Fundamental Concepts

Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to:
use the Cartesian Coordinate System efficiently and
effectively as a tool in the study of Analytic Geometry.
determine the distance between two points.
use the coordinates of the vertices of a polygon to determine
its area.
Analytic Geometry is the branch of mathematics, which deals
with the properties, behaviours, and solution of points, lines,
curves, angles, surfaces and solids by means of algebraic
methods in relation to a coordinate system.
DEFINITION:
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Two Parts of Analytic Geometry
1. Plane Analytic Geometry deals with figures on a
plane surface.
2. Solid Analytic Geometry deals with solid figures.
Directed Line a line in which one direction is chosen as
positive and the opposite direction as negative.
Directed Line Segment consisting of any two points and
the part between them.
Directed Distance the distance between two points
either positive or negative depending upon the direction
of the line.
DEFINITION:
Coordinate Plane is a plane determined by the coordinate
axes.
Key Words: coordinates, abscissa, ordinate
o
y
x
y
P (x, y)
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
The length of a horizontal line segment is the difference of
the abscissas (x-coordinates) of the right endpoint and the
left endpoint of the line segment. That is,
1. Horizontal Distance
Distance,

d = x
2
x
1
d = x
r
x
l
2.Vertical
The length of a vertical line segment is the difference in the
ordinates (y-coordinates) of the upper endpoint and the
lower endpoint of the line segment. That is,
Distance,
d = y
2
y
1
d = y
u
y
l
3. Slant
The distance between two points on a slant line segment is
the square root of the sum of the squares of the difference
of the abscissas and the difference of the ordinates. That is,
Distance , d = a
2
+ b
2
d = x
2
x
1
)
2
+ y
2
y
1
)
2
d = x
r
x
l
)
2
+ y
u
y
l
)
2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. Determine the distance between
a. (-2, 3) and (5, 1)
b. (6, -1) and (-4, -3)
2. Show that points A (3, 8), B (-11, 3) and C (-8, -2) are
vertices of an isosceles triangle.
3.Show that the triangle A (1, 4), B (10, 6) and C (2, 2) is a
right triangle.
4.Find the point on the y-axis which is equidistant from
A(-5, -2) and B(3,2).
5. By addition of line segments show whether the points A(-3, 0),
B(-1, -1) and C(5, -4) lie on a straight line.
6. The vertices of the base of an isosceles triangle are (1, 2) and
(4, -1). Find the ordinate of the third vertex if its abscissa is 6.
7. Find the radius of a circle with center at (4, 1), if a chord of
length 4 is bisected at (7, 4).
8. Show that the points A(-2, 6), B(5, 3), C(-1, -11) and D(-8, -8)
are the vertices of a rectangle.
9. The ordinate of a point P is twice the abscissa. This point is
equidistant from (-3, 1) and (8, -2). Find the coordinates of P.
10. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from (6, 1) and
(-2, -3).
AREA OF A POLYGON BY COORDINATES
Consider the triangle whose vertices are P
1
(x
1
, y
1
), P
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
and P
3
(x
3
, y
3
) as shown below.
o
y
x
)
1 1 1
y , x P
)
2 2 2
y , x P
)
3 3 3
y , x P
When the vertices of the triangle are labeled in the
counterclockwise direction, then the area of the triangle is
determined by:
1 y x
1 y x
1 y x
2
1
A
3 3
2 2
1 1
=
Generalized formula for the area of polygon by
coordinates:
1 n 5 4 3 2 1
1 n 5 4 3 2 1
y y . . y y y y y
x x . . x x x x x
2
1
A =
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1.Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (-6, -4),
(-1, 3) and (5, -3).
2.Find the area of a polygon whose vertices are (6, -3), (3, 4),
(-6, -2), (0, 5) and (-8, 1).
3.Find the area of a polygon whose vertices are (2, -3), (6, -5),
(-4, -2) and (4, 0).
Reference: Analytic Geometry by Riddle
INCLINATION AND SLOPE
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
define and determine the angle of inclination and
slope of a single line, as well as of, parallel lines,
perpendicular lines and intersecting lines.
use the concept to solve common problems in
Analytic geometry.
INCLINATION AND SLOPE OF A LINE
The inclination of the line, L, (not parallel to the x-axis) is
defined as the smallest positive angle measured from the
positive direction of the x-axis to the line L.
The slope of the line is defined as the tangent of the
angle of inclination.
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
If two lines are parallel their slopes are equal. If
two lines are perpendicular the slope of one of the line is
the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line.
If m
1
is the slope of L
1
and m
2
is the slope of L
2
and
if:
1.
2.

L
1
is parallel to line L
2
then m
1
= m
2
.

L
1
is perpendicular to line L
2
then m
1
m
2
= 1 or
m
1
= -
1
m
2
.
x
y
y
Sign Conventions:
Slope is positive (+) if the line is leaning upward to
the right.
Slope is negative (-) if the line is leaning upward to
the left.
Slope is zero (0) if the line is horizontal.
Slope is undefined if the line is vertical.
Examples:
1. Find the slope, m, and the angle of inclination, U, of the
lines through each of the following pair of points.
a. (8, -4) and (5, 9)
b. (10, -3) and (14, -7)
c. (-9, 3) and (2, -4)
2. The line segment drawn from(x, 3) to (4, 1) is perpendicular
to the segment drawn from (-5, -6) to (4, 1). Find the value of
x.
3. Show that the triangle whose vertices are A(8, -4), B(5, -
1) and C(-2,-8) is a right triangle.
4. Show that the points A(-2, 6), B(5, 3), C(-1, -11) and D(-
8, -8) are the vertices of a parallelogram. Is the
parallelograma rectangle?
5. Find y if the slope of the line segment joining (3, -2) to
(4, y) is -3.
6. Show that the points A(-1, -1), B(-1, -5) and C(12, 4) lie
on a straight line.
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES
U
E
L
1
L
2
2 1
1 2
m m 1
m m
tan
+

= U
Where: m
1
= slope of the initial side
m
2
= slope of the terminal side
The angle between two intersecting lines L
1
and L
2
is the least or
acute counterclockwise angle.
0
180 : note = . + . E U
y
Examples:
1.Find the angle from the line through the points (-1, 6)
and (5, -2) to the line through (4, -4) and (1, 7).
2.The angle fromthe line through (x, -1) and (-3, -5) to
the line through (2, -5) and (4, 1) is 45
0
. Find x.
3.Two lines passing through (2, 3) make an angle of 45
0
.
If the slope of one of the lines is 2, find the slope of the
other.
4.Find the interior angles of the triangle whose vertices
are A (-3, -2), B (2, 5) and C (4, 2).
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry by Riddle
DIVISION OF LINE SEGMENT
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
Determine the coordinates of a point of division of
a line segment.
- Use this concept to solve common application
problems in Analytic Geometry.
2 1
1
P P
P P
r =
)
2 2 2
y , x P
) y , x P
)
1 1 1
y , x P )
1 2
y , x N )
1
y , x M
Internal Point of Division

note : For internal point, P is always between P

1
than P
2
.
)
2 2 2
y , x P
) y , x P
)
1 1 1
y , x P )
1 2
y , x N )
1
y , x M
External Point of Division
2 1
1
P P
P P
r =
2 1
P than P from farther always is P point, external For : note
Since the figure is a similar triangle, the coordinates of point
P x, y
)
is computed with the use of ratio and proportion,
wherein
P
1
P
P
1
P
2
=
P
1
M
P
1
N
=
PM
P
2
N
. But
P
1
P
P
1
P
2
= r;
P
1
M
P
1
N
=
x x
1
x
2
x
1
;
and
PM
P
2
N
=
y y
1
y
2
y
1
.
Thus, x = x
1
+ r x
2
x
1
)
and y = y
1
+ r y
2
y
1
)
.
For internal point , r 1;
for midpoint , r =
1
2
and;
for external point , r > 1.

Alternative Formula :
If
P
1
P
PP
2
=
r
1
r
2
, then x =
r
1
x
2
+ r
2
x
1
r
1
+ r
2
and y =
r
1
y
2
+ r
2
y
1
r
1
+ r
2
Examples:
1.The line segment joining (-5, -3) and (3, 4) is to be divided
into five equal parts. Find the point of division closest to (-5, -
3).
2.Find the midpoint of the segment joining (7, -2) and (-3, 5).
3.The line segment from (1, 4) to (2, 1) is extended a distance
equal to twice its length. Find the terminal point.
4.On the line joining (4, -5) to (-4, -2), find the point which is
three-seventh the distance fromthe first to the second point.
5.Find the trisection points of the line joining (-6, 2) and (3, 8).
6. The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle and the
midpoint of the opposite side is called the median of the
triangle. Given a triangle whose vertices are A(4,-4),
B(10, 4) and C(2, 6), find the point on each median that is
two-thirds of the distance from the vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side.
REFERENCE
Analytic Geometry by Riddle
EQUATION OF LOCUS
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
AN EQUATION OF A
LOCUS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
Define the locus of the equation
Determine the equation of a locus defining line,
circle and conics
EQUATION OF A LOCUS
An equation involving the variables x and y is usually
satisfied by an infinite number of pairs of values of x and y,
and each pair of values corresponds to a point. These points
follow a pattern according to the given equation and form a
geometric figure called the locus of the equation.
Since an equation of a curve is a relationship satisfied by
the x and y coordinates of each point on the curve (but by
no other point), we need merely to consider an arbitrary
point (x,y) on the curve and give the description of the curve
in terms of x and y.
Examples:
Find an equation for the set of all points (x, y)
satisfying the given conditions
1. It is equidistant from(5, 8) and (-2, 4).
2. The sumof its distances from (0, 4) and (0, -4)
is 10.
3. It is equidistant from(-2, 4) and the y-axis
4. It is on the line having slope of 2 and
containing the point (-3, -2).
5. The difference of its distances from (3, 0) and
(-3, 0) is 2.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
LINES AND
FIRST DEGREE EQUATIONS
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
Define and determine the general equation of a line
Define and determine the different standard
equations of line
Determine the directed distance from a point to a
line
Determine the distance between parallel lines
STRAIGHT LINES
A straight line is a locus of a point that
moves in a plane with constant slope. It may also
be referred to simply as a line which contains at
least two distinct points.
LINES PARALLEL TO A COORDINATE
AXIS
If a straight line is parallel to the y-axis, its
equation is x = k, where k is the directed distance
of the line from the y-axis. Similarly, if a line is
parallel to the x-axis, its equation is y = k, where k
is the directed distance of the line from the x-axis.
DIFFERENT STANDARD FORMS OF
THE EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE
A. POINT-SLOPE FORM:
If the line passes through the point (x
1
, y
1
), then the
slope of the line is . Rewriting the equation we
have which is the standard equation of
the point-slope form.
1
1
x x
y y
m

=
)
1 1
x x m y y =
The equation of the line through a given
point P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) whose slope is m.
y
x
y
y
)
1 1 1
y , x P
) y , x P
m
)
)
)
form. slope
- point the as known is
which x - x m y - y or
y - y x - x m us give
will x - x by sides both
g multiplyin and
x - x
y - y
m
formula, slope g sin U
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
=
=
=
EXAMPLE:
Find the general equation of the line:
a. through (2,-7) with slope of 2/5
b. through the point (-3, 4) with slope of -2/5
B. TWO-POINT FORM:
If the line passes through the points (x
1
, y
1
) and
(x
2
, y
2
), then the slope of the line is .
Substituting it in the point-slope formula, we have
which the standard equation of
the two-point form.
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
m

=
)
1
1 2
1 2
1
x x
x x
y y
y y

'
+

'

=
The equation of the line through points P
1
(x
1
, y
1
) and P
2
(x
2
, y
2
)
y
x
y
y
)
1 1 1
y , x P
)
2 2 2
y , x P
m
y
) y , x P
)
form. point - two
the as known is which
x x
x x
y y
y - y
us give will form slope
- point the to it ing substitut and
x x
y y
m slope the ing Us
1
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2

'
+

'

=
C. SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM:
Consider a line not parallel to either axes of the
coordinate axes. Let the slope of the line be m and
intersecting the y-axis at point (0, b), then the slope of
the line is . Rewriting the equation, we have
which is the standard equation of the slope-
intercept form.
0 x
b y
m

=
b mx y + =
EXAMPLE:
Find the general equation of the line:
a. passing through (4,-5) and (-6, 3)
b. passing through (2,-3) and (-4, 5)
y
x
y
y
) b , 0
) y , x P
m
)
form. intercept - slope
the as known is which
b mx y therefore
and b - y mx us give
will x by sides both
g multiplyin and
0 - x
b - y
m
formula, slope g sin U
+ =
=
=
The equation of the line having the slope,
m, and y-intercept (0, b)
EXAMPLE:
a. Find the general equation of the line with slope 3
and y-intercept of 2/3.
b. Express the equation 3x-4y+8=0 to the slope-
intercept formand drawthe line.
D. INTERCEPT FORM:
Let the intercepts of the line be the points (a, 0)
and (0, b). Then the slope of the line and its
equation is . Simplifying the equation
we have which is the standard equation of
the intercept form.
a
b
m =
) 0 x
a
b
b y =
1
b
y
a
x
= +
The equation of the line whose x and y
intercepts are (a, 0) and (0, b) respectively.
y
x
y
y
) b , 0
) 0 , a
m
y
) y , x P
)
)
)
form.
intercept the as known is which
1
b
y
a
x
us give will ab by sides
both dividing and ab ay bx
become will positive terms the all
make to equation the arranging
- re by Then . bx ab - ay
us give will a by sides both
g multiplyin and 0 x
a
b
- b - y
formula, slope - point g sin U
= +
= +
=
=
EXAMPLE:
Find the general equation of the line:
a. with x-intercept of 2 and y-intercept of -3/4
b. through (-2, 7) with intercepts numerically equal
but of opposite sign
E. NORMAL FORM:
Suppose a line L, whose equation is to be found,
has its distance from the origin to be equal to p. Let the
angle of inclination of p be
U
o
b
y
x
U
p
L
U
U
U
sin
p
b
b
p
sin
=
=
Since p is perpendicular to L, the slope of p is equal to
the negative reciprocal of the slope L.
Substituting in the slope-intercept form,
y = mx + b , we obtain
Simplifying, we have the normal formof the straight line
U
U
U
U sin
cos
m or , cot
tan
1
m = = =
U U
U
sin
p
x
sin
cos
y + =
p y sin cos x = + U U
Reduction of the General Form to the Normal Form
The slope of the line Ax+By+C=0 is . The slope of p
which is perpendicular to the line is therefore . Thus,
.
FromTrigonometry, we obtain the values
and . If we divide through the general
equation of the straight line by , we have
Transposing the constant to the right, we obtain
This is of the normal form . Comparing
the two equations, we note that .
B
A

A
B
A
B
tan = U
2 2
B A
B
sin
+
= U
2 2
B A
A
cos
+
= U
2 2
B A +
0
B A
C
y
B A
B
x
B A
A
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
+
+
+
+
+

B A
C
y
B A
B
x
B A
A
2 2 2 2 2 2
+

=
+
+
+
2 2
B A
C
p
+

=
p y sin cos x = + U U
EXAMPLE:
1. Reduce 5x+3y-4=0 to the normal form.
2. Find the equation of a line parallel to the line 4x-
y+8=0 passing at a distance 3 from the point (-
2,-4).
0
34
4
34
y 3
34
x 5
, thus
34 9 25 B A
-4 C 3 B 5 A
: Solution
2 2
= +
= + = + +
= = =
)
) )

4 y x 4 4 2 4 y x 4
is 4 , 2 through g sin pas
and line given the to parallel line a of equation The
: Solution
= =

)
17 3 4 y x 4
or 17 3
17
4
17
y
17
4x
be would form, normal the in lines, required the of equations The
17
4
17
y
17
4x
1 16
4
1 16
y
1 16
4x
have we form, normal the to ducing Re
=

'
+

'

=
+

+
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES
The lines Ax+By+C=0 and Ax+By+K=0 are parallel
lines. But, the lines Ax+By+C=0 and Bx-Ay+K=0 are
perpendicular lines.
EXAMPLE: Find the general equation of the line:
a. through (-3, 8) parallel to the line 6x-5y+15=0
b. through (6,-1) and perpendicular to the line 4x-5y-6=0
c. passing through (-1, 5) and parallel to the line through
(1 ,3) and (1,-4)
DIRECTED DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
The directed distance fromthe point P(x
1
, y
1
) to the
line Ax+By+C=0 is , where the sign of B is
Taken into consideration for the sign of the . If
B>0, then it is and B<0, then it is . But
if B=0, take the sign of A.
2 2
1 1
B A
C By Ax
d
+
+ +
=
2 2
B A +
2 2
B A + +
2 2
B A +
y
x
y
y
)
1 1 1
y , x P
)
2 2 2
y , x P
0 C By Ax
1 1
= + +
0 d
1
>
0 d
2

line the below is
point the 0, d if
line the above is
point the 0, d if
: note
y
> y
EXAMPLE:
a. Find the distance of the point (6,-3) from the
line 2x-y+4=0.
b. Find the equation of the bisector of the acute
angle for the pair of lines L
1
: 11x+2y-7=0 and L
2
:
x+2y+2=0.
c. Find the distance between the lines 3x+y-12=0
and 3x+y-4=0
EXERCISES:
1. Determine the equation of the line passing
through (2, -3) and parallel to the line passing
through (4,1) and (-2,2).
2. Find the equation of the line passing through
point (-2,3) and perpendicular to the line
2x 3y + 6 = 0
3. Find the equation of the line, which is the
perpendicular bisector of the segment connecting
points (-1,-2) and (7,4).
4. Find the equation of the line whose slope is 4
and passing through the point of intersection of
lines x + 6y 4 = 0 and 3x 4y + 2 = 0
5. The points A(0, 0), B(6, 0) and C(4, 4) are
vertices of triangles. Find:
a. the equations of the medians and their
intersection point
b. the equations of the altitude and their
intersection point
c. the equation of the perpendicular bisectors of
the sides and their intersection points
Exercises:
1. Find the distance from the line 5x = 2y + 6 to the
points
a. (3, -5)
b. (-4, 1)
c. (9, 10)
2. Find the equation of the bisector of the pair of acute
angles formed by the lines 4x + 2y = 9 and 2x y = 8.
3. Find the equation of the bisector of the acute angles
and also the bisector of the obtuse angles formed by
the lines x + 2y 3 = 0 and 2x + y 4 = 0.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
CIRCLES
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
Determine the center and radius of the circle given
an equation.
Determine the general and standard form of
equation of the circle given some geometric
conditions.
Convert general equation of a circle to the standard
form and vice-versa
Determine the equation of a circle defining family of
circles
Determine the radical axis
CIRCLE
A circle is a locus of points that moves in a plane at
a constant distance from a fixed point. The fixed point
is called the center and the distance from the center
to any point on the circle is called the radius.
Parts of a Circle:
Center - It is in the center of the circle and the
distance from this point to any other point on the
circumference is the same.
Radius - The distance from the centre to any point
on the circle is called the radius. A diameter is twice
the distance of a radius.
Circumference - The distance around a circle is its
circumference. It is also the perimeter of the circle
Chord - A chord is a straight line joining two
points on the circumference. The longest chord in
a circle is called a diameter. The diameter passed
through the center.
Segment - A segment of a circle is the region
enclosed by a chord and an arc of the circle.
Secant - A secant is a straight line cutting at two
distinct points.
Tangent - If a straight line and a circle have only
one point of contact, then that line is called a
tangent. A tangent is always perpendicular to the
radius drawn to the point of contact.
EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE
y
P(x,y)
C(h,k)
y
x
x
y
k
h
r
o
y
Let:
C (h, k) - coordinates of the center of the circle
r - radius of the circle
P (x, y) - coordinates of any point along the circle
Fromthe figure: Distance CP = radius ( r )
Recall the distance formula:
Squaring both sides of the equation:
r
2
= (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
The equation is also called the center-radius form or the
Standard Form. (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
If the center of the circle is at the origin (0, 0):
h = 0 k = 0
C (h, k) C (0, 0)
From: (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
(x 0)
2
+ (y 0)
2
= r
2
x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
(Center at the origin)
From: (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2
Standard Form
Center at (h, k): (x
2
2hx + h
2
) + (y
2
2ky + k
2
) = r
2
x
2
+ y
2
2hx 2ky + h
2
+ k
2
- r
2
= 0
Let: -2h = D
-2k = E CONSTANTS
h
2
+ k
2
- r
2
= F
Therefore,
x
2
+ y
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 General Form
Examples:
1. If the center of the circle is at C(3, 2) and the
radius is 4 units, find the equation of the circle
2. Find the equation of the circle with center (-1, 7)
and tangent to the line 3x 4y + 6 = 0.
3. Find the equation of the circle having (8, 1) and
(4,-3) as ends of a diameter.
4. Reduce to standard form and draw the circle
whose equation is 4x
2
+ 4y
2
4x 8y 31 = 0.
5. Find the equation of the circle passing through the
intersection of 2x-3y+6=0 and x+3y-6=0 with
center at (3,-1).
Case II: Three noncollinear points determine a circle as
shown in Figure 2. The three points are the three
conditions in this case, knowing them gives three
conditions in D, E, and F in the general form of a circle.
Note that one point (two coordinates) on a circle is a
single condition, while each coordinate of the center
is a condition. More generally, knowing that the center
is on the given line can be counted on as a condition
to determine a circle; knowing h and k is equivalent to
knowing that the center is on the lines x = h and y = k.
Case III: The equation of a tangent line, the point of
tangency, and another point on the circle as shown
in the Figure 3. The center is on the perpendicular to
the tangent at the point of tangency. It is also on the
perpendicular bisector of the segment joining any
two points of the circle. These two lines determine
the center of the circle; the radius is now easily
found.
Case IV: Tangent line and a pair of points on a circle
determine two circles as shown in the Figure 4.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Example:
1. Find the equation of the circle if the circle is
tangent to the line 4x 3y + 12=0 at (-3, 0) and
also tangent to the line 3x + 4y 16 = 0 at (4, 1).
2. Find the equation of the circle which passes
through the points (1, -2), (5, 4) and (10, 5).
3. Find the equation of the circle which passes
through the points (2, 3) and (-1, 1) and has its
center on the line x 3y 11 = 0.
4. Find the equation(s) of the circle(s) tangent to
3x-4y-4=0 at (0,-1) and containing the point (-1,-
8)
Exercises:
1. Find the equation of the circle passing through (7,
5) and (3, 7) and with center on x-3y+3=0.
2. Find the points of intersection of the circles
x
2
+ y
2
4x 4y + 4 = 0 and x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 4y - 8 = 0.
Drawthe circles.
3 Find the equation of the circle if it is tangent to the
line x + y = 2 at point (4 -2) and the center is at the
x-axis.
4 A triangle has its sides on the lines x + 2y 5 = 0,
2x y 10 = 0 and 2x + y + 2 = 0. Find the equation
of the circle inscribed in the triangle.
5 Determine the equation of the circle circumscribing
the triangle determined by the lines x + y = 8,
2x + y = 14 and 3x + y = 22.
6 A triangle has its sides on the lines x + 2y 5 = 0,
2x y 10 = 0 and 2x + y + 2 = 0. Find the equation
of the circle inscribed in the triangle.
FAMILIES OF CIRCLES
Let x
2
+y
2
+D
1
x+E
1
y+F
1
=0 and x
2
+y
2
+D
2
x+E
2
y+F
2
=0 be the
equation of two circles and taking k as the parameter,
then the equation of the families of circles passing
through the intersection of two circles is
(x
2
+y
2
+D
1
x+E
1
y+F
1
) + k(x
2
+y
2
+D
2
x+E
2
y+F
2
) =0. Except for
k=-1, it would become a linear equation (D
1
-D
2
)x + (E
1
-
E
2
)y + (F
1
-F
2
) = 0, which is called a radical axis of the
two given circles.
Example:
1. Write the equation of the family of circles C
3
all
members of which pass through the intersection
of the circles C
1
and C
2
represented by the
equations C
1
: x
2
+y
2
-6x+2y+5=0 and C
2
: x
2
+y
2
-12x-
2y+29=0. find the member of the family C
3
that
passes through the point (7, 0).
2. Graph the circles C
1
and C
2
whose equations are
C
1
: x
2
+y
2
-12x-9y+50=0 and C
2
: x
2
+y
2
-25=0. also
graph the member C
3
of the family of circles for
which k=1.
3. Draw the graph of the equations x
2
+y
2
-4x-6y-3=0
and x
2
+y
2
-12x-14y+65=0. Then find the equation
of the radical axis and drawthe axis.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
PARABOLA
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to
be able to:
define conic section
identify the different conic section
describe parabola
convert general form to standard form of equation of
parabola and vice versa.
give the different properties of a parabola and sketch its
graph
Conic Section or a Conic is a path of point that moves so
that its distance from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its
distance froma fixed line.
Focus is the fixed point
Directrix is the fixed line
Eccentricity is the constant ratio usually represented by (e)
The conic section falls into three (3) classes, which varies in
form and in certain properties. These classes are distinguished
by the value of the eccentricity (e).
If e = 1, a conic section which is a parabola
If e < 1, a conic section which is an ellipse
If e > 1, a conic section which is a hyperbola
THE PARABOLA (e = 1)
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane, which are
equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed line of the plane.
The fixed point called the focus (F) and the fixed line the
directrix (D). The point midway between the focus and the
directrix is called the vertex (V). The chord drawn through
the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola is
called the latus rectum(LR).
PARABOLA WITH VERTEX AT THE ORIGIN, V (0, 0)
(-a, y)
Let: D - Directrix
F - Focus
2a - Distance fromF to D
LR - Latus Rectum= 4a
(a, 0) - Coordinates of F
Choose any point along the parabola
So that,
or
Squaring both side,
Equations of parabola with vertex at the origin V (0, 0)
Examples
1. Determine the focus, the length of the latus rectum and
the equation of the directrix for the parabola 3y
2
8x = 0
and sketch the graph.
2. Write the equation of the parabola with vertex V at (0, 0)
which satisfies the given conditions:
a. axis on the y-axis and passes through (6, -3)
b. F(0, 4/3) and the equation of the directrix is y + 4/3 = 0
c. Directrix is x 4 = 0
d. Focus at (0, 2)
e. Latus rectum is 6 units and the parabola opens to the
left
f. Focus on the x-axis and passes through (4, 3)
PARABOLA WITH VERTEX AT V (h, k)
We consider a parabola whose axis is parallel to, but not on,
a coordinate axis. In the figure, the vertex is at (h, k) and the
focus at (h+a, k). We introduce another pair of axes by a
translation to the point (h, k). Since the distance from the
vertex to the focus is a, we have at once the equation
y
2
= 4ax
Therefore the equation of a parabola with vertex at (h, k)
and focus at (h+a, k) is
(y k)
2
= 4a (x h)
Equations of parabola with vertex at V (h, k)

Standard Form General Form

(y k)
2
= 4a (x h)
y
2
+ Dy + Ex + F = 0
(y k)
2
= - 4a (x h)
(x h)
2
= 4a (y k)
x
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
(x h)
2
= - 4a (y k)
Examples
1. Drawthe graph of the parabola y
2
+ 8x 6y + 25 = 0
2. Express x
2
12x + 16y 60 = 0 to standard form and construct
the parabola.
3. Determine the equation of the parabola in the standard form,
which satisfies the given conditions.
a. V (3, 2) and F (5, 2)
b. V (2, 3) and axis parallel to y axis and passing through (4, 5)
c. V (2, 1), Latus rectumat (-1, -5) & (-1, 7)
d. V (2, -3) and directrix is y = -7
4. Find the equation of parabola with vertex at (-1, -2), axis is
vertical and passes through (3, 6).
5. A parabola whose axis is parallel to the y-axis passes through the
points (1, 1), (2, 2) and (-1, 5). Find the equation and construct
the parabola.
6. A parabola whose axis is parallel to the x-axis passes through
(0, 4), (0, -1) and (6, 1). Find the equation and construct the
parabola.
7. A parkway 20 meters wide is spanned by a parabolic arc 30
meters long along the horizontal. If the parkway is centered, how
high must the vertex of the arch be in order to give a minimum
clearance of 5 meters over the parkway.
8. A parabolic suspension bridge cable is hung between two
supporting towers 120 meters apart and 35 meters above the
bridge deck. The lowest point of the cable is 5 meters above the
deck. Determine the lengths (h1 & h2) of the tension members
20 meters and 40 meters fromthe bridge center.
9. Water spouts from a horizontal pipe 12 meters above the
ground and 3 meters below the line of the pipe, the water
trajectory is at a horizontal distance of 5 meters. How far
from the vertical line will the stream of the water hit the
ground?
10. A parabolic trough 10 meters long, 4 meters wide across the
top and 3 meters deep is filled with water at a depth of 2
meters. Find the volume of water in the trough.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
ELLIPSE
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
define ellipse
give the different properties of an ellipse with center at
( 0,0)
identify the coordinates of the different properties of
an ellipse with center at ( 0, 0)
sketch the graph of an ellipse
THE ELLIPSE (e < 1)
An ellipse is the set of all points P in a plane
such that the sum of the distances of P from two fixed
points F and F of the plane is constant. The constant
sum is equal to the length of the major axis (2a). Each
of the fixed points is called a focus (plural foci).
The following terms are important in drawing the graph of an
ellipse:
Eccentricity measure the degree of flatness of an ellipse. The
eccentricity of an ellipse should be less than 1.
Focal chord is any chord of the ellipse passing through the focus.
Major axis is the segment cut by the ellipse on the line containing
the foci a segment joining the vertices of an ellipse
Vertices are the endpoints of the major axis and denoted by 2a.
Latus rectum or latera recta in plural formis the segment cut by the
ellipse passing through the foci and perpendicular to the major
axis. Each of the latus rectumcan be determined by:
Properties of an Ellipse:
1. The curve of an ellipse intersects the major-axis at two points
called the vertices. It is usually denoted by V and V

.
2. The length of the segment VV

is equal to 2a where a is the

length of the semi- major axis.
3. The length of the segment BB is equal to 2b where b is the
length of the semi-minor axis.
4. The length of the segment FF is equal to 2c where c is the
distance fromthe center to the foci.
5. The midpoint of the segment VV

is called the center of an

ellipse denoted by C.
6. The line segments through F1 and F2 perpendicular to the
major axis are the latera recta and each has a length of 2b
2
/a.
7. The relationship of a, b and c is given by; a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
where,
a > b.
8. c = a e
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT ORIGIN C (0, 0)
B
B
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT ORIGIN C (0, 0)
d
1
+ d
2
= 2a
Considering triangle FPF
d
3
+ d
4
= 2a
d
3
= 2a d
4
Equations of ellipse with center at the origin C (0, 0)
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT C (h, k)
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h, k)
If the axes of an ellipse are parallel to the coordinate axes
and the center is at (h,k), we can obtain its equation by
applying translation formulas. We draw a new pair of
coordinate axes along the axes of the ellipse. The equation of
the ellipse referred to the new axes is
The substitutions x = x h and y = y k yield
ELLIPSE WITH CENTER AT (h, k)
Examples:
1. Find the equation of the ellipse which satisfies the given
conditions
a. foci at (0, 4) and (0, -4) and a vertex at (0,6)
b. center (0, 0), one vertex (0, -7), one end of minor axis (5, 0)
c. foci (-5, 0), and (5, 0) length of minor axis is 8
d. foci (0, -8), and (0, 8) length of major axis is 34
e. vertices (-5, 0) and (5, 0), length of latus rectumis 8/5
f. center (2, -2), vertex (6, -2), one end of minor axis (2, 0)
g. foci (-4, 2) and (4, 2), major axis 10
h. center (5, 4), major axis 16, minor axis 10 with major axis
parallel to x-axis.
2. Sketch the ellipse 9x
2
+ 25y
2
= 225
3. Find the coordinates of the foci, the end of the major and
minor axes, and the ends of each latus rectum. Sketch the curve.
4. Reduce the equations to standard form. Find the coordinates of
the center, the foci, and the ends of the minor and major axes.
Sketch the graph.
a. x
2
+ 4y
2
6x 16y 32 = 0
b. 16x
2
+ 25y
2
160x 200y + 400 = 0
c. 3x
2
+2y
2
24x + 12y + 60 = 0
d. 4x
2
+ 8y
2
+ 4x + 24y 13 = 0
5. The arch of an underpass is a semi-ellipse 6m wide and 2m high.
Find the clearance at the edge of a lane if the edge is 2m from
the middle.
a.
b.
6 m.
2 m.
x
y
2 m.

(2, y)
C(0, 0)
)
1.49m. or . m
3
5 2
y
9
20
y
9
20
y
20 9y 36 y 9 16
36 1
4
y
9
4
1
4
y
9
4
1
2
y
3
2
equation working 1
b
y
a
x
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
= =
= = +

'
+

'

= + = + = +
= +
6. The earths orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. The
length of the major axis is 186,000,000 miles and the
eccentricity is 0.0167. Find the distances from the ends of the
major axis to the sun. These are the greatest and least distances
fromthe earth to the sun.

F
sun
Least Distance
Greatest Distance
C(0, 0)
) )
miles 100 , 553 , 94 100 , 553 , 1 000 , 000 , 93 c a
: distance greatest the for solve To
miles 900 , 446 , 91 100 , 553 , 1 000 , 000 , 93 c a
: distance least the for solve To
miles 100 , 553 , 1 0167 . 0 93,000,000 ae c
miles 93,000,000 a 0 186,000,00 2a
= + = +
= =
= = =
= =
7. A hall that is 10 feet wide has a ceiling that is a semi-ellipse. The
ceiling is 10 feet high at the sides and 12 feet high in the center.
Find its equation with the x-axis horizontal and the origin at the
center of the ellipse.
x
12 ft.
10 ft.
10 ft.
y
C(0, 0)
)
0 100 y 25 x 4 is equation the
100 y 25 x 4
100 1
4
y
25
x
1
4
y
25
x

: equation working the in b and a ng Substituti
4 b 2 10 12 b
25 a 5 a 10 2a
: figure the From
equation working 1
b
y
a
x

2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
= +

'
+

'

= + = +
= = =
= = =
= +
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
HYPERBOLA
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able
to:
give the properties of hyperbola.
write the standard and general equation of a hyperbola.
sketch the graph of hyperbola accurately.
THE HYPERBOLA (e > 1)
A hyperbola is the set of points in a plane such that the
difference of the distances of each point of the set from two
fixed points (foci) in the plane is constant.
The equations of hyperbolas resemble those of ellipses but
the properties of these two kinds of conics differ considerably
in some aspects.
To derive the equation of a hyperbola, we take the origin
midway between the foci and a coordinate axis on the line
through the foci.
The following terms are important in drawing the graph of a
hyperbola
Transverse axis is a line segment joining the two vertices of the
hyperbola.
Conjugate axis is the perpendicular bisector of the transverse axis.
General Equations of a Hyperbola
1. Horizontal Transverse Axis : Ax
2
Cy
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
2. Vertical Transverse Axis: Cy
2
Ax
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0
HYPERBOLA WITH CENTER AT THE ORIGIN C(0,0)
DIRECTRIX
Then letting b
2
= c
2
a
2
and dividing by a
2
b
2
, we have
if foci are on the x-axis
if foci are on the y-axis
The generalized equations of hyperbolas with axes parallel to the
coordinate axes and center at (h, k) are
if foci are on a axis parallel to the
x-axis
if foci are on a axis parallel to the
y-axis
>
Examples:
1. Find the equation of the hyperbola which satisfies the given
conditions
a. Center (0,0), transverse axis along the x-axis, a focus at (8,0), a
vertex at (4,0).
b. Center (0, 0), conjugate axis on x-axis, one focus at ,
equation of one directrix is .
c. Center (0,0), transverse axis along the x-axis, a focus at (5,0),
transverse axis = 6
d. Center (0,0), transverse axis along y-axis, passing through the
points (5,3) and (-3,2).
e. Center (1, -2), transverse axis parallel to the y-axis, transverse
axis = 6 conjugate axis = 10
) 13 , 0
13 13 9 y =
f. Center (-3,2), transverse axis parallel to the y-axis, passing
through (1,7), the asymptotes are perpendicular to each other.
g. Center (0,6), conjugate axis along the y-axis, asymptotes are
6x 5y + 30 = 0 and 6x + 5y 30 = 0.
h. With transverse axis parallel to the x-axis, center at (2,-2),
passing through
i. Center at (2,-5), conjugate axis parallel to the y-axis, slopes of
asymptotes numerically one-sixteenth times the length of the
latus rectum, and distance between foci is .
j. Center (1,-1), TA // to x-axis, LR=9, DD= .
k. Center (4,-1), TA // to y-axis, FF=10, LR=9/2.
l. CA // to x-axis, C (3, 6), FF= , DD= .
m. C (-7,-2), TA // to x-axis, eccentricity= , LR=4/3.
) ) 4 , 10 3 2 and 0 , 2 3 2 + +
145 2
13 13 8
5 6 5 5 24
3 11
2. Reduce each equation to its standard form. Find the coordinates
of the center, the vertices and the foci. Draw the asymptotes
and the graph of each equation.
a. 9x
2
4y
2
36x + 16y 16 = 0
b. 49y
2
4x
2
+ 48x 98y - 291 = 0
3. Determine the equation of the hyperbola if its center is at (-4,2)
if its vertex is at (-4, 7) and the slope of an asymptote is 5/2.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry, 6
th
Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7
th
Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
TRANSLATION OF AXIS
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
Translation of Axes
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able
to:
translate coordinate axes.
find new coordinates after translation.
find new equation if the origin is translated to a given point..
simplify the equations by translation of axes.
graph the transformed equation.
Definition: Translation of Axes
Consider a transformation in which the new axes are parallel to
the original axes and similarly directed. Translation of axes is
related to performing two geometric transformations: a horizontal
shift and a vertical shift. Hence the new axes can be obtained by
shifting the old axes h units horizontally and k units vertically while
keeping their directions unchanged.
Let x and y stand for the coordinates of any point P when
referred to the old axes, and x and y the coordinates of P with
respect to the new axes. Then x = x + h and y = y + k.
x
y
Examples:
1. Find the new coordinates of the point P(4,-2) if the
origin is moved to (-2, 3) by a translation.
2. Find the new equation of the circle x
2
+y
2
-6x+4y-3=0
after a translation that moves the origin to the point
(3,-2).
3. Translate the axes so that no first-degree term will
appear in the transformed equation.
a. x
2
+y
2
+6x-10y+12=0
b. 2x
2
+3y
2
+10x-18y+26=0
c. x
2
-6x-6y-15=0
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry
ROTATION OF AXIS
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able
to:
transforman equation by rotation of axes.
simplify the equations by rotation of axes.
identify a conic given an equation.
graph the transformed equation.
Ey
RP
2
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry
ALGEBRAIC CURVES
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is
expected to be able to:
define and describe the properties of algebraic
curves
identify the intercepts of a curve
test the equation of a curve for symmetry
identify the vertical and horizontal asymptotes
sketch algebraic curves
ALGEBRAIC CURVES
An equation involving the variables x and y is
satisfied by an infinite number of values of x and
y, and each pair of values corresponds to a point.
When plotted on the Cartesian plane, these points
follow a pattern according to the given equation
and form a definite geometric figure called the
CURVE or LOCUS OF THE EQUATION.
The method of drawing curves by point-plotting is
a tedious process and usually difficult. The general
appearance of a curve may be developed by
examining some of the properties of curves.
PROPERTIES OF CURVES
The following are some properties of an algebraic
curve:
1. Extent
2. Symmetry
3. Intercepts
4. Asymptotes
1. EXTENT
The extent of the graph of an algebraic curve
involves its domain and range. The domain is the
set of permissible values for x and the range is the
set of permissible values for y.
Regions on which the curve lies and which is
bounded by broken or light vertical lines through
the intersection of the curve with the x-axis.
To determine whether the curve lies above
and/or below the x-axis, solve for the equation of y
or y
2
and note the changes of the sign of the right
hand member of the equation.
2. SYMMETRY
Symmetry with respect to the coordinate axes
exists on one side of the axis if for every point of the
curve on one side of the axis, there is a
corresponding image on the opposite side of the axis.
Symmetry with respect to the origin exists if every
point on the curve, there is a corresponding image
point directly opposite to and at equal distance from
the origin.
Test for Symmetry
1. Substitute y for y, if the equation is unchanged
then the curve is symmetrical with respect to the
x-axis.
2. Substitute x for x, if the equation is unchanged
the curve is symmetrical with respect to the y-
axis.
3. Substitute x for x and y for y, if the equation is
unchanged then the curve is symmetrical with
respect to the origin.
Simplified Test for Symmetry
1. If all y terms have even exponents therefore the
curve is symmetrical with respect to the x-axis.
2. If all x terms have even exponents therefore the
curve is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.
3. If all terms have even exponents therefore the
curve is symmetrical with respect to the origin.
3. INTERCEPTS
These are the points which the curve crosses the
coordinate axes.
a. x-intercepts abscissa of the points at which the
curve crosses the x-axis.
b. y-intercepts ordinate of the points at which the
curve crosses the y-axis.
Determination of the Intercepts
For the x-intercept
a. Set y = 0
b. Factor the equation.
c. Solve for the values of x.
For the y-intercept
a. Set x = 0
b. Solve for the values
of y
4. Asymptotes
A straight line is said to be an asymptote of a curve
if the curve approaches such a line more and more
closely but never really touches it except as a limiting
position at infinity. Not all curves have asymptotes.
Types of Asymptotes
1. Vertical Asymptote
2. Horizontal Asymptote
3. Slant/Diagonal Asymptote
Steps in Curve Tracing
1. If the equation is given in the form of f( x, y) = 0,
solve for y (or y
2
) to express the equation in a
form identical with the one of the four general
types of the equation.
2. Subject the equation to the test of symmetry.
3. Determine the x and y intercepts.
4. Determine the asymptotes if any. Also determine
the intersection of the curve with the horizontal
asymptotes.
Note: The curve may intercept the horizontal
asymptotes but not the vertical asymptotes.
5. Divide the plane into regions by drawing light
vertical lines through the intersection on the x-
axis.
Note: All vertical asymptotes must be considered
as dividing lines.
6. Find the sign of y on each region using the
factored form of the equation to determine
whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-
axis.
7. Trace the curve. Plot a fewpoints if necessary.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry
POLAR CURVES
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
define polar coordinates.
plot points of polar coordinates.
write and sketch the graphs of polar equations.
convert polar to rectangular and vice versa.
Examples: Plot the given points on a polar coordinate system.
a. P (3, 45r)
b. P (3, 60r)
c. P (3, 220r)
d. P (-3, 75r)
RELATIONS BETWEEN RECTANGULAR AND POLAR
COORDINATES
The transformation formulas that express the
relationship between rectangular coordinates and polar
coordinates of a point are as follows:
and
Also,
;
;
2. Express the rectangular coordinates (-4, 3) in terms of polar
coordinates.
Therefore, P(5, 143.1
0
)
3. Find the polar coordinate equation corresponding to
x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6.
substituting: x = r cos and y = r sin , we have
) )
) 6 sin 2 cos r
6 sin r 2 cos r
6 sin r 2 cos r
6 y 2 x
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
= +
= +
= +
= +
U U
U U
U U
4. Transform the equation r = 8 cos to rectangular
coordinate equation.
0 y x 8 x
x 8 y x
y x
x
8 y x
r
x
8 8cos r
have we ,
r
x
cos and y x r : ng Substituti
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
= +
= +

'
+

'

+
= +

'
+

'

= =
= + =
U
U
)
U
= = U
T
= U =
= = = =
= + =
=

'
+

'

= U U
U U
=
= U = U
U U
=
cos - 1
2
r d. 4 cos r c.
4
b. 4 r a.
equation.
coordinate r rectangula to equations following the Transform . 7
4 y 2 x d. y 4 x c. 0 y 3x b. 4 y a.
equation. coordinate polar to equations following the Transform . 6
0 5 y 2 x 0 5 x 2y
5
r
x
r
y
2 r
5 cos 2sin r
cos sin 2
5
r
: have we ,
r
y
sin and
r
x
cos : ng Substituti
equation. coordinate r rectangula to
cos sin 2
5
r Transform . 5
2 2 2
Spiral c Logarithmi e r
Spiral Hyperbolic or Reciprocal a r
Archimedes of l Spira a r
Spirals 4.
2 sin a r or 2 cos a r
Lemniscate 3.
loop. inner an has graph the , a b if origin; the
ng surroundi curve a is graph the , a b if cardioid; a called is
limacon the b, a if , cos a b r or sin a b r
Limacon . 2
a
2 2 2 2
U
U
U
U U
U U
=
=
=
= =

>
= + = + =
Cardioid Limacon
Eight leaf Rose
Three leaf Rose
Spiral of Archimedes Logarithmic Spiral
Lemniscate
0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
cos 1 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.87 -1 -0.87 -0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
2cos 2 1.73 1 0 -1 -1.73 -2 -1.73 -1 0 1 1.73 2
r 3 2.73 2 1 0 -0.73 -1 -0.73 0 1 2 2.73 3
Example 1:
Trace r = 1 + 2 cos
0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
3 0
0
90
0
180
0
270
0
360
0
450
0
540
0
630
0
720
0
810
0
900
0
990
0
1080
0
cos3 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1
Example 2:
Construct the graph r = cos3.
0
0
30
0
60
0
90
0
120
0
150
0
180
0
210
0
240
0
270
0
300
0
330
0
360
0
2 0
0
60
0
120
0
180
0
240
0
300
0
360
0
420
0
480
0
540
0
600
0
660
0
720
0
cos2 1 0.5 -0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1 0.5 -0.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1
4cos2 4 2 -2 -4 -2 2 4 2 -2 -4 -2 2 4
r 2 1.4 i i i 1.4 2 1.4 i i i 1.4 2
Example 3:
Construct the graph r
2
= 4 cos 2.
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
define parametric equation.
sketch the graphs of parametric equations by point
plotting.
find the equation by eliminating the parameter of the
parametric equation and sketch the graph.
DEFINITION: PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
If there are functions f and g with a common domain
T, the equations x = f(t) and y = g(t), for t in T, are
parametric equations of the curve consisting of all
points ( f(t), g(t) ), for t in T. The variable t is the
parameter.
The equations x = t + 2 and y = 3t 1
for example are parametric equations and t is the
parameter. The equations define a graph. If t is assigned
a value, corresponding values are determined for x and
y. The pair of values for x and y constitute the
coordinates of a point of the graph. The complete graph
consists of the set of all points determined in this way
as t varies through all its chosen values. We can
eliminate t between the equations and obtain an
equation involving x and y. Thus, solving either equation
for t and substituting in the other, we get
3x y = 7
The graph of this equation, which also the graph of
the parametric equations, is a straight line.
Example 1: Sketch the graph of the parametric
equations x = 2 + t and y = 3 t
2
.
t -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y -6 -1 2 3 2 -1 -6
y
x

t=-1
t=2
t=-2
t=-3 t=3
t=0
t=1
Example 2: Eliminate the parameter between x = t + 1
and y = t
2
+ 3t + 2 and sketch the graph.
Solution:
Solving x = t + 1 for t, we have t = x 1.
Substitute into y = t
2
+ 3t + 2, then
y = (x 1)
2
+ 3(x 1) + 2
y = x
2
2x + 1 + 3x 3 + 2
y = x
2
+ x
Reducing to the standard form,
y + = x
2
+ x +
y + = (x + )
2
, a parabola with V(-,-)
opening upward
y
x
-1 -2
2 1
0
-2
-1
2
1
Example 3: Eliminate the parameter between x = sin t
and y = cos t and sketch the graph.
Solution:
Squaring both sides of the parametric equations, we have
x
2
= sin
2
t and y
2
= cos
2
t
And adding the two equations will give us
x
2
+ y
2
= sin
2
t + cos
2
t
But
sin
2
t + cos
2
t = 1
Therefore
x
2
+ y
2
= 1 , a circle with C(0, 0) and r = 1
y
x
-1 -2
2 1
0
-2
-1
2
1
Example 4: Find the parametric representation for the
line through (1, 5) and (-2, 3).
Solution:
Letting (1, 5) and (-2, 3) be the first and second points,
respectively, of
x = x
1
+ r(x
2
x
1
)
and
y = y
1
+ r(y
2
y
1
)
We then have
x = 1 + r(-2 1) and y = 5 + r(3 5)
x = 1 3r y = 5 2r
Example 5: Eliminate the parameter between
x = sin t + cos t and y = sin t.
Solution:
Solving sin
2
t + cos
2
t = 1 for cos t, we have
Substitute into x = sin t + cos t , then
x = sin t +
But y = sin t and y
2
= sin
2
t
Therefore x = y +
x y =
Squaring both sides
(x y)
2
= 1 y
2
t sin 1 t cos
2
=
t sin 1
2

2
y 1
2
y 1
Exercises:
Eliminate the parameter and sketch the curve.
1. x = t
2
+ 1, y = t + 1
2. x = t
2
+ t 2 , y = t + 2
3. x = cos , y = cos
2
+ 8 cos
4. x = 4 cos , y = 7 sin
5. x = cos , y = sin 2
6. x = 1 + cos 2 , y = 1 sin
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry
SPACE COORDINATES AND
SURFACES
Math 14
Plane and Solid Analytic Geometry
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be
able to:
define space coordinates.
plot points of space coordinates.
write and sketch the graphs of space coordinate
equations.
know the different kinds planes and surfaces.
Let OX, OY, and OZ be three mutually perpendicular
lines. These lines constitute the x-axis, the y-axis, and the
z-axis of a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate
system. The axes, in pairs, determine three mutually
perpendicular planes called coordinate planes. The planes
are designated as the XOY-plane, the XOZ-plane, and the
YOZ-plane or, more simply, the xy-plane, the xz-plane, and
the yz-plane. The coordinate planes divide space into eight
regions called octants. The distance of P from the yz-plane
is called the x-coordinate, the distance from the xz-plane
the y-coordinate, and the distance from the xy-plane the
z-coordinate. The coordinates of a point are written in the
form(x, y, z), in this order, x first, y second, and z third.
z
x y
o
xy-plane
yz-plane xz-plane
Example:
Plot the given points in a three-dimensional
coordinate system.
1. (3, 0, 0)
2. (0, 3, 0)
3. (0, 0, 3)
4. (1.5,-1, 2)
5. (0, 2, -2)
6. (2, 2.5, 3)
y
y
y
y
y
y
(0, 0, 3)
(0, 3, 0)
(3, 0, 0)
(2, 2.5, 3)
(1.5,-1, 2)
(0, 2, -2)
z
x
y
o
-z
-x
-y
THEOREMS:
Let P
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) and P
2
(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) be the coordinates of
two points in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Then
the distance d between P
1
and P
2
is given by
The coordinates P(x, y, z) of the midpoint of the line
segment joining P
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) and P
2
(x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) are given by
the equations
This theorem may be generalized by letting P(x, y, z) be
any division point of the line through P
1
and P
2
. If the ratio
of P
1
P to P
1
P
2
is a number r, then
) ) )
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
z z y y x x d + + =

2 1 2 1 2 1
2
z z
z
2
y y
y
2
x x
x
+
=
+
=
+
=
) ) )
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
z z r z z y y r y y x x r x x + = + = + =
EXAMPLES:
1. Find the distance between the points P
1
(-4, 4, 1) and
P
2
(-3, 5,-4).
2. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line
segment that joins A(3,-2, 4) and B(-6, 5, 8).
3. Find the coordinates of the point P(x, y, z), which is
one-third of the way fromA(1, 3, 5) to B(5, 7, 9).
4. Given: A(1, 4, 7) and B(5,-1, 11), find the point P so
that the ratio of AP to PB is equal to 4 to 7.
SURFACES
A. PLANE: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
a) x = k, plane parallel to yz-plane
b) y = k, plane parallel to xz-plane
c) z = k, plane parallel to xy-plane
d) Ax + By + D = 0, plane parallel to z-axis
e) By + Cz + D = 0, plane parallel to x-axis
f) Ax + Cz + D = 0, plane parallel to y-axis
g) Ax + By + Cz = 0, plane
EXAMPLE:
1. x = 3 2. y = 3
y
x
z
y
y
x
z
y
3. z = 3
y
x
z
y
x
z
(0, 4, 0)
(6, 0, 0)
y
y
y
4. 2x + 3y = 12
5. 2x + 3z = 12
y
x
z
y
x
z
6. 2y + 3z = 12
y
y
(0, 0, 4)
(6, 0, 0)
(0, 6, 0)
(0, 0, 4)
y
y
6. 2x + 3y + 4z = 12
y
x
z
(0, 4, 0)
y
y
y
(0, 0, 3)
(6, 0, 0)
B. CYLINDERS and SPHERE:
1. x
2
+ y
2
= 4
y
x
z
(-2, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
(2, 0, 0)
(0,-2, 0)
y
y
y
y
CIRCULAR CYLINDER
2. 4x
2
+ y
2
= 4
y
x
z
(-1, 0, 0)
(0, 2, 0)
(1, 0, 0)
(0,-2, 0)
y
y
y y
ELLIPTICAL CYLINDER
3. x
2
= y
y
x
z
4. y
2
= x
y
x
z
5. z
2
= y
y
x
z
5. z
2
= y 1
y
x
z
V(0, 1, 0)
y
SPHERE: (x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
+ (z l)
2
= r
2
Ax
2
+ Ay
2
+ Az
2
+ Gx + Hy + Iz = J
r = 0 (point)
r = - (no locus)
r = + (sphere)
y
x
z
EXAMPLE:
Describe the locus of x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2x 4y 8z + 5 = 0.
Sketch the graph.
SOLUTION:
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + y
2
4y + 4 + z
2
8z + 16 = 5 + 1 + 4 + 16
(x + 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
+ (z 4)
2
= 16
C(1, 2, 4) and r = 4
y
x
z
y
x
z
(-1, 6, 4)
y
y
y
y
y
y
(-5, 2, 4)
(-1, 2, 0)
(3, 2, 4)
(-1,- 2, 4)
(-1, 2, 8)
C(-1, 2, 4)
QUADRIC SURFACES
Second-Degree Equation in x, y, z
Form: Ax
2
+By
2
+Cz
2
+Dxy+Exz+Fyz+Gx+Hy+Iz+J=0
The graph of such equation is called quadric surface or
simply quadric.
Six Common Types of Quadric Surfaces:
1. Ellipsoid
2. Hyperboloid of One Sheet
3. Hyperboloid of Two Sheets
4. Elliptic Paraboloid
5. Hyperbolic Paraboloid
6. Elliptic Cone
QUADRIC SURFACES
ELLIPSOID
1
c
z
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
= + +
x
y
QUADRIC SURFACES
HYPERBOLOID OF ONE SHEET
1
c
z
b
y
a
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
= +
QUADRIC SURFACES
HYPERBOLOID OF TWO SHEETS
1
b
y
a
x
c
z
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
QUADRIC SURFACES
ELLIPTIC PARABOLOID
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
z + =
QUADRIC SURFACES
HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
2
2
2
2
a
x
b
y
z =
x
y
z
QUADRIC SURFACES
ELLIPTIC CONE
2
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
z + =
EXAMPLES: Sketch the quadric surface.
1. 36x
2
+9y
2
+4z
2
=36
Solution:
? A
1
9
z
4
y
1
x
36
1
36 z 4 y 9 x 36
2 2 2
2 2 2
= + +
= + +
x y z
x 1 0 0
y 0 2 0
z 0 0 3
: Intercepts . I
(ellipse)
1
4
y
1
x
: 0 z let
plane - xy i)
: Traces . II
2 2
= + =
(ellipse)
1
9
z
4
y
: 0 x let
plane - yz iii)
2 2
= + =
(ellipse)
1
9
z
1
x
: 0 y let
plane - xz ii)
2 2
= + =
y
x
z
y
y
y y
y
y
(-1,0,0)
(1,0,0)
(0,-2,0) (0,2,0)
(0,0,-3)
(0,0,3)
1
4
y
1
x
2 2
= +
1
9
z
4
y
2 2
= +
1
9
z
1
x
2 2
= +
2. 16x
2
+36y
2
-9z
2
=144
: Solution
? A
1
16
z
4
y
9
x
144
1
144 z 9 y 36 x 16
2 2 2
2 2 2
= +
= +
: Intercepts . I
x y z
x 3 0 0
y 0 2 0
z 0 0 4i
(ellipse)
1
4
y
9
x
: 0 z let
plane - xy i)
: Traces . II
2 2
= + =
) (hyperbola
1
16
z
4
y
: 0 x let
plane - yz ii)
2 2
= =
) (hyperbola
1
16
z
9
x
: 0 y let
plane - xz iii)
2 2
= =
(ellipse)
1
8
y
18
x

2
1
2
4
y
9
x

1 1
4
y
9
x
1
16
) 4 (
4
y
9
x

4 z let
: plane - xy to parallel Sections III.
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
= +

= +
= + =

+
=
y
x
z
y
y
x
x
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y y
y
(-4.2,0,-4)
(3,0,0)
(0,2,0)
(0,-2,0)
(-3,0,0)
(0,2.8,-4)
(4.2,0,4)
(0,2.8,4) (0,-2.8,4)
(-4.2,0,4)
(0,-2.8,-4)
(4.2,0,-4)
z=4
z=-4
1
8
y
18
x
2 2
= +
1
4
y
9
x
2 2
= +
1
16
z
9
x
2 2
=
1
16
z
4
y
2 2
=
3. 4z
2
-4x
2
-y
2
=4
: Solution
? A
1
4
y
1
x
1
z
4
1
4 y x 4 z 4
2 2 2
2 2 2
=
=
: Intercepts . I
x y z
x i 0 0
y 0 2i 0
z 0 0 1
trace) (no
1
4
y
1
x
: 0 z let
plane - xy i)
: Traces . II
2 2
= =
) (hyperbola
1
4
y
1
z
: 0 x let
plane - yz ii)
2 2
= =
) (hyperbola
1
1
x
1
z
: 0 y let
plane - xz iii)
2 2
= =
(ellipse)
1
32
y
8
x

8
1
8
4
y
x
1
4
y
1
x
9 1
4
y
1
x
1
3) (

3 z let
: plane - xy to parallel Sections III.
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
= +

= +
= =

=
y
x
z
y
y
x
x
y
y y
y
y
y
y
y y
y
(-2.8,0,-3)
(0,0,-1)
(0,0,1)
(0,-5.7,-3)
(0,5.7,3)
(0,5.7,-3)
(2.8,0,3)
(-2.8,0,3)
(0,-5.7,3)
(2.8,0,-3)
z=3
z=-3
1
32
y
8
x
2 2
= +
1
4
y
1
z
2 2
=
1 x z
2 2
=
REFERENCES
Analytic Geometry