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Electronegativity of an element refers to the measurement of the strength of an atom in its molecule to attract electrons towards its nucleus.
[PEKA 2]
EXPERIMENT 4.3
AIM
How do the acid-base properties of the oxides of elements change across Period 3?
HYPOTHESIS
Acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas the basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease across Period 3.
VARIABLES
Manipulated Variable:
Responding Variables:
Fixed Variables:
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
1. Oxide that dissolves in water to form solution with pH less than 7 is acidic and pH more than 7 is alkaline.
2. Oxide that can dissolve in an acid exhibits basic properties. 3. Oxide that can dissolve in an alkali exhibits acidic properties. 4. Oxide that can dissolve in both acid and alkali exhibits amphoteric properties.
APPARATUS
Boiling tubes, test tubes, test tube rack, test tube holder, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner, rubber stopper, dropper, glass rod and spatula.
MATERIALS Magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, silicon (IV) oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, Universal Indicator, 2 mol dm-3 nitric acid, 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution and distilled water.
PROCEDURE
A. Reaction with water
1. Add half a spatula of magnesium oxide powder into 10 cm3 of distilled water in a test tube.
2. Close the test tube tightly with a rubber stopper. Shake the mixture.
3. Add two drops of universal indicator to the mixture using a dropper. Shake the mixture and record the pH value.
4. Repeat the experiment with aluminium oxide, silicon (IV) oxide and phosphorus pentoxide in place of magnesium oxide respectively.
OXIDE MgO
None
None
23
INTERPRETING DATA
1 (a) Magnesium oxide dissolves slightly in water to form a
solution with pH 8-9, a weak alkali. Hence, shows metallic properties. magnesium
(b) Phosphorus pentoxide dissolves in water to form a solution with pH 2-3, a strong acidic solution. Hence, phosphorus shows non-metallic properties.
(c) Magnesium oxide dissolves in nitric acid but does not dissolve in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it shows basic properties.
(d) Aluminium oxide dissolves in nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it shows amphoteric properties. (e) Silicon (IV) oxide and phosphorus pentoxide dissolve in sodium hydroxide solution but do not dissolve in nitric acid. Thus, they show acidic properties.
2 When going across Period 3 from left to right (magnesium to phosphorus), the acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas the basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease.
DISCUSSION
Q1: All acidic oxides can dissolve in alkalis whereas all basic oxides can dissolve in acids. Amphoteric oxides can dissolve in both acids and alkalis. Nitric acid, HNO3 and sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution are used to determine the acidic / basic / amphoteric properties of the oxides of elements.
Q2:
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Q3:
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Aluminium oxide can dissolve in both nitric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. Al2O3(s) + 6HNO3(aq) 2Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3H2O(l) Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
CONCLUSION
When going across Period 3 from left to right (magnesium to phosphorus) the acidic properties of the oxides of elements increase whereas the basic properties of the oxides of elements decrease. The hypothesis can be accepted.