The Urinary System

Flows through kidney starting from Functions

Aorta

Blood Supply Inferior vena cava

Function

Kidneys
The kidneys structural & functional units
Contains >1 million Are

Filter blood, excrete hydrophilic wastes, maintain water balance & pH, help produce RBCs, vitamin D , & control BP

Renal artery

Form urine

Nephrons
Consist of

Located in

Renal vein
Segmental artery

Cortex & Medulla

Renal Corpuscle
Interlobar vein
Filtrate
Surrounds Produces Glomerulus

Narrows into
Carries urine to

Renal Tubule
Carries urine to Carries urine to

Interlobar artery Arcuate vein Arcuate artery

Bowmans capsule
contains

Located in Is a

Proximal convoluted tubule

Located in

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Located in

Collecting ducts
Located in

Capillary bed Cortical radiate vein

Fed & drained by

Renal cortex

Filtration membrane Capsular space

Renal cortex Collects filtrate Ascending limb

Located in

Renal Cortex

Renal Cortex & medulla

Cortical radiate artery

Peritubular capillaries & vasa recta

Afferent arterioles

Efferent arterioles
In cortical nephron supply

Carry blood away from glomerulus

In Juxtamedullary nephron supply

Descending limb Cortex

Afferent arterioles

Receives filtrate from many nephrons

Brings to

Efferent arterioles

Carry blood to glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

Consists of

Consists of

Vasa recta

Thick segment

Thin segment

Renal pelvis

Glomerulus

Differs from

Diabetes mellitus

Urine Formation
Regulates rate of filtration & systematic BP

1. Glomerular Filtration Passive process

Is

Results from

Excessive thirst and urination as a result of inadequate output of ADH or lack of normal response by kidney to ADH
Caused by

4 types

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
contains

Specialized contact point btw afferent arteriole & distal tubule

Sends signals btw

Fluids are moved from the blood to the Glomerular capsule

Due to

Insulin deficiency or resistance leading to high levels of glucose in the blood. More common & urination output is not as large/ frequent & diluted as DI.
Symptoms are

Central
Caused by

Damage to pituitary gland Damage to thirst mechanism in hypothalamus During pregnancy. enzyme produced by placenta destroys ADH in mother Kidneys inability to respond to ADH.
Mode of action

Dipsogenic

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

and

Granular cells
Act as

Extraglomerular cells

Macula densa
Act as

Net filtration pressure

Responsible for

Gestational

Increase urine output- urine is pale colourless, diluted with mostly water Frequent urination Nocturia Bedwetting Dehydration Inheritable genetic defects, drugs, kidney disorders Diuretic used for treating accumulation of fluid & hypertension. Blocks salt & fluid reabsorption in kidneys & causes increased urine output.

Mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors Filtrate formation Respond to NaCl content changes in filtrate Transepithelial process
Filtrate enters

Occurs

Caused by

Results from

Sense BP in afferent arteriole Return of essential solutes & water from nephron back to blood

Nephrogenic Hydrochlorothiazide

Proximal tubules 2. Selective Tubular Reabsorption Movement of substances from blood into tubules to enter filtrate
& regulation of via Side effects

3. Tubular Secretion
Important for excretion of

Reverse of reabsorption Drugs, metabolites, excess K+, reabsorbed substances

urine

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that relieves pain, fever & inflammation, by reducing production of prostaglandins.
Mode of action

Hypotension, weakness, impotence, jaundice, rash, nausea. Anaphylaxis,

Blood pH

Indomethacin (Indocin)

Side effects

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, rash, stomach discomfort

Cortical nephron
has Further from

located

Juxtamedullary nephron
Near to has

Short loop of henle & glomerulus

And its

Cortexmedulla junction

long loop of henle & glomerulus

And its

Efferent arteriole supplies Peritubular capillaries

Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

Ignore this slide