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CENTRO DE CINCIAS E TECNOLOGIA PARA A
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CURSO DE GRADUAO EM ECONOMIA
348198 ECONOMIA MATEMTICA 3 2010
LISTA # 4
SISTEMAS DE EQUAES DIFERENCIAIS E DE EQUAES DE
DIFERENAS
GABARITO
1. Encontre as representaes das solues e esboce os planos de fases dos sistemas
de equaes diferenciais seguintes:
(%i9) a:matrix([-2,0],[0,-2]);
[-2 0 ]
(%o9)
[
]
[ 0 -2]
(%i10) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o10)
lambda + 4 lambda + 4
(%i11) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o11)
[lambda = - 2]
(%i12) eigenvalues(a);
(%o12)
[[- 2], [2]]
(%i13) eigenvectors(a);
(%o13)
[[[- 2], [2]], [[[1, 0], [0, 1]]]]
(%i14) a:matrix([8,1],[4,4]);
[8 1]
(%o14)
[
]
[4 4]
(%i15) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o15)
lambda - 12 lambda + 28
(%i16) (programmode:true,solve(%));
3/2
3/2
(%o16)
[lambda = 6 - 2 , lambda = 2 + 6]
(%i17) eigenvalues(a);
3/2 3/2
(%o17)
[[6 - 2 , 2 + 6], [1, 1]]
(%i18) eigenvectors(a);
3/2 3/2
3/2
3/2
(%o18) [[[6 - 2 , 2 + 6], [1, 1]], [[[1, - 2 - 2]], [[1, 2 - 2]]]]
(%i19) a:matrix([3,4],[2,1]);
[3 4]
[
]
[2 1]
(%i20) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o20)
lambda - 4 lambda - 5
(%i21) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o21)
[lambda = 5, lambda = - 1]
(%i22) eigenvalues(a);
(%o22)
[[5, - 1], [1, 1]]
(%i23) eigenvectors(a);
1
(%o23)
[[[5, - 1], [1, 1]], [[[1, -]], [[1, - 1]]]]
2
(%o19)
(%i24) a:matrix([3,0],[2,1]);
[3 0]
(%o24)
[
]
[2 1]
(%i25) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o25)
lambda - 4 lambda + 3
(%i26) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o26)
[lambda = 3, lambda = 1]
(%i27) eigenvalues(a);
(%o27)
[[1, 3], [1, 1]]
(%i28) eigenvectors(a);
(%o28)
[[[1, 3], [1, 1]], [[[0, 1]], [[1, 1]]]]
(%i29)
(%i29) a:matrix([3,-2],[4,-1]);
[3 -2]
(%o29)
[
]
[4 -1]
(%i30) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o30)
lambda - 2 lambda + 5
(%i31) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o31)
[lambda = 1 - 2 %i, lambda = 2 %i + 1]
(%i32) eigenvalues(a);
(%o32)
[[1 - 2 %i, 2 %i + 1], [1, 1]]
(%i33) eigenvectors(a);
(%o33) [[[1 - 2 %i, 2 %i + 1], [1, 1]], [[[1, %i + 1]], [[1, 1 - %i]]]]
(%i34)
%i34) a:matrix([1,3],[4,-1]);
[1 3 ]
(%o34)
[
]
[4 -1]
(%i35) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o35)
lambda - 13
(%i36) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o36)
[lambda = - sqrt(13), lambda = sqrt(13)]
(%i37) eigenvalues(a);
(%o37)
[[- sqrt(13), sqrt(13)], [1, 1]]
(%i38) eigenvectors(a);
(%o38) [[[- sqrt(13), sqrt(13)], [1, 1]],
sqrt(13) + 1
sqrt(13) - 1
[[[1, - ------------]], [[1, ------------]]]]
3
3
(%i39)
%i39) a:matrix([1,-4],[4,-7]);
[1 -4]
(%o39)
[
]
[4 -7]
(%i40) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o40)
lambda + 6 lambda + 9
(%i41) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o41)
[lambda = - 3]
(%i42) eigenvalues(a);
(%o42)
[[- 3], [2]]
(%i43) eigenvectors(a);
(%o43)
[[[- 3], [2]], [[[1, 1]]]]
(%i44)
(%i44) a:matrix([2,5],[1,-2]);
[2 5 ]
(%o44)
[
]
[1 -2]
(%i45) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o45)
lambda - 9
(%i46) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o46)
[lambda = - 3, lambda = 3]
(%i47) eigenvalues(a);
(%o47)
[[- 3, 3], [1, 1]]
(%i48) eigenvectors(a);
1
(%o48)
[[[- 3, 3], [1, 1]], [[[1, - 1]], [[1, -]]]]
5
(%i49)
(%i49) a:matrix([8,-1],[4,4]);
[8 -1]
(%o49)
[
]
[4 4 ]
(%i50) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o50)
lambda - 12 lambda + 36
(%i51) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o51)
[lambda = 6]
(%i52) eigenvalues(a);
(%o52)
[[6], [2]]
(%i53) eigenvectors(a);
(%o53)
[[[6], [2]], [[[1, 2]]]]
(%i54)
(%i54) a:matrix([1,-5],[1,-3]);
[1 -5]
(%o54)
[
]
[1 -3]
(%i56) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o56)
lambda + 2 lambda + 2
(%i57) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o57)
[lambda = - %i - 1, lambda = %i - 1]
(%i58) eigenvalues(a);
(%o58)
[[- %i - 1, %i - 1], [1, 1]]
(%i59) eigenvectors(a);
%i + 2
%i - 2
(%o59) [[[- %i - 1, %i - 1], [1, 1]], [[[1, ------]], [[1, - ------]]]]
5
5
(%i60)
10
(%i60) a:matrix([5,-1],[3,1]);
[5 -1]
(%o60)
[
]
[3 1 ]
(%i61) expand(charpoly(a,lambda));
2
(%o61)
lambda - 6 lambda + 8
(%i62) (programmode:true,solve(%));
(%o62)
[lambda = 4, lambda = 2]
(%i63) eigenvalues(a);
(%o63)
[[4, 2], [1, 1]]
(%i64) eigenvectors(a);
(%o64)
[[[4, 2], [1, 1]], [[[1, 1]], [[1, 3]]]]
(%i65)
11
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
12
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
13
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-200
200
400
600
800
1000
14
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
1000
800
600
400
200
-200
-400
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
15
polinmio caracterstico:
razes: razes:
sistema:
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
16
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
2000
-2000
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
17
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
-2000
-10000
-5000
5000
10000
18
polinmio caracterstico:
razes: :
sistema:
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
-6000
-6000
-4000
-2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
19
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
20
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
9e+094
8e+094
7e+094
6e+094
5e+094
4e+094
3e+094
2e+094
1e+094
0
0
1e+094
2e+094
3e+094
4e+094
5e+094
6e+094
7e+094
8e+094
9e+094
21
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
2.5e+135
2e+135
1.5e+135
1e+135
5e+134
0
0
5e+133
22
polinmio caracterstico:
razes:
sistema:
4e+095
3.5e+095
3e+095
2.5e+095
2e+095
1.5e+095
1e+095
5e+094
0
-1.8e+095-1.6e+095-1.4e+095-1.2e+095 -1e+095 -8e+094 -6e+094 -4e+094 -2e+094
2e+094
23