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Documenti di Cultura
Introduction
India with a long coast line of 8129 Kms, two million sq. kms of Exclusive
Economic Zone and 1.2 million hectars of brackish water bodies, offers vast potential
for development of fisheries. Against an estimated fishery potential of 3.9 million
tones from marine sector, only 2.6 million tones are tapped. Fishing efforts are
largely confined to the inshore waters through artisanal, traditional, mechanised
sectors. About 90% of the present production from the marine sector is from within a
depth range of up to 50 to 70 meters and remaining 10% from depths extending up
to 200 meters. While 93% of the production is contributed by artisanal, mechanised
1
Deputy Director General (Fisheries), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Anusandhan
Bhavan, Phase II, Pusa, New – 110 012 (ayyapans@yahoo.co.uk) and Head, Technology Transfer,
Evaluation and Informatics Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome
High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai – 600 028 (mahadevak@hotmail.com) respectively. The views
expressed in this paper are those of the authors only.
1
and motorised sector, the remaining 7% is contributed by deep sea fishing fleets
confining their operation mainly to the shrimp grounds in the upper East Coast.
Table 1 shows the pattern of agricultural exports from India. It can be noted
that of the total value of exports of Rs. 55716 crores in 2003-04, 11.7 % of the
exports value is from agricultural commodity exports. Among the agricultural
products exports, marine products contributed 18.7 % of the total value of
agricultural commodities exported. It is the single largest contributor to the
agricultural commodities exports kitty of India.
2
Table 1: Pattern of Selected Agricultural Commodities Exports
from India
The index numbers of the unit values and quantum of exports of food and
food articles and fish and fish preparations indicate that the rate of growth of the
index in respect of fish and fish preparations have been outstanding (Table 2)
3
Table 2: Index numbers of the unit values and quantum of exports
(Base 1978-79=100)
Food and Unit Value 226 514 451 498 524 482
food articles
Quantum 138 270 334 276 304 350
Fish and Unit Value 259 679 685 700 808 703
Fish
preparations Quantum 164 294 283 324 349 371
The index of unit values of exports of fish and fish preparations have grown
almost twice as much as food and food articles, the index of quantum of both
remaining more or less equal indicating that Indian exports of fish and fish
preparations have doubled in unit value over time. Data of gross sales of companies
in marine foods as per Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) shows to have
more than doubled during the period 1993-94 to 2000 – 2001. The Herfindahl Index
of Concentration of the CMIE sample of 148 companies indicate zero concentration
implying that the seafood industry is wide open to market forces and competition
which ensures that the market for seafood is almost perfectly competitive (CMIE
data, June 2001 and August 2003).
Till the close of 1960 the export of Indian marine products mainly consisted of
dried items like dried fish, dried shrimp, shark fins, fish maws etc. The frozen items
entered in the export basket in 1953 in negligible quantities. From 1961 the export of
dried marine products was on decline and exports of processed items were making
steady progress. With the devaluation of Indian currency in 1966 the frozen and
canned items registered a significant rise. These items continued to dominate the
trade. Markets for Indian products spread fast to developed countries from the
traditional buyers in developing countries.
4
Market Structure
Before 1960, the markets for Indian marine products were largely confined to
neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Singapore etc. This position
continued as long as exports from India were dominated by dried items. When the
frozen and canned items increasingly figured in our exports, the sophisticated
affluent markets like USA, France, Australia, Canada, Japan etc. became important
buyers. Processing units with modern machinery for freezing and canning came up
at important centres to process and pack for exports.
Over the years, the frozen seafood markets for Indian marine products have
witnessed changes. The USA was the principal buyer for our frozen shrimp for a long
time but after 1977, Japan emerged as the principal buyer for frozen shrimp followed
by the Western European countries. While Japan continued to be the single largest
buyer of our marine products accounting for 15.29% in volume and 30.56% in value
during 2001-02, USA accounted for 11.55% of volume and 23.86% of the value
during the same period. Share of USA is increasing steadily.
China is one of the leading markets for fish items like Ribbon fish, Crocker
etc. China accounted for 31.75% in volume and 10.03% in value of the total export of
marine products from India.
Export Trend
The export of marine products had grown to greater proportion as one of the
important item of India's exports. accounting for approximately 4 % of the total export
from India. Dried fish was the prominent item exported during the fifties and sixties
but in the seventies it gave way to frozen and canned products.
During eighties, the canned items slowly disappeared and frozen items
become the prominent one in India's seafood trade. Amongst the frozen items also,
there was changes in the demand from various countries. While Japan showed their
preference to headless shell on shrimp, the USA demanded peeled shrimp meat
while the European countries preferred the IQF shrimp in frozen and cooked form.
The European market also absorbed the major share of cephalopods while Japan
5
had taken a small share of it. Due to introduction of new deep sea fishing vessels
and modification of the existing trawlers to suit deep sea fishing, a large quantity of
fish become available for export. These frozen fish items had greater demand in the
South East Asian countries as well as in the Middle East (Annexure II)
In the seventies, the export was depending mainly on shrimp but due to the
export promotional measures, it become possible to diversify the products in eighties
adding Cephalopods (Cuttlefish, squid and octopus) and frozen fish (such as
Pomfret, Ribbon fish, Seer fish, Mackerel, Reef cod, Croakers, Snapper etc). While
all these items hold good prospects, live fish, chilled fresh water fish etc. are
promising items for the future.
Due to the introduction of scientific shrimp farming, the export of frozen value
added shrimp is continuing as the major foreign exchange earner among marine
products. Export of items like breaded and battered shrimp, double skinned
cuttlefish, fish burgers, sea food mix, squid fillets etc. have made its presence felt
and is expected to increase in leaps and bounds by the turn of the century.
The export mainly consists mostly of low valued fin fish varieties (35.83%)
followed by frozen Shrimp (33.83%), frozen Cephalopods (22.88%) and dried
seafood items (2.07%). The major change noticed in the export trend, is the
emergence of South East Asia who continued to be the top most importer of marine
products in terms of volume. The other individual markets which increased their
shares are Canada, Mauritius, Australia, Switzerland, Maldives, New Zealand,
Reunion, Panama, Venezuela, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Turkey and Malta.
Export of marine products has increased considerably to an all time high both
in volume and value during 2002-03 with actual export of 467297 MT valued at
Rs.6881 crore or US $ 1425 million. There is an increase in the unit value realisation
also over the previous year. The increase in unit value was 3.39%. The export
details during the last 5 years is given in Table 3.
6
Table 3: Marine Products Exports 1998- 2003
Major Items
7
The export of frozen. squid also registered a growth of 16.59% in value terms over
the previous year. However, there was a shortfall of 4.91% in volume. Live items like
live whelk (Baigai), live fish and live crab showed an increase in exports whereas the
export of live lobster, live aquarium fish and live snail recorded a shortfall during the
year. Export of chilled items has accorded a decline both in volume and value during
this year. Details of item-wise export during the last two years are available in Table
4.
Q: QUANTIY IN MT, V: IN RS. CRORE, $: US$ IN MILLION, UV$: UNIT VALUE IN US$/KG
8
Major Markets
USA emerged as the single largest market for Indian marine products during
2002-03 relegating Japan to the second position. The share of USA was 13.21% in
quantity, 29.81% in value by registering an export growth of 25.82% and 44.30% in
volume and value respectively. The share of Japan was 11.75% in volume and
22.30% in value. There was a shortfall in the export to Japan to the tune of 15.39%
and 15.70% in quantity and value terms respectively.
In spite of the antibiotics problems in the EU, the export to EU countries registered a
growth of 14.50% and 21.21% in volume and value when compared to the year
2001-02. The member countries of European Union together accounted for 20.23%
and 20.18% in the total quantity and value of Indian marine products exported. In
terms of quantity, China occupied the first position contributing 36.55% of the total
exports from India. However, China’s share in value was only 11.08%. This was
mainly due to the export of low valued items, especially finfish varieties like frozen
ribbonfish, frozen croaker, etc. There was also a remarkable increase in exports to
China in terms of quantity (by 26.75%) and value by 27.67%. The export to South
East Asia has also increased by 19.24% in value with a shortfall of 15.88% in volume
compared to last year. The export to Middle East market has increased 2.66% in
quantity, 13.08% in value and 11.29% in dollar terms. Exports to other markets like
Australia, Tunisia, South Africa, Lithuania, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Poland,
Puertorico, Ukraine, etc. showed a positive growth in volume, value and foreign
exchange realization terms. Other markets like Sri Lanka, Canada, Mauritius, etc.
had a growth in terms of value but declined in volume terms (Table 5).
9
enterprises viz. production, transportation and processing involves value addition
from labour, capital and management which significantly influences the rapid
economic development of the country. Unlike agriculture, contribution of fisheries
sector to GDP continues to grow at a rapid pace because of expansion of culture
fisheries enterprises.
APR-
COUNTRY % share MAR APR-MAR VARIATION %
to Total 2002-03 2001-02
JAPAN 11.75 Q 54916 64905 -9989 -15.39
22.30 V 1534.76 1820.69 -285.93 -15.70
22.26 $ 317.17 383.07 -65.90 -17.20
USA 13.21 Q 61703 49041 12662 25.82
29.81 V 2051.12 1421.38 629.74 44.30
29.79 $ 424.51 299.05 125.46 41.95
European 20.23 *
Union Q 94541 82572 11969 14.50
20.18 V 1388.47 1145.49 242.98 21.21
20.20 $ 287.84 241.01 46.83 19.43
CHINA 36.55 Q 170811 134767 36044 26.75
11.08 V 762.48 597.23 165.25 27.67
11.10 $ 158.23 125.66 32.57 25.92
South East 9.44
Asia Q 44097 52424 -8327 -15.88
9.33 V 642.38 538.75 103.63 19.24
9.35 $ 133.15 113.35 19.80 17.47
Middle East 4.21 Q 19668 19159 509 2.66
2.98 V 204.74 181.06 23.68 13.08
2.98 $ 42.40 38.1 4.30 11.29
4.61 *
OTHERS Q 21561 21602 -41 -0.19
4.32 V 297.36 252.45 44.91 17.79
4.32 $ 61.60 53.11 8.49 15.99
TOTAL 100.00 Q 467297 424470 42827 10.09
100.00 V 6881.31 5957.05 924.26 15.52
100.00 $ 1424.90 1253.35 171.55 13.69
10
Performance of the fisheries sector has been quite consistent. Fish production
was 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51. It rose to 2.34 million tonnes during 1979-80 and
then to 3.68 million and 5.26 million tonnes in 1989-90 and 1998-99 respectively. In
terms of growth, production rose by 4.78 per cent in 1979-80 to 1989-90 and by 4.70
during 1989-90 to 1998-99 (Table 6)
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Requirements, growth and projections
Table 7: Target growth rate in value of output of agriculture during the Tenth
Plan and XI Plan ( Per cent)
The targeted rate of growth of value of output of the fishery sector has been
pegged at 7 per cent in both the X and the XI plans, comparable to the targets for the
12
livestock sector indicating the growing confidence of the country in the fisheries
sector.
But, during the Ninth Plan period, Rs. 800 crore had been earmarked for the
fisheries sector. Against the outlay of Rs. 119.15 crore for 1997-98 and Rs. 159.90
crores for 1998-99, expenditures was only Rs. 85.06 crore (71.4 per cent) and Rs.
91.42 crore (57.2 per cent) respectively (Planning Commission, 2002).
The state wise projected outlay for the fisheries sector in the Tenth Five Year
Plan 2002 – 2007 is given in Table 8. Andhra Pradesh has made more than 50 per
cent of its outlay on agriculture to fisheries. West Bengal (20%) and Kerala (16 %)
are the only other two states that have more than 15-20 per cent of their outlay on
agriculture directed towards fisheries. The projected outlays do not seem to have
been made based on the inherent potential of at least the maritime states and
reallocation of outlays in tune with the requirement and potential of the sector can be
hoped for.
13
Table 8: Projected Outlay for Fisheries Sector – States / UT’s (2002-2007) (Rs.
Lakhs) X Five Year Plan
States / UT’s Agriculture and allied Fisheries Fisheries %of Agriculture &
activities a/a
Andhra 2333.21 1270.00 54.43
Pradesh
Arunachal 51531.00 2394.00 4.65
Pradesh
Assam 66498.00 6829.00 10.27
Bihar 53611.00 1895.00 3.53
Chattisgarh 86097.00 1884.00 2.19
Goa 15834.00 780.00 4.93
Gujarat 354871.00 6639.00 1.87
Haryana 46953.00 3720.00 7.92
Himachal 120169.00 1554.00 1.29
Pradesh
Jammu & 150780.00 4537.00 3.01
Kashmir
Jahrkhand 82485.00 2075.00 2.52
Karnataka 234694.00 6765.00 2.88
Kerala 112500.00 17500.00 15.56
Madhya 158152.00 2989.00 1.89
Pradesh
Maharashtra 424862.00 7020.00 1.65
Manipur 11386.00 1375.00 12.08
Meghalaya 29960.00 700.00 2.34
Mizoram 16198.00 607.00 3.75
Nagaland 25550.00 950.00 3.72
Orissa 116520.00 3445.00 2.96
Punjab 63541.00 694.00 1.09
Rajasthan 164948.00 302.00 0.18
Sikkim 17499.00 200.00 1.14
Tamil Nadu 393205.00 20400.00 5.19
Tripura 45000.00 2603.00 5.78
Uttar Pradesh 514240.00 5000.00 0.97
Uttaranchal 69492.00 367.00 0.53
West Bengal 91463.00 17560.00 19.20
Total States 675195.00 22927.00 3.40
A&N Islands 177777.00 2725.00 1.53
Chandigarh 2032.50 100.00 4.92
D&N Haveli 2783.50 0.00 0.00
Daman & Diu 923.45 223.00 24.15
Delhi 13745.00 50.00 0.36
Lakshadweep 10683.60 5989.26 56.06
Pondicherry 19580.00 1280.00 6.54
Total (UT’s) 67525.05 10367.26 15.35
Total States 3818885.05 132421.26 3.47
& UT’s
% to total 6.46 0.22
outlay
Source: Planning Commission (2002)
14
Table 9 gives the projected production and per capita consumption of
selected agricultural commodities. The figures have been worked out on the basis of
the expected population growth rate in per-capita consumption expenditure and the
elasticity of demand with respect to per capita consumption expenditure.
Food grain consumption is likely to increase from 188.50 Kgs / per capita in
1996-97 to 223.35 Kgs/ per capita in 2011-12. In order to meet this demand, the
production of foodgrain is projected to increase from 199.32 million tonnes in 1996-
97 to 337.3 million tonnes in 2011-12. Fish consumption is likely to rise from 5.05
Kgs./ per capita in 1996-97 to 9.30 Kgs./ per capita in 2011-12. (Planning
Commission, 1999).
India’s rural credit system is unique in its reach and diversity. The thrust of
National Bank’s (NABARD) rural development programmes has been to make a
frontal attack on poverty through their credit and development functions. NABARD’s
refinance to credit institutions rose from 703 crore 1n 1982-83 to Rs. 6683 crore in
15
2001-02. Table 10 gives the disbursement of refinance to the fisheries sector
including aquaculture.
Refinance to the fisheries sector needs to play a greater role In financing the
fisheries sector. But a portion of the non- farm sector refinance is also a part of the
overall assistance to the fisheries sector. The figures in Table 10 does not reflect this
information. Moreover the ground level credit (GLC) reflects the actual credit made
available to the fisheries sector (Table 6).
Table 11: Ground Level Credit and Refinance Disbursed to the Fisheries Sector
(Rs. Cr.)
Type Years
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
Ground Level credit (GLC) 338.00 443.00 508.00
Refinance Disbursed 32.58 29.69 26.84
Per cent of GLC 9.64 6.70 5.28
Source: O/O. General Manager (Fisheries), NABARD, Chennai –34
The refinance component of the GLC to the fisheries sector has been
declining in the recent years. The GLC, which reflects the actual funds made
available to the sector both in terms of refinance through the NABARD and through
commercial banks has been increasing. The NABARD is taking a positive and
proactive role in financing the fisheries and aquaculture by way of co-financing with
commercial banks and also extending direct credit to entrepreneurs.
16
Long Term Management Targets: Deep Sea Fishing
In 1986 Government of India revised its Deep Sea Fishing Policy giving more
stress to joint ventures in deep sea fishing. In 1991 Government of India further
modified the deep fishing policy encouraging long lease of fishing vessels and
permitting test fishing as prelude to joint venture. Subsequent to the recent economic
liberalisation conditions for foreign equity permitted in the case of a deep sea fishing
policy are as
Aquaculture
• Micro and macro level survey to identify suitable sites for farming
• Preparation of site specific project reports
• Technical advice on various aspects of farming.
• Training farmers/entrepreneurs in farming
• Arrange visit of farmers from one state to other state for learning different
aspects of farming.
17
• Conduct workshop/seminar/symposium/farmers meets for the benefit of
farmers/entrepreneurs.
• Promote ecofriendly aquaculture
Regulatory Tools
Constituted under Section 3 (3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the
Aquaculture Authority is mandated to protect the ecologically fragile coastal areas,
sea shore, water front and other areas through regulation of shrimp culture in coastal
States and Union Territories of India. The Authority promotes development of
sustainable and responsible shrimp farming practices within and outside the Coastal
Regulation Zone.
III. To ensure and give approval to the farmers who are operating traditional and
improved traditional systems of aquaculture for adopting improved technology
for increased production
IV. To ensure that the agricultural lands, salt pan lands, mangroves, wet lands,
forest lands, land for village common purposes and the land meant for public
purposes shall not be used (or) converted for construction of shrimp culture
ponds.
18
the Supreme Court Order dated 11 December 1996 passed in Writ Petition
(Civil) No 561 of 1994.
VI. To regulate and give the necessary approvals/ authorisation for shrimp
activities outside Coastal Regulation Zone areas and 1000 m from the Pulicat
lake and Chilka lake.
IX. To comply with the relevant orders issued by the concerned High Courts and
Supreme Court from time to time.
X. To deal with any other relevant environment issues pertaining to coastal areas
with respect to shrimp culture farming, including those which may be referred
to it by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
For discharging the above functions, the Aquaculture Authority has constituted
State Level Committees (SLCs) and District Level Committees (DLCs) under the
chairpersonship of Secretary-in-Charge of Fisheries and the District Collector/
Deputy Commissioner respectively. The applications submitted by the shrimp
farmers are received by the DLCs and after scrutiny and verification of the
information and field level inspections, wherever necessary, are forwarded to the
SLCs for consideration. The applications after recommendation of the SLC are
forwarded to the Aquaculture Authority for consideration for issue of approvals.
Quality & Food Safety is the foundation of any food processing industry. In the
sea food industry, quality control is a very vital element as quality of the products
processed is highly heterogeneous and perishable in nature, particularly under
tropical conditions. Realizing this, the industry has adopted modern methods of
handling, processing besides adequate quality control measures to improve the
quality of sea food.
19
To cope up with the increasing demand for safe food and to satisfy the needs
of health / quality conscious consumers of the global seafood market, the
government has identified the following thrust areas for development / improvement
and implement programmes as under:
Evolving standards for compliance for export of fish and fishery products to
various developed countries based on standards / norms / regulations
prescribed by such countries.
Salient features of some of the standards now being implemented in India are
given below:
20
• Assisting the seafood establishments in the preparation of HACCP
manual, certification of such manuals, certification of HACCP compliance
etc. So far, 26 processing establishments in India are issued with HACCP
compliance certificate by MPEDA.
• Inviting Consultants from US FDA, NMFS, FAO / INFOFISH etc. from time
to time which facilitates in updating knowledge on HACCP and strengthen
the technical base of MPEDA and the industry.
Besides, ICAR fisheries institutes and the MPEDA lab at Cochin has facilities
to test seafood samples for heavy metals, pesticides and antibiotic residues using
advanced technology. These institutions also serve as a member in the Export
Inspection Council of India, Bureau of Indian Standards and National Committee of
Codex Alimentarius.
Several importing countries are stipulating stringent quality control for marine
products. Introduction of the concept of HACCP by USFDA, ISO 9000 and European
Community directive (EC 91/493) demand very high hygienic standards in the
production and processing facilities. Modernisation of processing facilities to meet
international standards is of primary importance for the industry in the coming years.
21
Table 12: State-wise summary of the list of approved Units to EU (2002)
PP Processing Plant
ZV Freezer Vessel
With this aim and objective, the Government of India through the MPEDA has
drawn up various market promotion programmes for projecting our resource
potential, product diversification, quality assurance and liberal incentives for
investments and joint ventures. These include:
22
Quality Control
MPEDA ensures the highest standards for seafood's exported from India. It
works in close association with Export Inspection Council of India and the Fisheries
Institutes of the ICAR and other Indian and International quality control
organizations.
Conclusions
The Union Budget 2004 speaks of water bodies restoration and enhancement
of agricultural credit through specific programs aimed at agricultural development. A
concerted effort to understand fisheries and its nuances to make the best of the
comparative advantage that we have in this sector would go a long way to assimilate
the blue revolution in its entirety. Not only in respect of exports but the scope of he
fisheries sector as a provider of employment and income is to be realized in full
measure. Non governmental agencies like the Dr. M.S.Swaminathan Foundation, the
Aquaculture Foundation of India, and the inter-governmental body, the Bay of Bengal
Program have been in the forefront to exploit the scope of fisheries as a provider of
income and employment. Sufficient attention need to given to sustainability of
aquaculture operations by adoption of proper management practices. The scope of
diversification of enterprises within the gamut of aquaculture operations is available
in the literature generated by fisheries research institutes and fisheries colleges
located in the country. This literature needs to be studied and intensive efforts made
to suggest economically viable and socially accepted technologies developed, reach
the masses. The role of the fisheries sector need to be highlighted in order to build
awareness among the population to enhance increased participation and create
social cohesiveness for the development of the sector.
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Agricultural economics research has not paid sufficient attention to the
fisheries and aquaculture component that is an integral part of its whole. Dynamics
of fisheries and aquaculture economics research demand that in order to get the
best out of the policy efforts of the government, the output from this group need to
enhanced quantitatively and qualitatively.
24
Annexure I
Estimated group wise fishery potential of the Indian EEZ
25
Annexure II
(ii) Licence under EXIM policy not required for import of 125 species/groups
of fish, crustaceans, molluscus and other aquatic invertiberates covered
under FREE policy in Chapter 3 of ITC (HS) classification of Export
&Import items under the EXIM policy.
(iii) Import of five groups of live fish permitted under Restricted Policy (EXIM
Code 0301)
(iv) Import of Whale Shark (Rhincodon types) and parts and products of the
species is restricted.
2. Promotional measures
(i) Advance license for duty free import of inputs for export production.
(ii) Duty free import of raw material for jobbing for export/re export.
26
5% Customs duty linked to fulfilment of export obligation in 8 to12 years
under EPCG Scheme.
4. EOU/EPZ/SEZ
27
ANNEXURE III : AQUACULTURE SECTION-SUBSIDY ASSISTANCE SCHEMES
(as on 01.09.02) GIVEN BY MPEDA
28
References:
4. Planning Commission (2002), Tenth Five Year Plan, 2002-2007, Vol II,
Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
5. Planning Commission (2002), Tenth Five Year Plan, 2002-2007, Vol III,
Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
6. www.fao.org
7. www.aquaculture.tn.nic.in
8. www.mpeda.com
9. www.thehindubusinessline.com
10. www.indiaimage.nic.in
11. www.dahd.nic.in/stat.htm
12. www.indiabudget.nic.in/es2003-04/tables.htm
13. www.agricoop.nic.in/stats.htm
14. www.enaca.org
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