MEASUREMENT IN PHYSICS:

1. HELLO EVERYONE! WELCOME TO THIS EXCITING PHYSICS SESSION. IN THIS SESSION WE ARE ABOUT TO EXPLORE THE UNITS AND DIMENSIONS WORLD; HOW IMPORTANT THEY ARE IN PHYSICS, THEN WE WOULD HEAD ON TO DIMENSIONS WHERE WE WILL PLAY WITH THE DIMENSIONS. WHAT SAY ARE YOU READY? OF COURSE YOU ARE! OR ELSE YOU WOULDNT HAVE COME HERE. JUS KIDDING GUYS!

2. OK WHY DO YOU THINK WE NEED THIS MEASUREMENT THING? WHAT WOULD HAVE HAPPENED IF WE COULDNT MEASURE HOW TALL YOU ARE OF HOW FAT MY NEIGHBOUR IS? WELL! WE NEED TO KNOW HOW MUCH AND BY HOW MUCH THINGS ARE DIFFERENT FROM EACH OTHER. ONLY THEN CAN WE REALISE HOW BIG OR SMALL THINGS ARE IN RELATION TO ONE ANOTHER. SO SIMPLY PUT TO UNDERSTAND OUR WORLD WE NEED TO MEASURE THINGS AROUND US TO MAKE OUR LIFE AND WORK EASIER. ITS AS SIMPLE AS THAT.

3. SO PEOPLE CAN WE HAVE A WAY OF MEASUREMENT OF OUR OWN? YES WE CAN! BUT IF I USE PINCH AS A UNIT OF MEASUREMENT FOR MEASURING THE DISTANCE FROM MY HOUSE TO YOUR HOUSE WHILE YOU USE TRING AS YOUR OWN WAY OF MEASURING THINGS, ITS GONNA BE CONFUSING FOR EVERYONE OF OUR FRIENDS. THATS WHY STANDARDS WERE DEVELOPED TO HAVE A STANDARD WAY OF MEASUREMENT WHICH IS FOLLOWED BY ALL OF US.

4. SO KEEPING THAT VIEW IN MIND, IN 1960 AN INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE (SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL OR SI) SET THE STANDARD OF MEASUREMENT FOR THE BASIC QUANTITIES OF LENGTH, MASS & TIME. SO WE PROCEED ON TO THE MOST COMMONLY USED QUANTITIES IN OUR DAY TO DAY LIFE. BUCKLE UP PEOPLE!!

5. OKAY FRIENDS! LET US TAKE THE MOST COMMONLY USED QUANITTY THAT WE COME ACROSS IN OUR LIFE. THE LENGTH. SO YOU PEOPLE OUT THERE. CAN YOU SAY HOW MANY UNITS OF LENGTH HAVE YOU HEARD? WELL MOST

OF YOU WOULD START WITH THE METRE, THEN YARD OR MAY BE EVEN INCH OR FOOT. WELL LET US FIND OUT WHAT THESE UNITS REALLY MEAN?

6. IF WE TAKE METRE WHICH IS AN SI UNIT, IN SIMPLE TERMS IT MEANS: THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY LIGHT IN VACCUM IN ONE SECOND. NOW THE QUESTION ARISES HOW MUCH DOES LIGHT TRAVEL IN A SECOND? IT IS 299, 792, 458 METERS. FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE NOT CLEAR ABOUT THE VACCUM. VACCUM IS EMPTY SPACE WHERE THERE IS NO AIR OR ANY THING THAT OBSTRUCTS. THE FINE EXAMPLE IS SPACE. YOU CAN FIND SOME INTERSTING FACTS ABOUT YARD AND FOOT UNITS WHICH WERE MADE AS STANDARD BY KINGS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE RESPECTIVELY. YARD USED TO BE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE NOSE AND TH END OF ARM OF THE KING OF ENGLAND WHILE FOOT WAS THE LENGTH OF THE FOOT OF THE FRENCH KING.

7. SO WHAT COMES NEXT TO YOUR MIND ABOUT THE MOST COMMONLY USED QUANTITY? WELL MY MIND SAYS ITS MASS. SO DO YOU KNOW WHAT THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF MASS IN SI IS? YOURE RIGHT ITS THE KG. THE KG IS THE MASS OF SPECIFIC PLATINUM- IRRIDIUM ALLOY KEPT AT THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MESURES AT SEVRES, FRANCE. NOW YOU CAN ASK WHY THIS ALLOY? SIMPLE BECAUSE ITS STABLE. WHAT ELSE COULD YOU CHOSE?

8. THEY SAY TIME DOESNT WAIT FOR ANY ONE SO WE CANT MISS MENTIONING THE TIME. IT IS THE DURATION OF 9192631770 TIMES THE PERIOD OF VIBRATION OF RADIATION FROM THE CESIUM -133 ATOM.

9. COMING TO AMPERE, THE SI UNIT OF CURRENT IS THAT CONSTANT CURRENT WHICH IF WE MAITAIN BETWEEN TWO STARIGHT AND PARALLEL CONDUCTORS OF NEGLIGIBLE CROSS-SECTION, SEPARATED BY 1 M. LENGTH IN VACCUM WOULD PRODUCE A FORCE OF 210^-7 N/M.

10.FOR TEMPERATURE, WE HAVE THE SI UNIT OF KELVIN. KELVIN IS DEFINED AS THE FRACTION 1/273.16 OF THE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE OF THE TRIPLE POINT OF WATER.

11.WE HAVE OTHER IMPORTANT UNITS AS MOLE WHICH IS JUST A NUMBER. A NUMBER WHICH HELPS US IN REPRESENTING THE AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE. THIS NUMBER IS EQUAL TO THE NO. OF ATOMS IN 0.012 KG OF CARBON-12.

12.LUMINOUS INTENSITY.

13.SO PEOPLE. HOW DO WE MEASURE LENGTH? CAN YOU NAME SOME INSTRUMENTS? YES THE COMMON METRE SCALE. BUT WE CAN MEASURE ONLY IN THE RANGES OF 10^-3 TO 10^2M. FOR A RANGE OF 10^-4, WE USE VERNIER CALLIPERS. WHEREAS, FOR A RANGE OF 10^-5 WE USE SPHEROMETER OR SCREW GAUGE.

14.BUT WHAT DO WE DO FOR MEASUREMENT OF LARGE DISTANCES? EXPLANATION THROUGH ANIMATION.

15.A NUMERICAL TO BE GIVEN ON THE ABOVE TOPIC.

16.MEASUREMENT OF SMALLER LENGTHS TO BE EXPLAINED IN ANIMATION.

17.RANGE OF LENGTHS: 1 FERMI= 10^-15 M; 1 ANGSTROM=10^-10 M; 1 ASTRONOMICAL UNIT= 1.496* 10^11 M. ETC.

18.AS WE TALKED EARLIER, THE MOST COMMONLY USED UNIT FOR EXPRESSING MASS IS KG. HOWEVER, WHILE DEALING WITH MASSESS OF ATOMS, MOLECULES ETC. WE USE THE MORE CONVENIENT UNIT OF UNIFIED ATMIC MASS UNIT OF WHICH IS 1/12 TH OF THE MASS OF CARBON-12 ISOTOPE 12C6 WHICH WORKS OUT TO BE 1.66* 10^-27 KG.

19.IN OUR UNIVERSE, THE RANGE OF MASSESS VARIES FROM 10^-30 TO 10^55 KG.

20.TOO MUCH OF UNITS.. WHY NOT TALK ABOUT SOMETHING NEW? SO DO YOU MAKE MISTAKES? OF COURSE!! EVEN I DO. SO, LETS TALK ABOUT MISTAKES IN MEASUREMENTS. THERE IS SOME UNCERTAINITY IN EVERYTHING. EVEN IN MEASUREMENTS. WE CALL THIS ERROR. TALKING ABOUT ERRORS, DO YOU WHAT DO TERMS LIKE ACCURACY OR PRECICION MEAN? WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM? WELL ACCURACY IS THE CLOSENESS TO TRUE VALUE WHILE PRECISION IS THE FINENESS OF THE VALUE YOU MEASURED.

21.THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ERRORS: SYSTEMATIC (INSTRUMENTAL/ IMPERFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE/ PERSONAL); RANDOM (IRREGULAR/ UNPREDICTABLE).

22.THERE IS ANOTHER TYPE OF ERROR CALLED THE LEAST COUNT ERROR WHICH IS BECAUSE OF THE INSTRUMENTS RESOLUTION. IT CAN BE MINIMISED BY USING INSTRUMENTS OF HIGHER PRECISION AND BETTER EXPERIMENT TECHNIQUES.

23.NOW WE SHALL TALK ABOUT SOME WAYS OF EXPRESSING ERRORS: ABSOLUTE ERROR, RELATIVE ERROR. ABSOLUTE ERROR IS THE MAGNITUDE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INDIVIDUAL MEASUREMENT AND THE TRUE VALUE OF THE MEASURED QUANTITY. IT WILL ALWAYS BE POSITIVE AS WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE ABOLUTE VALUE OF THE DIFFERENCE.

24.CAN YOU SAY WHAT THE MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR IS; YES IT IS THE MEAN OF ALL THE ABSOLUTE ERRORS. HOWEVER, WE USUALLY USE THE RELATIVE ERROR OR THE PERCENTAGE ERROR.

25.THE RELATIVE ERROR IS THE RATIO OF THE MEAN ABSOLUTE ERROR TO THE MEAN VALUE OF THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE QUANTITY. AND WHEN YOU EXPRESS THIS IS IN TERMS OF PER CENT, IT IS % ERROR

26.OK. LETS HAVE SOME QUESTION>>> DO YOU KNOW WHAT PRESSURE IS? IT IS THE FORCE PER UNIT AREA. NOW IN CALCULATION OF FORCE YOU MIGHT MAKE AN ERROR AND IN CALCULATION OF PRESSURE YOU MIGHT MAKE ANOTHER ERROR. HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT THIS COMBINATION OF ERROR

WILL RESULT IN THE FINAL VALUE? THAT IS WHAT ERROR WOULD IT SHOW UP IN THE RESULT?

27.WHEN YOU HAVE TO ADD OR SUBTRACT TWO QUANTITIES, THEN THE FINAL ABSOLUTE ERROR WILL BE THE SUM OF THE ABSOLUTE ERRORS OF EACH QUANTITY.

28.BUT WHEN YOU MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE , THE RELATIVE ERROR IN THE RESULT IS THE SUM OF THE RELATIVE ERRORS.

29.