Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Industries in India
Most important industry in terms of employment and production of
export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur,
Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot,
1 Cotton Textile
Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South
India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in
India
At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a
take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and
'self-generating' economy.
Third Plan Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that
3
(1961 - 66) agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of
export and industry.
Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression
(1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).
Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious
food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual
Plans.
Three Annual During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide-
4 Plans (1966- spread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use
69) of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was
put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.
During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks
given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve
two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and
'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of high rate of growth,
Fifth
6 better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the
Plan(1974-79)
domestic rate of savings.
The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta
Govt.came to power.
There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in
Rolling Plan
7 operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it
(1978 - 80)
returned to power in 1980.
Bordering
4 West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam
Bangladesh
Bordering
7 Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area)
Afghanistan
Diameter 3,476 km
1 K2 8,611
10 Rakaposhi 7,788
11 Kamet 7,756
17 Nunkun 7,135
18 Pauhunri 7,128
19 Kangto 7,090
20 Dunagiri 7,066
TOTAL COARSE
6 Maharashtra, Karnataka, UP
CEREALS
TOTAL FOOD
8 UP, Punjab, West Bengal
GRAINS
Rapeseed And
10 Rajasthan, UP, Haryana
Mustard
TOTAL OIL
13 MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan
SEEDS
2 Patna Ganga
3 Varanasi Ganga
4 Kanpur Ganga
5 Hardwar Ganga
6 Badrinath Alaknanda
7 Agra Yamuna
8 Delhi Yamuna
9 Mathura Yamuna
10 Ferozpur Satluj
11 Ludhiana Satluj
12 Srinagar Jhelum
13 Lucknow Gomti
14 Jaunpur Gomti
15 Ayodhya Saryu
17 Ahmedabad Sabarmati
18 Kota Chambal
19 Jabalpur Narmada
20 Panji Mandavi
21 Ujjain Kshipra
22 Surat Tapti
23 Jamshedpur Swarnarekha
24 Dibrugarh Brahmaputra
25 Guwahati Brahmaputra
26 Kolkata Hooghly
27 Sambalpur Mahanadi
28 Cuttack Mahanadi
29 Serirangapatnam Cauvery
30 Hyderabad Musi
31 Nasik Godavari
32 Vijayvada Krishna
Important National Highways
5 NH 5 Kolkata - Chennai
6 NH 6 Kolkata - Dhule
7 NH 7 Varanasi - Kanyakumari
9 NH 9 Mumbai - Vijaywada
10 NH 10 Delhi - Fazilka
Damodar Valley
4 On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.
Project
Nagarjuna Sagar
11 On Krishna in AP
Project
Sharavathi Hydel
15 On Jog Falls in Karnataka
Project
1 Indus 3,000
2 Brahmaputra 2,900
3 Ganga 2,510
4 Godavari 1,450
5 Narmada 1,290
6 Krishna 1,290
7 Mahanadi 890
8 Cauvery 760
2 Mumbai (busiest and biggest) Paradip (exports raw iron into Japan)
There are 18 refineries in India, 16 in public sector, one in joint sector and
one in private sector. Public sector refineries are located at Digboi,
Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia, Koyali, Mathura, Kochi, Chennai,
6 Oil Refineries
Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai (2), Panipat, Narimanam, Numanigarh and
Tatipaka. Joint sector refinery is at Mangalore. The private sector refinery
of Reliance Limited is at Jamnagar.
Silver, Zinc Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore,
10
and Lead Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines)
Dates of longest days and shortest June 21 (Summer Solstice); Dec, 22 (Winter
nights Solstice)
23 Mudumalai Sanctuary In TN
5 Kaiga In Karnataka
6 Kakrapara In Gujarat
Railway Zones
1 Central Mumbai VT
2 Eastern Kolkata
6 Southern Chennai
Buddhism
The Buddha:
• His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up
by stepmother Gautami.
• Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son
named Rahula.
• After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a
wanderer.
• Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called ‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great
Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.
• Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first
sermon is called ‘Dharmachakrapracartan’ or ‘Turning of the Wheel of Law’.
• Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district
of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.
Buddhist Councils:
• Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka)
In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.
Constitutional Development
This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the company’s affairs. In fact,
the company became a subordinate department of the State.
Act of 1786:
• Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the
Commander-in-chief also.
• Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.
• End of Company’s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to
close its business at the earliest.
• Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of
India was Lord William Bentinck).
• The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of
Indian territories in trust of the British crown.
• A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He
was to exercise the powers of the Crown.
• Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and
was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for
Muslims.
• Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence
were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.
• Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs
(1830).
• Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the
recommendations of Macaulay).
Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 – 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called
Liberator of the Press).
Lord Auckland (1836 – 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan
War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.
• Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).
• Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur
(1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).
• Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of
the country, which made communication easier.
• Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on
Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also
developed.
Newspaper Journals
Newspaper/Journal Founder/Editor
Kesari B.G.Tilak
Maharatta B.G.Tilak
Sudharak G.K.Gokhale
Sandhya B.B.Upadhyaya
Hindustan M.M.Malviya
Mooknayak B.R.Ambedkar
Harijan M.K.Gandhi
Jainism
• There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath
(Emblem: Bull).
• The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of
Banaras.
• The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born
in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.
• In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of
Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).
• From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were
named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.
• At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.
• Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more,
Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.
Brahmo Samaj:
Arya Samaj:
Ramakrishna Mission:
• Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College
in Calcutta.
• He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported women’s education
and their rights.
Veda Samaj:
Dharma Sabha:
Lokahitawadi:
• Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook.
He advocated female education for the upliftment of women.
• As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing
handspun khadi cloth.
Radhaswami Movement:
• Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb
or Swami Maharaj.
• The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Guru’s supreme position and a
simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).
Theosophical Society:
• Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture.
• Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later,
Col.M.S. Olcott of the US Army joined her.
• In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu).
• Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College
in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.
Viceroys Of India
• II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for
women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for
men.
• Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
• Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.
• Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and
Afghanistan.
• Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities
was increased.
• Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East
Bengal & Assam.
• Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police
administration of every province.
• The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 – 98 led him to create the North Western
Frontier Province(NWFP).
• Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore India’s cultural
heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.
• Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold
standard.
• Extended railways to a great extent.
• There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the
revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907)
and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.
• The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley – Minto Reforms was passed.
• August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be
gradually transferred to the Indian people.
• The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague – Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
• Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
• Non – Cooperation Movement.
• An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
• A Women’s university was founded at Poona in 1916.
• Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.
• Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
• Suppressed non-cooperation movement.
• Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921.
• Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.
• Ahmedabad session of 1921.
• Formation of Swaraj Party.
• Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
• Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy.
• Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925.
• Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
• Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was
murdered in communal orgy.
• Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11
provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up
offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim
League observed the days as ‘Deliverance Say’ (22 December)
• Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter
(issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have
been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.
• Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
• Cripps Mission in 1942.
• Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).
• Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and
Muslim League; failed.
• Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
• Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed
under Nehru.
• First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.
• Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.
• Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
• Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which
India became independent on August 15, 1947.
• Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last
Indian Governor General of free India).
Partition of Bengal:
• By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old
province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
• The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
• A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found
real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.
• Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
• INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by
G.K.Gokhale.
• Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.
• Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
• It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported
the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special
safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.
• In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted ‘Swaraj’ (Self-govt)
as the goal of Indian people.
• The INC split into two groups – The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat
session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by
G.K.Gokhale.
• Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at
Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
• Objective: Self – government for India in the British Empire.
• Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic
States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth
right and I will have it.
• Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings
among Muslims.
• Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate
electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion
status for the country).
• After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at “increasing
association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization
of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire”. This
came to be called the August Declaration.
• This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial
for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of
Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
• Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by
Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.
• People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
• General O’ Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
• As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
• Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned
from Viceroy’s Executive Council after this.
• Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
• On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed O’Dyer when the later was addressing
a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.
• Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty
that followed the First World War.
• Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.
• A mob of people at Chauri – Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22
policemen on February 5, 1922.
• This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.
• Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to
introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
• Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
• The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular
opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He
succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.
• On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session,
declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
• On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was
fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.
Revolutionary Activities:
• The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the
Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of
the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
• In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at
Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
• In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford,
the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath
Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
• In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of
“India Office” in London.
• In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge
at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
• In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur.
They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
• They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow
railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
• Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who
ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
• Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on
Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at
Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near
Ferozepur.
• In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible
conditions in jail.
• Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In
1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
• In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.
Dandi March (1930):
• It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was
held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
• Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were
there.
• Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the
ice between Gandhiji and the government.
• The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on
March 5, 1931.
• In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the
second round table conference.
• The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to
make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.
• Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay
Macdonald.
• However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time
separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed
Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo – Indians.
• Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
• Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women
and even Backward classes.
• Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.
• After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass
meeting took place almost everywhere.
• Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became
active.
• Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept
25, 1932).
• In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but
seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.
Third Round Table Conference (1932):
• Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to
the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.
• In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir
be made the Muslim State within the federation.
• Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
• Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
• Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in
1940.
• In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War – II and advanced towards Indian borders.
By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
• The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford
Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
• He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
• Rejected by the Congress as it didn’t want to rely upon future promises.
• Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.
• The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new
Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British
Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps
and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.
• The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their
proposals.
• On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for
separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the
Princely States was suggested.
• Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.
• Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in
danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
• Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July
29, 1946.
• It passed a ‘Direct action’ resolution, which condemned both the British Government
and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
• Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.
• The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as
its president.
• On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for
the solution of India’s political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
• India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
• Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of
Assam would be held.
• There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its
constitution.
• The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even
remain independent.
• Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
• The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which
contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.
1885, Bombay,
W.C.Bannerji
1882 Allahabad
1895, Poona,
S.N.Banerjee
1902 Ahmedabad
1907,
Surat, Madras Rasbehari Ghosh
1908
Calcutta
1920 Lala Lajpat Rai
(sp.session)
Ahmedabad,
1921,1922 C.R.Das
Gaya
Delhi
1923 Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President)
(sp.session)
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed)
1932,
Delhi, Calcutta (Session Banned)
1933
The Governor
Citizen of India
Completed 35 yrs of age.
Shouldn't be a member of either house of parliament or the State
1 Qualification
legislature.
Must possess the qualification for membership of State Legislature.
Mustn't hold any office of profit.
Normally each State has its own Governor, but under the Seventh
Amendment Act 1956, the same person can be appointed as Governor of
one or more States or Lt. Governor of the Union Territory.
His usual term of office is 5 yrs but he holds office during the pleasure
of the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his
successor takes the charge.
2 Status
Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President.
The legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a
Governor.
Salary from the Consolidated Fund of the State (Rs.36,000 per month)
and is not subject to the vote of the State Legislature. When the same
person is appointed as the Governor of two or more States, the emoluments
and allowances payable to him shall be allocated among the States in such
proportion as determined by the President of India.
President
Must be a citizen of India.
Completed 35 yrs in age.
Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha.
1 Qualification Must not hold any Government post. Exceptions:
President and Vice-President.
Governor of any State.
Minister of Union or State.
5 year term
Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the no. of times a person
Term &
3 can ecome President.
Emoluments
Can give resignation to Vice President before full-term.
Present Salary - 50,000/month (including allowances & emoluments).
Quasi-judicial procedure.
Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of Constitution.
4 Impeachment
The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the
Parliament.
In case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the
Vice-President acts as President. If he is not available then Chief Justice, if
5 Vacancy not then senior-most judge of Supreme Court shall act as the President of
India.
The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy.
Appoints PM, ministers, Chief Justice & Judges of Supreme Court & High
courts, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General,
Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of
Election Commission, Governors, Members of Finance Commission,
Ambassadors, etc.
Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok
Sabha.
Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 yrs) that recommends
distribution of taxes between Union & State govts.
7 Powers Appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High
Courts.
The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:
National Emergency (Article 352)
State Emergency (President's Rule) (Article 356)
Financial Emergency (Article 360)
He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India.
President appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy & Air Force.
Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the
Parliament.
4 Delhi 70 Nil
5 Bihar 243 75
6 Jharkhand 81 Nil
7 Goa 40 Nil
9 Haryana 90 Nil
12 Karnataka 224 75
15 Chhatisgarh 90 Nil
16 Maharashtra 288 78
17 Manipur 60 Nil
18 Meghalaya 60 Nil
19 Mizoram 40 Nil
20 Nagaland 60 Nil
22 Pondicherry 30 Nil
25 Sikkim 32 Nil
27 Tripura 60 Nil
29 Uttaranchal 70 Nil
Citizen of India
Have been a judge of High Court for 5 yrs or An advocate of High
3 Qualification
Court for 10 yrs minimum or In President's view, a distinguished jurist
of the country.
The Chief Justice & other judges hold office till 65 yrs of age.
Can give resignation to President.
Can be removed by the Parliament.
4 Term & Salary After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act
before any authority.
Salary: Chief Justice - 33,000/- per month, Other Judges -
30,000/- per month
Status:
• He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country & can take part in the
proceedings of the Parliament & its committees. However, he is not given the right to
vote.
• He is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State.
Because of this, he is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.
• In England, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet, but in India he is not. It
is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in
power, the Attorney General resigns from his post to enable the new Government to
appoint a nominee of his choice.
• The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and four Additional Solicitors
- General.
• The Attorney General gets a retainer equivalent to the salary of a judge of the
Supreme Court.
• Gives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the
President.
• Appears before the Supreme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the govt.
of India.
Vice President
• Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the
system of proportional representation by means of single transferable
vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in
his election.
1 Election
• The Supreme Court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving
disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice-President.
• Citizen of India.
2 Criteria
• Possess the qualification for membership of Rajya Sabha.
• Not hold any office of profit under union, state or local authority.
However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a
State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding
an office of profit.
• Being the Vice President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he
is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha.
Other
3
Points
• All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his
consent.
Vice Presidents of India
Part - II (Art. 5 -
Deals with various rights of citizenship.
11)
Part - III (Art. 12 Deals with fundamental rights of Indian citizens. (Art. 31 - dealing with
- 35) the right to property was deleted by 44th amendment).
Part - IV - A (Art.
Added by 42nd amendment in 1976. Contains the duties of the citizens.
51A)
Deals with govt. at the Union Level. (Duties & Function of PM, Ministers,
Part - V (Art. 52 -
Presidents, Attorney General, Parliament - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha,
151)
Comptroller & Auditor General).
Deals with govt. at the State Level. (Duties & functions of Chief Minister &
Part - VI (Art.
his ministers, Governor, State legislature, High Court, Advocate General of
152 - 237)
the State).
Consists of 2 parts:
1. Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule
'SCHEDULE ELEVEN'. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj.
Part - IX (They have been given administrative powers).
2. Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule
'SCHEDULE TWELVE'. It contains 18 subjects related to Municipalities.
(They have been given administrative powers).
Part - X (Art.
Deals with Scheduled & Tribal Areas.
244, 244A)
Part - XI (Art.
Deals with relation between Union & States.
245 - 263)
Part - XII (Art. Deals with distribution of revenue between Union & States, appointment of
264 - 300A) Finance Commission (Article 280), contracts, liabilities etc.
Part - XIII
Relates to trade, commerce & intercourse within the Territory of India.
(Art.301 - 307)
Part - XIV
Deals with UPSC and Public Service Commissions.
(Art.308 - 323)
Part - XV
Deals with elections (Also Election Commission)
(Art.324 - 329)
Part - XVI Deals with special provisions for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribed &
(Art.330 - 342) Anglo - Indian Representation.
Part, XVIII
Deals with emergency provisions.
(Art.352 - 360)
Parliament of India
LOK SABHA:
The Eighty Fourth Amendment, 2001, extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly
seats till 2026.
The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the
President. The life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the five year
term, when a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 is in force. But the Parliament
cannot extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha for more than one year at a time (no limit on
the number of times in the Constitution).
The Candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) Atleast 25 yrs of age. (c ) Mustn't hold
any office of profit. (d) No unsound mind/ insolvent. (e) Has registered as voter in any
Parliamentary Constituency.
Presiding officer is Speaker (In his absence Deputy Speaker). The members among
themselves elect him.
The Speaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a newly
elected Lok Sabha meets.
Usually the Speaker, after his election cuts-off all connection with his party & acts in an
impartial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but exercises his casting vote only to
remove a deadlock.
The Majority of the total membership can remove Speaker after giving a 14 days notice.
(During this time, he doesn't preside over the meetings). After his removal, continues in office
till his successor takes charge.
RAJYA SABHA
• Presently, the Parliament, by law, has provided for 233 seats for the States and the
Union Territories. The total membership of Rajya Sabha is thus 245.
• All the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry are represented in the
Rajya Sabha.
• There are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajya
Sabha.
• The candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) 30 yrs of age. (c ) Be a parliamentary
elector in the State in which he is seeking election. (d) Others as prescribed by
parliament from time-to-time.
• The Rajya Sabha MPs are elected for a term of 6 years, as 1/3rd members retire every
2 years.
• In Rajya Sabha any bill can originate, apart from money bill (including budget).
Gujarat and The State of Bombay was divided into two States, I.e., Maharashtra and
2
Maharashtra Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act, 1960
It was carved out from the State of Assam by the State of Nagaland
5 Nagaland
Act, 1962.
Himachal The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of
7
Pradesh State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
Manipur and Both these States were elevated from the status of Union Territories by
9
Tripura the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.
Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th
10 Sikkim Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974. It got the status of a full State in
1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.
Arunachal It received the status of a full State by the State of Arunachal Pradesh
12
Pradesh Act, 1986.
Goa was separated from the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and
was made a full-fledged State by the Goa, Daman and Diu
13 Goa
Reorganisation Act, 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union
Territory
Seventh
Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic
2 Amendment
basis
1956
Eighth Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and
3 Amendment Anglo-Indian in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10
1959 years from1960 to 1970.
The Ninth
Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the
4 Amendment
1958 Indo-Pak agreement.
1960
The Tenth
5 Amendment Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.
1961
Twelfth
6 Amendment Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.
1962
Thirteenth
7 Amendment Created Nagaland as a State.
1962
Fourteenth
Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories
8 Amendment
were included in the I schedules as UT of Pondicherry.
1963
Eighteenth
9 Amendment Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.
1966
Twenty first
10 Amendment Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.
1967
Twenty second
11 Amendment Created a sub-state of Meghalaya with in Assam.
1969
Twenty third
Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of Anglo-
12 Amendment
Indians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).
1969
Twenty sixth
Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely
13 Amendment
states.
1971
Twenty seventh
Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal
14 Amendment
Pradesh as UTs.
1971
Thirty first
Increased the elective Strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit
15 Amendment
of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.
1973
Thirty sixth
16 Amendments Made Sikkim a State
1975
Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts
High Court
Status:
• Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial organ of the State.
• However, there can be a common High Court like Punjab, Haryana & Union Territory of
Chandigarh.
• Consists of Chief Justice & other such judges as appointed by the President.
• The Constitution, unlike in the case of the Supreme Court, does not fix any maximum
number of judges for a High Court. (Allahabad High Court has 37 judges while J & K
High Court has only 5).
• A judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court without his consent
by the President. In this the Chief Justice of India is also consulted. The opinion
provided by him shall have primacy and is binding on the President.
Appointment of Judges:
The appointment of Chief Justice is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme
Court & the Governor of the State by the President. In case of appointment of a judge, the
chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in addition to chief Justice of
Supreme Court & Governor of the State concerned.
Qualifications:
• Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two such Courts in succession for
atleast 10 yrs; or should have held judicial office in India for a period of atleast 10yrs.
Term:
A judge of High Court continues his office till 62 yrs of age. Term can be cut short due to
resignation or removal by the President.
Removal:
• The President can remove a judge of High Court only if the Parliament passes the
resolution by a 2/3 majority of its members present & voting in each house.
• The conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be discussed in Parliament, except
on a motion for the removal of a judge.
Andhra
1954 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad
Pradesh
Himachal
1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla
Pradesh
Punjab &
1966 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh
Haryana
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
Article 14 Equality before law and equal protection of law
Article 18 Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted.
Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and
Article
heart of the Constitution
32
by DR Ambedkar).
• The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and
fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and
Vice-President.
• The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election
Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief
Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional
Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election
Commission.
• They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit
after their retirement.
Functions:
Status:
• The President can remove him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of
Parliament (as in case of judge of Supreme Court).
Powers:
• He is the guardian of the public purse. His duties are to audit the accounts of the Union
and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of
India or of the States without the sanction of the Parliament or the respective State
Legislature.
• He submits an audit report of the Union to the President who shall lay it before the
Parliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respective Governors who
shall lay it before the respective State Legislature.
• In short the CAG acts as the custodian & trustee of public money.
Chief Minister
Status
• The position of Chief Minister at the State level is analogous to the position of the
Prime Minister at the Centre.
• Appointed by Governor. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of
the Chief Minister.
Presidents of India
Hydrogen H 1
Helium He 2
Lithium Li 3
Beryllium Be 4
Boron B 5
Carbon C 6
Nitrogen N 7
Oxygen O 8
Flourine F 9
Neon Ne 10
Sodium (Natrium) Na 11
Magnesium Mg 12
Aluminium Al 13
Silicon Si 14
Phosphorous P 15
Sulphur S 16
Chlorine Cl 17
Argon Ar 18
Potassium (Kalium) K 19
Calcium Ca 20
Titanium Ti 22
Vanadium V 23
Chromium Cr 24
Manganese Mn 25
Iron (Ferum) Fe 26
Cobalt Co 27
Nickel Ni 28
Copper (Cuprum) Cu 29
Zinc Zn 30
Germenium Ge 32
Bromine Br 35
Krypton Kr 36
Different Branches of Science
Branch Concerning Field
Biochemistry Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities
Cryogenics Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature
4 Waksman Streptomycin
Hopkins, Frederick
15 Vitamin D
Gowland
18 Lainnec Stethoscope
Milestones in Medicine
SNo Discovery / Invention Year Discoverer / Inventor Country
Anti-toxins (Science of
4 1890 Behring and Kitasato Germany, Japan
Immunity)
2000-1000
6 Ayurveda India
BC
Bronze Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%) For making coins, idols, utencils
Stainless
Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%) for making cooking utencils, knives
Steel
(a) Basophils-0.5-1%
(b) Eosinophils-1-3%
D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count) (c) Monocytes-3-8%
(d) Neutrophils-40-70%
(e) Lymphocytes-2-25%
adult:2123/2123=32
Dental formula
child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth
Becquerel Radioactivity
Dyne Force
Electron-volt Energy
Fahrenheit Temperature
Henry Inductance
Hertz Frequency
Horse-power Power
Kilogram Mass
Lambert Brightness
Metre Length
Aryabhatta: He lived between 476 and 520 A.D. He was a great mathematician and an
astronomer. His contributions include about the movement of earth around the Sun,
determination of various physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of
Earth and Moon. He laid foundations of algebra and pointed out the importance of zero. The
first Indian satellite was named after him.
Bhagavantam: His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An associate
of Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the Ministry of Defence and
Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation.
Bhaskaracharya: Born in 1114 A.D., bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and
Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts
of astronomy. He had a foresight on the modern theory of conventions.
S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the first
Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his directorship, many
research laboratories were established throughout India.
J.C.Bose: He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research Institute,
Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived between 1858 and 1937.
S.N. Bose: He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory which deals with
the detection of a group of nuclear particles - named after him 'Boson'. His contribution to
Planck's Law is laudable. He died in 1974.
Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983. He is
an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of stars is 35 years old.
His first discovery was laughed at. After three decades, it was recognised and today he is a
Nobel Laureate. According to his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of
denser stars of low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Limit.
Charaka: He lived between 80 and 180 A.D. He was a court physician of King Kanishka. His
writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable
Dhanvantri: He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His
period was between 375 and 413 A.D.
Hargobind Khorana: He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded
Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968.
Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was
primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India. He published important papers
on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc. He was the first Chairman of Atomic
Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in 1966 over Alps.
Joshi: Prof. S.S.Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical discharge on
active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen peroxide are noteworthy
Nag Chowdhury B.D: An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world.
Narlikar: J.V.Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous creation which
supplies missing links in Einstein's theory of Relativity. Hoyle and Narlikar have shown that the
gravitation is always attractive and there is no gravitational repulsions.
Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear
explosion at Pokharan range in 1974.
Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his invention
'Raman Effect'. His study of crystal structure is of unique importance. He founded Raman
Research Institute at Bangalore.
Sir C.P.Roy: Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and Bengal
Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done good work on nitrous acid and its salts. He
lived between 1861- 1944 AD.
Prof. V.Ramachandra Rao: Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near
Bangalore
Saha Dr.Maghnad: Late Palit Prof.of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology,
Calcutta University well-known for his researches in nuclear physics, cosmic rays, spectrum
analysis and other branches of theoretical physics. He lived from 1893 to 1956.
Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was instrumental to
take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975.
Susruta: A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an important book on
medicine and on medical properties of garlic.
Sports
Field Person
The first Indian woman to swim across the English Channel Miss. Arati Shah
The first person to win Wimbledon title five times Bjorn Borg
The first Indian to win All England Badminton Championship Prakash Padukone
The first person to complete solo walk to magnetic North pole David Hempleman Adam (UK)
The first woman to sail non stop around the world alone Kaycottee
The first deaf & dumb to cross the strait of Gibraltar Taranath Shenoy (India)
The first woman to climb Mt. Everest twice Santosh Yadav (India)
The first black player to win the Wimbledon men's singles title Arthur Ashe (US)
Hicham El
5 MAR 1500m 03:26.0 Roma 7/14/1998
Guerrouj
Neubranden
18 Jurgen Schult GDR Discus 74.08 6/6/1986
Burg
20 km Race
22 Bernardo Segura MEX 17:25.6 Bergen 7/5/1994
Walking
50 km Race
23 Thierry Toutain FRA 40:57.9 Hericourt 9/29/1996
Walking
Jarmila
4 TCH 800M 01:53.3 Munchen 7/26/1983
Kratochvilova
Elvan
6 TUR 5000M 14:24.7 Bergen 11/6/2004
Abeylegesse
3000M
8 Gulnara Samitova RUS 09:01.6 Iraklio 4/7/2004
STEEPLECHASE
Yordanka
9 BUL 100M HURDLES 12.21 Stara Zagora 8/20/1988
Donkova
Stefka
11 BUL HIGH JUMP 2.09 Roma 8/30/1987
Kostadinova
Galina
13 URS LONG JUMP 752 Leningrad 11/6/1988
Chistyakova
Natalya
15 URS SHOT PUT 22.63 Moskva 7/6/1987
Lisovskaya
Neubran
16 Gabriele Reinsch GDR DISCUS 76.8 9/7/1988
denburg
Osleidys
18 CUB JAVELIN 71.54 Rethimno 1/7/2001
Menendez
Jackie Joyner-
19 USA HEPTATHLON 7291 Seoul 9/24/1988
Kersee
Nadezhda 10 KM RACE
20 URS 41:56.2 Seattle, WA 7/24/1990
Ryashkina WALKING
Olimpiada
21 RUS 20KM WALK 26:52.3 Brisbane 6/9/2001
Ivanova