Ch 14 Sound

-Sound waves
-LonglLudlnal
-Audlble 20 Lo 20 000 Pz
-lnfrasonlc below audlble
-ulLrasonlc above audlble
-Speed of Sound
-v (331 m/s) (1/273k)1/2
-Average lnLenslLy
-l ower/Area /A
- 10 log (l/lo)
-lo 10 x 1012W/m2reference lnLenslLy
-declbels (d8)
-lnLenslLy of Spherlcal Wave
-l av/4r2
uoppler LffecL
-Change ln frequency heard by an observer whenever Lhere ls relaLlve moLlon beLween a source
of sound and an observer
-fo fs(v + vo)/(vvs)
-v speed of sound
-vo poslLlve when observer moves Loward source negaLlve when movlng away
-vs poslLlve when source moves Loward obserer negaLlve when movlng away
-lnLerference of Sound Waves
-ConsLrucLlve when cresL meeLs cresL and Lrough meeLs Lrough
-r2r1 nn 0 1 2 3
-uesLrucLlve when cresL meeLs Lrough
-r2r1 (n+1/2) l n 0 1 2 3
-SLandlng Waves
-1wo waves havlng same frequency ampllLude and wavelengLh Lravel ln opposlLe dlrecLlons
-fn nf1 n/2L (l/)1/2n 1 2 3
-lorced vlbraLlons and 8esonance
-8esonance frequency of drlvlng force maLches one of Lhe naLural frequencles of Lhe sysLem
-ln resonance osclllaLlon wlLh maxlmum ampllLude
-SLandlng Waves ln Alr Columns
-8eflecLlng end open
-fn nf1 n/2L v n 1 2 3
-8eflecLlng end closed
-fn nf1 n/4L v n 1 2 3
-8eaLs
-lnLerference LhaL occurs when Lwo waves wlLh sllghLly dlfferenL frequencles comblne aL a flxed
polnL ln space
-8eaL frequency fb | f2f1|

Ch13 V|brat|on and Waves
-Pooke's Law
-ls kx
-a k/m x(a acceleraLlon)
-LlasLlc oLenLlal Lnergy
-Ls Z kx2
-v +/(k/m (A2x2))1/2(v veloclLy)
-Slmple harmonlc moLlon neL force on ob[ecL ls proporLlonal Lo Lhe ob[ecL's dlsplacemenL and ln
opposlLe dlrecLlon
-Cb[ecL of mass m wlLh slmple harmonlc moLlon whlle aLLached Lo a sprlng wlLh sprlng consLanL k
-1 2(m/k)1/21 perlod
-f 1/1f frequency
- 2f (k/m)1/2 angular frequency
-x A cos(2fL)x poslLlon
-v Asln (2fL)v veloclLy
-a A2cos(2fL)a acceleraLlon
-endulum
-1 2(L/g)1/2
-Waves
-1ransverse LlemenLs of medlum move perpendlcular Lo Lhe dlrecLlon of Lhe wave sLreLched
sLrlng
-LonglLudlnal LlemenLs move parallel Lo Lhe dlrecLlon of Lhe wave veloclLy sound wave
-v fv veloclLy
-v (l/)1/2v veloclLy of wave on sLreLched sLrlng

Ch 12 1he Laws of 1hermodynam|cs
-Work done on gas aL consLanL pressure
-W uv
-Work poslLlve when gas compressed (uv negaLlve)
-Work negaLlve when gas expanded (uv poslLlve)
-llrsL Law of 1hermodynamlcs change ln sLaLe musL resulL from energy exchanged and/or work done
by or Lo sysLem
-uu uful C + W
-C energy exchanged across boundary wlLh surroundlngs
-W work done on Lhe sysLem
-uu nCvu1for ldeal gas
-1hermal rocesses
-lsobarlc consLanL pressure
-AdlabaLlc no energy Lransfer C 0
-lsovolumeLrlc consLanL volume W 0
-lsoLhermal consLanL LemperaLure uu 0
9rocess DU W
lsobarlc nCvu1 nCpu1 uv
AdlabaLlc nCvu1 0 uu
lsovolumeLrlc nCvu1 uu 0
lsoLhermal 0 W n81ln(vf/vl)
Ceneral nCvu1 uuW (v Area)
-ln cycllc process heaL Lransferred lnLo sysLem equals work done on sysLem
-PeaL englne Lakes energy by heaL and converLs lL Lo oLher forms such as mechanlcal elecLrlcal energy
-1hermal efflclency of heaL englne
-e 1 |Cc|/|Ch|
-CoefflclenL of erformance (CC) for heaL pumps
-Coollng |Cc|/W
-PeaLlng |Ch|/W
-Second Law of 1hermodynamlcs
-Lnergy wlll noL flow sponLaneously by heaL from cold Lo hoL ob[ecLs
-no heaL englne can absorb energy from a reservolr and perform an equal amounL of work
-MosL efflclenL heaL englne follows a CarnoL cycle
-e 1 1c/1h

-1hlrd Law of 1hermodynamlcs
-lL ls lmposslble Lo lower Lhe LemperaLure of a sysLem Lo absoluLe zero ln a flnlLe number of
sLeps
-LnLropy measure of dlsorder
-uS C/1
Ch 11 Lnergy |n 1herma| 9rocesses
-lnLernal Lnergy assoclaLed wlLh mlcroscoplc componenLs lncludes klneLlc energy of LranslaLlon
roLaLlon and vlbraLlon of molecules as well as poLenLlal energy
-PeaL Lhe exchange of energy beLween an ob[ecL and surroundlngs due Lo LemperaLure dlfference
-Calorle energy requlred Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of 1 g of waLer from 143oC Lo 133oC
-Speclflc PeaL
-C mc1
-Ck 0 for an lsolaLed sysLem
-LaLenL PeaL
-C +/mL
-Lnergy 1ransfer
-ConducLlon uue Lo colllslons dlrecL conLacL Lhlnk sLove
- kA (1h1c) / L
-ConvecLlon uue Lo movemenL denslLy dlfference Lhlnk alr condlLlonlng/heaLlng
-8adlaLlon uue Lo elecLromagneLlc waves Lhlnk sun black and whlLe ob[ecLs
-neL Ae(141o4)
Ch 10 1herma| 9hys|cs
-1hermal conLacL lf energy exchanged
-1hermal equlllbrlum lf no neL energy exchanged
-PeaL Lhe exchange of energy beLween Lwo ob[ecLs due Lo LemperaLure
-ZeroLhLaw of 1hermodynamlcs Lwo ob[ecLs ln Lhermal equlllbrlum are aL same LemperaLure because
each ob[ecL ls ln Lhermal equlllbrlum separaLely wlLh a Lhlrd ob[ecL (LhermomeLer)
ounded off ke|v|n Ce|s|us Iahrenhe|t ank|ne
AbsoluLe Zero C k 273 oC 460 ol C 8
lreezlng olnL of WaLer 273 k 0 oC 32 oC 460 8
8olllng olnL of WaLer 373 k 100 oC 212 ol 672 8

-ldeal Cas Law
-v n81
-klneLlc 1heory of Cases
- 2/3 (n/v) (1/2 mv2)
-1/2 mv2 3/2 k81
-u 3/2 n81
-vrms (3k81/m)1/2

Ch 9 So||ds and I|u|ds
-SLaLes of MaLLer
-Solld
-Llquld
-Cas
-lasma

-uenslLy
- M/v kg/m3
- l/A n/m2 a
-ressureuepLh
- o+ gh
-o aLmospherlc pressure 1013x103a
-8uoyancy
-8 r fluld v fluld g kgm/s2 n

Cn 8 otat|ona| Lqu|||br|um otat|ona| Dynam|cs
-1orque
- r l slnU nm
-U ls angle beLween l and r
-Lever arm d r slnU
-1orque and Lqulllbrlum
-l 0
- 0
-1orque and Angular AcceleraLlon
-l mr2(momenL of lnerLla) kg m2
- l
-a r
-8oLaLlonal klneLlc Lnergy
-kLr Z l 2 kgm2/s2 !
-(kLL+ kLr+ L)l (kLL+ kLr+ L)f
-WncA kLL+AkLr+ AL
-Angular MomenLum
-L l kg m2 /s
- AL/AL
-lf 0 Lhen Ll Lf so ll l lf f
Cn 7 otat|ona| Mot|on and 1he Law of Grav|ty
-Angular Speed and AcceleraLlon
-avg (UfUl) / (LfLl) AU /A L
-unlLs radlans / sec
-avg (fl) / (LfLl) A/ AL
-unlLs radlans / sec2
-LquaLlons of MoLlon slmllar Lo ChapLer 2
-f l+ L
-AUlL + Z L2
-f2 l2+ 2AU
-8elaLlon beLween Angular and Llnear
-r vL (LangenLlal veloclLy)
-unlLs m / sec
-r aL (LangenLlal acceleraLlon)
-unlLs m / sec2
-CenLrlpeLal AcceleraLlon
-ac v2/ r r2
-unlLs m / sec2

-CravlLaLlonal oLenLlal Lnergy
-L C (MLm)/ r
-kepler'sLaws
-llrsL Law laneLs move ln elllpLlcal orblL wlLh Sun aL one of Lhe focal polnLs
-Second Law Llne drawn from Sun Lo any planeL sweeps ouL equal areas ln equal Llme lnLervals
-1hlrd Law Square of perlod ls proporLlonal Lo cube of average dlsLance Lo Sun
-12 (4n2/ CMS) r3
Cn 6 Momentum and Co|||s|on
-MomenLum
-mv
-unlLs kg m/s
-lneL ma Ap/AL
-kL p2/2m
-lmpulse
-llAL
-unlLs kg m/s
-l lALA p m(vfvl)
-ConservaLlon of MomenLum
-ln colllslons wlLh no neL exLernal force LoLal momenLum doesn'L change
-pl pf m1v1l+m2v2l m1v1f+ m2v2f
-erfecLly lnelasLlc Colllslons
-m1v1l+m2v2l (m1+m2)vf
-MomenLum ls conserved klneLlc energy ls noL
-Cb[ecLs sLlck LogeLher wlLh same veloclLy

-LlasLlc Colllslons
-MomenLum and klneLlc energy are conserved
-m1v1l+m2v2l m1v1f+ m2v2f
-Z m1v1l2+ Z m2v2l2 Z m1v1f2+ Z m2v2f2
-v1lv2l (v1fv2f)
-Clanclng Colllslons
-m1v1lx+m2v2lx m1v1fx+ m2v2fx
-m1v1ly+m2v2ly m1v1fy+ m2v2fy

-Z m1v1l2+ Z m2v2l2 Z m1v1f2+ Z m2v2f2 lf elasLlc
-8ockeL ropulslon
-vfvl veln(Ml/Mf) veloclLy of rockeL exhausL mass
-lnsLanLeous1hrusL Ma MAv/L |veM/AL|
Cn S Lnergy
-Work
-W l cosd unlLs !oules
-Work ln x dlrecLlon only
-klneLlc Lnergy / WorkLnergy 1heorem
-kL Z mv2 unlLs !oules
-WneL kLfkLl AkL
-Wnc+ WcA kL conservaLlve nonconservaLlve forces
-CravlLaLlonal oLenLlal Lnergy conservaLlve
-Wg (LfLl) (mgyfmgyl)
-Wnc (kLfkLl) + (LfLl)
-Z mvl2+ mgyl Z mvf2+ mgyf (nonconservaLlve forces0)
-ConservaLlon of Lnergy Wnc LfLl
-Sprlng oLenLlal Lnergy conservaLlve
-Ls Z kx2 unlLs !oules
-Wnc (kLfkLl) + (LgfLgl) + (Lsfesl)
-ower
-avg W/AL
-avg lvavg
-unlLs WaLLs
Cn 4 1he Laws of Mot|on
-lundamenLal lorces lleld lorces
-SLrong nuclear force
-LlecLromagneLlc force
-Weak nuclear force
-CravlLaLlonal force
-newLon's Laws
-llrsL Law Cb[ecL moves aL consLanL veloclLy unless acLed on by a force
-lnerLla Lendency Lo malnLaln orlglnal sLaLe of moLlon
-Mass reslsLance Lo changes ln veloclLy
-newLon's Laws conLlnued
-Second Law AcceleraLlon ls dlrecLly proporLlonal Lo Lhe neL force acLlng on lL and lnversely
proporLlonal Lo lLs mass
-Al ma
-unlversal Law of CravlLaLlon
-lg C (m1*m2)/r2
-W mg WelghL ls mass Llmes acceleraLlon due Lo gravlLy
-1hlrd Law force exerLed by ob[ecL 1 on ob[ecL 2 ls equal and opposlLe Lo Lhe force exerLed by
ob[ecL 2 on ob[ecL 1
-Lqulllbrlum
-l ma 0
-lx max 0
-ly may 0
-lf noL ln equlllbrlum prevlous equaLlons noL equal Lo zero
-lorces of lrlcLlon
-fs sn sLaLlc frlcLlon
-fkkn klneLlc frlcLlon
Cn 3 Vectors and 1woD|mens|ona| Mot|on
-vecLors
-Add vecLors Lall of second vecLor puL on Llp of flrsL vecLor connecL flrsL vecLor Lall Lo second
vecLor Llp
-negaLlve of vecLor same magnlLude wlLh opposlLe dlrecLlon
-Scalar MulLlpllcaLlon changes magnlLude only lf poslLlve changes magnlLude and dlrecLlon lf
negaLlve
-ComponenLs of vecLors
-Ax A cosU
-Ay A sln U
-A (Ax2+ Ay2)Z
-Lan U Ay/ Ax
-8x Ax+ 8x
-8y Ay+ 8y
-ulsplacemenL veloclLy AcceleraLlon 2 dlmenslons
-Ar rfrl
-vavg Ar /AL
-aavgA v/A L
-Where r ls poslLlon vecLor v ls veloclLy vecLor and a ls acceleraLlon vecLor
-8elaLlve veloclLy
-vab vaevbe
-Where e ls an observer b ls second observer movlng wlLh veloclLy vbe
-MoLlon ln 2 dlmenslons
-xdlrecLlon
-vx vox+ axL
-Ax voxL+ Z axL2
-vx2 vox2+ 2 axAx
-where vox vocosUo
-?dlrecLlon
-vy voy+ ayL
-Ay voyL+ Z ayL2
-vy2 voy2+ 2 ayAy
-where voy voslnU o
-MoLlon ln 2 dlmenslons
-lor pro[ecLlles close Lo Lhe LarLh's surface
-vx vox consLanL
-Ax voxL vocosUoL
-?dlrecLlon
-vy voygL
-Ay voyZ gL2
-vy2 voy22 gAy
-where voy voslnU o
Ch 2 Mot|on |n Cne D|mens|on
-1hese equaLlons are used ln slLuaLlons wlLh unlform acceleraLlon

-An arrow ls shoL sLralghL up ln Lhe alr aL an lnlLlal speed of 130 m/s AfLer how much Llme ls Lhe arrow
headlng downward aL a speed of 800 m/s?
lcLure
knowns unknowns
SelecL equaLlon(s)
Algebra
SubsLlLuLe
CalculaLe
-uescrlbe whaL ls occurrlng Lo an ob[ecL under Lhe followlng condlLlons
veloclLy oslLlve AcceleraLlon oslLlve
veloclLy oslLlve AcceleraLlon negaLlve
veloclLy oslLlve AcceleraLlon Zero
veloclLy negaLlve AcceleraLlon negaLlve
veloclLy Zero AcceleraLlon oslLlve
veloclLy Zero AcceleraLlon negaLlve



-When an ob[ecL ls Lhrown upward when do Lhe followlng condlLlons apply?
veloclLy ls oslLlve
veloclLy ls Zero
veloclLy ls negaLlve
AcceleraLlon ls oslLlve
AcceleraLlon ls Zero
AcceleraLlon ls negaLlve
-ulsplacemenL
Ax xfxl
-veloclLy
vavg Ax/A L (xfxl) / (LfLl)
Slope of dlsplacemenL versus Llme curve
-AcceleraLlon
aavg Av/ AL (xfxl) / (LfLl)
Slope of veloclLy versus Llme curve
8raklng Lo sLopplng
Cn1 Introduct|on