Basic Mechanical Drives and Power Transmission Training

December 2007
1

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

The purpose of this presentation is to provide a overview of industrial drives and their maintenance. Gear Drives Belt Drives V-Belt Maintenance Chain Drives Sprocket and Roller Chain Maintenance
2

Gear Drives

December 2007
3

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Gear Boxes

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Types

Types
Automotive

transmissions Auxiliary transmissions Transfer cases Power takeoffs Marine gears Hydraulic drives Industrial transmissions Differentials

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Gear Boxes
Series trains Planetary gearing Speed reducers

Base

mounted Shaft mounted

Speed increasers

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Gears and Gear Boxes

A gear is a form of disc, or wheel, that has teeth around its periphery for the purpose of providing a positive drive by meshing the teeth with similar teeth on another gear or rack.

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Right Angle Gear Drive

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Spur Gears

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Involute Curve
Cord Base Circle

Circle involute

Circle

10

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Pressure Angle
Direction of tooth to tooth push Pressure Angle Pressure angle

Pressure angle 20

14

Rotation
Line of action

11

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Pitch Diameter and Center Distance

Pitch Diameter D2 Pitch Diameter D1

Center Distance C

D1 D 2 C 2

D1 2C D 2

D 2 2C D1

12

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Circular/Diametrical Pitch
Circular Pitch

3.1416

10

13

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Names of Gear Parts

Clearance Addendum

Pitch Circle

Addendum

Pitch Circle Working Thickness Dedendum Whole depth Circular depth pitch Thickness Pitch Line

Dedendum Whole Circular pitch depth

14

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Backlash
Backlash

Pitch Line

15

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Other Gear Types

Bevel and Miter Helical Worm Herringbone

16

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Bevel and Miter Gear

Shaft Angle

17

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Helical

Helix angle

18

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Worm Gear

19

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Herringbone Gear

20

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Gear Damage
Vibration Frequency Component gear mesh Normal profile

21

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Troubleshooting
Inappropriate bidirectional operation Gear overload Misalignment Poor maintenance Induced misalignment Visual inspection

22

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Wear patterns

Normal

Abrasives in lubricating oil

23

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Pattern caused by corrosive attack on gear teeth

Pitting caused by gear overloading

24

Belt Drives

December 2007

Belt Drives
25

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Introduction
Description Basic

Components

Load

carrying section Rubber compression section Cover

26

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Drives

Belt drives are used to transmit power between a drive unit and a driven unit

Driven Unit

Drive Motor
27

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belts

The size of the belt must match the sheave size. if they do not match, then the belt will not make proper contact with the sheave and will decrease the amount of B load it can transmit.
A

28

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Selection

Standard V-Belt

Cogged Belt

Joined V-Belt

Positive Drive Belt

29

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sheaves

30

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Shaft Speed
Driven Drive 12 inch dia. rpm

6 in dia.
1800 rpm

DrivenShaf t_rpm

DriveSheaveDiameterInches driveshaft _rpm Driven_she ave_diameter

31

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Driven Sheave Diameter

Driven Drive ___ inch dia. 900 rpm 6 in dia. 1800 rpm

DrivenShea veDiameter

DriveSheaveDiameterInches driveshaft _rpm Driven_sha ft_rpm

32

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Length
Driven Drive 12 inch dia.

6 in dia.

35 inches

Belt_length

drive_diameter 3.14 driven_diameter 3.14 center_to_center 2 2 2

33

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Speed
Driven Drive

12 inch dia. 900 rpm

6 in dia. 1800 rpm

diameter 3.14 rpm FPM 12

34

V-Belt Maintenance

December 2007
35

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Maintenance

Routine maintenance is essential if a belt drive is to operate properly

36

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Belt Maintenance
Never force belt onto sheave Belt should not ride on bottom of sheave. Check belt condition Belt alignment Tension Inspect sheaves and shafts Belt stretch

37

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

How to Read V-belt Numbers

38

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Classic Cog V-belts AX-BX-CX-DX

39

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

D-V Wedge Belts 3VX-5VX-8V

40

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Classic V-belts A-B-C-D-E

41

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-belt Inspection
Slapping Squealing Check belt condition Tightness Tension

42

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-belt Sidewall Wear

43

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-belt Worn Cover/soft or Swollen

44

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-belt Slips, Squeals (Spin Burn)

45

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-belt Underside Cracked

46

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

V-Belt Cover Split / Missing Cogs pried upon Belts

Foreign objects Excessive heat Sheave too small Sheave misaligned Improper storage

47

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sheave Inspection
Sheave groves must be
like this not this

Dished out

48

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sheave Inspection

5V

10.01-16.0 O.D. 40 deg

Example sheave gauge

49

Under 10.0 O.D. 38 deg

Over 16.0 O.D. 42 deg

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Alignment

50

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Types of Misalignment

Angular Misalignment

Parallel Misalignment

51

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Shaft Alignment
Cord tied to shaft

Cord touching sheaves at points indicated by arrows

52

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Tensioning V-belts Drives

Too tight

Slight bow

Too loose

53

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Check Tension

54

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Preventative Maintenance
Check belt condition Check belt tension Identify sources of contamination Check sheave alignment Check sheave wear

55

Chain Drives

December 2007
56

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Introduction
Description Types
Self

of links

forming teeth Extended Pin

57

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Introduction
DRIVEN ROLL DRIVE GEAR BOX

Chain Pitch

58

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Drive

59

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Advantages

No slippage More compact than belt Good for slow speeds Easier to install Not subject to deterioration Operates under wet conditions Less adjustment required Can drive several shafts Less costly than gear drives
60

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Disadvantages
Cannot be used where drive must slip Cannot except misalignment Noisy Causes vibration Needs frequent lubrication Small load capacity Shorter Service Live

61

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Drive Principles

Drive Sprocket

Drive chain Sprocket

62

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Shaft Speed
Driven Drive

12 T

6T

rpm

1800 rpm

DriveSproc ket_# teeth driveshaft _rpm DrivenShaf t_rpm DrivenSpro cket_# teeth
63

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Length Calculation

Driven Drive 12 T 6T

35 inches

40 Chain
ChainLengt h DriveSproc ketTeeth Pitch 2 DrivenSpro cketTeeth Pitch CenterToCe nter 2 2
64

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Speed
Driven Drive

12 T

6T

900 rpm

1800 40 Chain rpm

teeth pitch rpm FPM 12

65

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Some Chain Drive Examples

Fork Lift

Roller Conveyor
66

Sprocket and Roller Chain Maintenance

December 2007
67

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Roller Chain

68

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Pitch

69

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Large Pitch Conveyor Chain

70

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Part Friction Areas

Major friction areas in red

71

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Lubrication Methods
Hand Oiling Drop Lubrication Oil Bath Rotating Plate Forced Circulation

72

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Example Application Large Roller Chain

Multi-strand conveyor

Large Roller Chain

73

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sprockets

74

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sprocket Classifications

75

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Drive Factors

Location of slack Chain wrap Vertical arrangement

76

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Installation Parallel Shafts

Level

Level
77

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Installation

78

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Installation - Sprockets
Straight edge or Straight string

Gap

79

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Installation

80

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Length
The following information is needed for an equation to find the chain length:
1.

Number of teeth on the drive sprocket. 2. Number of teeth on the driven sprocket. 3. Center-to-center distance between the shafts. 4. The chain pitch in inches.

81

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Inspection
Cleanliness Lubrication Signs of wear Flexibility Check chain stretch Physical damage

82

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Chain Wear
WORN CHAIN NEW CHAIN

SPROCKET

83

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Sprocket Tooth Wear

SPROCKETS INDICATE WEAR HERE

84

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Preventive Maintenance
Inspect for wear Lubricate Check chain sag Set tension Inspect sprockets

85

Mechanical Drives/Power Transmission Training

Summary and Quiz

Review Objectives Question and Answer Session

86