Design of Concrete

General - RC design
Topics: Section properties of reinforcing bars Type of cements Elastic modulus of concrete Modulus of rapture Design load combinations from ASCE 7-98 Design load combinatons from ASCE 7-05 Strength reduction factor, , ACI 318-05
Section properties of reinforcing bars Bar No. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 18 Nominal diameter in 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.27 1.541 1.693 2.257 mm 9.52 12.7 15.88 19.05 22.22 25.4 28.65 32.26 35.81 43.00 57.33 Cross Section in 0.11 0.2 0.31 0.44 0.6 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 mm 71 129 200 284 387 510 645 819 1006 1452 2581 Perimeter in 1.178 1.571 1.963 2.356 2.749 3.142 3.544 3.990 4.43 5.32 7.09 mm 29.9 39.9 49.9 59.8 69.8 79.8 90.0 101.4 112.5 135.1 180.1 Normal weight in 0.376 0.668 1.043 1.502 2.044 2.67 3.4 4.303 5.313 7.65 13.6 mm 0.56 0.994 1.552 2.235 3.042 3.973 5.06 6.404 7.907 11.38 20.24
Type of cements Type I II III IV V Name Normal Moderate High early strength Low-heat Sulfate-resisting Description General purpose Moderate sulfate and heat resistance Fast strength development Generate low-heat during hydration High sulfate resistance
Elastic modulus of concrete The elastic modulus of concrete, Ec (lb/in2) is (ACI 318-05 Sec 8.5) Ec = wc
1.5
(33) fc
lb/in
source: www.CE-Ref.com
www.budhicivileng.blogspot.com
Ec = wc
1.5
(0.043) fc
MPa
where wc is unit weight of concrete between 90 to 155 lb/ft3. fc is compression strength of concrete in lb/in2. For normal weight concrete Ec = 57000 fc
Modulus of rapture fr = 7.5 fc fr = 0.62 fc Concrete strength psi 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 MPa 20.7 24.1 27.6 31.0 34.5 37.9 41.4 44.8 48.3 51.7 55.2 Elastic modulus ksi 3156 3409 3644 3865 4074 4273 4463 4645 4821 4990 5154 MPa 21759 23503 25126 26650 28091 29462 30772 32029 33238 34405 35533 lb/in . MPa Modulus or rapture psi 411 444 474 503 530 556 581 605 627 650 671 MPa 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6
2
Design load combinations from ASCE 7-98 Load combination or strength design (ASCE 7-98, sec, 2.3.2) 1. 1.4(D+H) 2. 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R) 3. 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(0.5L or 0.8W) 4. 1.2D+1.6W+0.5L+0.5(Lr or S or R) 5. 1.2D+1.0E+0.5L+0.5(Lr or S or R) 6. 0.9D+1.6W+1.6H 7. 0.9D+1.0E+1.6H Load combination for allowable stress design (ASCE 7-98, Sec. 2.4.1) 1. D 2. D+L+F+H+T+(Lr or S or R) 3. D+(W or 0.7E)+L+(Lr or S or R) 4. 0.6D+W+H 5. 0.6D+0.7E+H
Where D is dead load, L is live load, Lr is roof live load, W is wind load, E is earthquake load, F is fluid pressure, R is rain load, S is snow load, T is temperature force.
Note: A 75% load reduction is allowed on two or more loads plus dead load for allowable stress design on load combination 2 to 5. For example, load combination can be D+0.75(W+L).
Design load combinations from ACI 318-05 Load combination or strength design (Sec 9-2) 1. 1.4(D+F) 2. 1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or S or R) 3. 1.2D+1.6(Lr or S or R)+(1.0L or 0.8W) 4. 1.2D+1.6W +1.0L +0.5(Lr or S or R) 5. 1.2D+1.0E +1.0L +0.2S 6. 0.9D+1.6W +1.6H 7. 0.9D+1.0E +1.6H
*** ** *** * ** * *
(9-1) (9-2) (9-3) (9-4) (9-5) (9-6) (9-7)
*1.0L can be reduced to 0.5L except garages, public assembly and area that has 100 lb/ft2 of live load. **1.6W can be reduced to 1.3W when wind load W is not reduced by directional factor (See ASCE 7-02 wind calculation) *** Where seismic load, E is calculated based on service load, 1.4E shall be used instead of 1.0E. Strength reduction factor, , ACI 318-05 1. Tension-controlled sections, 0.9 (Sec. 9.3.2.1) 2. Compression-controlled sections (Sec. 9.3.2.2) (a) Column with spiral reinforcement, 0.7 (b) Tie columns, 0.65. 3. is permitted to vary from 0.65 to 0.9 when the net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength varies from compressive control strain to 0.005. 4. Shear and torsion, 0.75 (Sec. 9.3.2.3) 5. Bearing on concrete, 0.65 (Sec. 9.3.2.4)
Reinforced concrete beam design

Beam stresses under loads Moment and shear diagram of a beam under dead and live loads are shown below.
Failure modes and reinforcements 1. Concrete is assumed to resist compression only, tension shall be resisted by reinforcements. Reinforcements shall be placed at the side of the beam that has tension. For a simply supported beam, tension is at the bottom of beam. For a cantilever end, tension is at the top of the beam. 2. Shear is at its maximum at edge of supports. Diagonal shear cracks is normally developed close to the support. Stirrup for shear reinforcement is normally placed vertically to intercept the crack. They are normally closer spaced near the support and gradually spread out toward center of the beam.
Ultimate Strength design of flexural reinforcements Reinforcement calculation Design assumption: 1. Strain distribute linearly across the section. 2. Concrete resists only compressive stresses. Therefore, the stress distribution across the section of the beam is as shown below.
At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of concrete fc. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation purpose, a stress block of 0.85fc spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total compressive stress in a rectangular beam is C = 0.85fcab Where b is the width of the beam.
At ultimate stress situation, the concrete at top portion is subjected to compression. The compressive stresses distribute uniformly over a depth a. The resultant of compressive stress, C is located at a distance, a/2, from the top surface. Tensile force is taken by rebars at an effective distance, d, from the top surface. By equilibrium, the tensile force is equal to the compression resultant, T = Asfy = C = 0.85fc ab where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore, The depth of stress block, a = Asfy/(0.85fc b), or a = Asfyd/(0.85fc bd), Let the reinforcement ratio, = As/bd, then a = fyd/0.85fc Let m = fy/0.85fc , then, a = dm..The nominal moment strength of the section, Mn = C (d-a/2) = 0.85fc ab(d-a/2) Then, The nominal moment strength of the section, Mn = Asfy (d-a/2) = Asfy (d-dm/2) = Asfy d- Asfy dm/2 ACI code requires that the factored moment, Mu Mn Where, = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let Mu = Mn , We have Mu = (Asfy d- Asfy dm/2) Divide both side by bd2, we have Mu/bd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy m/2) = fy - fy 2m/2) Let Rn = Mu/bd2, and we cab rewrite the equation as 2(m/2) - - Rn/fy = 0 Solving the equation, the reinforcement ratio, = (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2 The area of reinforcement is As = bd Ductile and brittle failures, Balance condition, Maximum and minimum reinforcement ratio There are two situations when a reinforced concrete beam fails due to bending. One is when the reinforcing steel reaches its yield stress, fy. The other is when the concrete reach it maximum compressive stress, fc. When a reinforced concrete beam fails in yielding of steel, the failure is ductile because the steel can stretch
for a long period of time before it actually breaks. When it fails in concrete, the failure is brittle because concrete breaks when it reach maximum strain. When concrete reaches its maximum strain at the same time as the steel reach is yielding stress, it is called a balance condition. Using a maximum strain, 0.003 of concrete and assume a linear distribution of strain across beam section, one can determine the reinforcement ratio at balanced condition. The reinforcement ratio based on ACI code is b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [87000/(87000+fy)] b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [600/(600+fy)] [fc and fy are in psi (lb/in )] [fc and fy are in MPa (MN/m2)]
2
Where 1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of fc in excess of 4000 psi. To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to 0.75b. On the other hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete reach its tensile strength. It needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure mode. The minimum reinforcement ratio in ACI code is min = 200/fy (psi).
Design examples Situation: A simply supported reinforced concrete beam is supporting uniform dead and live loads Design data: Dead load: 1500 lb/ft Live load: 800 lb/ft Length of beam: 20 ft Width of beam: 16 in Depth of beam: 24 in Minimum concrete cover: 1.5 in Diameter of stirrup, 0.5 in Compressive strength of concrete: 4000 psi Yeild strength of steel: 60000 psi Requirement: Design flexural reinforcement for bending Solution: 1. Calculate factored moment: Weight of beam: WB = 150 lb/ft x 1.33 ft x 2 ft = 400 lb/ft Factored load: Wu = 1.4(400+1500)+1.7(800) = 4020 lb/ft Factored moment: Mu = (4020)(202)/8 = 201000 ft-lb Assume the main reinforcement bar is 1" in diameter (#8 bar) Effective depth: d:24-1.5-0.5-0.5 = 21.5 in Factor: Rn = (201000)(12)/[(0.9)(16)(21.52)]=362.4 psi, m = 60000/[(0.85)(4000)]=17.65 Reinforcement ratio = (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2)=0.0064 Minimum reinforcemnet ratio: min = 200/fy=0.0033 Maximum reinforcement ratio; min = (0.75)(0.85fc/fy) 1 [87000/(87000+fy)]=0.021 Required reinforcement, As = bd = 2.2 in2. Use 4#8 bar area of reinforcement is 0.79 in2x4 = 2.37 in2.
Shear Reinforcement Shear strength of concrete The direct shear shrength according to ACI is vc =0.85[1.9fc+2500(Vud/Mu)] 0.85(3.5fc) where ( 0.002) is reinforcement ratio, Vu is factored shear stress, Mu is factored moment at the critical section. Or vc =0.85(2fc) ACI code requirements for shear reinforcement 1. When shear stress, vu vc ,no shear reinforcement is required. 2. When vc < vu vc, use minimum reinforcement Av = 50 bw s /fy Where s is spacing of web reinforcement, fy is yield strength of steel, Av is cross section area of web reinforcement, bw is width of beam web. 3. When vc < vu , use vu (vc + vs), where vs is shear strength provided by shear reinforcement. Stirrup reinforcements The shear force that is resisted by shear reinforcements is Vs = (Vu - Vc). Normally, stirrup is spaced vertically at a spacing, s, for shear reinforcement. Within an effective depth d, the shear strength provided by Avfyd/s, where Av is area of stirrup, fy is yield strength of reinforcing steel. The shear strength multiply by a reduction factor, , needs to be larger than Vs. Therefore, Vs = (Avfyd/s). The spacing of stirrup is calculated as s = (Avfyd)/Vs ACI code requirements for placing stirrup are as follows. 1. When vc < vu vc, max s = d/2 24 in. 2. When vc < vs 4fc, max s = d/2 24 in. 3. When vc < vs 8fc, max s = d/4 12 in.
Design example Situation: Design shear reinforcement for the beam in the previous example Support column size: 12x12 Solution: 1. Calculate factored shear: Clear distance between support, Ln = 19 ft Factor shear Vu = WuLn/2 = 38.2 kips Shear strength of concrete: Vc = 0.85(24000) d b = 37 kips 1/2Vc = 18.5 kips The length that required no shear reinforcement is L1 = (Ln /2)(18.5/38.2) = 4.6 ft Distance from center of beam that required minimum reinforcment is L2 = (Ln/2)( Vc /Vu) = 9.2 ft close to Ln/2 = 9.5 ft Use #3 stirrup the area of stirrup, area of steel: Av = 2(0.11 in2) = 0.22 in2. Maximum spacing, s = (0.22 in2)(60000 psi) /[(50 psi)(16 in)] = 16.5 in Maximum spacing d/2 = 10.75 in (Govern) Use 6 stirrups at 10.75 inch spacing, with first stirrup at 5". Total length cover by stirrups is Ls = (5)(10.75 in)+5 in = 4.9 ft O.K.
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Design of reinforced concrete columns

Type of columns
Failure of reinforced concrete columns Short column Long column Column fails in concrete crushed and bursting. Outward pressure break horizontal ties and bend vertical reinforcements Column fails in lateral buckling.
See test picture from web-site below part-3.html
See picture from web-site below struct-walls.htm
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Short column or Long column? ACI definition For frame braced against side sway: Long column if klu/r > 34-12(M1/M2) or 40 For Frame not braced against side sway: Long column if klu/r > 22
Where k is slenderness factor, lu is unsupported length, and r is radius of gyration. M1 and M2 are the smaller and larger end moments. The value, (M1/M2) is positive if the member is bent in single curve, negative if the member is bent in double curve. Determine the slenderness factor, k The slender factor, k should be determined graphically from the Jackson and Moreland Alignment charts. (Charts will be added later) where ( =cc/lc) of column / (bb/lb) of beam, is the ratio of effective length factors. Ec and Ec are younger modulus of column and beams. lc and lc are unbraced length of column and beams. The cracked moment of inertia, c is taken as 0.7 times gross moment of column and b is taken as 0.35 times gross moment of inertia of beam. Alternatively, k can be calculated as follows: 1. For braced frame with no sway, k can be taken as the smaller value of the two equations below. k = 0.7 + 0.05 (A+B) ,1 k = 0.8 + 0.05 (min) 1 A and B are the at both ends, min is the smaller of the two values. 2. For unbraced frame with restrains at both ends, For m < 2 k = [(20- m)/20] (1+m) For m 2 k = 0.9 (1+min) m is the average of the two values. 2. For unbraced frame with restrain at one end, hinge at the other. k = 2.0 + 0.3 is the effective length factor at the restrained end.
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Example: Beam information: Beam size: b = 18 in, h = 24 in Beam unsupported length: lb = 30 ft Concrete strength: 4000 psi Young's modulus, Eb = 57 0004 5063 = ksi Moment of inertia of beam: Ib = 0.35bh3/12 = 7258 in4. Column information: Square Column: D = 18 in, unsupported length lc =10 ft Concrete strength: 5000 psi Young's modulus: Ec = 57 0005 0304 = ksi moment of inertia of column: Ic = 0.7D4/12 = 6124 in4. Column top condition: There are beams at both sides of column at top of column, no column stop above the beams The effective length factor: ( =cc/lc) /[2 (bb/lb)] = 1.4 Column bottom condition: There are beams at both sides of column at bottom of column and a column at bottom level The effective length factor: ( 2[ =cc/lc)] / [2 (bb/lb)] = 2.8 From chart: If the column is braced: k 0.84 If the column is unbraced: k 1.61 From equation If the column is braced: k = 0.7 + 0.05 (A+B) = 19.0 k = 0.8 + 0.05 (min) = 29.0 If the column is unbraced: m = (A+B)/2 = 2.12 k = 0.9 (1+min) = 1.6 Design of reinforced concrete columns Short column 1. Column shall be designed to resist factored axial compressive load and factored moments. 2. Column strength shall be determined based on strain compatibility analysis. Long column: 1. Column shall be designed to resist factored axial compressive load. Factored moment shall be magnified with magnification factors. 2. Column strength shall be determined based on strain compatibility analysis.
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Column ties and spiral ACI code requirements for column ties 1. No. 3 ties for longitudinal reinforcement no. 10 bars or less, no. 4 ties for no. 11 bars or larger and bundled bars. 2. Tie spacing shall not exceed 16 diameter of longitudinal bars, 48 diameters of tie bars, nor the least dimension of column. 3. Every corner bar and alternate bars shall have lateral tie provide the angle shall not exceed 135 degree. 4. No longitudinal bar shall be spacing more than 6 inches without a lateral tie.
ACI code requirements for spiral 1. Sprial shall be evenly space continuous bar or wire, no. 3 or larger. 2. Sprial spacing shall not exceeds 3 in, nor be less than 1 in. 3. Anchorage of spiral shall be provided by 1-1/2 extra turn.
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One way slab design
Aspect Ratio: B > 2 L Placement of Dead and Loads: Live load shall be placed at such that it produces maximum positive and negative moments in slabs: Load case 1: Dead load and live load Load case 2: Dead load + skip live load 1. Loca case 3: Dead load + skip live load 2.
Reinforcement layout: Reinforcement shall be placed at where tensile stress exist.
Load factors and combination One way slab is normally designed for gravity load only. The design load combinations are as follows ACI 318-99 U = 1.4D U = 1.4D+1.7L ACI 318 02 & 05 U = 1.2D U = 1.2D+1.6L where U is factored loads, D is dead load, and L is live load
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ACI design factors for calculating shear and moment in slab Limitation 1. There are two or more spans. 2. Spans are approximately equal. The two adjacent spans shall not be more than 20 percent difference in length. 3. Load distributes uniformly. 4. Live load shall not exceed three times of dead load. 5. Members are prismatic. Factored Moments: Three or more spans
Positive moment: Interior span: Mu = Wu ln2/16 End span (discontinuous end unrestrained): Mu = Wu ln2/11 End span (discontinuous integral with support): Mu = Wu ln2/14 Negative moments: Negative moments at exterior face of first interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/10 Negative moments at other face of first interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/11 Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by spandrel beam: Mu = Wu ln2/24 Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by column: Mu = Wu ln2/16
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Two spans Positive moment: End span (discontinuous end unrestrained): Mu = Wu ln2/11 End span (discontinuous integral with support): Mu = Wu ln2/14 Negative moments: Negative moments at exterior face of interior support: Mu = Wu ln2/9 Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by spandrel beam: Mu = Wu ln2/24 Negative moments at interior face of exterior support by column: Mu = Wu ln2/16
Slabs with span not exceeding 10 ft Negative moments at face of support: Mu = Wu ln2/12 Factored Shear: Shear in end members at face of first interior support: Vu = 1.15 Wu ln/2 Shear at all face of all other support: Vu = Wu ln/2
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Slab reinforcement design
Strength Design of Flexural reinforcement Design assumption: Strain distribute linearly across the section. Concrete resists only compressive stresses. Therefore, the stress distribution across the section of the beam is as shown below.
At an ultimate strain of 0.003, the stress at extreme fiber of the beam reaches ultimate strength of concrete fc. The distribution of the compressive stresses is a complex curve. For calculation purpose, a stress block of 0.85fc spread over a depth, a, is used. Therefore, the total compressive stress in a rectangular beam is C = 0.85fcab Where b is the width of the beam.
At ultimate stress situation, the concrete at top portion is subjected to compression. The compressive stresses distribute uniformly over a depth a. The resultant of compressive stress, C is located at a distance, a/2, from the top surface. Tensile force is taken by rebars at an effective distance, d, from the top surface. By equilibrium, the tensile force is equal to the compression resultant, T = Asfy = C = 0.85fc ab where fy is the yield strength of reinforcing steel and As is the area of steel. Therefore, The depth of stress block, a = Asfy/(0.85fc b), or a = Asfyd/(0.85fc bd), Let the reinforcement ratio, = As/bd, then
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a = fyd/0.85fc Let m = fy/0.85fc , then, a = d m The nominal moment strength of the section, Mn = C (d-a/2) = 0.85fc ab(d-a/2) Then, The nominal moment strength of the section, Mn = Asfy (d-a/2) = Asfy (d-dm/2) = Asfy d- Asfy dm/2 ACI code requires that the factored moment, Mu Mn Where, = 0.9, is the strength reduction factor for beam design. Let Mu = Mn , We have Mu = (Asfy d- Asfy dm/2) Divide both side by bd , we have Mu/bd = (As/bd)fy -(As/bd) fy m/2) = fy - fy m/2)
2 2
Let Rn = Mu/bd2, and we cab rewrite the equation as 2(m/2) - - Rn/fy = 0 Solving the equation, the reinforcement ratio, = (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2 The area of reinforcement is As = b d Ductile and brittle failures, Balance condition, Maximum and minimum reinforcement ratio There are two situations when a reinforced concrete beam fails due to bending. One is when the reinforcing steel reaches its yield stress, fy. The other is when the concrete reach it maximum compressive stress, fc. When a reinforced concrete beam fails in yielding of steel, the failure is ductile because the steel can stretch for a long period of time before it actually breaks. When it fails in concrete, the failure is brittle because concrete breaks when it reach maximum strain. When concrete reaches its maximum strain at the same time as the steel reach is yielding stress, it is called a balance condition. Using a maximum strain, 0.003 of concrete and assume a linear distribution of strain across beam section, one can determine the reinforcement ratio at balanced condition. The reinforcement ratio based on ACI code is b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [87000/(87000+fy)] b = (0.85fc/fy) 1 [600/(600+fy)] [fc and fy are in psi (lb/in )] [fc and fy are in MPa (MN/m2)]
2
Where 1 = 0.85 for 4000 psi (30 Mpa) concrete, and reduce 0.05 for each 1000 psi of fc in excess of 4000 psi. To ensure a ductile failure of beam, ACI code limits the maximum reinforcement ratio to 0.75b. On the other hand, when the amount of steel is too small, the beam will fail when concrete reach its tensile strength. It needs to have a minimum amount of steel to ensure a ductile failure mode. The minimum reinforcement ratio in ACI code is min = 200/fy (psi).
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Minimum flexural reinforcement and maximum spacing: Minimum flexural reinforcement in slab shall be the same as minimum temperature reinforcement: (ACI 31805 Sec. 10.5.4) Maximum spacing shall not exceed 3 time of slab thickness or 18 inches.
Temperature reinforcement: Minimum reinforcement ratio (reinforcment area/ gross area): Slab with grade 40 or 50 deformed bars: 0.002 Slab with grade 60 deformbars or welded wire reinforcement: 0.0018 Slab with reinforcement with yield stress, fy, exceeds 60,000 psi measured at a yield strain of 0.35%: 0.0018x60,000/fy. Corner reinforcement: Although the major reinforcement in one way slab span is in the short direction, yet at the corner, the moment is actual supported by beams at both directions. If the slab is supported in the short direction only, the slab may crack in the long direction until the reinforcement in the short direction pick up the strength. The corner reinforcement can be arrange in two way as shown below.
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Slab thickness and deflection 1. Minimum thickness for solid one-way slabs unless deflections are calculated for slab not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be deamaged by large deflection. (ACI 318-05 Table 9.5a) Simple supported L/20 One end continuous L/24 Both ends continuous L/28 Cantilever L/10
2. Deflection limitation (ACI 318-05 Table 9.5b) Flat roof Not supporting non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection Not supporting non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection Supporting non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection) Supporting non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflection) Live load deflection L/180
Floor
Live load deflection Long term deflection + live load deflection Long term deflection + live load deflection
L/360
Roof or floor
L/480
Roof or floor
L/240
3. Modulus of Elasticity and moment of inertia The elastic modulus of concrete, Ec (lb/in2) is (ACI 318-05 Sec 8.5) Ec = wc Ec = wc
1.5
(33) fc (0.043) fc
lb/in
1.5
MPa
where wc is unit weight of concrete between 90 to 155 lb/ft3. fc is compression strength of concrete in lb/in2. For normal weight concrete Ec = 57000 fc
4. Moment of inertia The deflection shall be calculated using effectivemoment of intertia, Ieinstead of gross moment of inertia,Ig. Ie=(Mcr/Ma)3Ig+[1-(Mcr/Ma)3] Icr where Icr is moment of inertia of crack section,Mais apply moment, and the cracking moment (in-lbs) Mcr= frIg/yt and the modulus of rapture, fr = 7.5 fc negative momentsections. For prismatic members, Iecan be taken atmid-span for simple and continuous spans, and at support forcontilevers. (lb/in ), yt is the distance from neutral axis to top of slab
2
For continuous member, Iecan be taken asthe average value of calculated from critical positive and
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For light weight concrete, if slitting tensilestrength, fctis specified, use fct/6.7 to substitutefc greater thanfc
but not
. If fct is not specified, fcr shall be multiplied by0.75 for all light weight concrete, 0.85
for sand light weightconcrete.
Design check list 1. Aspect ratio: B/L 2 2. Location and length of reinforcement 3. Flexural and Temperature reinforcement 4. Slab deflection ratio within the limit
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One way slab design example Example 1: Design of interior three span slab as shown below Design code: ACI 318-05 Design data: Number of span: 3 Length of spans: L1 = 20 ft, L2 = 24 ft, L3 = 20 ft Thickness of slab: 6 in Live load: WL = 50 psf Superimposed dead load: WSD = 10 psf Concrete compressive strength: fc' = 4000 psi Yield strength of steel: fy = 60 ksi Requirement: design slab reinforcement use ACI factors and check deflection
1. Check if two adjacent spans differ more than 20%. L2/L1 = 120%, L2/L3 = 120 % O.K.
Weight of slab: Ws = 75 psf Total dead load: WD = 75 + 10 = 85 psf Live load to dead load ratio: WL/WD = 0.6 < 3 O.K. Calculate slab moments using ACI factors: Assume 1 ft width of slab for calculation, b = 1 ft Factored load: Wu = (1.2*85+1.6*50) * 1 = 182 lb/ft Positive moment: Exterior span: Mu1 = 182*202 / 14 /1000 = 5.2 ft-kip Interior span: Mu2 = 182*242 / 16 /1000 = 6.6 ft-kip Negative moment: Exterior face of first interior support: Mu3 = 182*202 / 10 /1000 = 7.3 ft-kip Interior face of first interior support: Mu4 = 182*242 / 11 /1000 = 9.5 ft-kip Interior face of Exterior support: Mu1 = 182*202 / 24 /1000 = 3.0 ft-kip 2. Design Positive moment reinforcement Exterior span Factored moment: Mu1 = 5.2 ft-kip Concrete cover: 0.75" for interior slab Effective depth: d = 6 - 0.75-0.5 = 4.75 in Factor: Rn = Mu1/(0.9 b d2 ) = 256.1 psi m = fy/(0.85 fc') = 17.7 Reinforcement ratio, = 1/m [ 1 - ( 1 - 2 m Rn / fy )] = 0.00444 Area of reinforcement, As = b d = 0.253 in2. Use #5 at 12" O.C. area of reinforcement = 0.3 in2. Interior span Factored moment: Mu2 = 6.6 ft-kip Factor: Rn = 322.7 psi m = 17.7 (ACI 318-02, 05)
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Reinforcement ratio, = 0.0057 Area of reinforcement, As = b d = 0.323 in2. Use #5 at 11" O.C. area of reinforcement = 0.327 in2. 3. Negative moment reinforcement Design negative reinforcement for first interior support, Factored moment: Mu4 = 9.5 ft-kip Factor: Rn = 469.3 psi m = 17.7 Reinforcement ratio, = 0.00845 Area of reinforcement, As = b d = 0.482 in2. Use #6 at 10" O.C. area of reinforcement = 0.528 in2. Design negative reinforcement for Exterior support Factored moment: Mu4 = 3.0 ft-kip Factor: Rn = 149.4 psi m = 17.7
2
Reinforcement ratio, = 0.00255 Use minimum reinforcement, area of reinforcement, As = 1.33 b d = 0.194 in . Use #4 at 12" O.C. area of reinforcement = 0.2 in2. Temperature reinforcement: As = 0.0018*6*12 = 0.13 in2. Use #4 at 18" O.C., area of reinforcement 0.133 in2.
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Design of Reinforced Concrete Wall

ACI 318-05 requirements: Minimum vertical wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.2) 1. 0.0012 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi 2. 0.0015 for deformed bars #5 or larger
Minimum horizontal wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.3) 1. 0.0020 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi 2. 0.0025 for deformed bars #5 or larger
Bar placement: (Section 14.3.4, 14.3.5) 1. Maximum bar spacing: 18 in 2. Walls more than 10" thick shall have two layers of reinforcement. 3. Lateral ties is not required if reinforcement ratio is less than 0.01. 4. Minimum 2#5 bars shall be placed around all window or door openings extend 24" beyond.
Empirical design method: The empirical design is limited to the following situation: 1. solid rectangular cross section. 2. resultant of all factored loads is located with the middle third of the overall thickness of the wall.
Design of load bearing RC wall with empirical method Limitation: ACI 318-05 Section 14.5 1. solid rectangular cross section. 2. resultant of all factored loads is located with the middle third of the overall thickness of the wall 3. Minimum thickness of wall shall not be less than 1/25 the support height of length or 4 inches. 4. Minimum thickness of exterior basement walls and foundation walls shall not be less than 7.5 inches.
RC wall strength by empirical design method: The empirical equation for calculate axial strength of RC wall is Pn = 0.55 fc' Ag [ 1 - ( k lc / 32 h)2] ACI 318 Eq (14.1) Where = 0.65, lc is height of wall, h is thickness of wall, Ag is gross section area, fc' is compression strength of concrete, k is effective length factor. The effective length factor, k shall be For wall braced top and bottom against lateral translation, and 1. restrained against rotation at one or both ends, k = 0.8. 2. unrestrained against rotation at both ends, k = 1.0 For walls not braced against lateral translation, k = 2.0
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Example 1: Design code: ACI 318-05 Section 14.5 Situation: A RC exterior wall supporting a two story building. Design data: Width of wall: h = 8 in Height of wall: lc = 12 ft. Compression strength of concrete: fc' = 3000 psi Yield strength of concrete: fy = 60000 psi Tributary width: 15 ft Roof live load: RL = 20 psf Roof dead load: RD = 80 psf Floor live load: FL = 100 psf Floor dead load: FD = 80 psf Lateral wind pressure: pw = 15 psf Lateral seismic force: pE = 10 psf Assumption: wall is continuous and restrained against rotation at top and bottom. Requirement: Design wall reinforcement using empirical design method Solution: Design for 1 ft width of wall: b = 1 ft Axial dead load: PD = FD *Trib*2*b + RD * Trib. b = 3.6 kips Axial roof live load: PRL = RL * Trib*b = 0.3 kips Axial floor live load: PFL = FL*Trib*b = 1.5 kip Axial wind load: PW = 0 Axial seismic load: PE = 0 Out-of-plan bending dead load moment: MD = 0 Out-of-plan bending Roof ive load moment:: MRL = 0 Out-of-plan bending floor live load moment: MFL = 0 From the continuous beam formula, the maximum negative moment is 0.1time span length lc. Out-of-plan bending wind load moment: MW = 0.1 * pw*lc2*b = 216 lb-ft Out-of-plan bending seismic load moment: ME = 0.1 * pE*lc2*b = 144 lb-ft Load combination: Case 1: Pu1 = 1.4 PD = 5.04 kip, Mu1 = 0 Eccentricity: eu1 = 0 Case 2: Pu2 = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PFL + 0.5 PRL = 6.87 kip Mu2 = 1.2 MD + 1.6 MFL + 0.5 MRL = 0 Eccentricity: eu2 = 0 Case 3: Pu3 = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PW + 1.0 PFL + 0.5 PRL = 5.97 kip
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Mu3 = 1.2 MD + 1.6 MW + + 1.0 MFL + 0.5 MRL = 0.346 ft-kip Eccentricity: eu3 = Mu3/Pu3 = 0.695 in < 8 in /6 = 1.33 in (O.K.) Case 4: Pu4 = 1.2 PD + 1.0 PE + 1.0 PFL = 5.82 kip Mu4 = 1.2 MD + 1.0 ME + + 1.0 MFL = 0.144 ft-kip Eccentricity: eu4 = Mu4/Pu4 = 0.297 in < 8 in /6 = 1.33 in (O.K.) Case 5: Pu5 = 0.9 PD + 1.6 PW = 3.24 kip Mu5 = 0.9 MD + 1.6 MW = 0.346 ft-kip Eccentricity: eu4 = Mu4/Pu4 = 1.28 in < 8 in /6 = 1.33 in (O.K.) Strength reduction factor: 56.0 = Gross section: Ag = b* h = 96 in2 Effective length factor: k = 0.8 Design axial strength of wall: Pn = 0.55 fc' Ag [ 1 - ( k lc / 32 h)2] = 82.1 kips Maximum axial load: Pu3 = 5.97 kips O.K. Check vertical reinforcement for bending moment, Maximum moment per foot width: Mu = 0.346 ft kip Use one layer of reinforcement, place at middle of the section: Effective depth: d = 4 in Factor: Rn = Mu / (0.9*b*d ) = 24 psi, m = fy / (0.85 fc' ) = 23.5 Reinforcement ratio: = (1/m)*[1-21( m Rn / fy )] = 0.0004 Less than minimum vertical reinforcement ratio, use 2100.0 = Vertical reinforcement: As = 0.0012 Ag = 0.115 in2. Use #4 at 18 in o.c. area of reinforcement, 0.133 in2. Minimum horizontal reinforcement: t = 0.002, area of reinforcement, As = 0.192 in .
2 2
Use #4 at 12" o.c. area of reinforcement, 0.2 in2.
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Design of Reinforced Concrete Shear wall
Design code: ACI 318-05 Design of shear reinforcement Shear strength of concrete Shear reinforcement Effective depth Maximum shear strength permitted Location of Critical Section Minimum shear reinforcement Bar placement Design of Flexural reinforcement Design of shear reinforcement 1. The shear strength, Vn must equal or be greater than the factored shear, Vu Vn Vu ACI eq (11-1) where 57.0 = is strength reduction factor, and Vn = V c + V s ACI eq (11-2)
where Vc is shear strength of concrete, and Vs is strength of shear reinforcement. Shear strength of concrete 2. Shear strength of concrete shear wall shall be calculated as a. Vc = 2 fc' h d Or the lesser of b. Vc = 3.3 fc' h d + Nu d/ (4 lw) ACI eq (11-29) ACI eq (11-30) c. Vc = { 0.6 fc' + lw ( 1.25 fc' + 0.2 [Nu/(lw* h)]) /( Mu/Vu - lw/2)} h d (It does not apply when Mu/Vu - lw/2 < 0) where fc' is compressive strength of concrete, h is thickness of the wall, d is effective depth, lw is overall length of wall. Nu is axial force, positive for compression, negative for tension, Mu is moment parallel to the direction of the wall. Shear reinforcement
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When Vu > Vc, shear strength provided by horizontal shear reinforcement shall be calculated aS Vs = Av fy d /s of reinforcement. Maximum shear strength permitted Vn = 10 fc' Effective depth 1. d = 0.8 lw 2. Calculate based on strain compatibility analysis (same as in a beam section). Location of Critical Section 1. One-half of the wall height. 2. lw /2 whichever is smaller. Minimum shear reinforcement When Vc > Vu 0.5 Vc 1. Minimum horizontal shear reinforcement ratio to gross section area, t = 0.0025. 2. Minimum vertical shear reinforcement ratio to gross section area, l = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 - hw/ lw )( t - 0.0025) 5200.0 ACI eq. (11-32) ACI section 11.10.3 ACI eq. (11-31)
where Av is area of reinforcement, fy is yield strength of reinforcement, d is effective depth, and s is spacing
and need not be greater than calculated based on ACI eq. 11-31. When Vu < 0.5 Vc 1. Minimum vertical wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.2) a. 0.0012 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi b. 0.0015 for deformed bars #5 or larger 2. Minimum horizontal wall reinforcement: (Section 14.3.3) a. 0.0020 for deformed bars smaller than #5 and fy > 6000 psi b. 0.0025 for deformed bars #5 or larger. Bar placement 1. Maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement a. lw /5. b. 3 h c. 18 inches. 2. Bar shall be placed uniformly across the length and height of walls
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Design of Flexural reinforcement 1. Non-load bearing shear wall Design as a cantilever beam: Mn Mu 2. Load bearing shear wall Design as a column subject to axial load and bending Pn Pu Mn Mu Location of flexural reinforcement: Flexural reinforcement shall be placed at each end of walls Design examples Example 1: Design of reinforced concrete non-load bearing shear wall.
Design code: ACI 318-05 Design data: Seismic shear force: (service load) Roof: Vr = 100 kips 4th floor: V4 = 75 kips, , 3rd floor: V3 = 50 kips 2nd floor: V2 = 25 kips Floor height: H = 15 ft Length of wall: lw = 18 ft Width of wall: h = 10 in Concrete strength: fc' = 4000 psi Yield strength of steel: fy = 60 kis
30
Assumption: 1.out-of-plan moment is neglectable. 2.The wall is an exterior wall. Requirement: Design reinforcement for shear wall
Solution: Maximum shear occurs at load combination: 1.2D+1.4E+1.0L Calculate maximum vertical and shear force at first floor Maximum factored shear: Vu = 1.4 (100+75+50+25) = 350 kips Check maximum shear strength permitted Assume effective depth, d = 0.8 (18) = 14.4 ft Strength reduction factor, = 0.75 Vn = 10 fc' h d = 819 kips > 350 kips O.K.
Critical section for shear at smaller of 18 ft/2 = 9 ft , H/2 = 7.5 ft Calculate factored overturning moment and weight of wall at critical section Mu = 1.4 [100 (60-7.5)+75(45-7.5)+50(30-7.5)+25 (25-7.5)] = 13130 ft-kips Nu = (0.15)(10/12)(18)(60-7.5) = 118.1 kips Calculate shear strength of concrete: Vc = 0.75 [3.3 fc' h d + Nu d/ (4 lw)] = 288.2 kips Mu/Vu - lw/2 = 28.5 ft Vc = 0.75 { 0.6 fc' + lw ( 1.25 fc' + 0.2 [Nu/(lw* h)]) /( Mu/Vu - lw/2)} h d = 163.8 kips Or Vc = 0.75 (2 fc' h d) = 163.9 kips Design horizontal shear reinforcement: Vs = Vu - Vc = 186.1 kips Use #5 bar in one layer, area of reinforcement, Av = 0.3 in2. Spacing: S = Av fy d /Vs = 12.6 in, Use 12" O.C. Check maximum spacing: (18x12)/5 = 43 in, 3 (10) = 30 in, or 18 in Check minimum reinforcement: t = 0.3 in / (12x10) = 0.0025 O.K.
2
Use
O.K.
Design vertical reinforcement: l = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 - hw/ lw )( t - 0.0025) = 0.0025 Use l = 0.0025 Area of reinforcement: Av = 0.0025 (10)(12) = 0.3 in /ft Use #5 bars at 12" O.C
2
Design flexural reinforcement: Calculate factored moment at base:
31
Mu = 1.4 [(100)(60)+(75)(45)+(50)(30)+(25)(15)]=15750 ft-kip Tension control section, = 0.9 Factor: Rn = (15750)(12000)/[0.9(10)(14.4x12)2] = 703 psi, and m = fy/(0.85fc')=17.7 Reinforcement ratio, = (1/m)[1-(1- 2 m Rn/fy)] = 0.013 Area of reinforcement, As = 0.013 h d = 22.9 in2. Use #10 bars, number of bars, n = 22.9/1.27 = 18
Check effective depth Concrete cover = 2" for exterior wall. Use 3" spacing between #10 bars in two layers Effective depth, d = (18)(12) - 2-(3)(8)/2 =202 in Recalculate reinforcement, Factored Rn = Mu / h d2 = 514.7 psi, m = 17. Reinforcement ratio, = 0.0094 Area of reinforcement, As = 18.9 in2. Use #10 bars, number of bars, n = 18.9 /1.27 = 15, Use 16 # 10 Use #4 closed shape ties to enclose tension reinforcement, Area of reinforcement for shear As = 0.4 in2. Check clear spacing between bars, S = 10-(2)(2)-(0.5)(2)-1.27 = 3.73 in O.K.
Reinforcement detail
32
Example 2: Design of Reinforced Concrete load bearing shear wall Situation: A reinforced concrete load bearing shear wall supporting for a four story building
Design code: ACI 318-05 Design data: Vertical load: (service load) Dead load at each floor and roof: PD = 40 kips Live load at each floor and roof: PL = 25 kips Seismic shear force: (service load) Roof: Vr = 100 kips 4th floor: V4 = 75 kips, , 3rd floor: V3 = 50 kips 2nd floor: V2 = 25 kips Floor height: H = 15 ft Length of wall: lw = 18 ft Width of wall: h = 12 in Concrete strength: fc' = 4000 psi Yield strength of steel: fy = 60 kis Assumptions: 1. out-of-plan moment is neglectable. 2. The wall is an exterior wall. Requirement: Design reinforcement for shear wall
Solution Maximum shear occurs at load combination: 1.2D+1.4E+1.0L Calculate maximum vertical and shear force at first floor
33
Maximum factored shear: Vu = 1.4 (100+75+50+25) = 350 kips Check maximum shear strength permitted Assume effective depth, d = 0.8 (18) = 14.4 ft Strength reduction factor, = 0.75 Vn = 10 fc' h d = 819 kips > 350 kips O.K.
Critical section for shear at smaller of 18 ft/2 = 9 ft , H/2 = 7.5 ft Calculate factored overturning moment and weight of wall at critical section Mu = 1.4 [100 (60-7.5)+75(45-7.5)+50(30-7.5)+25 (25-7.5)] = 13130 ft-kips Nu = 1.2 [(0.15)(10/12)(18)(60-7.5)+4 PD ]+1.0 (4 PL ) = 462.1 kips Calculate shear strength of concrete: Vc = 0.75 [3.3 fc' h d + Nu d/ (4 lw)] = 393.9 kips Mu/Vu - lw/2 = 28.5 ft Vc = 0.75 { 0.6 fc' + lw ( 1.25 fc' + 0.2 [Nu/(lw* h)]) /( Mu/Vu - lw/2)} h d = 228.2 kips Or Vc = 0.75 (2 fc' h d) = 196.7 kips Design horizontal shear reinforcement: Vs = Vu - Vc = 112.1 kips Use #4 bar in two layer, area of reinforcement, Av = 0.4 in2. (Code requires two layers for 12" wall) Spacing: S = Av fy d /Vs = 25.7 in Check maximum spacing: (18x12)/5 = 43 in, 3 (10) = 30 in, or 18 in
2
(Use)
Use 18"
Check minimum reinforcement: t = 0.4 in / (18x10) = 0.0019 < 0.0025 Use t =0.0025, spacing S = 0.4 in2 / (0.0025)(h) = 13.3 in Use 12 in Design vertical reinforcemnt l = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 - hw/ lw )( t - 0.0025) = 0.0025 Use l = 0.0025 Use #4 bars in two layers at 12" O.C
Calculate factored moment and axial load at base: Mu = 1.4 [(100)(60)+(75)(45)+(50)(30)+(25)(15)]=15750 ft-kip Nu = 1.2 [(0.15)(10/12)(18)(60)+4 PD ]+1.0 (4 PL ) = 486.4 kips Design as a column subjected to axial load and bending Gross area, Ag = (18)(12)(12) = 2592 in2. Assume tension control section, = 0.9 Nu/Ag = 0.141 ksi Mu/(Ag lw) = 0.253 ksi From ACI column design chart (See column design section), Area of reinforcement, = 0.011 Area of reinforcement, As = (0.01)(18x12)(12) = 22.8 in2. Use #10 bars, number of bar, n = 22.8/1.27 = 18
34
Use 10#10 bars at each end of shear wall, column ties is required since > 0.01. Use #4 ties at 12" O.C.
35
Design of concrete slab on grade

Slab Reinforcement and spacing of control joints. When concrete slab are poured on grade, steel reinforcement and control joints are used to control shrinkage and expansion. When concrete slab shrink or expansion, it will drag the soil beneath the slab with it. Friction at bottom of slab is trying to prevent the slab from moving. Steel reinforcement inside the slab is also trying to prevent the slab from shrink or expansion. It is not practical to place large amount of reinforcement to completely prevent slab from shrink or expanse. Therefore, Control joints are normal placed at a distance to allow for the slab to shrink or expanse. Subgrade drag equation PCA recommends that the area of steel per linear foot of slab width for slab on grade is As = F L w / (2 fs) Where As = area of steel (in2) per linear foot of slab width. F = coefficient of subgrade friction (F = 1.2 to 2 for pavement, F = 1.5 for concrete slab on grade) L = Length of slab between control joint (feet) w = weight of slab (lb/ft ) fs = allowable working stress of reinforcement (lb/in ) is usually 0.67fy to 0.75 fy, fy is yield strength of reinforcing steel)
2 2
[1]
Example: Given: Length between Joint: 30 ft Thickness of pool slab: 6 in Slab reinforcement in the long direction: Weight of slab: w = 150 lb/ft3 x 6 in = 75 lb/ft2 Yield strength of steel: 60 ksi Allowable stress of reinforcement: fs = 0.75 x 60 ksi = 45 ksi Coefficient of subgrade fraction: F = 1.5 Reinforcement required, As = F L w / (2 fs) = 0.037 in2/ft Use Welded Wire fabric, WWW 6x6, W2.0xW2.0, Area = 0.04 in2/ft.
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Design of Concrete

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Design of Concrete

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General - RC design

(9-1) (9-2) (9-3) (9-4) (9-5) (9-6) (9-7)

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See test picture from web-site below part-3.html

See picture from web-site below struct-walls.htm

One way slab design

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Slab reinforcement design

for sand light weightconcrete.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Wall

Use #4 at 12" o.c. area of reinforcement, 0.2 in2.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Shear wall

Design flexural reinforcement: Calculate factored moment at base:

Design of concrete slab on grade

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