FOUNDATION OF HUMAN SKILLS

TOPIC: BEHAVIOUR OF

HUMAN NATURE

GROUP MEMBERS
ADITI MAHALE [4026] NIKITA RANPISE [4037] SIDDHANT JADHAV [4017] BHAGYASHREE GORULE [4013] VISHAL OMASE [4031] CHATURA JOSHI [4056] PRACHI NANOSKAR [4030] YASHASHRI KAMERKAR [4022]

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN NATURE

LIFE IS OUR TEACHER. ABILITY TO GET ALONG WITH OTHERS IS VITAL FOR SUCCESS. HUMAN SKILL IS THE ABILITY TO WORK WELL WITH PEOPLE. MODERN MANAGEMENT EDUCATION LAYS EMPHASIS ON UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOUR. VARIETY IS THE SPICE OF LIFE.

KINDS AND TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES:
DIFFERENCE IN PARTICULAR CHARECTERISTIC IN VARIOUS PEOPLE. FOR EXAMPLE, DIFFERENCES IN INTERESTS, INTELLIGENCE, CULTURE ETC.

INTRA-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES:

DIFFERENCES IN VARIOUS CHARECTERISTICS IN THE SAME PERSON. FOR EXAMPLE, A PERSON MAY BE VERY GOOD AT SPORTS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES BUT MIGHT BE AVERAGE IN ACADEMICS.

MAJOR AREAS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

DIFFERENCES IN PHYSIC: PEOPLE DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN THEIR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PHYSICAL FEATURES.

DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE: INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO REASON AND IT SHOWS THROUGH THE PERFORMANCE OF AN INDIVIDUAL.

 DIFFENCES IN ABILITY: IT THE SUM TOTAL OF WHAT AN INDIVIDUAL HAS ACQUIRED PLUS WHAT HE IS CAPABLE OF AQUIRING. INDIVIDUALS DIFFER IN THEIR ABILITIES.

DIFFENCES IN APTITUDE: APTITUDE IS THE ABILITY TO BENEFIT FROM A CERTAIN TYPE OF TRAINING.APTITUDE TESTS ARE WIDELY USED FOR SELECTING PEOPLE FOR VARIOUS JOBS.

 DIFFERENCES IN INTERESTS: A PERSON IS SAID TO HAVE AN INTEREST IN SOMETHING, WHEN HE HAS A LIKING FOR IT. DIFFERENT PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT INTERESTS. FOR EXAMPLE, SOME ARE INTERSTED IN SPORTS, SOME IN FILMS, SOME IN TECHNOLOGY ETC. DIFFERENCES IN ACHIEVEMENT: WHILE APTITUDE REFERS TO WHAT A PERSON CAN DO, ACHIEVEMENT REFERS TO WHAT A PERSON HAS DONE.

 DIFFERENCES IN PERSONALITY: SOME PEOPLE ARE TALKATIVE WHILE SOME ARE QUIET. SOME PEOPLE ARE AGGRESSIVE WHILE SOME ARE DOCILE(MEEK). PEOPLE ALOS DIFFER IN THEIR EMOTIONAL REACTION TO SITUATIONS. THOUGH EVERYBODY GETS

PERIOD OF THE HUMAN LIFE SPAN

TO UNDERSTAND OURSELVES FULLY, WE MUST UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT, THE MORE-OR-LESS PREDICTABLE CHANGES IN BEHAVIOUR ASSOCIATED WITH AGE. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE BROADLY DIVIDED THE ENTIRE HUMAN LIFE SPAN INTO 8 STAGES. THESE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1) PRENATAL STAGE (PERIOD FROM CONCEPTION TO BIRTH) 2) INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD (PERIOD FROM BIRTH TO AGE OF 3) 3) EARLY CHILDHOOD (PERIOD BETWEEN 3 TO 6 YRS) 4) MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (PERIOD FROM 6 TO 12 YRS) 5) ADOLESCENSE (PERIOD FROM 12 TO 20 YRS)

6) YOUNG ADULTHOOD (PERIOD FROM 20 TO 40 YRS) 7) MIDDLE AGE ( PERIOD FROM 40 TO 65 YRS) 8) LATE ADULTHOOD (PERIOD FROM 65 YRS ONWARDS)

PRENATAL STAGE (CONCEPTION TO BIRTH)

1) BASIC BODY STRUCTURE AND ORGANS DEVELOP. 2) PHYSICAL GROWTH DURING THIS STAGE IS MOST RAPID. 3) SUBSTANCE ABUSE (DRUGS, ALCOHOL, SMOKING) BY THE MOTHER CAN HAVE DISASTROUS EFFECTS ON THE NEW LIFE. 4) GREAT CARE NEEDS TO BE TAKEN DURING THE FIRST 3 MONTHS OF PREGNANCY.

INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD(BIRTH TO 3 YRS)

1) THERE IS RAPID PHYSICAL GROWTH. 2) BABIES DEVELOP ATTATCHMENT TOWARDS THEIR PARENTS AND OTHERS TOWARDS THE END OF THE FIRST YEAR. 3) SPEECH AND COMPREHENSION DEVELOPS RAPIDLY. SELF AWARENESS DEVELOPS IN THE SECOND YEAR. 4) INTEREST IN OTHER CHILDREN INCREASES.

5) MOTOR CONTROL, THE ABILITY TO MOVE DELIBERATELY AND ACCURATELY DEVELOPS RAPIDLY AND CONTINUOULY DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF LIFE.

EARLY CHILDHOOD (AGE 3 TO 6)

1) FINE AND GROSS MOTOR SKILLS DEVELOP AND STRENGTH IMPROVES. 2) BEHAVIOUR IS LARGELY EGOCENTRIC, BUT UNDERSTANDING OF OTHER PEOPLES PERSPECTIVE GROWS. 3) DUE TO THEIR MENTAL IMMATURITY, CHILDREN HAVE ILLOGICAL IDEAS OF THE WORLD. 4) PLAY, CREATIVITY, AND IMAGINATION BECOMES MORE ELBORATE.

5) CHILDREN IN THIS STAGE ARE MORE INDEPENDENT, HAVE GRATER SELFCONTROL AND ARE ABLE TO TAKE BETTER CARE OF THEMSELVES. 6) FAMILY IS STILL THE FOCUS OF LIFE BUT OTHER CHILDREN BECOME MORE IMPORTANT.

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (AGE 6 TO 12 YRS)

1) PHYSICAL GROWTH SLOWS DOWN. 2) STRENGTH AND ATHLETIC SKILLS DEVELOP. 3) EGOCENTRISM DIMINISHES AND CHILDREN BEGIN TO THINK LOGICALLY. 4) MEMORY AND LANGUAGE SKILLS INCREASE. 5) SELF-CONCEPT DEVELOPS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM. 6) PEERS ASSUME CENTRAL IMPORTANCE.

ADOLESCENCE (AGE 12 TO 20 YRS)

1) PHYSICAL CHANGES ARE RAPID AND PROFOUND. 2) ADOLOSCENTS ATTAIN SEXUAL MATURITY. 3) ABILITY TO THINK ABSTRACTLY AND USE SCIENTIFIC REASONING DEVELOPS. 4) SEARCH OF IDENTITY ASSUMES IMPORTANCE.

5) PEERS HELP DEVELOP AND TEST SELFCONCEPT. 6) RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENTS GOES THROUGH UPS AND DOWNS BUT IS GENERALLY GOOD.

YOUNG ADULTHOOD (AGE 20 TO 40 YRS)

1) PHYSICAL HEALTH PEEKS, THEN DECLINES SLIGHTLY. 2) COGNITIVE ABILITIES BECOME MORE COMPLEX. 3) IMPORTANT DECISIONS REGARDING RELATIONSHIPS ARE MADE. 4) MOST PEOPLE MARRY AND BECOME PARENTS. 5) CAREER CHOICES ARE MADE.

MIDDLE AGE (AGE 40 TO 60)

1) THERE IS SOME DETERIORATION OF PHYSICAL HEALTH AND STAMINA. 2) WOMEN EXPERIENCE MENOPAUSE. 3) WISDOM AND PRACTICAL PROBLEMSOLVING SKILLS ARE HIGH; ABILITY TO SOLVE NOVEL PROBLEMS DECLINES. 4) SENSE OF IDENTITY DEVELOPS. 5) DOUBLE RESPONSIBILTY OF CARING FOR CHILDREN AND ELDRELY PARENTS MAY CAUSE STESS.

LATE ADULTHOOD ( AGE 65 YRS ONWARDS)

1) REACTION TIME SLOWS DOWN AFFECTING FUNCTIONING IN MANY AREAS. 2) INTELLIGENCE AND MEMORY BEGINS TO DETERIORATE. 3) PEOPLE REVIEW THE LIFE THAT THEY HAVE LIVED. 4) RETIREMENT FROM MAY CREATE MORE LEISURE TIME BUT HURTS ECONOMICALLY.

5) PEOPLE NEED TO COPE WITH LOSS OF LOVED ONES. 6) PEOPLE NEED TO COPE WITH THEIR OWN IMPENDING DEATH.

WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOUR: SOME STARTING PLACES .

1) HUMAN BEINGS ARE BIOLOGICAL CREATURES :

OUR BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM GREATLY INFLUENCES OUR BEHAVIOR. FOR EXAMPLE, MOTIVES SUCH AS HUNGER AND THIRST ARE PREDOMINANTLY UNDER THE CONTROL OF OUR BODY SYSTEM. EVEN OUR EXPERIENCE OF EMOTIONS IS GREATLY INFLUENCED BY THE WAY OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM IS CONSTUCTED.

2) EVRY PERSON IS DIFFERENT YET MUCH THE SAME:

EVERY HUMAN BEING IS UNIQUE AND DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER. THESE DIFFERENCES MAY BE DUE TO HEREDITY OR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. EVEN MEMBERS OF THE SAME FAMILY DIFFER IN THEIR HEREDITY EXCEPT IN THE CASE OF IDENTICAL TWINS. DESPITE THESE DIFFERENCES, HUMAN BEINGS SHARE A LOT OF SIMILARITIES; ESPECIALLY THE WAY WE THINK, FEEL, REMEMBER AND SO ON.

3) PEOPL E CAN BE UNDERSTOOD FULLY ONLY IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR CULTURE, ETHNIC IDENTITY AND GENDER IDENTITY:
NO UNDERSTANDING OF A PERSON WOULD BE COMPLETE WITHOUT AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE SOCIOCULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE PERSON. OUR BELIEFS, ATTITUDESAND BEHAVIOUR ARE SHAPED BY THE CULTURE AND ETHNIC GROUP TO WHICH THEY BELONG. OUR BEHAVIOUR EXPRESSIONS ARE INFLUENCED BY AWARENESS OF THE GENDER TO WHICH WE BELONG.

4) HUMAN LIVES ARE IN A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF CHANGE:

CHANGE IS AN INEVITABLE PART OF HUMAN LIVES. HUMAN BEINGS CHANGE CONTINUOUSLY FROM THE TIME THEY ARE BORN TILL THEY DIE. MUCH OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES ARE DUE TO OUR BIOLOGICAL NATURE SUCH AS THE PROCESS BY WHICH ALL HUMAN BEINGS GROW FROM INFANCY TO OLD AGE. HOWEVER OUR EXPERIENCES IN LIFE TOO CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TOWARDS CHANGE.

5) BEHAVIOUR IS MOTIVATED:
MOST OF OUR ACTIONS ARE INTENTIONAL AND PURPOSEFUL. FOR EXAMPLE, WE WORK TO EARN MONEY FOR FOOD, CLOTHING, SHELTER; WE SEEK THE COMPANY OF OPPOSITE SEX TO SATISFY OUR SEXUAL NEEDS AND SO ON. THE MOTIVES BEHINDS OUR ACTIONS MAY VARY FROM CULTURE TO CUTURE AND FROM PERSON TO PERSON.

6) BEHAVIOUR HAS MULTIPLE CAUSE:

A PARTICULAR BEHAVIOUR MAY BE DUE TO MANY FACTOR ALL INFLUENCING AT THE SAME TIME. THE CAUSES OF THE SAME BEHAVIOUR MAY CHANGE FROM PERSON TO PERSON AN FOR THE SAME PERSON FROM TIME TO TIME. IT IS THESE MULTIPLE CAUSES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR THAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY SUCH A CHALLENGE AND INTERESTING FIELD.

7) PEOPLE PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN CREATING THEIR EXPERIENCES:

HUMAN BEINGS ARE ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF THEIR LIVES. THEY SEEK SITUATIONS THAT WILL GIVE THEM THE KIND OF EXPERIENCES THEY DESIRE. FOR EXAMPLE, A PERSON WHO LIKES MEETING NEW PEOPLE WILL FREQUENTLY GO TO PARTIES AND CLUBS.

8) BEHAVIOUR CAN BE ADAPTIVE OR MALADAPTIVE:

HUMAN BEINGS HAVE A NATURAL ABILITY TO CHANGE AND ADAPT TO THE CHALLENGES THAT NATURE AND LIFE SPRING UP. WE ARE FLEXIBLE CREATURES WHO DISCOVER WAYS AND MEANS OF ADJUSTING TO THE DEMANDS OF THE SITUATION. WE ARE ABLE TO TAKE THE UPS AND DOWNS OF LIFE IN OUR STRIDE.

LIFE IS NOT MEASURED BY THE NUMBER OF BREATHS WE TAKE, BUT BY THE NUMBER OF MOMENTS THAT TAKE OUR BREATH AWAY.