animals, They suddenly became extinct, Smaller species survived, ‘The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction, (1)Now something similar could be happening in the oceans, . + That the seas are being overfished has been known for years, What researchers such as Ransom My- ers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world, Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass! (the amount of living biological matter) of fish sp. in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. (2) According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of la predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. (3)Dr. Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative, Ong reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the reel difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes, In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. (4)Dr. Myers and Dr, Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future manage- ment efforts must take into account, They believe the date support an idea current among marine biolo- gists, that of the “shi ing baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time inte the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped form a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fish- eries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business, — REA EERT ALERT CE WM Wh KA BAR BBR AK 2 SE BA Bi Hs I 3) + AH AL BR St A ike RA SS HS At BG TE AE BK MAKKHRERUTGKLEM GHEE RHBRS, SVB AL SCE IN TG SH A ST RER AST 1. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is | 1. #8 8 A 31 9 BU 3h % 8) K LW T BEB noted to suggest that CA] large animal were vulnerable to the changing | CA) 19: tn) 38 51553-81609 806 environment [B] small species survived as large animals disap- | [B] 4A aah MISSA) MEA PK peared seis ~~ ~[C] large sea animais may face the same threat to- day CC] san > ME hy TP [1D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones CD] RA $0 1 Se SS K (eR C (Si) RESO MARES R-BALANBS $802 (something similar) 7] fie AEE P BA. EF SE) A eT A BR aH Sa a a Fe BB IB SE ME PR FH eB BR BK De Sh My KBE TSE CE RO”. CHUM A RHE G. MAH ER BP AHHE L RICH AAS EAH SERA, 2. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr, Worm’s paper that 2. SAME AR SOF HL BR A HP BY HPT HEAL ° [A] the stock of large predators in some old fisher- ies has reduced by 90% CA) SE 1 BS A BBD T 90% [B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago CB] SUE RS RA 15 ERT OE [(C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount CCI) Sis HH I A 20% [D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old CID) a 9 a iH A SH SD 8 WR (Se A Car] A ae HY TH | REET EAA PS RE a] A — a) A rH ER JAY 15 AK 80% BUA F 20%. Fa URE) AE — ME I HH HR Sa LT EB OM, Baie tek oe WSR T 90%. A IIE De Jt old fisheries Ht YK 4 BY long-fished areas, + | Xf new fishery HOR. RRR A) EB BBR IE R15 4), — Se AH eM SP BLA LAR EAB ZF AS ey A a a RHR Da KH. BA C eM AT MPA HY 3, By saying these figures are conservative Line 1, para~ staph 3), Dr. Worm means that 3, RAR HB NG BE i Me HE A ARO CB 3 BOB 1 FT) ae ME. . [A] fishing technology has improved rapidly CA) fit eR BB A Bl tee eR [B) then catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded CB) ISB BS: FB SLA Lb HC RA BE ly [C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss (C] EMRE RR TAMAR (CD) Bi nic Se aR tt ST pe3 the data collected so far are out of date (eR1C 197—— Capa) AA AE A AE BF Pk aE HA). Keep these figures 45 HAE b CS — BR EB AY" OY JEG BRD 15 SF A PN A A Dy A Py RT 80% » He tO ST —¥#".F KMBLBRIAFTM MRATARKE CLV AREMB ERE. AEM GRRE SRA HART OEM EMS. KRMAKE TRY, A CHRER. ARNE F KH A BANS RMR De MT”. 4, Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that : 4, RITE SHR EV, . [AT people should look for a baseline that can't work for a longer time CA] Aft] BL BR — AS He eC BP (i) 3H [B} fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the bio- mass CB) i 3 1 Be HE OR He EE 50% F [C] the ocean biomass should restored its original level CC) MF A: fy BB ER 8 AACR [1D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation CD AAT B09 (##]D (SH) SMSAW MARE BRAGS BOER SBE — BEBE BZ NI 1 ks SE A A ATT aR AS A WRK MATT HE SE TBA BY AAT Aa SA Te HT SPOR. MLSE Uy LTE RO AE I. DT. A TE Ae BK AL” AA) AE ROR KE 25 50% MY MO RMR A SAE MR. BAC BARRART RPT MAL ASR. 5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ 5. te HF EB RK BB OP te HH CA) ae [A] management efficiency [B] biomass level (B] MRK [C] catch-size limits | Cc) sa erseeeme a [1D] technological application [f] ALA (SRB (O] SBSHHARAE: REESE ABATAWHHKLRED, KHEBKOMRMRASLERCEH. P-RETIF AB- BRVILHAR SKERCRT CEM MGES OR Ow MRM RIM. Am DRAB FEXKHCHRA. CHM PHM limits EXPRABR,. Alt BEMER. RG oh fl 3 aT RRMA T RP ALT oS MASE ACR 1 AAD. BIO BMRT RENT TS PRR 2 M2), RERMTS BARRA, 198