Lewis Dot Structures

Team Chemistry Lanier H.S.

Part 1: Review of Lewis Dot Symbols

To Draw a Lewis Dot Symbol:

1. Write the symbol for the atom 2. Find the number of valence electrons (use Periodic Table) 3. For every valence electron, draw dot around the symbol
Example #1: Sodium

Na
*Sodium has 1 valence electron, so we draw one dot.

Arrangement of Electrons
Pretend theres a box around the symbol Draw the first e- on one side of the box, then rotate to the next side and draw another Keep rotating until youve drawn them all
Example #2: Carbon

C
*Carbon has 4 valence electrons

Arrangement of Electrons
Up to two electrons can be on each side Valence e- prefer to be in pairs (one of the reasons atoms bond with other atoms is to pair up their valence e-)
Example #3: Sulfur

S
*Sulfur has 6 valence electrons

Can use drawing to determine the charge! Sulfur will gain 2 e- to get to 8, so charge is -2.

Part 2: Lewis Dot Structures

Lewis Dot Structures are used to depict basic structures of covalent compounds

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 1: Figure out the skeletal structure
the least electronegative atom goes in the middle (the central atom) Hydrogen and halogens will occupy end positions (only one bond will go to them)
Example 1: Methane (CH4)

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 2: Total the number of valence electrons for all atoms

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 3: Draw a single bond connecting the atoms.
For each bond you draw, subtract 2 valence electrons from your total

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 4: Use the remaining electrons to complete octets.
Remember, hydrogen only needs 2 ve- to have a full outer energy level -a single bond to H is enough!
Example 2: Ammonia (NH3)

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 5: Check for octets. If every atom now has an octet. Youre done. If not, go to step 6.
Octets!

Octets!

Steps to Writing Lewis Dot Structures

Step 6: Use double or triple bonds to complete octets for any atoms that dont have them.
Example 3: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Practice!
1. CF4 2. Cl2 3. SO2 4. N2 Try each of these, then compare your structure with your lab partners.

Resonance Structures

Try this:
Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of nitrate ion (NO3-1)

Look at your structure. Could it have been drawn another way?

A slight problem . . .
The original Lewis Dot structure that you drew for nitrate ion is not entirely correct The correct Lewis Dot structure for nitrate ion can only be achieved by a supposition of all three seemingly correct structures Nitrate ion, however, only has one correct structure it is an AVERAGE of all three bond lengths and strengths

Resonance
Resonance occurs when more than one valid LDS exists for a molecule A correct structure for a molecule with resonance is an average of all of the bond lengths and angles The electrons are actually not locked into positions they are delocalized, they move all around the molecule

More Practice:
1. Ozone (O3)

2. SO3 and SO3-2

(sulfur trioxide vs. sulfite ion)

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Octet Rule Basics

A full outer energy level (valence shell) will cause most atoms to be stable Most atoms need 8 valence electrons to be stable H and He only have one energy level, and can only hold 2 valence electrons total

General Rules

C, N, O, and F will obey the octet rule Second row elements NEVER exceed the octet rule

Exceptions
B and Be often have fewer than 8 electrons around them very reactive (electrondeficient) 3rd row and heavier elements sometimes exceed the octet rule by using their d orbitals

What should you do . . .

In the Lewis structure, satisfy the octet first. If electrons are left over, put them on elements that have d orbitals

What should you do . . .

If more than one element could accept the extra electrons, assume the central element wants them

Even More Practice:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Boron trifluoride Phosphorus pentachloride Chlorine trifluoride Xenon trioxide Beryllium dichloride Iodine tetrachloride

Name ________________________________________ Date ___________ Period ______ Lewis Dot Structure Practice Draw Lewis Dot Structures for the following:

1. H2O

7. O3

2. I2

8. H2O2

3. O2

9. CF4

4. N2

10. NH4+1

5. SO2

11. SiO2

6. CO2

12. NH3

Molecular Geometry
Team Chemistry Lanier HS

Review: Lewis Dot Structures

We used Lewis Dot Structures as a 2-D model of how atoms would bond to each other when making molecules Just like a sketch or a photograph doesnt fully convey what you look like, Lewis Dot Structures dont show a 3-D model of a molecule

What is molecular Geometry?

Molecules have shapes The types of bonds and location of lone pairs determines the shape of the molecule.

VSEPR Theory Basics

Electrons repel each other, so pairs of electrons want to be as far apart as possible Bonds and lone pairs around a central atom will space themselves as far apart as possible It is repulsion that gives molecules their shape (VSEPR = valence shell electron pair repulsion) Check it out: Molecular Geometry Simulation

Molecular Geometries

Domains
A domain refers to either a lone pair or any bonding pair (single, double, or triple bond) Tip: the number of domains around a central atom is how many things are touching it

If an atom has 4 Domains with

4 bonded atoms TETRAHEDRAL

3 bonded atoms TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL

2 bonded atoms BENT

If an atom has 3 Domains with

3 bonded atoms TRIGONAL PLANAR

2 bonded atoms BENT

If an atom has 2 Domains with

2 bonded atoms LINEAR

Bonding vs. Non-Bonding Electrons

Electrons in lone pairs (non-bonding electrons) have a stronger repelling force than bonding electrons example:
NH4 vs. NH3

Wedge Drawings:

Wedge drawings can be used to depict a 3D arrangement on your paper

Expanded Octets
When the central atom has an expanded octet, more complex geometries can exist

If an atom has 5 Domains with

5 bonded atoms TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL 4 bonded atoms SAWHORSE or SEE-SAW 3 bonded atoms T-SHAPED 2 bonded atoms LINEAR

If an atom has 6 Domains with

6 bonded atoms
OCTAHEDRAL

5 bonded atoms
SQUARE PYRIMIDAL

4 bonded atoms
SQUARE PLANAR

3 bonded atoms
T-SHAPED

2 bonded atoms
LINEAR

Name___________________________________________________________________Date___________________Period____________#__________ Objective: To review bonding, Lewis Dot Structures, and Molecular Geometry.

Lab: Molecular Geometry

Materials Needed: notes on Lewis Dot Structures, notes on Molecular Geometry, Molecule Building Kit (Ball and Stick Type),

Part I: Use the ball-and-stick molecular model kits (model kits will have a legend inside about how to use them) to build an example of each of the following common geometries.

Part I: 1.

Common Molecular Shapes

2. What do the wooden balls represent in these models? 3. What do the wooden sticks represent? 4. Look at the bent molecular model that you made. What do the leftover holes in the middle atom represent? Once you have built one of each of the models, call your teacher over to initial this box:

Part II:

Lewis Dot Structure

For each of the following chemical formulas, fill out the table:

Sketch the Model

Bond Angles?

Molecular Geometry (ex. linear)

SO4-2

NO3 -1

H2O

NH3

CO2

CH4

Analysis Questions:

1. The model kit central atom has the location of the 4 domains fixed. How does the kit demonstrate double and triple bonds? What about lone pairs? a. Does this fit with what you know about molecular geometry? b. How could you model the atoms better?

2. How does the number of domains help define the molecular geometry?

3. How are bond angles determined?

Conclusions:

1. Predict molecular structure for the following molecules:

SO3

SeF4

H2O

2. Determine the molecular geometries around the atoms in the molecule of glycine below: B. _____________________________ A. _____________________________ C. _____________________________

Name___________________________________________________________________Date___________________Period____________#__________ Objective: To review bonding, Lewis Dot Structures, and Molecular Geometry.

Lab: Molecular Geometry

Part I: Tie the balloons together using a twisty tie or pipe cleaner. Make the figures shown below. Green balloons represent bonded atoms and blue balloons represent lone pairs.

Materials Needed: Green and blue balloons (blue ones inflated slightly larger) and either twisty ties or pipe cleaners

Part I: 1. Once you have built one of each of the models, call your teacher over to initial this box: 2. What do the green balloons represent in these models? 3. What do the blue balloons represent in these models? 4. What do the twist ties or pipe cleaners represent? 5. Why are the blue balloons larger than the green ones?

Common Molecular Shapes

Part II:

Lewis Dot Structure

For each of the following chemical formulas, fill out the table. Use the balloon models for help.

Sketch the Model

Bond Angles?

Molecular Geometry (ex. linear)

SO4-2

NO3 -1

H2O

NH3

CO2

CH4

Analysis Questions:

1. How does the static that pushes the balloons away from each other analogous to what is happening in molecules?

2. How does the number of domains help define the molecular geometry?

3. How are bond angles determined?

Conclusions:

1. Predict molecular structure for the following molecules:

SO3

SeF4

H2O

2. Determine the molecular geometries around the atoms in the molecule of glycine below: B. _____________________________ A. _____________________________ C. _____________________________

Name___________________________________________________________________Date___________________Period____________#__________ Objective: To review bonding, Lewis Dot Structures, and Molecular Geometry.

Lab: Molecular Geometry

Materials Needed: internet access to http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/molecule-shapes Part I: Use the pHET simulator to build an example of each of the following common geometries. Note: to remove a bonded atom or lone pair, click the red X in the menu to the right.

Part I: 1. Once you have built one of each of the models, call your teacher over to initial this box: 2. What do the spheres 3. What do the lines represent in these models? represent?

Common Molecular Shapes

4. What do the teardrop shapes

represent in these models?

Part II:

Lewis Dot Structure

For each of the following chemical formulas, fill out the table. Use the simulator for help.

Sketch the Model

Bond Angles?

Molecular Geometry (ex. linear)

SO4-2

NO3 -1

H2O

NH3

CO2

CH4

Analysis Questions:

1. What is the difference between molecular geometry and electron geometry? How do they affect each other?

2. How does the number of domains help define the molecular geometry?

3. How are bond angles determined?

Conclusions:

1. Predict molecular structure for the following molecules:

SO3

SeF4

H2O

2. Determine the molecular geometries around the atoms in the molecule of glycine below: B. _____________________________ A. _____________________________ C. _____________________________

Name ________________________________________ Date ___________ Period ______ Molecular Geometry Practice Draw and name the molecular geometry for the following. Predict the bond angle.

1. H2O

7. O3

2. I2

8. SeF4

3. O2

9. CF4

4. N2

10. NH4+1

5. SO2

11. SiO2

6. CO2

12. NH3

Name:__________________________________________ Period:___________ Date:____________

Go to the Purdue University website to explore VSEPR theory.

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/structur2.html Start by clicking on What is VSEPR?

Exploring The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model.

What Is VSEPR?

Describe in words what a linear molecule looks like. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe what a trigonal planar molecule looks like. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe what a tetrahedral molecule looks like. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Explain in your own words what VSEPR theory is used for? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Now explore the Compare Two Structures link. Try changing the display to explore different combinations.

So why do molecules form in these ways? Based on what you observed, what do you think determines the shape of the molecule? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lets explore further to determine if you are correct. Click on the VSEPR Rules link to learn how molecules get their shape.

1.

Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule or ion.

Rules for VSEPR

2.

Now try it on your own: Count the regions of high electron density in the molecules given in the Test My Knowledge link, record three of these below. Compound Draw the Lewis Dot Structure # of areas of high e- density

Click on the Examples link for more practice.

Count the total number of regions of high electron density (bonding pairs and unshared electron pairs) around the central atom.

3. Identify the most stable arrangement of the regions of high electron density as ONE of the following: a. linear b. trigonal planar c. tetrahedral Note: There are more complicated geometric structures for central atoms with expanded octets. We have not learned these yet, but you are welcome to explore these further on the website. Click on Arranging Regions of High Electron Density to help you fill in the chart below.

Compound BeCl2 BF3

5. Identify the molecular structure based on the positions of the ATOMS (NOT the electron pairs) Click on Molecular Structures Based on VSEPR Theory to help you fill in the chart below.
Draw the Lewis Dot Structure
# of areas of high e- density

4. Now, determine the positions of the atoms based on the types of electron pairs present (i.e., bonding pairs vs. unshared pairs). Fill in the chart below to help you learn the different geometric configurations.

Types of regions 2 bonded 0 lone

Molecular structure

Draw VSEPR Model

NH4+ NH3

NO2-

trigonal planar

4 bonded 0 lone

NH2-

bent

Name:_____________________________________________________ Period:_________ Date:____________________

DIRECTIONS : Now that you have explored the VSEPR theory, we are going to try some practice. For each practice problem follow the rules for VSEPR theory to determine the molecular shape. RULES FOR VSEPR THEORY 1. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule or ion. 2. Count the total number of regions of high electron density (bonding and unshared electron pairs) around the central atom. 3. Identify the most stable arrangement of the regions of high electron density. 4. Determine the positions of the atoms based on the types of electron pairs (i.e., bonding pairs vs. unshared pairs). 5. Identify the molecular structure based on the positions of the ATOMS (NOT the electron pairs).

Example Problem #1: BeCl2

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Linear

Cl Be Cl
Atom Position

Linear
Molecular Structure

Problem #2: SO3

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure

Problem #3: CH4

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure

Problem #4: H2O

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure

Problem #5: H3O+

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure

Now that you have tried these on your own. Go back to the Purdue University website and check how you did on each practice problem. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/vsepr/structur2.html These are practice problems # 2, 3, 6 and 11 on the site.

Problem #6: NO3

Now that you have the hang of it, try these.

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure

Problem #7: SiF3

Lewis Structure

# e- Density Regions

Best Arrangement

Atom Position

Molecular Structure