the Site Title:");
25. title = new JTextField (response 1,
20);
26.
27. //site address
28. S t r i n g r e s p o n s e 2 = J O p t i o n P a n e .
ShowInputDialog (null,
29.
"Enter the Size Address: ");
30. address=new JTextField (response2, 20);
31.
32. //site type
33.
3 4 String [ ] Choices = {"Personal",
"Commercial", "Unknow"};
35. int response 3 = JOptionPane.ShowOption
Dialog (null,
36.
"What type of site is it?",
37.
Site Type",
38.
0,
39.
JOptionPane.QUESTION_MESSAGE,
40.
null,
41.
choices,
42.
choices [0]);
43. t y p e = n e w J T e x t F i e l d ( c h o i c e s
[response3], 20);
44.
46. pane.setlayout (new Gridlayout (3,2));
47. pane.add (titlelabel);
48. pane.add (title);
49. pane.add (addresslabel);
50. pane.add (address);
51. pane.add(typelabel);
52. pane.add (type);
53. SetContent Pane (pane);
54. Pack ( ) ;
55. SetLookAndFeel ( );
56. SetVisible (true);
57. }
58. private void SetLookAndFeel ( ){
59. try {
60. UIManager.SetLookAndFeel (
61. U I M a n a g e r ,
getSystemLookAndFeel
ClassName( ));
62. SwingUtilities- update ComponentTreeUI
(this);
63. }Catch (Exception e){
64.
65. /* System. err. PrintIn ("Couldn't use
the System"
66. + "Look and Feel:" + e); */
67.
68.
}
69. }
170
arguments) {
71. Info frame = new Info ( );
72.
}
73. }
Analysis
1/ uJ code_line (72) aMumif;yg0ifwJh vuf&Sd program
udk analysis vkyfMunhfMu&atmif/ 'D program rSmu
package file awGudk Declare vkyf&mrSm java. awt.
Gridlayout; package ukd xdyq
f ;kH rSm ac:,lNyD; Declare
vkyfxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m Gridlayout Class Manager
udk toHk;cscsifvkdYaemf/ usefwJh package file (2) cku
awmh t&if program awGrmS jrifawGUzl;NyD;om; package
awGygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (5) rSmawmh Info qdkwJh primary
class udk Declare vkyf zefwD;ygw,f/ JFrame Class
udk extends vkyNf yD;awmhvnf; zefw;D xm;wmaemf/ vkid ;f
eHygwf (6)uae vkdif;eHygwf (14) txdrSmawmh private
keyword udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh swing components
awGukd Variable_Name taeeJY ac:,l toH;k jyKygw,f/
oufqidk &f m class &JU constructor method taeeJYygyJ/
avhvmMunhfr,fqkd&if JLabel (1) ckudk titlelabel vdkY
object_ variable_name ay;r,f/ tJ'D JLabel Box
rSmyg0if&r,fh Caption_text udk JLabel ( ) constructor
method &JU parameter_argument ae&mrSm xnhfoGif;
a&;om;ygw,f/ Comma (,) cHNyD;awmh Swing constants_RIGHT vkYd a&;om;xm;wJh 'kw,
d arguments
uawmh alignment vkyfzdkYtwGufygyJ/
vdkif;eHygwf (8) rSmawmh JTextField (1) ckudk title vdkY
object_variable_name ay;NyD;awmhrS zefwD; ac:,lyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh code_line taeeJY
private JLabel titlelabel = new JLabel
("Title:" Swing
Constants.RIGHT);
private JTextFiled title;
vkdY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'g[m Output JFrame_

Windows rSm yg0if&r,fh JLabel & JTextField awG
twGufyJaemf/ 'Dawmh usefwJh code_line awGudk quf
vuf avhvmMunhv
f u
kd yf g/ String arguments ae&mrSm
ajymif;vJoGm;ayr,fh twlwlygyJ/ avhvm& vG,fulyg
vdrfhr,f/
2/ vdkif;eHygwf (16) rSmawmh vuf&Sd Info primary class
&JU constructor function udk a&;om;vkdufygw,f/
'Dawmh JFrame_Windows rSm yg0if&r,fh Title Text
twGufygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (17)rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Super ("Site Information);
uJ [kwNf yDaemf/ NyD;awmh vkid ;f eHygwf (18)eJY (19)rSmawmh

SetDefault CloseOperation ( )method eJY SetLook
AndFeel ( ) method awGudk toHk;csay;xm;wmygyJ/
tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (23)rSmuawmh ShowInputDialog ( ) method wpfckudk zefwD;NyD;awmh toHk;csyg
w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh NyD;cJhwJh chapter (3) rSmwif oif
Mum;cJhwmqkdawmh taxGtxl; &Sif;jyp&m rvkdawmhyg
bl;/ vkdtyfvm&if Chapter (3) udk jyefvSefavhvmyg/
'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (23) (24)rSmString response1=JOptionPane. ShowInput- Dialog (null, Enter the site
Title:");
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (25)rSm a&;om;

xm;wJh
title = new JTextField (responens 1,20);
uawmh ShowInputDialog ( ) Box xJrSm vufcHvdkuf

wJh String Input udk JFrame_Windows taeeJY output xGufvm&if oGm;NyD;awmh azmfjyay;zdkYtwGuf tay:
u Declare vkyfcJhwJh vkdif;eHygwf (8)u title qkd wJh
object_variable_ name udk ac:,l toH;k jyKvku
d w
f myg
yJ/ awmfMum tJ'D title b,fu 0ifvmwmvJvYdk camplex
jzpfoGm;rSmpkd;vkdYyg/ aoaocsmcsm avhvmMunhfaemf/
tJ'aD emuf vdik ;f eHygwf (28)rSmawmh aemufxyf Show_
Input_Dialog ( ) wpfckudk xyfrH zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D
Input-Dialog Box uawmh site address ukd vufcHzdkY
twGufygyJ/ 'gaMumifh
String
response
JOptionPane.
ShowInputDialog (null, "Enter the site

Address:");
vdYk a&;om;xm;wmaemf/ uJ 'Dvq

dk &dk if vkid ;f eHygwf (30)
rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
address=new JTextField (response 2,20);
qkdwmuawmh tay:u vkdif;eHygwf (11)rSm zefwD;cJhwJh

JTextField xJrSm yg0if&r,fh String twGuf variable
taeeJY nd,lxm;wmygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ tay:rSmu
object_variable vkyc
fw
hJ muvGv
J Ykd wku
d f u
kd f toH;k rcschJ
ygbl;/ tJ'gudk oabmaygufNyDaemf/ NyD;awmh vkid ;f eHygwf
(34) rSmawmh Demisional type udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh
choices qkw
d hJ variable_name udk zefw;D ygw,f/ yg0if
wJh Array_Data awGuawmh
Choices [0] = "Personal"

Choices [1] = "Commerical"
Choices [2] = "Unknown" wkdYyJ
jzpfMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wmyJ jzpfyg
w,f/
String
[]
choices
{"Personal",
"Commerical", "Unknown"};
3/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (35)rSmawmh ShowOption

Dialog Box wpfckudk ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
ShowOption_Dialog Box rSm yg0if&r,fh arguments
awGukdawmh r&Sif;jyawmhygbl;aemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (35)
uae vkdif;eHygwf (42)txdygyJ/ tJ'DrSmvdk code_line
awGudk cGJra&;bJeJY wpfaMumif;wnf; tptqHk; a&;r,f
qk&d ifvnf;&w,faemf/ uReaf wmfuawmh &Si;f jy&vG,u
f l
atmif Line_By_Line a&;jyay;xm;wmygyJ/
vkdif;eHygwf (43) rSmawmh tay:u Declare vkyfcJhwJh
JText- Field xJukd Input vkyz
f YkdtwGuf n,
d x
l m;wmyg
yJ/ zefwD;xm;wJh variable_name uawmh type aemf/
tJ'gNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (45)rSmawmh JPanel Class
udk pane qkdwJh object_name ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lyg
w,f/ tJ'Daemuf JPanel Class xJu SetLayout ( )
method udk ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm parameter_arguments taeeJY
java.awt.Gridlayout.*;
package xJu Gridlayout ( ) method udk xnhfoGif;

toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ tjcm;aom Layout Manager
awGeJY a&maxG;EkdifwmrdkY package file udk Declare
vkyfpOfuwnf;u Grid-layout class udk wkdufdkuf
ac:,lxm;wmygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (47) uae vkdif;eHygwf

(52)txduawmh JPanel class xJu add ( ) method
udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D add ( )method
&JU arguments xJrSm tay:rSm zefwD;xm;wJh JLabel
Box awG&,f? JTextField awG&,fudk xnhfoGif; wnf
aqmufwmygyJ/ tJ'aD emufrmS awmh zefw;D xm;wJh object
components awG[m JFrame windows ay:udk a&muf
&Sv
d matmifvYkd SetContentPane ( ) method &,f? pack
( ) method &,fudk ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf
(55) uawmh SetVisible_ ( ) method udk toHk;csxm;
wmygyJ/ vkdif;eHygwf (56) uawmh Info ( ) qkdwJh constructor function close brace } ygyJ/ 'Dtxd jyefNyD;
awmh avhvmMunhfygOD;/
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
4/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh tay:rSm use vkyfcJhwJh SetLook
AndFeel ( ) method udk avhvmMunhf&atmifvm;/
tJ'D SetLookAndFeel ( ) method udk vkdif;eHygwf
(57) uae vkdif;eHygwf (68) txd a&;om;ay;xm;yg
w,f/ a&;om;&mrSm Exception Handling taeeJY a&;
om;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/
Note : Exception Handling eJY
ywfoufwJh oifcef;pm
awGudk roifMum;&ao;wJhtwGuf a&SU chapter awGrSmyJ
aoaocsmcsm &Sif;jyay;yghr,f/ tvG,fwul ajym&&ifawmh
atmufyg try-catch block xJukd 0ifNyD;awmh tvkyv
f yk w
f ,f
vkdYyJ rSwfxm;Muwmaygh/
Sample
try {
Float in = Float.par eFloat(input);
}catch (NumberFormatException info){
System.out.println (input + "is not a
valid number.");
}
wu,fvYdk multiple catch blocks awGukd single try eJYvnf;

,SOfwGJNyD;awmh toHk;csEkdifygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Sample
try{
//code that might generate exceptions
}catch (IOException e){
// handle IO exceptions
}catch (ClassNotFoundException e){
// handle class not found exceptions
}catch (Interrupted Exeception e) {
// handle interrupted exceptions
}
uJ 'Dawmh uRefawmfuvnf; 'D Exception Handling

method udk roifao;bl;/ &Sif;vnf; r&Sif;jy&ao;bl;qkd
awmh b,fvkdvkyfrvJ/ vG,fygw,f/ a&;xm;wJh code_line
awGudk Munhfyg/
Code_line No;(58) uae code_line No: (69) txd
a&;om;xm;wJh Private Void SetLookandFeel ( ) method
wpfckvHk;udk selection_color jc,fNyD;awmh zsufypfvkdufyg/
[kwfNyDaemf/ { } awG tygt0iftayghaemf/ uJ NyD;oGm;&if
vdkif;eHygwf (19) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh SetLookAndFeel
( ) method ukdvnf; selection_color jc,fNyD;awmh zsuf
ypfvdkufygOD;/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (55) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh
SetLookAndFeel ( ) method udkvnf; zsufypfvkdufygOD;/
tm;vHk; oHk;cgwdwd zsufypf&rSmyg/
172
uJ SetLookAndFeel ( ) function udkvnf; zsufNyD;

awmh ac:oHk;xm;wJh code_line awGudkvnf; z,f&Sm;NyD;awmh
zsufypfvkdufyg/ 'Dawmh code_line awGxJrSm yg0ifwJh SetLookAndFeel ( ) method eJY qufET,faewJhtcsufawG[m
ryg0ifawmhb;l qkad wmh program ay:rSm b,fvdk tusKd;ouf
a&mufrI&SdovJqkdwmudk qufvuf avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
5/ vkid ;f eHygwf (70)rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ vkid ;f eHygwf (71)rSmawmh tay:rSm a&;om;
xm;wJh Info qkdwJh Class udk Object _ Name Frame
vdkY ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ac:,l
vdkufwmeJY Info Class &JU constructor function [m
tvkdvkd 0ifa&mufvmygNyD/ 'Dawmh program &JU wnf
aqmufrI flow [m uRefawmfwkdY&csifwJhtwkdif; jzpfvm
NyDayghaemf/ vkdif;eHygwf (72)eJY (73) uawmh main ( )
function eJY primary class wkdY&JU close brace } awGyJ
jzpfygw,f/
uJ 'Dawmh code_line awGudk rlvtwkdif;yJa&;a&;? SetLookAndFeel ( ) method eJY ywfoufwmawGudkyJ jzKwfcs
NyD;awmhyJ a&;a&; tJ'D program udk Compile & Run vkyNf yD;
avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ uRefawmfuawmh code_line ESpfrsKd;
pvHk;eJY Run vkyfNyD;awmh program wnfaqmufjyxm;yg
w,f/ b,fvdkuGmjcm;rI&Sdw,fqkdwmudk pmzwfoludk,fwkdifyJ
compare vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmMunhfygaemf/
t&ifq;kH notepad xJukd oGm;NyD;awmh code_line awGukd
a&;om;yg/ Code_line ta&twGufu tenf;i,frsm;wJh
twGuf trSm;t,Gif;r&Sdatmif owdxm;NyD;awmh a&;om;yg/
SetLookAndFeel ( )method awGudk rxnhfcsif&if wpfcg
wnf; xnfrh a&;cJyh geJY/ uRefawmfuawmh xnfo
h iG ;f a&;om;
NyD;awmh program udk wnfaqmufapcsifygw,f/ NyD;awmhrS
wpfcg jyefjzKwfcsNyD;awmhrS jyef Run Munhfapcsifygw,f/
'grS uGmjcm;csufudk vufawGU avhvm oabmaygufawmhrSm
ayghaemf/
tJ'D code_line awGukd a&;om;NyD;oGm;NyDq&dk ifawmh File
save udk awmif;yg/ Save Dialog Box usvm&if ay;&
r,fh File_Name uawmh Info.java ygyJ/ Java Program
a&;&mrSm t"dutcsufuawmh File_Name eJY primary
calss_name [m twllwljzpf&rSmygyJ/
uJ 'Dawmh tJ'D code_file ukd xm;&r,fh Directroy_
path uawmh C:/j2sdk 1.4.1_01 bin > atmufrmS aemf/ tJ'g
qkd&ifawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY tvG,fwul a&;om;NyD;awmh
save vkyfEkdifrSmygyJ/ tJ'Dvdk code_line awG a&;om;NyD;awmh
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
save vkyfxm;yHkudk figure 4.14 rSm a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY avhvmMunhfyg/

Note : Code_line awG yg0ifwhJ program file awGukd &csif
w,fqkd&ifawmh ,ckpmtkyfeJYtwl yg0ifvmwJh CD xJuae
NyD;awmhrSyJjzpfjzpf? uGefysLwm*sme,frSmyJjzpfjzpf vmNyD;awmh

rS JAVA DEVELOPER Guide &JU code_File CD awGudk
vma&muf ul;,lEkdifygw,f/ oufqkdif&m Chapter tvdkuf
Folder av;awG cGJNyD;awmh wnfaqmuf zefwD;ay;xm;yg
w,f/ tvG,w
f ul avhvmEkid af tmif zefw;D wnfaqmufay;
xm;wmygyJ/
tckazmfjycJhwJh Figure 4.14 u twkdif; code_line awG

a&;om;NyD ; oG m ;NyD q k d & if a wmh Start Program
Accessories Command Prompt (or) Start All Program Accessories Command Prompt (or) Start
Run uae Run Dialog Box usvm&if Command .com
vdYk du
k o
f iG ;f yg/ Command Line Interface Run vmygvdrfh
r,f/ uRefawmfuawmh Desktop Screen ay:rSm Command
Prompt &JU Shortcut_Icon av;udk wifxm;NyD;awmh tvG,f
wul D-click acgufNyD;awmh zGifhvdkufwmygyJ/ tJ'guawmh
pmzwfoltaeeJY tqifajyovdkayghaemf/ Command Line
Interface yGifhvm&if atmufyg Command eJY Directory udk
change vkyfyg/
cd c:\ j2sdk1.4.1_01\ bin
'gqkd&ifawmh command windows xJu prompt oauFw

[m atmufygtwkdif; ay:aerSmygyJ/
c:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin
tJ'DvdkrsKd; ay:aepOfrSm atmufyg Command eJY Info.java

qkdwJh program udk compile vkyfvdkufyg/
javac Info.java
tJ'Dvdk compile vkyfvdkufvdkY error r&Sdbl;vdkYyJ qkdMuygpkdY/

atmufyg Command_Line eJY wpfcgjyefNyD;awmh Run vkyf
vdkufyg/
javac Info.java
tJ'DvdkrsKd; compile vkyfyHkudk error taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;

xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 4.15 Compile & Run of the info.java

program

Notepad, info.java
tckazmfjyxm;wJh figure 4.15 uawmh command

prompt xJrSm Info_ java qkdwJh program udk Compile &
Run vkyaf y;wJh yHy
k gyJ/ 'gqk&d ifawmh Info.java Application
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
[m pwifNyD; tvkyfvkyfygNyD/ 'Dawmh yxrOD;qHk; error the
site title: vdYk ar;vmwJh ShowInputDialog Box [m vmNyD;
data_Input vkyfcdkif;ygNyD/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Using the SetLookAndFeel ( ) method

Figure 4.17 The site address input dialog box
Can't use the SetLookAndFeel ( )method
tck ar;vmwJh Input Dialog Box xJrSm MunhfcsifwJh

jzpfwJh http:// www. bagan.net.mm
vdkY xnhfoGif;NyD;awmh OK Button udk ESdyfyg/ tJ'Dtcgus&if
awmh What Type of Site is it? vdkY Web-Site &JU type
trsKd;tpm;udk a&G;cs,fcdkif;wJh? ar;jref;wJh ShowOption
Dialog Box u vmNyD;awmh ar;vmrSmygyJ/ tJ'Dtcgus&if
awmh personal type vm;? Commerical type vm;? Unknow type vm; qkdNyD;awmh pmzwfol avhvmr,fh website &JU type udk a&G;cs,fvdkufyg/ uRefawmfuawmh commerical type udy
k J a&G;cs,v
f u
kd yf gw,f/ Demonstate vkyjf y
wmqkdawmh bmyJa&G;a&G; jyemr&Sdygbl;/ uJ pmzwfola&G;
cs,fvdkufygOD;/ Figure 4.18 taeeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
Web-Site Address

Figure 4.16 The site title input dialog box
tck Figure 4.16 rSm azmfjyxm;wJh Input vdkY Title

yg0ifwJh Input Dialog Box xJrSm uRefawmf jznhfoGif;ovkd
yJaygh/ Today's Myanmar Favourite Topics vdYkyJ jznhv
f u
kd f
yg/ 'grSr[kwv
f nf; pmzwfoo
l cd siw
f hJ taMumif;t&meJY ywf
oufwJh Title wpfckckudkayghaemf/ Dialog Box yHkpH (2)rsKd;
uGJaewmuawmh pmzwfol odwJhtwkdif; SetLookAndFeel
( ) method udk a&;om; xnfhoGif;wmeJY SetLookAndFeel
( )method udk rxnho
f iG ;f xm;wmyJumG jcm;ygw,f/ uReaf wmf
uawmh pmzwfoltaeeJY rsufpdxJ &Sif;vif;oGm;atmif yHkpH
(7) rsKd;vHk;udk output xkwfjyxm;ygw,f/ uJ [kwfNyDav/
tJ'DvkdrsKd; string data udk Input vkyfNyD;awmh OK Button
ESyd v
f u
kd &f if atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wJh Figure 4.17 twkid ;f Enter
the Site Address qkdwJh ShowInputDialog Box wpfck
xyfar;vmrSmyg/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Can't use the SetLookAndFeel ( ) method
174
Figure 4.18 The Site Type, Show OptionDialog

Box
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
uJ tJ'DvdkrsKd; a&G;cs,fvdkufNyDqkd&ifawmh txufrSm a&G;cs,f jznfhpGufxm;wJh Data awG? Select vkyfcJhwJh type awG
yg0ifwJh Site Information awGudk azmfjyay;xm;wJh JFrame_Windows av;[m atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyay;vmrSmygyJ/
uRefawmfuawmh xHk;pHtwkdif;yJ SetLookAndFeel ( ) function udk toHk;jyKxm;wJh program eJY SetLookAndFeel ( )
function udk toHk;jyKrxm;wJh Program &,fudk EIdif;,SOf azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/ Figure 4.19 taeeJYygyJ/
Using the SetLookAndFeel ( )method
Figure 4.19 The main window of the info application
uJ 'Dawmh uRefawmfhtaeeJY tck &Sif;jyaewJh Layout-Manager awGeJY ywfoufwJh program i,fav;awGudk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;NyDqkd&ifawmh 4.6 Developing a FrameWork qkdNyD;awmh JFrame eJY JWindows taMumif;awGudk ydkYcsay;
xm;ygw,f/ qufvuf avhvmMunfhyg/
oifh uGeyf sLwmwGif USB1.1 vm;? USB2.0 vm; odz&Ykd m

USB (Universal Serial Bus) port ay:umpu USB0.9, 1.0, 1.1 rsm;omjzpf
toHk;vnf; enf;cJhonf/ 2000 jynfhESpfwGif Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lucent, Microsoft, NEC, Philips ukrP
w
D Ykd pkaygif;um tcsuftvuf o,fyYkd
EIef; ydkrdkjrefaom USB 2.0 udk xkwfvkyfcJhonf/ odkYjzpf uGefysLwm ta[mif;
rsm;wGif USB port ygaomfvnf; USB1.1 jzpfaewwfonf/ if;wGif USB2.0
udk qufoG,fwyfqifvQif tqifrajyEdkifyg/ rdrd\ uGefysLwmwGif rnfonfh

USB port trsKd;tpm;udk wyfqifxm;onfudk odEdkif&ef
My Computer udk armufpfnmuvpf EdSyf ay:vmaom pop-up menu rS Manage udk uvpfvkyfvdkufyg/
Computer Management (box) ay:vmNyD; if;rS Device Manager (icon) udk uvpfvkyf zGifhyg/
xdktcg nmbufjrifuGif;twGif; uGefysLwmwGif wyfqifxm;onfh [mh'f0Jypnf;tm;vHk;\ pm&if;udk jrif&ygrnf/
if;rS Universal Serial bus controllers pm&if;udk csJUMunhfvdkufyg/
tqdkyg pm&if;rsm;wGif Enhanced Host Controller ESifh (odkYr[kwf USB2.0 Root Hub Device [laom trnf ygae
ygu uGefysLwmwGif USB2.0 port &dSonf[k rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
tu,f Universal Host Controller, Open Host Controller ESifh (odkYr[kwf) USB Root Hub (Device) [laom
pmom;jzpfaeygu uGefysLwmwGif USB1.1 om &dSonf[k rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
xdkYtwl Controller odkYr[kwf Root Hub \ a&SUwGif xkwfvkyfol\trnfudk awGUEdkifonf/
rSwf&efrSm pm&if;wGif Universal Serial Bus Controllers [laom trnf ryg&dSygu uGefysLwm\ USB controller
odkYr[kwf BIOS wGif USB ESifhywfoufonfh jyemwpfckck &dSaeNyD[k rSwfEdkifonf/ if;twGuf uGefysLwm 0,f,lcJh
onfhqdkifodkY qufoG,far;jref;Munhfyg/
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (4)
4.6 DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORKS

NyD;cJhwJh oifcef;pmawGudk ykdYcsay;pOfrSm xl;jcm;wmudk
oGm;awGU&ygw,f/ tJ'guawmh t&if programming tajccH
awGudk oifMum;ykdYcspOfwkef;u avhvmrI r&SdcJhbJeJY Swing
& AWT components awGukd ykYd csay;wJt
h cgrSom Mum;jzwf
avhvmwJholawG &Sdygw,f/ trSefuawmh b,f Language
rSmrqkd tajccHupNyD;awmh avhvmrSomvQif trSefwu,f
wwfajrmufrSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u
awmh olwYkd twGuf tqifajyr,fh tcef;u@awGuae pwif
NyD;awmh avhvmaeMuygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd Mum;jzwf avhvmol
awGtwGuf oufqkdif&m Chapter Index awGrSm Code_File
awG a&;enf;? Save & Exit vkyfenf;? Command_Line
Interface xJudk 0ifa&mufNyD;awmh DIR ajymif;enf;? NyD;awmh
Compile & Run vkyfenf; pwmawGudk oufqkdif&m tcef;
wkdif;rSm xnhfoGif; a&;om;cJhygw,f/
'DtcgrSmawmh Java &JU Swing Package udk ac:,ltoH;k
jyKvdkY&wJh JFrame and JWindows taMumif;udk r&Sif;vif;
bJ a&maxG;aeMuwmudk awGYvm&ygw,f/ trSefuawmh
uRefawmfhbufu &Sif;vif;wJhtcgrSmvnf; JFrame_Windows vdkY ac:a0: a&;om;cJhwJhtwGufygyJ/ 'gaMumifh ta&;
rBuD;avmufbl;vdkY xifNyD;awmh csefvSyfxm;cJhwJh JFrame
and JWindows taMumif;udk uRefawmfhtaeeJY owdxm;NyD;
awmh &Sif;vif; ydkYcsay;&awmhwmygyJ/ twdtusajym&&if
awmh uReaf wmft
h aeeJY JFrame_Windows vkYd ac:a0:ayr,fh
wu,fwrf;usawmh JFrame eJY JWindows [m vH;k 0 rwlMu
ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tvG,t
f aeeJY sample programs i,fav;
ESpfckudk toHk;jyKNyD;awmhrS JFrame eJY JWindows eJYudk &Sif;
vif; ykdYcsay;yghr,f/
uJ t&ifqHk; Listing 4.6 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh prot&if avhvmMu&atmif/
gram udk
Listing 4.6 Demonstrate the SimpleFrame.

java
1 . import javax.swing.JFrame;
2.
3 . public Class SimpleFrame extends JFrame
{
4 . public SimpleFrame(){
5 . super("Frame Title");
6 . setSize(300,200);
7 . setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT
_ON_CLOSE);
8 . setVisible(true);
9. }
10. public static void main(String args[]{
11. SimpleFrame sf
= new SimpleFrame ( );
12.
}
13.
14. }
Analysis
1/ 'D program [m omref JFrame wpfcu
k kd wnfaqmufwhJ
program_code line av;awGygyJ/ Complex jzpfNyD;
awmh rSm;,Gif;p&m bmrQ ryg0ifygbl;/ 'D program &JU
xdyfrSmimport javax.swing.JFrame;
qkdwJh package file udk import vkyfNyD;awmh ac:,lyg

w,f/ tJ'Daemuf SimpleFrame qkdwJh primary class
uGefysLwm*sme,f Mo*kwfv? 2007 ckESpf
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
udk vdkif;eHygwf (3) rSm a&;om;ygw,f/ JFrame class
udk extends vkyfxm;wmaemf/ owdxm;Munfhyg/ wpf
enf;ajym&&ifawmh JFrame wpfcu
k kd zefw;D &,lrmS jzpfvYkd
JFrame class udk extends vkyfwmvdkY ajym&ifvnf;
rrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'Daemuf Super ( ) method ukd toHk;cs
NyD;awmh JFrame &JU title bar rSm yg0if&r,fh pmom;ukd
zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ 'g[m JFrame class xJu
constructor ( ) method udk trSjD yKNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;
wmygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/
2/ NyD;awmh Setsize ( ) method udk toH;k csNyD;awmh JFrame
&JU Width & Height t&G,ftpm;udk zefwD; a&;om;yg
w,f/ 'DtcgrSm ajymp&m&Sdwmuawmh Set the size of the frame's windows,
in pixels.
vdYk qkx
d m;wmygyJ/ Width & Height udk a&;om;xm;wJh
tcgrSm Pixels in Size eJY wGufcsufNyD;awmh a&;om;
wmygyJ/ 'D program rSmawmh JFrame &JUt&G,t
f pm;udk
300 x 100 pixels in size eJY wGufcsufNyD;awmh zefwD;
xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh Setsize (300, 100) vdYk a&;om;
xm;wmygyJ/
xyfrHNyD;awmh &Sif;jy&r,fh code_line uawmh SetDefault CloseOperation ( ) method ygyJ/ uJ 'gudk
r&Sif;jycifrSm JFrame eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh avhvmMu&
atmif/ JFrame rSmqkd&if maximize, minimize and
close button awG[m title bar rSm user's control
taeeJY yg0ifygw,f/ Java Language rSmawmh vuf&Sd
Run aewJh Application wpfckudk Run ae&muae
&yfypfcsifw,fqkd&ifawmh zefwD;xm;wJh JFrame udk
SetDefaultClose Operation ( ) method eJY aygif;pyf
NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ tJ'D method &JU
arguments ae&mrSm atmufyg static variables (4) ck
xJu wpfckckudk ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/
EIXT_ON_CLOSE
DISPOSE _ON_CLOSE
172
- Exit the program

when the frame is
closed.
- Close the frame,
dispose of the
frame object, and
keep running the
application.
DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE - Keep the frame

open and continue
running.
HIDE_ON_CLOSE
- Close the frame and
continue running.
uJ tp&SdwJh method xJu rdrdvdktyfwJh featurtes udk
ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ uRefawmfuawmh vuf&Sd program
tygt0if program tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm EXIT_ON_CLOSE
udyk J ac:,ltoH;k csxm;ygw,f/ 'g[m toH;k jyKaewJh JFrame
udk ydwfypfzdkYtwGufyJayghaemf/ 'gqkd&if &Sif;NyDaemf/

3/ NyD;awmh setvisible (true) method udk ac:,l toHk;cs
xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m JFarme udk display vkyfay;zdkY
twGufygyJ/ NyD;awmh main ( ) functions udk a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ Main ( ) function xJrSm
SimpleFrame sf = new SimpleFrame ( );
qkdNyD;rS tay:u zefwD;cJhwJh class udk object tjzpf

ajymif;vJ ac:,l toH;k csvdu
k w
f mygyJ/ vdik ;f eHygwf (11)
rSmyg/
uJ tck oifMum;cJw
h hJ Listing 4.6 u Sample Program
[m JFrame wpfck zefw;D wnfaqmufwmudk Demonstrate
vkyfjyxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'D code_line awGudk Notepad xJrSm
dkufoGif;NyD;awmh C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin &JU atmufrSm
Simple-Frame. java qkdNyD;awmh File_Name ay;NyD;awmh
save vkyfyg/ tJ'D save vkyfxm;yHkukd figure 4.20 taeeJY
a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/

Notepad, SimpleFrame.java
uJ NyD;&ifawmh Command_Line interface xJukd 0ifNyD;

awmh Compile & Run vkyfMunhfMu&atmif/ Start All
programs Accessories Command prompt xJukd
0ifNyD;awmh Compile & Run vkyf&rSmyg/ uJ Command
prompt yGifhvmNyDqkd&if atmufyg Command eJY DIR udk
ajymif;yg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
CD C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin
DIR [m C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;&if

atmufyg command eJY clear screen vkyfyg/
CLS
[kwfNyDaemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm atmufyg command eJY program

udk compile vkyfyg/ Command udk a&;jyxm;ygw,f/
javac SimpleFrame.java
compile vkyv
f u
kd v
f Ykd error r&Sad wmhb;l qk&d if atmufyg command eJY run vkyfvkdufyg/
java SimpleFrame
tJ'DvkdrsKd; Compile & Run vkyfyHkukd Figure 4.21 taeeJY

a&;jyxm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
import javax.swing.JWindow;
qkw
d hJ package file udk import & Declar vky&f rSmygyJ/ 'gay
r,fh JFrame rSmvdkrsKd; titles, closing a window tp&SdwJh
features awGuawmh JWindow rSm ryg0ifygbl;/ 'Dawmh
Listing 4.23 udk a&;om;NyD;awmh oifMum;ydkYcsay;yghr,f/
Program udk run vdkuf&if window wpfck[m command_
line windows xJrSm vmNyD;awmh open vmvkyfygr,f/ tJ'D
tcgrSm 10,000 integers awG[m command_line window
xJrSm t&ifvmNyD; jyygvdrhfr,f/ NyD;&ifawmh zefwD;xm;wJh
JWindow application [m ydwfoGm;rSmyg/ 'Dawmh JWindow eJY ywfoufwJh application wpfckudk zefwD;MunfhMu&
atmifvm;/ 'Dawmh Listing 4.7 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyxm;wJh
sample program udk avhvmMunfhMu&atmif/
Listing 4.7 Demonstrate the SimpleWindow.
java
Figure 4.21 Compile & Run of the

SimpleFrame.java
uJ [kwfNyDav/ Compile & Run vkyfvdkufvdkY error

r&Sdawmhbl; qkdygpkdY/ atmufygtwkdif; SimpleFrame.java
qkdwJh program [m vmNyD;awmh azmfjyay;aerSmygyJ/
1 . import javax.swing.JWindow;
2.
3 . public class simpleWindow extends
JWindow{
4 . public SimpleWindow(){
5.
super( );
6.
setBounds(250, 225, 300, 150);
7. }
8.
9 . public static xoid main (String []
arguments){
10. SimpleWindow SW = new SimpleWindow();
11. sw.setVisible (true);
12. for (int, i = 0, i < 1000; i + +)
13.
System.out.print (i + " ");
14.
sw.setVisible(false);
15.
System.exit(0);
16.
}
17.
18. }
Figure 4.22 Run the SimpleFrame.java
uJ 'Dawmh JFrame udk avhvmMunhfNyD;NyDqkd&if JWindoweJY ywfoufwmudk qufvuf avhvmMunh&

f atmifvm;/
JWindow [m JFrame eJY tvkyfvkyfwm twlwleD;yg;ygyJ/
wlnDw,fvdkY rajymbl;aemf/ qifwlwmyg/ tJ'D JWindow
[mvnf; Swing Component ygyJ/ olYukd zefwD; toHk;jyK
r,fqkd&if
Analysis
1/ 'D program rSm import javax.swing.JWindow; qkNd yD;
Declare vkyfxm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh SimpleWindow
qkdNyD; primary class udk zefwD; a&;om;ygw,f/ a&;
om;&mrSm swing package xJrSmyg0ifwJh JWindows
class udk extends vkyfxm;wmyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSm
awmh SimpleWindow ( ) constructor function udk
a&;om;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh super ( )method udk ac:,l
NyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/ tck toHk;cswJh super ( )
method [m JWindow class xJrSm yg0ifwJh super
( ) method ygyJ/ uJ NyD;awmh SetBounds ( ) method
udk ac:,lNyD;awmh toHk;csygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
SetBounds (250,
225,
300,
150,);
x
y
position position width Height
uJ tck a&;om;&Sif;jycJhwJh code_line awGudk Notepad

xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh dkufoGif;yg/ tJ'Dvkd code_line awG a&;
om;xm;yHkudk atmufu Figure 4.23 rSm a&;om; azmfjyxm;
ygw,f/
vdkY a&;xm;wmygyJ/
tck uRefawmf a&;jycJhovkdygyJ/ ta&SUu
arguments 1 = x
arguments 2 = y
arguments 3 = Width
arguments 4 = Height qkNd yD;rS owfrw
S x
f m;wm jzpfyg
w,f/ pmzwfol zefwD;csifwJh JWindow t&G,t
f pm;twkid ;f
zefwD;&,lvdkY &ygw,f/
Note : C & C + + programmer awGuawmh atmufyg
yHkpHtwkdif; Windows &csifw,fqkd&ifayghaemf/ atmufrSm
code_line av;awGeJY zefwD;&,lvdkY&Ekdifwmudk odNyD;om;jzpf
rSmyg/ avhvmMunhfyg/
#include(conio.h)
main ( )
{ window (20, 10, 60, 20); textbackgroundcolor(7); clrscr( );
getch ( );
}
tJ'D code_line av;udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh run vdkufr,fqkd&if

aygh/ yl;wGaJ zmfjyxm;wJh figure u yHt
k wkid ;f yJ command.line
window xJrSm windows i,fav; vmNyD;awmh azmfjyay;ae
rSmygyJ/ xm;ygawmh/ 'guawmh OyrmtaeeJY EIid ;f ,SOjf ywmyg
yJ/ 'gayr,fh C & C + + Programmer awGtzkYd uvnf; EIid ;f
,SOv
f Ydk &atmif a&;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ wu,fvYdk tck &Si;f jy
aewJh Simple Window.java program xJutwkdif; For
Looping ywfNyD;awmh a&;&ifvnf; &wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh
Oyrmay;NyD;awmh a&;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh aemufcH
integer ude;f awGMum;rSm run vkyw
f mawG ryg0ifb;l ayghaemf/
2/ For Looping udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf (12)eJY (13)rSm a&;
om;xm;ygw,f/ Int i [m 0 uaepw,f/ i [m 10,000
xufawmh i,fr,f/ i udk post fix increment order
eJYwkd;r,f/ qkdNyD;awmhrS Looping ukd ywfxm;wmygyJ/
NyD;awmh SetVisible ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;
ygw,f/ Arguments udak wmh False taeeJY a&;xm;wm
aemf/ NyD;awmh system.exit (0); method udk ac:,ltoH;k
csNyD;awmh zefwD;xm;wJh JWindow udk exit vkyfxm;yg
w,f/
174
Figure 4.23 Write the program Code_Line in

Notepad, SimpleWindow.java
Notepad xJrSm code_line awG dkufoGif;NyD;oGm;&if

C:\ j2sdk1.4.1_01\ bin atmufrSm SimpleWindow. java
vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ tJ'Dawmh file udk save
vkyfNyD;oGm;&if command_line window xJudk 0ifNyD;awmh
atmufygtwkdif; DIR ajymif;yg/
uJ DIR ajymif;oGm;NyDqkd&if atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/
javac simplewindows.java
uJ error r&Sdawmhbl;qkd&if atmufyg command line eJY run
vkyfyg/
java simplewindow
tJ'gqkd&ifawmh atmufrSmjrif&wJhtwkdif; simplewindow.

java qkdwJh program [m vmNyD;awmh run vkyfaerSmygyJ/
Figure 4.24 Compile & Run of the

SimpleWindow.java
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
uJ tckazmfjyxm;wJh Figure 4.24 u command prompt
ay:rSm run jyaewmu JWindow av;ygyJ/ Swing components xJrSm yg0ifwJh features of component yJaemf/
'Dawmh C & C + + Programmer awGtzkdYuvnf; tck oif
cef;pmjzpfwJh JFrame eJY JWindow taMumif;udk avhvmwJh
tcgrSm tvG,fwul compare vkyfNyD;awmh avhvmvdkY &Ekdif
wmayghaemf/ C & C+ + taeeJY a&;jyxm;wJh code_line
taeeJYuawmh jynhpf v
kH w
S ,f r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh sample
code_line taeeJY a&;jyxm;wmygyJ/ atmufrSm azmfjyxm;
wJh Figure 4.25 udk avhvmMunhfvkdufygvm;/
Figure 4.25 Write the program Code_Line, Compile

& Run of the C & C++ programming
uJ tck a&;om;xm;wJh program [m C & C+ +

Language rSm JAVA Languagte &JU JWindow oPmef
Window wpfck zefwD;xm;wmudk a&;om; &Sif;jyxm;wmyJ
jzpfygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh Chapter (5)
Arranging Components on a User Interface qkdwJh
oifcef;pmtydkif;udk qufvuf avhvmMunhfMuygpdkY/ JAVA
Developer Guide oifcef;pm VOL-I &JU aemufq;kH Chapter
jzpfwJhtwGuf Certification Practice qkdwJh tcef;u@yg
yg0ifygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm avhvm ajzqkdEkdifNyDqkd&ifawmh
JAVA Developer Guide Volume - II udk qufvuf avhvmzkYd
tajccHaumif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f/ uJ avhvmMuygpdkY/
Microsoft Word ordi

k ;f aMumif;
1975 ckESpfwGif wpfOD;csif; toHk;jyKEdkifonfh uGefysLwm
i,fwpfvHk;tjzpf MITS rS Altair udk rdwfquf xkwfvkyfcJh
onf/ 1976 ckESpfrS pwifum Steve Jobs ESifh Steve
Wozniak wdYk onf Apple ukrP
u
D kd wnfaxmifjcif;jzifh uGef
ysLwme,fy,fodkY 0ifa&mufvmcJhonf/ xdkYtwl Bill Gates
ESihf Paul Allen wdYk onfvnf; rdu
k u
f dak qmhzu
f rk P
u
D kd wnf
axmifcJhMuum wpfOD;csif;oHk; uGefysLwme,fy,fudk tvsif
tjref wdk;wufapcJhonf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif pmpDaqmhzf0Jrsm;
tjzpf WordMaster, Electric Pencil II, Apple Writer
ponfwdkY ay:xGufvmcJhonf/ 1979 ckESpfwGif WordStar
pmpDaqmhz0f u
J kd xkwv
f yk cf o
hJ nf/ if;onf jrefrmEdik if H uGeyf sL
wme,fy,fwGif xif&Sm;cJhonfh pmpDaqmhzf0Jwpfckvnf;jzpf
onf/ xdkpOfu jydKifbufaqmhzf0Jwpfckonf WordPerfect
jzpfonf/
rdu
k u
f dak qmhzu
f rk P
o
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ysLwme,fy,fwGif xif&Sm;vmcJhonf/ Microsoft Word
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175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (5)
5.1 ADDING THE SWING COMPONENTS OF JAVA

Slider (OR) JSlider
oifcef;pmxJrSm oifMum;ydkYcsae&if;eJY ukefcJhwJh Swing

Components awGudk ,ckvuf&Sd Chapter [5] rSm xyfrH
jznhpf u
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uawmh slider eJY ywfoufNyD;awmh oif,lMu&atmifvm;/
Slider [m Swing Components xJrSm yg0ifwJh wpfpdwf
wpfyidk ;f yJ jzpfygw,f/ ol[m JSlider Class udk ac:,l toH;k
jyKNyD;awmh zefwD; toHk;csvdkY&ygw,f/ Slider &JU oabm
w&m;uawmh oH;k pGo
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and Maximum Range awGMum;xJrSm set vkyfxm;wJh
number awGukd sliding control udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh xde;f csKyf
vdkY &ygw,f/ Slider udk toHk;rsm;wJh type uawmh text
field xJrSm input vkyfvkdufwJh Data_Range udk trSDjyKNyD;
awmh tvkyv
f yk Mf uwm rsm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh olY&UJ vufcEH idk f
wJh Range [m Minimum_Range and Maximum Range
qkNd yD;rS &Syd gw,f/ uJ atmufu Figure 5.1 rSmawmh JSlider
eJY ywfoufwhJ Figure udk OyrmtaeeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
Figure 5.1 A JSlider Component
Slider udk toHk;jyK&mrSm trsm;tm;jzifh horizontal

taeeJYyJ toHk;rsm;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhvnf; Slider are
used, horizontal default. vdYk ajymMuwmayghaemf/ 'gayr,fh

vnf; vdt
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vJNyD;awmh zefwD; &,lvdkY &ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh

Swing-Constants interface taeeJY HORIZONTAL or
VERTICAL qkw
d hJ Constants_Type awG yg0ifNyD;om;ygyJ/
uJ 'Dawmh JSlider Class udk toHk;jyKr,fqkd&if yg0ifwJh
constructor method awGudk t&ifqHk; avhvmMu&atmif
vm;/ rl&if;twkdif; a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ Exam awG
ajzqkd&mrSm taxmuftul &EkdifatmifvdkYygyJ/ JSlider ( )
constructor method (3) rsKd;udk &Sif;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
JSlider ( int,int )
- A Slider with the specified

minimum value and maximum value
JSlider (int, int, int)
- A Slider with the specified
minimum values, maximum, and starting value.
JSlider (int, int, int, int) - A Slider with the specified
orientation, minimum
value, maximum , and starting value.
(,ck oifMum;rnfh program txufyg method udk toH;k
jyKxm;onf/)
uJ tck a&;jycJw
h hJ constructor method awGukd a&;om;
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ pmzwfoltaeeJY minimum value eJY
maximum value yg0if&r,f/ tJ'D value ESpfckMum;rSm
different value udv
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&ifawmh Step_Value ayghaemf/ [kwfNyDvm;/
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171
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txufazmfjyyg method awGtwGuf rlv default
twkdif;uawmh
minimum value = 0,
maximum value = 100,
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Horizontal orientation taeeJY default
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&Ekid yf gw,f/ 'gqk&d ifawmh pmzwfot
l aeeJY JSlider ( ) constructor method awGxJu ukdufnDr,fh? toHk;0ifr,fh constructor method ukd ac:,l toHk;csEkdifygw,f/ 'DtcgrSm
JSlider class uaeNyD;awmh constructor overloading
method taeeJY em;vnf vufcHNyD;awmh toHk;jyKcGifhay;xm;
ygvdrfhr,f/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh JSlider Class xJ
rSm yg0ifwJh tjcm; method awGudk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh JSlider Components eJYtwl wGJzuf
NyD;awmh toHk;cs&atmifvkdYyg/ uJ avhvmMunhf&atmifvm;/
JSlider Class xJrmS yg0ifwhJ Serval methods awGukd atmuf
rSm a&;om;azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
SetMajorTickSpacing (int) - This method separates major tick marks
by the specified
distance. The distance is not in pixels,
but in values between
the minimum and
maximum values
represented by the
slider.
SetMinorTickSpacing (int) - This method separates minor tick marks
by the specified distance. Minor ticks are
displayed as half the
height of major ticks.
SetPaintTicks (boolean)
- This method determines whether the tick
marks should the
displayed (a true
argument) or not ( a
false orgument).
SetPaintLabels (boolean) - This method determines whether the
numeric label of the
slider should be displayed (true) or not
172
(flase).
uJ tcka&;jyxm;wJh method awGukd JSlider constructor ( ) method eJY ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh toHk;jyKEkdifygw,f/ 'Dawmh
uRefawmfwYdk taeeJY JSlider eJYywfoufNyD;awmh oifMum; ydYk cs
ay;xm;wJh Listing 5.1 udk avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ Code_
Line a& (25) aMumif; yg0ifwJh program i,fav;wpfyk'fyg
yJ/ avhvmMunhyf g/ tJ'D program code_line awGukd Analysis vkyfwJhtcgusrS tay:u method awGudk jrefrmvdk avh
vmMuwmayghaemf/ tckawmh tMurf;zsi;f yJ &Si;f jyay;cJyh gr,f/

SetMajorTickjSpacing (int) method uawmh
JScrollbar ay:rSm Ticks trSwaf wGtaeeJY? Major rSwf
taeeJY xnhfoGif;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm Major
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azmfay;xm;ygrSm/ 'g[m udef;*Pef;taeeJY azmfay;Ekdif
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awmh aemufu,
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SetMinorTickSpacing (int) method uawmh
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Mum;rSm Minor rsOf;pdwfi,fav;awGudk owfrSwfwJh
twkdif;twmtwkdif; azmfay;EkdifzdkY owfrSwfay;xm;wm
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atmif owfrSwfay;xm;cJh&if tJ'DMum;u Minor rsOf;
pdwfudk SetMinorTickSpacing (5) vdkY owfrSwfxm;
&if Major Tick Mum;rSm rsOf;pdw[
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xm;rSmyg/ wu,fvdkY parameter. arguments taeeJY
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xm;rSmyg/ 'D method [mvnf; owfrSwfcsufyJaemf/
razmfjyay;Ekdifygbl;/
SetPaintTicks (boolean) method [m JSlider Bar
ay:u tpdwftusJ rsOf;rSwfudk azmfjy&eftwGuf xnfh
oGif; toHk;cswJh method ygyJ/ 'D method uawmh
JSlider ay:rSm rsOf;pdwfjrif&atmif vkyfay;wJh method
ygyJ/
SetPointLabels (boolean) method [m JSlider Bar
ay:u rsOf;udef;*Pef; owfrSwfcsufudk xnhfoGif;
MunhfIEkdif&eftwGufyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'D method udk
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awmhygbl;/ 'D method uawmh azmfjyay;Ekid w
f hJ JSlider
ay:rSm jrif&apwJh method ygyJ/
uJ tck a&;om; &Sif;jycJhwJh method awGudk tajccHNyD;
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
awmh Listing 5.1 Testing the JAVA Slider qkw
d hJ program
udk avhvmMunfhyg/
25. }
Analysis
Listing 5.1 Testing the JAVA Slider
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
public class slider extends JFrame{
public slider(){
super ("Testing the JAVA Slier");
SetDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_
ON_CLOSE);
9. J S l i d e r
pickNum
=
new
JSlider(JSlider.HORIZONTAL,0,30,5);
10. pickNum.setMajorTickSpacing(10);
11. pickNum.setMinorTickSpacing(1);
12. pickNum.setPaintTicks(true);
13. pickNum.setPaintLables(true);
14. JPanel pane = new JPanel( );
15. pane.add(pickNum)
16.
17. setContentPane(pane);
18. }
19.
20. public static void main(String[] args){
21. Slider S = new Slider( );
22. s.pack();
23. s.setVisible (true);
24. }
1/ vkdif;eHygwf (1) eJY (2) rSm java.awt.event.*;javax.

d hJ package file ESpcf u
k kd ac:,lxm;ygw,f/
swing.*; qkw
tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (4) rSmrS slider qkdwJh primary
class udk zefwD;ygw,f/ tJ'D slider class &JU tay:rSm
constructor function ukd vdkif;eHygwf (6) rSm a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D constructor function xJ r S m rS
JFrame Windows &JU Title_Bar Text taeeJY yg0if&
r,fh pmom;udk atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;ygw,f/
Super ("Testing the JAVA Slider");
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh SetDefaultCloseOperation ( )
method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'guawmh
JFrame_Windows udk close vkyfEkdifzkdYygyJ/ uJ tJ'D
aemuf vkdif;eHygwf (9)rSmawmh JSlider Class &JU
Object_Name PickNum vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,l
zefwD;ygw,f/ 'D ae&mrSmawmh JSlider Class &JU constructor method xJrmS parameter_arguments taeeJY
xnhfoGif; a&;om;xm;ykHudk avhvmMunhfMu&atmif/
JSlider PickNum = new JSlider (JSlider.HORIZONTAL,
0,
30,
5);
Orientational type
minimum
value
maximum
value
Starting
value
uJ tJ'v
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,SOfNyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
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function udk avhvmvkduf&ifawmh a&;xm;wJh code_line
pmaMumif;udk oabmaygufoGm;rSmygyJ/ JSlider.HORIZONTAL qkdwmuawmh Slider udk JFrame_Windows
ay:rSm tvsm;vdkufyJ xm;r,fvdkY qkdvkdwmygyJ/ Default
type twki
d ;f yJayghaemf/ NyD;awmh 'kw,
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mum_value udk (0) taeeJY xm;xm;ygw,f/ wwd, arguments taeeJY maximum_value udk (30) tjzpf xm;xm;
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uawmh starting value udk xm;xm;wmygyJ/
3/ tJ'DaemufrSmawmh vkdif;eHygwf (10) rSm PickNum.SetMajor TickSpacing (10); vdkY a&;xm;wmudk awGUjrif
&rSmygyJ/ 'g[m JSlider Component ay:rSm owfrSwf
xm;wJh tuGmta0; distance wpfckuawmh &SdrSmygyJ/
173
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tJ't
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taeeJY owfrSwfxm;wmygyJ/ owfrSwfcsifwJh TickSpacing udk method &JU parameter.arguments ae&mrSm
xnhfa&;om;vdkufHkygyJ/ 'D code vkdif;rSmawmh 10 vdkY
owfrSwfay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh JSlider Components ay:rSm atmufygtwkdif; 10 pD space jcm;NyD;
awmh ay:aewmygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/ 'g[m Major
rsOf;pdwfjcm;zdkYygyJ/
4/ 'D program &JU main ( ) function udkawmh vkdif;eHygwf

(20) rSm a&;om;xm;wmukd awGUjrif&rSmyg/ tJ'Daemuf
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udk Object_Name 5 vdkY ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csyg
w,f/ owfrSwfxm;wJh? a&;om;cJhwJh method awG
twGuf pack ( ) method udk a&;om; toHk;csygw,f/
tJ'Daemuf JFrame_Windows udk awGYjrifEkdifatmif
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tJ'Daemuf main ( ) function &JU close brace } eJY primary class &JU close barce} udk toD;oD; vmydwfxm;
ygw,f/
Figure 5.2 Major Spacing Of The JSlider
uJ 'gqkd&if tJ'D Major Spacing 10 pD jcm;wJhMum;rSm

tpdwfi,fav;awGu 10 pdwf yg0ifw,faemf/ tJ'gu
awmh vkdif; eHygwf (11) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh PickNum.
SetMinorTickSpacing (1); vdkY a&;om;xm;vdkYygyJ/
tay:uyHkrSm avhvmMunhf&if awGUjrifEkdifygw,f/ tJ'D
arguments Mum;rSm 2 vdYk jyifa&;vdu
k &f if 0 eJY 10 Mum;rSm
Minor Tick [m 5 pdwfyJ &SdrSmyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh oabm
aygufavmufygNyDaemf/ uJ 'Dawmh vdkif;eHygwf (12)rSm
a&;om;xm;wJh PickNum.Set-PaintTick (true); vkdY
a&;om;xm;wmudk awGUjrif&rSmyg/ 'g[m ta&SUrSm &Si;f jy
S x
f m;wJt
h ay:rSm
cJo
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yg0ifapwJh Method ygyJ/ 'g[m rsOf;pdwftusJtaeeJY
yg0ifvmatmif a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ vkid ;f eHygwf (13)rSm
a&;om;xm;wJh PickNum.SetPainlabels (true); u
awmh JScrollbar ay:rSm ude;f *Pef;awG yg0ifvmatmif
a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ wpfenf;ajym&&if udef;*Pef;
pmom; Labels awGudk yg0ifvmatmif a&;om;xm;wm
ygyJ/ tJ'aD emuf vkid ;f eHygwf (14) rSmawmh JPanel Class
udk Oject_Name pane vkYd trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,lvu
kd f
ygw,f/ NyD;awmh tay:u zefwD;&,lcJhwJh PickNum
vkYd ac:wJh JSlider Class &JU set_method awGukd JPanel
Class xJudk xnhfoGif; toHk;csygw,f/ 'g[m Slider
Class &JU constructor method xJrSm xnhfoGif; a&;
om; toHk;jyKxm;wJh code_line awGygyJ/ aoaocsmcsm
em;vnf oabmaygufatmif avhvmMunfhyg/
174

Notepad, slider.java
tckvuf&Sd a&;om;cJhwJh program rSm JSlider Class &JU

method ( ) topfawG yg0ifvmwJhtwGuf pmzwfoltaeeJY
owdxm;NyD;awmh avhvmMunhyf g/ uJ 'Dawmh pmzwfot
l aeeJY
Note Pad xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh code_line awG a&;om;Mu&
atmifvm;/ Code_Line awG a&;om;xm;yHkudk Figure 5.3
taeeJY avhvmMunhfyg/
uJ tck azmfjycJhwJh Figure 5.3 utwkdif; code_line
awG a&;om;NyD;&if tJ'D file udk C:\j2sdk 1.4.1_01\bin
atmufrSm oGm;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ Save vkyf&r,fh File_
Name uawmh Slider.java ygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh tJ'D file udk
compile & run vkyMf u&atmif/ Command_Line interface
(DOS) udk zGiy
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command eJY compile vkyfyg/ tJ 'gayr,hf Command
Prompt xJ r S m ay:ae&r,f h prompt oauF w uawmh
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tJ'DtcsdefrSm compile vkyfyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
javac slider.java
uJ compile vkyfvkdufvdkY error r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&if

atmufyg command eJY run vkyfvkdufyg/ atmufrSm a&;jy
ay;xm;ygw,f/
java slider
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program ukd wnfaqmufvu
kd &f if Figure 5.5 rSm azmfjyxm;
wJhtwkdif;yJ JSlider udk vma&mufNyD;awmh azmfjyay;aerSm
ygyJ/
tckvdkrsKd; compile & run vkyfyHkudk Figure 5.4 taeeJY

a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 5.5 Run the program, slider.java
uJ JSlider eJY ywfoufwhJ oifcef;pmtNyD;rSm qufvuf

NyD;awmh 5.2 Using the JProgressBar (OR) ProgressBar
qkdwJh oifcef;pmudk qufvuf ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvm
Munhfyg/
Figure 5.4 Compile & Run of the slider.java in the
command prompt
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f m
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f mordik ;f ESihf ywfoufaom pm&Gupf mwrf;?
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175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (5)
5.2 USING THE JPROGRESSBAR (OR) PROGRESSBAR

pmzwfol[m 0g&ifh programmer wpfa,muf r[kwfcJh
&ifawmif omref user wpfOD;taeeJY ProgressBar awGudk
awGUjrifz;l rSmyg/ teD;pyfq;kH OyrmtaeeJY ay;&&ifawmh pmzwf
ol&JU computer xJudk software awG install vkyfwJh tcsdefyJ
ayghaemf/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm awGUjrif&wJh install time rSm 0% to
100% txd wpfqifhcsif; wkd;NyD;rS jywmawG[m progress
bar udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh zefwD;xm;wmygyJ/ 'D progress
bar awG[m trsm;tm;jzifah ygh Installed Shield awGrmS yg0if
wwfygw,f/
Figure 5.6 A Program bar in a frame
Progress Bar awGudk toHk;cszdkYtwGufqkd&ifawmh

Swing Package xJrSm yg0ifwJh JProgress Bar Class udk
implemented vkyfNyD;awmh toHk;cs&ygvdrhfr,f/ wu,fvdkY
rsm; JProgress Bar Class udk toHk;csxm;wJh Program
i,fwpfckudk azmfjyay;&r,fqkd&ifawmh atmufrSm azmfjyxm;

wJh Figure 5.6 udkom avhvmMunhfvkdufyg/
Progress Bar awGudk toHk;jyKwJhtcgrSm trsm;tm;jzifh
awmh minimum and maximum vlaue awGeJY represent
vkyx
f m;wwfMuygw,f/ t"dym ,fuawmh ta&SUu oifMum;
ydkYcscJhwJh JSlider vdkygyJ/ Beginning and ending twGuf
ygyJ/ JSlider eJY uGmjcm;wmuawmh progress bar [m owf
rSwfxm;wJh time limiting twGif;rSm tvkdtavsmuf tvkyf

vkyfwmygyJjzpfygw,f/
OyrmtaeeJYay;&&ifawmh software wpfckudk installation vkyw
f meJYyJ &Si;f jy&rSmygyJ/ 'D software install vky&f mrSm
file ta&twGuf 335 files udk transfered vkyf&r,fqkdygpkdY/
tJ't
D cgrSm progress bar taeeJY task vky&f r,fh manimum
uawmh 0 jzpfNyD;awmh maximum value uawmh 335 yJaygh
aemf/ 'gayr,hf uReaf wmfwYkdtaeeJY install component time
taeeJY awGUjrif&rSmuawmh 0 % to 100 % yJ jzpfygw,f/
'gqkd&ifawmh JProgress Bar eJY ywfoufwJh tcsuftvuf
awGudk tajccHtm;jzifhawmh oabmaygufoGm;rSmygyJ/
uJ 'gqk&d ifawmh JProgress Bar class udk avhvmMunhf
Mu&atmif/ JProgressBar class &JU constructor method
awGudk t&ifavhvmMuwmaygh/ atmufrSm a&;jyay;xm;yg
w,f/
JProgress ( )
- Creates a new progress

bar
JProgress (int, int)
- Creates a new progress
bar with the specified
minimum value and
maximum value
JProgressBar (int,int,int) - Creates a new progress
bar with the specified
orientation, minimum
value and maximum
value.
JProgress
ukd toHk;jyKwJhtcgrSmawmh orientation_
uGefysLwm*sme,f atmufwkdbmv? 2007 ckESpf
179
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
type taeeJYuawmh Swing Constants.VERTICAL eJY
Swing Constants.HORIZONTAL qkw
d hJ class constants
type ESpc
fu
k kd ay;xm;ygw,f/ JSlider Class rSmvdyk gyJ/ bmrQ
parameter. arguments udk xnhfa&;rxm;&if progress bar
udk horizontal by default taeeJY xm;ay;rSmygyJ/
JProgress Bar awGudk toHk;jyKwJhtcgrSm minimum
value eJY maximum value awGudk program bar rSm xnhf
udk false taeeJY xm;cJhr,fqkd&if label [m

azmfjyay;jcif;r&Sdygbl;/ Off jzpfaerSmygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh progress bar eJY ywfoufwJh program i,fwpfyk'fukd vufawGU
a&;NyD;awmh avhvmMu&atmifvm;/ Listing 5.2 taeeJY
a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
oGif;wJhtcgrSm
of JAVA
SetMinimum (int);
SetMaximum (int);
tp&Sw
d hJ method awGukd toH;k jyKNyD;awmh oufqidk &f mtvku
d f
indicate vkyfvkdY &ygw,f/
wu,fvdkYrsm; pmzwfol[m progress bar udk update
vkyrf ,fq&dk ifaygh/ SetValue (int)method udk toH;k jyKNyD;awmh
rS pdwfBudKufzefwD;vdkYvnf; &ygw,f/ tJ'D value [m progress bar &JU minimum value and maximum Mum;rSm toH;k
jyKEdkifzdkYtwGufygyJ/ uJ 'gqkd&if example taeeJY install
vkyfwJhyHkeJY progress bar udk toHk;jyKr,fqkd&ifaygh/ tJ'Dtcg
rSm installation files awG[m upload vkyfzdkYtwGuf atmuf
1 . import java.awt.*;
ygtwkdif; a&;om;ygvdrhfr,f/
arguments
Listing 5.2 Demonstrate the Progress bar
2 . import java.awt.event.*;
3 . import javax.swing,*;
4.
5 . public class program extends JFrame {
6.
7 . JProgress Bar current;
8 . JTextArea out;
9 . JBu/ tton find;
10. Thread runter;
11. int num = 0;
12.
13. public progress ( ){
14. super ("Progess");
15.
16. SetDefaultCloseperation (JFrame.EXIT_
ON_CLOSE);
int FilesDone = getNumber Of Files( );

install.sevalues (fileDone);
'Dtay:u code_line examples rSmqk&d if getNumber

OfFiles ( ) method [m install vkyfwJh software xJu
how many files have been copied ayghaemf/ Installation
vkyfwJhtxJu files ta&twGuf b,favmufudk ul;,lcJh&if
ayghaemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm SetValue ( ) method [m progress
bar ay:rSm vma&mufNyD;awmh passed vkyf cGifhay;&rSmaygh/
r[kwfbl;vm;/ 'g[m tay:u code_line udk Oyrmay;NyD;
awmh &Sif;jywmygyJaemf/
Progress bar rSmqkd&if graphic taeeJY empty box
wpfck[m text label taeeJY yg0ifygw,f/ oluawmh progress bar tvkyv
f yk yf u
kH kd fill up jzpfomG ;yHek YJ azmfjyay;rSmygyJ/
tJ'D label rSm displays jzpfcJhyHkuawmh percentage %
taeeJYygyJ/ 100% jzpfomG ;NyDq&dk ifawmh progress bar tvkyf
vkyw
f m[m completed jzpfomG ;wmayghaemf/ tJ'v
D jdk zpfatmif
vdkY SetStringPainted (boolean)method udk ac:,l toHk;
jyK&wmygyJ/ tJ'D method &JU parameter_arguments ae&m
rSm boolean type udk true taeeJY a&;&rSmygyJ/ wu,fvkdY
180
17. JPanel pane = now JPanel ( );

18. pane.SetLayout( ));
19. current = now JProgressBar (0,2000);
20. current. SetValue (0);
21. current.SetStringPainted (0);
22. Pane.add (cursent);
23. SetContentPane (pane);
24. }
25.
26.
27. public void iterate ( ){
28. while (num < 2000){
29. current.SetValue (num);
30. try {
31. Thread.Sleep (1000);
32. } catch (Interupted Exception 0) { }
33. num + = 95
34. }
35. }
36.
37. public ststic void main (string [ ]
arguments){
38. Progress Frame = now Progress ( );
39. frame.pack ( );
40. frame.setvisible (true);
41. frame.iterate ( ) ;
42. }
43. }
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Analysis
1/ 'D program udk r&Sif;jycifrSm t&ifajymcsifwmu vdkif;
eHygwf (8)(9)(10)rSm a&;xm;wJh JTextArea, JButton,
Thread awGudk selection color jc,fNyD;awmh zsufypf
vkdufyg/ bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh tJ'D swing components awGudk Declose vkyfxm;ayr,fh program flow
rSm xnhfoGif; toHk;rjyKxm;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tJ'D

code_line awGudk xnhfNyD;yJ a&;a&;? zsufNyD;xm;xm;
twlwyl gyJ/ vdik ;f eHygwf (1) uae vkid ;f eHygwf (3)txd
java.awt.*; java.awt.event.*; javax.swing.*; qkdwJh
package file (3) ckudk Declose vkyfygw,f/ uJ Progress qdkwJh Primary class udk a&;om;ygw,f/ tJ'D
primary class xJrmS rS JProgessBar class udk current
vdkY variable_name ay;NyD;awmh object tjzpf zefwD;cJh
ygw,f/ uJ usefwJh vkdif;eHygwf (8) (9) (10)udkawmh
rxnhef YJ awmhayghaemf/ xnfNh yD; a&;om;vnf; xnfo
h iG ;f
NyD;rS toHk;rjyKwmbJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ tJ'DaemufrSmrS
Progress class &JU constructor function ( ) udk vdkif;
eHygwf (13)rSm a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D aemuf title_
bar_text taeeJY yg0ifvmatmif super ( ) method udk
toHk;jyKNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m Inheritance method udk toHk;jyKxm;wmqkd&ifvnf; rrSm;yg
bl;/
2/ tJ'Daemuf JFrame_Windows eJY ywfoufwJh SetDefault CloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_ON_
CLOSE); qkdwJh method udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D
aemuf JPanel Class udk object_name pane vdkU
trnfay;NyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (19) rSm

awmh JProgress Bar wpfckudk variable_Object wpfck
taeeJY current vkdY ay;vdkufygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
current = new JProgressBar (0,2000);
vdYk a&;om;xm;wm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf JProgressBar eJY ywfoufwhJ SetValue ( ) method eJY SetStringPainted ( ) method tp&SdwmawGudk ac:,l toHk;csyg
w,f/ 'gaMumifh
current.setvalue(0);
current. setstringpainted(0);
qkdNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (20)eJY (21)rSm a&;om;xm;wm

ayghaemf/'D method( ) awGudk JProgressBar class udk
a&;om; &Sif;jycJhwkef;u ygNyD;om;rdkY xyfrH r&Sif;jyawmh

ygbl;/ NyD;awmh zefw;D xm;wJh JProgressBar udk JPanel
Class xJudk xnhfoGif;vdkufygw,f/ 'grSom JFrame_
Windows ay:rSm component taeeJY yg0ifvmrSmaygh/
tJ'gaMumifh vdkif;eHygwf (22)eJY (23)rSm
Pane.add (current);
vdkY a&;om;xm;wmyJjzpfygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (24) u

awmh constructor function ( ) jzpfwJh progress &JU
close brace } yJ jzpfygw,f/
3/ vkdif;eHygwf (25) uae vkdif;eHygwf (35)txd a&;om;
xm;wJh iterate ( ) method uawmh subfunction ( )
wpfckygyJ/ xyfNyD;ajymp&m&Sdwmuawmh tJ'D iterate( )
method xJrmS a&;om;xm;wm[m Exception Handling taeeJY Exception Class udk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh a&;
om;xm;w,fqkdwmygyJ/ tJ'DtwGufaMumifh tJ'D
code_line awGudk tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifhyJ &Sif;jyygawmh
r,f/ tJ'D method xJrSmu while (pOfrSm) num [m
2000 xuf i,fpOfrSmayghaemf/ Num udk +95 taeeJY
increases vkyfNyD; wkd;yghr,f/ tJ'Dvkd wkd;EkdifzdkYtwGuf
vdkif;eHygwf (33) rSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;yg
w,f/
num + = 95;
tJ'D code_line udk avhvmMunhv

f u
kd &f if num [m self
assign taeeJY a&;om;NyD; +95 ukd vmNyD;awmh aygif;xm;wm
ygyJ/ [kwfNyDaemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm progress bar's &JU SetValue
( ) method udk vkdif;eHygwf (29)rSm While Loop udk wpfcg
vmywfwkdif; 0ifNyD;awmh tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ tJ'D SetValue
( ) method xJ rSm num < + 95 wk;d aewJu
h ed ;f > [m arguments
taeeJY xnhfxm;wmaemf/ tJ'DtcgrSm JProgressBar udk
oGm;NyD;awmh tvkyfvkyfrSmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvkdtvkyfvkyfwm
[m qufwkdufawmh tvkyfrvkyfygbl;/ vdkif;eHygwf (31)rSm
a&;om;xm;wJh try block xJrSm yg0ifwJh
Thread.Sleep (1000);
qkdwJh Thread Class xJrSm yg0ifwJh Sleep ( ) method

aMumifh object [m [JProgressBar Component [m] pueYf
tenf;i,f jcm;NyD;awmh sleep jzpfaerSmygyJ/
181
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
Note : uRefawmfhtaeeJY ,cktcsdeftxd roif&ao;wJh
Exception Handling taMumif;eJY Thread Class awG
taMumif;awGaMumifh tajccHt,leJYyJ &Sif;jywmygyJ/ a&SUvm

r,fh Java Developer Guide &JU Advanced Java Programming qkdwJh oifcef;pmrSm tJ'Doifcef;pmawGtm;vHk;
ukd pepfwus &Si;f jyNyD;awmh ydYk csay;xm;ygw,f/ tck oifcef;
pmrSmawmh tajccHt,ltqeJY tMurf;zsif;yJ avhvmMunhyf g/
class udk object_name frame vkdY trnfay;xm;wm

aMumifh object_name (.)dot cHNyD;awmh ac:,lxm;wm
ygyJ/ tJ't
D cgrSm JProgress Bar ay:rSm yg0ifwhJ tvkyf
vma&mufvyk &f r,fh looping structure eJY thread class
xJu method awG[m 0ifa&muftvkyfvkyfygNyD/ 'gqkd
&ifawmh &Sif;NyDaemf/
wu,fvYkdrsm; pmzwfo[
l m vkid ;f eHygwf (27) uae
(35) twGif;rSm a&;om;xm;wJh Void iterate ( ) method
udk Exception Handling method jzpfwJh trg and catch
vkyfwmawGudk oabmraygufbl;qkd&ifaygh/ tukefzsufypf
vdkufyg/ Exception Handling taMumif; avhvmNyD;rS jyef
avhvmayghaemf/ zsufwJhtcgrSm vdkif;eHygwf (27)eJY (35)u
code_line awGaemf/ { } brace awGvnf; tukefygoGm;yg
apaemf/ [kwfNyD/ zsufNyD;NyDqkd&ifawmh vdkif;eHygwf (4)rSm a&;
om;xm;wJh Frame.iterate( ); qkdwJh code_line udkyg zsuf
ypfvdkufaygh/ tJ'D method udk ra&;om;cJhrSawmh ac:,lp&m
vnf; rvdkawmhygbl;/ 'gqkd&ifawmh Progress.Java program [m run wJh tcsdefrSm JProgressBar [m tvkyf
rvkyjf yEkid af yr,fh Demonstrate taeeJY JFrame_Windows
ay:rSmawmh vma&muf azmfjyay;Ekdifygw,f/ uJ 'gaMumifh
tJ'D code_line awGudk odyfem;rvnf&if uRefawmf &Sif;jy
ovdyk gyJ/ tJ'D code_line awGukd jzKwfcsNyD;awmhom avhvm
vdkufyg/ vkdif;eHygwf (42)uawmh main ( ) function &JU
close barce } yJ jzpfNyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (43)uawmh primary class &JU close brace} yJ jzpfygw,f/
Note :
Sleep ( ) method : The current running Thread object

to sleep for the specified amount
of time (mili second). The sleeping
Thread object reatains whatever
locks it may process.
tck a&;jycJhwmuawmh sleep ( ) method udk tajccH

&Sif;jywmyJ jzpfygw,f/ a&SUvmr,fh oifcef;pmawGrSmrS
aoao csmcsm xyfrH &Sif;jyay;yghr,f/ uJ 'Dawmh main ( )
function udk qufvuf avhvmMu&atmif/
4/ Main( ) function udk vdkif;eHygwf (37)rSm a&;om;xm;
ygw,f/ tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh Progress qkdwJh Class
udk object_name frame vdYk ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lygw,f/
tJ'DtcgrSm vdkif;eHygwf (13) rSm a&;om;xm;wJh constructor function [m tvkdtavsmuf 0ifa&mufvm
rSmygyJ/ 'Dawmh tJ'D function ( ) xJrmS yg0ifwhJ JFrame
udk zefwD;wmawG Jprogress Bar udk wyfqifwmawG
tp&Sw
d hJ constructor function ( ) xJrmS yg0ifwhJ code_
line awG[m vmNyD;awmh tvkyv
f yk af eNyDayghaemf/ 'Dtcg
rSm JProgress Bar eJY ywfoufwJh JFrame ay:vmNyD;
awmh tvkyfvkyfatmif
Frame. pack ( ) ;
Frame.SetVisible (true);
tp&Sw
d hJ method awGukd toH;k csxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
vkdif;eHygwf (4)rSmawmh
Frame.iterate ( );
qkdwJhtay:rSm a&;om;cJhwJh iterate ( ) function udk

ac:,lvu
dk yf gw,f/ Iterate ( ) function [m progress
class &JU member function jzpfwmaMumifh Progress
182
uJ code_line awGudk Analysis vkyfNyD;oGm;&ifawmh

tJ'D code_line awGudk Notepad xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh dkuf
oGi;f vdu
k yf g/ tJ'D code_line awGukd a&;om;NyD;oGm;&ifawmh
file uae save udk awmif;yg/ Save Dialog Box usvm&if
awmh ay;&r,fh file_name uawmh tck program &JU class_
name twkdif; progress qkdwJh trnfeJY progress.java qkdwJh
trnfudkay;NyD;awmh save vkyfyg/ 'gqkd&ifawmh C:\j2sdk
1.4.1_01\bin qkdwJh folder atmufrSm progress.java qkdwJh
code_file [m wnfaqmufNyD;oGm;ygNyD/
tJ'DvkdrsKd; Notepad xJrSm code_line awG a&;om;NyD;
awmh save vkyfxm;yHkudk Figure 5.7 taeeJYyJ a&;om; azmfjy
ay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
qkd&ifayghaemf/ Prompt oauFw[m atmufygtwkdif;yJ jyef
ay:vmrSmygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/
C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin>
tJ'Dvkd jyefay:vm&ifawmh atmufyg command eJY run

vkyfvdkufygvm;/ Program Output xGufvmatmifayghaemf/
java Progress
uJ tJ'v
D rdk sK;d command_line windows xJrmS complie
& run vkyfyHkudk Figure 5.8 taeeJY azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
avhvmMunhfhyg/

Notepad, Progress.java
uJ tay:rSm azmfjycJw
h hJ code_file taeeJY a&;om;xm;yHk
udk avhvmNyD;&if Start All programs Accessories
Command Prompt udk zGiy
hf g/ uRefawmfuawmh Command Prompt udk Desktop Screen ay:rSm shortcut taeeJY
wifxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh Program Compile & Run vkyf
cgeD;&if vG,u
f w
l mayghaemf/ uJ Command Prompt (DOS)
Windows yGifhvmcJh&ifaygh/ atmufyg command_line eJY
directory udk ajymif;yg/
Figure 5.8 Compile & Run of the Progress.java
uJ tckazmfjyay;xm;wJh Figure 5.8 uawmh compile

& run vkyfaewJh yHkygyJ/ tJ'D Figure xJutwkdif; compile
& run vkyfvkduf&ifawmh atmufygtwkdif; JFrame_ Windows udk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/
uJ tJ't
D cgrSm command_line windows xJrmS ay:ae
wJh oauFw[m atmufygtwkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;ygjyD/
C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin >
[kwfNyDaemf/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm atmufyg command udk dkuf

oGif;NyD;awmh tay:rSm zefwD;a&;om;cJhwJh progress.java
qkdwJh program udk compile vkyfvkdufyg/
java Progress.java
tJ'DtcgrSm compile vkyfvkdY error &SdcJh&ifawmh vkdif;

eHygwfeJYwuG vma&mufNyD;awmh azmfjyay;rSmyg/ tJ'D Notepad xJrSmyJjzpfjzpf Save As vkyfNyD;awmh aemufxyf jyefNyD;
awmh complie jyefvkyfayghaemf/ tu,f error r&Sdawmhbl;
Figure 5.9 Run the Program, Progress.java
uJ tckazmfjyxm;wJh Figure 5.9 uawmh Listening

5.2 u code_line awGudk toHk;jyKNyD;awmh wnfaqmufxm;
wJh program i,fav;ygyJ/ uJ 'Dawmh qufvufNyD;awmh
Chapter (5) &JU sub_index taeeJY ykYd csay;xm;wJh 5.3 Using
the JMenus qkw
d hJ oifcef;pmudk qufvuf avhvmMunhMf u&
atmifvm;/
183
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (5)
5.3 USING THE JMENUS

awGeJY ywfoufwJh program av;awGudk
pmzwfow
l Ykd toH;k jyKzl;MurSmyg/ Visual Basic 6.0 rSmavmuf
awmh rvG,fulwm trSefygyJ/ 'gayr,fh cufcJvSwmawmh
vnf; r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dawmh Menu awGudk zefwD;&mrSm
Support vkyfay;wJh components awGudk avhvmMu&atmif
vm;/ 'D components awG[m tvkyfvkyf&mrSm wpfckeJYwpfck
[m qufET,fNyD;awmh tvkyfvkyfMuwmygyJ/ wpfenf;ajym
&&ifawmh components that work in conjunction with
each other vdkY ajym&ifvnf; &wmayghaemf/ uJ atmufrSm
a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmvdkufygOD;/
Menu Bar
JMenuItem - an item on a menu

JMenu
- a drop-down menu that contains
one or more JMenuItem components, other interface components, and separators, lines that are
displayed between items
JMenuBar - a container that holds one or more
JMenu components and displays
their names
uJ tcka&;jycJhwJh components (3) ckukd avhvmMunf&h
atmifvm;/ 'grSom program a&;wJt
h cgrSm vufawGU xnhf
oGif; toHk;csvdkY&rSmayghaemf/
JMenuItem
JMenuItem component uawmh JButton eJY qifwy
l g
w,f/ 'Dawmh JButton awG zefwD;wJhtcgrSm constructor
method xJrSm xnhfoGif; a&;om;&ovdkygyJ/ JemenuItem
awG zefwD;wJhtcgrSm atmufyg method udk ac:,l&ygr,f/

Constructor method rSmudku (3) rsKd; uGJjym;aew,faemf/
- JMenuItem (String) for a text item
- JMenuItem (Icon) for an item that displays a
graphic file
- JMenuItem (String, Icon) for both
qkdNyD;awmh constructor overloading taeeJY a&;om;zefwD;
vdkY &ygw,f/ uJ 'Dawmh atmufygtwkdif; JMenuItem eJY
zefwD;xm;wmudk avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/
JMenuItem
JMenuItem
JMenuItem
JMenuItem
JMenuItem
j1
j2
j3
j4
j5
=
=
=
=
=
JMenuItem j6 =
JMenuItem j7 =
JMenuItem j8 =
JMenuItem j9 =
JMenuItem j10 =
JMenuItem j11 =
new JMenuItem ("New");

new JMenuItem ("Open ....");
new JMenuItem ("Close");
new JMenuItem ("Save ....");
new JMenuItem("Save As
Template..");
new JMenuItem ("Import ....");
new JMenuItem ("Export ....");
new JMenuItem ("Page Setup
....");
new JMenuItem ("Print .....");
new JMenuItem ("Use As
Default Message Style");
new JMenuItem ("Exit");
'g[m JMenuItem ( ) constructor method udk toHk;

jyKNyD;awmh oufqkdif&m Menu awGudk zefwD;jyxm;wmygyJ/
uGefysLwm*sme,f Edk0ifbmv? 2007 ckESpf
171
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
'D JMenuItem awG[m program udk toHk;jyKpOftcgrSm
toHk;csr,fh command awGudk xnhfoGif; a&;om;xm;wmyJ
jzpfygw,f/ tck a&;om;cJhwJh command awG[m oufqkdif
&m JMenu udk 1-Click ESdyfvdkuf&if drop-down taeeJY
usvmrSmayghaemf/ uJ [kwfNyDav/ 'Dawmh JMenu ukd zefwD;
MunhfMu&atmifvm;/
JMenu
JMenu udk zefwD;&mrSmawmh tay:u zefwD;cJhwJh JMenuItem awGudk drop-down menu taeeJY zefwD;
xnho
f iG ;f &mrSm toH;k cszYdkygyJ/ toH;k cs&r,fh method uawmh
JMenu (String) Constructor method ygyJ/ Menu acgif;
pOftaeeJY yg0ifapcsifwJh name (Menu_Name) udk tJ'D
constructor method &JU arguments ae&mrSm xnhfoGif;&rSm
ygyJ/ tJ'D name [m menu bar &JU tay:rSm vmNyD;awmh
ay:ay;aerSmygyJ/ Program udk a&;om;pOfrSm JMenu container udk toHk;csNyD;&ifawmh add (JMenuItem) method
udk ac:,ltoHk;cs&rSmygyJ/
tJ'D add ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csNyDqkd&ifawmh
tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh JMenuItem awG&JU Object_Name udk
add ( ) method &JU parameter_arguments ae&mrSm xnhf
oGi;f a&;om;&ygr,f/ 'g[m wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh tm;vH;k
twGuf Group_Name ygyJ/ olYrSm ukd,fykdif Menu_item
udk rydik q
f idk yf gbl;/ 'gqk&d ifawmh JMenu udk toH;k jyK a&;om;
xm;wJh method taMumif;udk tajccHtm;jzifhawmh em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
uJ t"dutcsufwpfcsuf usefaewmuawmh uRefawmf
wkdY zefwD;r,fh Menu xJrSm add Separator ( ) method udk
xnho
f iG ;f toH;k jyK&rSmygyJ/ bmaMumifv
h q
J w
dk mudk uRefawmf
&Sif;jyyghr,f/
Note : Visual Basic Language udk toHk;jyKpOfwkef;u
zefwD;xm;wJh Menu xJrSm Separators awGudk xnhfoGif;
zefwD;csif&if Menu DialogBox &JU
Caption ae&mrSm - rdrdxnhfoGif;csifwJhMenu_Name
Name ae&mrSm
- mnu1/ mnu2/ mun3...
tp&Sdojzifh xnhfoGif; a&;om;vdkufHkygyJ/ 'g[m Visual
Basic Language u programmer awGtzkdY tvG,fwul
toHk;cszl;rSmyg/ trSefuawmh Separators udk toHk;jyKwm
[m menu tkyfpkxJrSm a&maxG;raeatmif line separators
av;awGudk xnhfoGif;xm;wmygyJ/ b,f language eJYyJ
172
program udk wnfaqmufyg/ Menu awG zefwD;NyD qkdwmeJY

line separaters awGukd xnho
f iG ;f zefw;D &rSmygyJ/ oufqidk f
&m language &JU method t&ayghaemf/ uJ avhvm Munhf&
atmif/
tck uRefawmfu Java Language udk toHk;jyKNyD;qkd&if
Menu udk wnfaqmufr,fqkdawmh Visual Basic rSmvdkrsKd;
Name& Caption awGudk oD;oefY zefwD;p&m rvdkawmhbl;
aygh/ AddSeparator ( ) method udk ac:,l toHk;csvdkuf
HkygyJ/ 'gqkd&ifawmh uRefawmfwdkY zefwD;r,fh Menu xJrSm
line separators awG yg0ifay;rSmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh Objcet_
Name [JMenu eJY Object_Name] cHa&;&rSmaemf/ uJ NyD;awmh
ta&SUrSm JMenuItem taeeJY zefwD;xm;wJh menu_label
taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh string awGudk add (String) method
udk ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ 'Dawmh a&;om;&mrSm text as
an arguments taeeJY ta&SUrSm zefwD;cJhwJh JMenuItem
&JU Object_Name awGukd xnfhoGif; a&;om;&rSmayghaemf/
tJ'DMum;xJu addSeparator ( ) method udkvnf; xnhf
oGif; a&;om;&rSmyg/ uJ 'Dawmh avhvmMunhfMu&atmif
vm;/ atmufrSm sample a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/
JMenu m1 = new JMenu ("File");
JPanel pane= new JPanel ( );
m1. add(j1);
m1. add(j2);
m1. addSeparator ( ) ;
m1. add(j3);
m1. addSeparator ( );
m1. add(j4);
m1. add(j5);
m1. add(j6);
m1. add(j7);
m1. add(j8);
m1. add(j9);
m1. add(j10);
m1. add(j11);
uJ tck a&;jycJw
h muawmh tay:uJMenItem eJY zefw;D
xm;wJh Menu item awGudk JMenu &JU atmufudk xnfhoGif;
vkdufNyDaemf/ qufvufNyD;awmh JMenuBar udk qufvuf
toH;k csMunhMf u&atmif/ JMenuBar uawmh JMenu taeeJY
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tck zefw;D vku
d w
f hJ file qkw
d hJ Menu udk JMenuBar container
xJudk xnfhoGif;&rSmygyJ/ JMenuBar xJudk JMenu awG
wpfckxufru tajrmuftjrm; xnhfoGif;vdkY &Ekdifygw,f/
Oyrm toH;k cs application program i,fwpfcrk mS File Edit
d jzifh JMenu awG trsm;tjym; yg0ifaewm
View Help tp&So
udk awGUjrif&rSmayghaemf/ wpfenf;ajym&&ifawmh JMenu eJY
zefwD;xm;wJh Menu awGudk menu bar [application's title
bar] taeeJY wyfqifay;rSmygyJ/
uJ JMenuBar udk zefwD;r,fqkd&if JMenuBar ( )
constructor method udk arguments xnhfoGif;a&;om;p&m
rvkb
d J a&;om;&rSmygyJ/ NyD;awmh tay:rSm 'kw,
d tqift
h ae
eJY zefwD;cJhwJh JMenu udk add ( ) method eJY xnfhoGif;NyD;
awmh a&;om;&rSmygyJ/
uJ tck tay:rSm a&;jycJhwJh code_line awGudk tajccH

NyD;awmh azmfjyxm;wJh Figure twkid ;f Menu udk zefw;D &,lvYkd
&ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tckzefw;D vdu
k w
f hJ Menu awGukd a&G;cs,f
vkdufayr,fh nothing happens in response ayghaemf/ bmrQ
jyefNyD;awmh Response jyefray;ygbl;/ 'gu Menu ukd zefw;D
yJ zefwD;xm;wmudk;/ txJu code_line awGukd a&;rS a&;
rxm;wmyJ/ tJ'Dvkd Program awGudk wnfaqmufNyD;awmh
trSew
f u,f tvkyv
f yk af tmifuawmh a&SUvmr,hf oifcef;pm
awGrSm Programming Theory awGeJYtwl "Responding
to User Input" qkw
d hJ oifcef;pmrSm avhvmMunhMf uwmaygh/
tckawmh ta&SUu sample code_line awGeJY twl Program
a&;NyD;awmh avhvmMunhMf u&atmifvm;/ Listing 5.3 taeeJY
a&;jyxm;wJh program udk avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/
'Dawmh JMenuItem awG zefw;D r,f/ JMenu xJukd

xnhfoGif;NyD; Group_Name ay;r,f/ tJ'gawGudk JMenuBar eJY wyfqifr,f/ 'gNyD;&ifawmh frame_windows ay:rSm
wyfqifzYkd twGuu
f awmh SetJMenuBar( )method udk quf
vufNyD;awmh toHk;cs&rSmyJjzpfygw,f/ tck qufvuf a&;jy
r,fh sample code_line awG[m tay:u yxrtqifh?
'kwd,tqifh a&;om;wmudk qufvufNyD;awmh a&;om;jy
xm;wmygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Listing 5.3 Demonstrate the Menu Bar in

JAVA
1.
2.
import java.awt.*;
3.
public class Menus extends JFrame
4.
{
5.
public Menus ( )
6.
{
7.
super ("Demonstrate the Menu Bar");
8.
SetSize(250,320);
9.
SetDefaultCloseOperation
(JFrame.EXIT_ ON_CLOSE);
10.
11. JMenuItemj1=new JMenuItem ("New");
12. JMenuItemj2=new JMenuItem ("Open..");
13. JMenuItemj3=new JMenuItem ("Close");
Note :
JMenuBar bar = new JMenuBar ( );

bar. add (m1);
SetJMenuBar (bar);
uJ tJ'Dvkdom a&;om;vdkuf&ifawmh atmufrSm awGYjrif

&r,fh Figure 5.10 utwkdif; JMenuBar wpfck[m tvG,f
wul zefw;D vkYd&wmudk awGUjrif&rSmygyJ/ avhvmMunfv
h u
kd yf g
OD;/
14. J M e n u I t e m
j4
=
new
JMenuItem
("Save...");
15. JMenuItem j5 = new JMenuItem ("Save
As Template..");
j6
=
new
JMenuItem
("Import...");
j7
=
new
JMenuItem
("Export....");
18. JMenuItem j8 = new JMenuItem ("Page
Setup....");
j9
=
new
JMenuItem
("Print....");
20. JMenuItem j10 = new JMenuItem ("Use
As Default Message Style");
21. J M e n u I t e m j 1 1 = n e w J M e n u I t e m
("Exit");
22. JMenu m1 = new JMenu ("File");
24. m1. add (j1);
25. m1. add (j2);
26
m1. addSeparator( );
27. m1. add (j3);
28. m1. addSeparator( );
173
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
m1. add (j4);

m1.add(j5);
m1.addSeparator( );
m1.add (j6);
m1.add (j7);
m1.addSeparator( );
m1.add (j8);
m1.addSeparator( ):
m1.add (j9);
m1.add (j10);
m1.addSeparator( );
m1.add(j11);
JMenuBar bar = new JMenuBar( );
bar.add (m1);
SetJMenuBar (bar);
Show( );
}
public static void main (String arg[]
)
{
Menus m = new Menus ( );
}
}
48.
49.
50.
51.
Analysis
1/ 'D program rSmuawmh

import java.awt.*;
qkdwJh package flie (2) ckudk import & declare vkyfNyD;

ac:,lxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf Menus qkdwJh primary
class udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vdkif;eHygwf (3) rSmyg/
Extends vkyfxm;wmuawmh JFrame class udkaemf/
tJ'Daemuf Menus ( ) Constructor function udk
a&;om;ygw,f/ tJ'aD emuf JFrame Windows &JU Title
Bar rSm yg0if&r,hf pmom;twGuf
Super ("Demonstrate the Menu Bar");
vkdY a&;om;ay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf JFrame

Windows &JU t&G,t
f pm;twGuf width = 250, height
= 320 eJY jzpfatmif
SetSize (250,320);
qkdNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh JFrame

windows udk close vkyfvdkY&atmifvdkY
ON_CLOSE);
method udk ac:,l toHk;csay;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf

rSmawmh Sample Code_line taeeJY a&;jycJw
h hJ JMenuItem udktoHk;csNyD;awmh a&;om;xm;wJh text_label &
JMenuItem awGukd vdi
k ;f eHygwf (11) uae vkid ;f eHygwf
174
(21)txd a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D code_line awGudk

sample a&;jyNyD;om;rkdY jyefa&;rjyawmhygbl;/ 'g[m
uRefawmfwkdY zefwD;r,fh Menu twGif;rSm yg0ifr,fh
Menu awGygyJ/ uJ tJ'gNyD;awmh vkdif; eHygwf (22)
rSmrS
JMenu m1 = new JMenu ("File");
vdkY a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'g[m zefwD;r,fh JMenu

ygyJ/ Menu_Name uawmh file ayghaemf/ &Sif;NyDaemf/
2/ uJ NyD;awmh JPanel Class udk ac:,l toH;k jyK&atmifvYdk
vkdif;eHygwf (23)rSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;ay;xm;
ygw,f/
JPanel pane = new JPanel ( );
'g[m JPanel Class udk object_name pane vdYk ay;NyD;

ac:,lxm;wmygyJ/ tJ'&D UJ aemufrmS rS ac:,l zefw;D xm;
wJh JMenu eJY ,SOfwGJNyD;awmh add ( ) method eJY xnhf
oGi;f a&;om;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vkid ;f eHygwf (24) uae
vkdif;eHygwf (40) txd a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'D code_
line awG M um;rS m vnf ; addSeparator( )method
udkvnf; xnhfoGif; a&;om; toHk;jyKxm;ygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf (26)? (28)? (31)? (34)? (36)? (39) pwJh vkdif;
awGrmS awGUjrif&rSmyg/ 'gawGudk uReaf wmht
f aeeJY a&;rjy
awmhygbl;/ Sample code_line taeeJY a&;jyay;xm;
ygw,f/ NyD;awmh vkdif;eHygwf (41)rSm
JMenuBar bar = new JMenuBar( );
qkdNyD;rS JMenuBar udk ac:,l toH;k csxm;wmudk awGU&

rSmyg/ tJ'Dvkdif;eHygwf (41) uae (43) txdudkvnf;
ta&SUrSm sample code_line taeeJY a&;om; azmfjycJNh yD;
om;yg/ jyefNyD; avhvmMunfyh g/ tus,fcsJU r&Si;f jyawmh
ygbl;/ tJ'Daemuf vkdif;eHygwf (44) rSmrS show( )
method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
Menu( ) constructor method &JU close brace } udk
vdkif;eHygwf (45)rSm vmydwfxm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf
main ( ) function ukd vki
d ;f eHygwf (47) rSm a&;om;xm;
ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrmS rS tay:u class
Menus udk object_ name u ydYk ay;NyD;awmh ac:,lvu
dk f
ygw,f/ 'gqkd&if tay:u zefwD; a&;om;cJhwmawG
tm;vH;k yg0ifvmNyDayghaemf/ NyD;awmh main ( ) function
&JU close brace } eJY primary class &JU close brace
awGudk vmydwfay;xm;ygw,f/
uJ tcka&;jyxm;wJh code_line awGukd Analysis vkyNf yD;
oGm;&ifawmh pmzwfot
l aeeJY atmufrmS azmfjyxm;wJh Figure
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
twkdif; Note_Pad xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh dkufoGif;yg/
NyD;&ifawmh C:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin xJrSm save vkyf&ygr,f/
Save vky&
f r,fh File_Name uawmh Menus.java vdYkay;&rSm
aemf/ uJ code_line awG a&;om;xm;wmudk avhvmMunhyf g/
5.11
qkdNyD;awmh compile vkyfayghaemf/ wu,fvdkY error r&Sdawmh

bl;qkd&if atmufygtwkdif; run vkyfyg/
java Menus
tJ'DvkdrsKd; Compile & Run vkyfyHkudk Figure 5.12 taeeJY

a&;jyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 5.12 Compile & Run of the Menus.java

Notepad, Menus.java
uJ ta&SUu Figure rSm azmfjyxm;wJt

h wkid ;f code_line
awG a &;om;NyD ; oG m ;&if Start All programs
Accessories Command prompt xJrSm zGifhNyD;awmh DIR
udk ajymif;yg/ 'grSr[kw&f if Start Run uae Run Dialog
Box usvm &if command.com udk dkufoGif;NyD; Run
&ifvnf; &w,f aemf/ DIR ajymif;Mu&atmif/
uJ tay:u azmfjyxm;wJhtwkdif; Complie & Run

vkyfvkduf&if ta&SUrSm Sample jyxm;cJhwJhtwkdif; Demonstrate the Menu Bar qkdwJh program [m vmNyD;awmh Run
aerSmygyJ/ Figure 5.13 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
'gqkd&if DIR_path [m atmufygtwkdif; ajymif;vJoGm;rSm

yg/
C:\j2sdk1.4.1-01\bin>
Figure 5.13 Run the program, Menus.java
uJ 'Dawmh atmufyg command eJY compile vkyfyg/

java c Menus.java
Error r&Sdbl;qdk&ifawmh Run vkyfHkyJaygh/ Error &SdcJh&ifawmh

atmufrmS ygvmwJh Error vkid ;f eHygwftwkid ;f vku
d &f mS NyD; Error
udk jyifNyD;awmh Save As vkyfyg/ NyD;&if jyefNyD;awmh
java c Menus.java
uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh tck ykdYcsay;cJhwJh JMenuBar eJY ywf

oufwmtNyD;rSm JAVA &JU Swing Components wpfcjk zpfwhJ
Tabbed taMumif;udk qufvuf avhvmMu&atmifvm;/
5.4 Using the Tabbed of JAVA qkdNyD;rS a&;om; ydkYcsay;
xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfyg/
175
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm

Chapter (5)
5.4 USING THE TABBED PANES

Tabbed Panes qkw
d muawmh panels awGukd pkpnf;xm;
wmygyJ/ 'gayr,fh wpfBudrfrSm panel wpfckudkomvQif jrif&

atmif zefw;D xm;wmygyJ/ Tabbed Panes awGukd &,lcsif&if
JTabbed Panes Class ud k implement vk y f N yD ; awmh
ac:,ltoHk;csHkygyJ/
d v
f Ykd
uJ wu,fvYkd Tabbed Panes udk zefw;D a&;om;vku
panel wpfckcsif;pDudk ac:,lr,fqkd&ifayghaemf/ pmzwfol[m
olY&JU Tab awGudk ESdyfNyD;awmh Tab Panel awGudk ajymif;vJ
MunhfIvdkufHkygyJ/ Tabs awGudk zefwD;wJhtcgrSm Horizontally across the top or bottom rSm zefwD;vdkY&ovdk
Vertically along the left or right side rSmvnf; zefwD;vdkY
&ygw,f/
Tabbed Panes awGudk zefwD;wJhtcgrSm atmufyg
twkdif; constructor method (3) ck&Sdygw,f/
JTabbedPane( )
- Create a vertical tabbed

pane along the top that
does not scroll.
JTabbedPane(int)
- Create a tabbed pane that
does not scroll and has
the specified placement.
JTabbed Pane (int, int) - Create a tabbed pane with
the specified placement
(first argument) and
scrolling policy (second
argument).
Tabbed Panes awGudk xm;wJh taetxm;uvnf;
tabs awGudk panel ay:rSm qufET,f azmfjyay;xm;wmeJY
twlwlygyJ/ atmufyg four class arguments xJu wpfckck
udkawmh toHk;jyK&rSmygyJ/
172
JTabbedPane.Top, JTabbedPane.BOTTOM,
JTabbedPane.LEFT, JTabbedPane.RIGHT
wu,fvYdk pmzwfo[
l m tabbed pane awGudk zefwD;NyD;
&if tJ'D component awGudk xnhfoGif;EkdifzdkY addTab ( )
method udk ac:,l toHk;cs&rSmygyJ/ olY&JU method type
u atmufygtwkdif;ygyJ/
addTab(String,
1st arguments
Component)
2nd arguments
1st argument uawmh zefwD;xm;wJh Tabbed awG&JU

Label taeeJY yg0if&r,fh text yJ jzpfygw,f/
2nd argument uawmh components taeeJY zefw;D xm;
wJh Tab awGudk zefwD;r,fh Tab panel ay:rSm xnhfoGif;wmyJ
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'gawGukd zefw;D toH;k cswt
hJ cgrSmawmh JPanel
Class udk Object taeeJY zefwD; ac:,l toHk;cswmygyJ/
uJ tck atmufrSmazmfjyxm;wJh statements awGudk avh
vmMunhfyg/ Panel ta&twGuf (5) ckudk zefwD;NyD;awmh
Tabbed Pane xJudk xnfhoGif;jyxm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f/ avh
vmMunhfyg/
JPanel mainsettings = new JPanel ( ) ;
JPanel advancedsettings = new JPanel ( );
JPanel privacysettings = new JPanel( );
JPanel emailsettings = new JPanel ( ) ;
JPanel securitysettings = new JPanel ( );
JTab bedpane tabs = new Tabbed JPane ( ) ;
tabs.addTab ("Main", mainsettings);
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
tabs.addTab ("Advanced", advancedsettings);
tabs.addTab ("Privacy", privacysettings);
tabs.addTab ("E.mail", emailsettings):
tabs.addTab ("Security". securitysettings);
tckazmfjyay;cJhwJh code_line awGtwdkif; panels xJudk
aygif;xnhNf yD;awmh tabbed pane udk zefw;D vku
d rf ,fq&dk ifaygh
aemf/ Figure 5.14 taeeJY azmfjyay;xm;wJh Tabs awG yg0ifwhJ
JFrame Windows [m vma&muf azmfjyay;vmrSmygyJ/
22. tabs.addTab
settings);
23. t a b s . a d d T a b
settings);
("Advanced",
advanced-
("Privacy",
privacy-
24. tabs.addTab ("E-mail", emailsettings);

25. tabs.addTab ("Security", securitysettings);
26. show ( );
27.
28.
29. public static void main(String[] arguments){
30. Tabbed t = new Tabbed ( );
31.
32. }
Figure 5.14 A tabbed pane with five tabs displayed

along the top edge
uJ 'Dawmh t&ifq;kH Listing 5.4 taeeJY program code_

line awGudk a&;om;NyD;awmh avhvmMunhfMu&atmifvm;/
Listing 5.4 Demonstrate the Tabbed in
Java
1 . import java.awt.*;
2 . import java.awt.event.*;
3 . import javax.swing.*;
4.
5 . public class Tabbed extends JFrame {
6.
7 . public Tabbed( ) {
8.
9 . super ("Demonstrate the Tabbed Program
Setting");
10. SetSize (400,150);
11.
12. SetDefaultCloseOperation (JFrame.EXIT_
ON_CLOSE);
Analysis
1/ 'D program av;rSmawmh
java.awt.*;
java.awt.event.*;
javax.swing.*;
qkw
d hJ package file (3) ckukd ac:wifxm;ygw,f/ 'Dawmh
qufavhvmMunhf&if JFrame Class udk extends vkyf
xm;wJh Tabbed qkdwJh primary class udk a&;om;yg
w,f/ tJ'D class xJrSm Tabbed ( ) qkdwJh constructor
function udk a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D constructor
function &JU vkdif;eHygwf (9)rSmrS
super ("Demonstrate the Tabbed Program
Setting");
qkdNyD;awmh JFrame_Windows &JU title_bar text udk

a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ tJ'Daemuf JFrame_windows &JU
t&G,t
f pm;udk Width = 400, Height = 150 jzpfatmifvYkd
SetSize (400,150);
qkdNyD;rS a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ vkdif;eHygwf (12) rSmawmh
13. JPanel mainsettings = new JPanel( );
14. JPanel advancedsettings=new JPanel( );
ON_CLOSE);
15. JPanel privacysettings=new JPanel( );

16. JPanel emailsettings = new JPanel( );
method udk ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'Dtxduawmh

tcktcsdeftxd oifMum;cJhwJh sample program awGrmS eJY
17. JPanel securitysettings=new JPanel( );

18.
19. JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane
(JTabbedPane.Top);
20.
21. tabs.addTab ("Main".mainsettings);
twlwlygyJ/ odyfNyD; xl;jcm;wmawmh r&Sdao;ygbl;/

2/ vkdif;eHygwf (13) rSmawmh JPanel Class udk Object_
Name awG ay;NyD;awmh ac:,l toHk;csygw,f/ wpfck
ajymp&m&Sw
d muawmh JPanel Class udkyJ object_name
173
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ay;xm;wmaemf/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (13)uae vdkif;
eHygwf (17) txd
NotePad xJrSm oGm;NyD;awmh code awG dkufoGif;yg/ Figure

5.14 taeeJY a&;om; azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/
JPanel mainsettings = new JPanel ( );

JPanel advancedsettings = new JPanel ( );
JPanel privacysettings = new JPanel ( );
JPanel emailsettings = new JPanel ( );
JPanel securitysettings = new JPanel ( );
qkNd yD;awmh a&;om;xm;wmygyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm tus,fcsJUNyD;

awmh &Sif;jyp&m rvkdawmhygbl;/ ta&SUu Tabbed
taMumif;udk &Sif;jypOfu sample code_line awGeYJ twl
&Sif;jycJhNyD;om;yg/ [kwfNyDaemf/ uJ NyD;awmh Java &JU
Swing components jzpfwhJ JTabbedPane udk object_
name tabs vdkY trnfay;NyD; ac:,lvkdufygw,f/ vkdif;
eHygwf (19)rSmyg/ tJ'DaemufrSmrS ta&SUu zefwD;cJhwJh
string components awGudk container xJudk xnhfoGif;
ygw,f/ xnhfoGif;&mrSmawmh addTab( ) method udk
ac:,l toHk;csxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vkdif;eHygwf (21)
uae (25) txd
tabs.addTab ("Main".mainsettings);
tabs.addTab ("Advanced", advancedsettings);
tabs.addTab ("Privacy", privacysettings);
tabs.addTab ("E-mail", emailsettings);
tabs.addTab ("Security", securitysettings);
qkdNyD;rS a&;om;xm;ygw,f/ 'D code_line awGeJY ywf

oufNyD;awmh ta&SUoifcef;pmrSm &Sif;jyay;cJhNyD;om;ygyJ/
NyD;awmh show ( ) method udk ac:,lvu
dk yf gw,f/ 'gawG
[m constructor functions xJrSm a&;om;xm;wJh
code_line awGtaMumif;ygyJ/
vkid ;f eHygwf (29) rSmawmh main ( ) function udk a&;om;
xm;ygw,f/ tJ'D main ( ) function xJrSmrS tay:u
zefwD;cJhwJh Tabbed qkdwJh class udk object_Name t
tjzpf ajymif;vJNyD;awmh ac:,lvdkufwmygyJ/ tJ'Dawmh
tay:rSm zefwD;cJhwJh code awG[m vma&mufNyD;awmh
tvkyf vmvkyfawmhwmygyJ/ uJ 'gqkd&ifawmh Listing
5.4 taeeJY a&;om;xm;wJh program udk em;vnf
oabmaygufoGm;rSmyg/
uJ qufvuf avhvmMunfhMu&atmifvm;/ tay:u
&Sif;jycJhwJh Listing 5.4 u program code_line awGudk
174

Notepad, Tabbed.java
NotePad xJrSm code_line awG a&;om;NyD;oGm;&if tJ'D

file_ name udk Tabbed.java vdkY trnfay;NyD;awmhrS C:\
j2sdk1.4.1_01\ bin xJrSm oGm;a&mufNyD;awmh save vkyfyg/
NyD;&ifawmh Start All programs Accessories
Command prompt udk zGifhvdkufyg/ NyD;&if atmufyg command eJY DIR udk ajymif;yg/
'gqkd&ifawmh DIR ajymif;oGm;NyDqkd&ifawmh programs

udk atmufyg command_line eJY compile vkyfvdkufyg/
javaC Tabbed.java
compile vkyv
f u
kd v
f Ykd Error r&Sad wmhb;l qk&d ifawmh atmufyg
command_line eJY qufvufNyD;awmh Run vkyfvkdufyg/
java Tabbed
uJ tcka&;jycJhovkdrsKd; compile & run udk command

prompt xJrSm vkyfovkdrsKd;udk Figure 5.15 taeeJY a&;om;
azmfjyay;xm;ygw,f/ avhvmMunhfvdkufyg/
uGeyf sLwmoifcef;pm
i,fvmaewJh PC uGeyf sLwmrsm;
Figure 5.15 Compile & Run of the Tabbed.java
uJ tckvdkrsKd; Compile & Run vkyfvkdufNyDqkdygpdkY/

atmufrSm azmfjyxm;wJhtwdkif; Demonstrate taeeJY a&;jy
xm;wJh Tabbed. java qkdwJh program av;[m azmfjyay;
aerSmygyJ/ avhvmMunhfyg/
Figure 5.16 Run the program, Tabbed.java
tcka&;om;ydkYcscJhwJh oifcef;pmudk em;vnf oabm

aygufomG ;NyDq&dk ifawmh qufvufNyD;awmh 5.5 Certification
Practice qkdwJh tcef;u@udk a&;om; ydkYcsay;xm;ygw,f/
tck vuf&Sd oifMum; ydkYcsNyD;cJhwJh JAVA Developer Guide
VOL- I taeeJY a&;om; ydkYcsNyD;ygNyD/ 'Dae&mrSm oifcef;pm
tm;vHk;udk a&mNyD;awmh Certification Practice taeeJY ydkYcs
ay;xm;ygw,f/
JAVA Developer Guide VOL - II udk roif,lcifrSm
oifMum; avhvmNyD;wJh tcef;u@ tm;vHk;udk aoaocsmcsm
wwfajrmufatmif avhvm oif,lapcsifygw,f/
vkyfief;cGifu programmer awG ausmif;om;eJY JAVA
Language ukd avhvm oif,laewJholawG tm;vHk;twGuf
toHk;0ifwJh Chapter Index jzpfrSmvdkY ,HkMunfygw,f/
uGefysLwmESifh rD'D,me,fy,fwGif vloHk;ukefypnf;rsm;u

ao;onfxufao;jyD; i,fonfxufi,fvmMuonf/
odkY&mwGif t&nftaoG;u ri,fMuyg/ ,ck OQO
(www.oqo .com) rS xkwfvkyfonfh OQO Ultra Portable
PC udk rdwfqufay;vdkonf/ OQO Model01+ udk
2006 ckESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;uwnf;u xkwfvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
,ckESpfOD;wGif OQO Ultra Portable PC model02+ odkY
tqifhjrifhum vSyaom 'DZdkif;jzifh aps;uGufodkY a&muf&dScJh
jyD;jzpfonf/ if;udk Windows XP Tablet odkYr[kwf
handheld PC [lvnf; ac:qdkEdkifjyD; c&D;aqmif
uGefysLwmwpfvHk;ozG,f toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ teufa&mif
tdrfudk,fxnfwGif rD;cdk;a&mifuD;bkwfudk ta&mif
vdkufzufnDpGm wnfaqmufxm;jyD; 5 vufrt&G,f LCD
(800 x 480 pixel display) jrifui
G ;f u awmufyrI&o
Sd nf/
1.5GHz VIA processor, 60GB hard drive, 1GB of
DDR2 RAM wdkYu PC wpfvHk;tjzpf aumif;pGm oHk;Edkif
onfh taetxm;jzpfonf/ Bluetooth 2.0, 802.11a/b/g
WiFi, integrated EV-DO, HDMI-outport wdkYvnf;
yg0if wyfqifxm; qufoG,frIrsm;twGuf tqifajy

apygonf/ DVD+-RW drive udk vG,fulpGm csdwfquf
oHk;EdkifjyD; USB 2.0 port, audio jack, microphone, VGA
out rsm;vnf;yg0ifonf/ bufx&Djzifh 3 em&DtMum
oHk;EdkifjyD; docking station ygaomaMumifh pm;yGJay:wGif
decktop uGefysLwmuJhodkY wifjyD;oHk;Edkifonf/ yHkrSef
laptop wpfvHk;onf 13_11 vufrESifh tav;csdef
6 aygif0ef;usifjzpf ,ck OQO \ t&G,ftpm; 5.6 _
3.3 _txl 1 vufr?
tav;csdef wpfaygifESifh
EdIif;,SOfygu rnfrQuGm
jcm;rnfudk cefYrSef;Munhf
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uGefysLwmoifcef;pm

JAVA Developer Guide

w,f/ tajccHoabmw&m;uawmh twlwlygyJ/ 'Dtcef;

uJ 'Dacgif;pOfawGudk wpfckcsif;pD avhvmMuwmaygh/

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ac:wmyg/ Listing 1.3 u pNyD;awmh a&;jyxm;ygw,f/

vmcJNh yD;&if tac:ta0: rpdr;f avmufygbl;/ tvG,af jym&&if

if udk tokH;jyKNyD;a&;xm;wJh 'D control statements xJ

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'D code &JU t"dym,fuawmh SomeValue [m 10 xuf

if statement [m tay:qkH;pmaMumif;rSmawmh control

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oGm;awmhrmS yg/ tay:u sample eJY atmufu sample code

qkdwmuawmh programming language

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(+) (-) (+) (/) (%) vky&

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JAVA Interpreter taeeJYuawmh myAge &JU rlvwefzkd; 5

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'Dvkda&;NyD; tajzxkwfvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh 7 qkdwJhtajzudk

Table 1.4 The Relational Operator

temp = myAge+2; //add 5 + 2 put it in temp

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1/ 'D program uawmh relational operators ukd jrifwwf

ment ukd tvkyfqufvkyfp&mrvkdygbl;/ Escape jzpfNyD;

awmh aemufwpfaMumif;udk qif;oGm;rSmyg/

tajccH JAVA Language taMumif;udk ykdifEkdifrSomvQif

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wmudk awGU&&if uRefawmf bmudq

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Table 1.5 The Logical Operators

expression 1 && expression 2

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t"dym,fuawmh x uvnf; 5 eJYnDNyD; y [mvnf; 5 eJY

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'Dtqkdukd avhvm&if expression 1 eJY expression 2

expression 1 operator expression 2 statement

uGefysLwm*sme,f Zefe0g&Dv? 2005 ckESpf

'D program code a&;xm;yku

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uJ 'Dvkda&;&ifvnf; tay:u sample code xuf ykdNyD;

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d) The program yields Runtime Error because of ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExpection

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