Chapter 24: Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Cultural Developments (1894-1914)

AP European History

In science, all the major discoveries had been made

The universe worked according to known, fixed laws Time, space, and matter were all objective realities

Man understood the motives of his actions

All matter was composed of indivisible atoms Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

Discuss with a partner:

1) What feelings does this painting convey?

2) What might this painting tell us about European society at this time?

The Scream (1893) - Edvard Munch

Intellectual Developments at the Turn of the Century

Marie and Pierre Curie: radium gave off rays of
radiation which meant atoms were not hard material bodies but small worlds containing subatomic particles as electrons and protons moving in random fashion

Max Planck Quantum theory disproved old theory of atoms as sole building blocks of material world

 Albert Einstein
E=mc Particle of matter = mass x velocity of light (sq.) energies within the atom Theory of relativity (understanding of matter depends on space/time) not absolute relative to the observer
space/time dependent on things with mass?!?!?

Newtons concept of gravity was disproved and his laws did not apply at subatomic level

Einstein & Relativity

Show the first three videos

In science, all the major discoveries had been made

The universe worked according to known, fixed laws Time, space, and matter were all objective realities

Man understood the motives of his actions

All matter was composed of indivisible atoms Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

Man understood the motives of his actions

The universe worked according to known, fixed laws Time, space, and matter were all objective realities Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

 Friedrich Nietzsche
Criticism of Western society: too reliant on reason - decadent Blaming of Christianity enfeebles humans, slaves to its morality, against human instincts Renewal only if God is dead will to power what drives humans? Will to live? Seek pleasure/happiness? Avoid pain? To live morally? To survive/reproduce? TO EXPAND ONES POWER! perspectivism truth created by perspectives of individuals no universal truth nihilism as emptying the world and especially human existence of meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth, or essential value Against liberal democracy, social reform, suffrage --creation of the Superman/bermensch goal for humanity

Bergson scientific-rationalism could only do so much Reality = life force could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly if analyzed only leads to a description reality lost Sorel - revolutionary socialism: use of heroic general strike tactics and violence to reach socialism governed by elite

Georges Sorel

Henri Bergson

Man understood the motives of his actions

The universe worked according to known, fixed laws Time, space, and matter were all objective realities Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

Man understood the motives of his actions

Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

 Sigmund Freud
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) The unconscious mind Role of dreams Repression

 Sigmund Freud
Id center of unconscious drives an ruled by pleasure principle Ego seat of reason and hence the coordinator of the inner life Superego conscience, inhibitions and morals provided by society and family, controls the Id

 Sigmund Freud
Oedipus and Electra Complex- infantile sexual drives Psychoanalysis-therapist probes into memory to trace repression back to childhood His legacy

Man understood the motives of his actions

Humans always acted according to reason and rational forces

Progress

Man understood the motives of his actions

Progress

 Biological competition applied to social groups Used by entrepreneurs, rabid nationalists, racists,
imperialists Houston Stewart Chamberlain and volkish thought in Germany Germans the only pure successors to Aryan race, founders of Western culture

Social Darwinism

Modern Forces Impact on Christianity

Urbanization breakdown of the intimacy of village/church Growth of secularism, new science and anticlericalism
Separation of church and state Rise of higher criticism Ernst Renan and Life of Jesus - bible should be subject to historical criticism

 Protestant fundamentalist reaction: dug heels in on literal interpretation of

the Bible Modernist view of Christianity (condemned by Catholic Church 1907) Catholic Church responses Opposition to modern ideas (Impossible to compromise with liberalism, modernism, secularism) Pius IX and The Syllabus of Errors (1864) Compromise with modern ideas (Catholic Political Parties) Leo XIII and De Rerum Novarum (1891)

Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer

Modernism in Art
RECALL! What do you recall about Romanticism? - Dates? Characteristics? Artists? Works of art and literature?
Neogothic, Friedrich, Turner, Delacroix

What do you recall about Realism? - Dates? Characteristics? Artists? Works of art and literature?
Courbet (Stonebreakers), Millet (The Gleaners) Naturalism as a pessimistic realism (fatalistic forces) in literature Dostoevsky (War and Peace, The Brothers Karamazov

Impression, Sunrise, Claude Monet (1872)

Write down your reactions to this painting

 Impressionism
1870s - 1880s Characteristics: sought to put into their paintings their impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature Artists Claude Monet Edouard Manet Berthe Morisot

Arrival of Normandy Train at Gare St. Lazare, Claude Monet (1877)

Water Lilies, Claude Monet

Haystacks, Claude Monet

Branch of the Seine Near Giverny (Mist), Claude Monet (1897)

Boating, Eduard Manet (1874)

Hide and Seek, Berthe Morisot (1873)

The Mistral, Paul Gauguin (1888)

Write down your reactions to this painting

 Post-Impressionism
1880s 1890s Characteristics: to use both color and line to express inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality rather than an imitation of objects Artists Paul Cezanne Paul Gauguin Vincent van Gogh

The Childs Bath, Mary Cassatt (1893)

Woman with Coffee Pot, Paul Cezanne (1895)

Basket of Apples, Paul Cezanne (1893)

Day of the God, Paul Gauguin (1894)

At the Moulin Rouge, Henri de ToulouseLautrec (1895)

Bedroom at Arles, Vincent Van Gogh (1889)

Early work The Potato Eaters

Starry Night, Vincent van Gogh

Cornfield with Cypress Trees, Vincent van Gogh

A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat (1886) example of pointillism

The Three Musicians , Pablo Picasso

Write down your reactions to this painting

 Cubism
Early 1900s Characteristics: use of geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the viewers mind Artist Pablo Picasso

Les Demoiselles dAvignon, Pablo Picasso

Abstraction (Guitar and Glass), Pablo Picasso (1913)

Girl with a Mandolin, Pablo Picasso

The Old Guitarist, Pablo Picasso (1903)

Painting with Green Center, Wassily Kandinsky (1913)

Write down your reactions to this painting

 Abstract Expressionism
Early 1900s Characteristics: focus on color to avoid any references to visual reality Artist Wassily Kandinsky

Composition IV, Wassily Kandinsky

Black Spot I, Wassily Kandinsky

Composition VIII, Wassily Kandinsky

Art Review
Label the following six works of art as
either:
Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer:

Impressionism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer:

Romanticism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer:

Post-Impressionism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer: Cubism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer: Realism

 Romanticism Realism Impressionism Post-Impressionism Cubism Abstract Expressionism Answer: Abstract Expressionism