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20 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 21

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22 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 23

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24 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 25

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26 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 27

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28 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 29

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30 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 31

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32 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 33

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twif;om jiif;avonf//
34 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

rdcif}u;D tdrrf ufrufyHk


wnoY a':atmifausmo
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JG yfvsuf
om&Sad vonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 35

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

ud,
k 'hf ;l ud,
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f xdak iGukd ay:xGe;f atmif

36 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tm; ray;bJxm;onf[I
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 37

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

ynm&&ef zd;k olawmfyif vkycf &hJ .

q&mawmf OD;OwWraecJah om ppfawGrd h a&$apwD y&d,wWpd moifwu


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38 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
v#if yyg / ryvdu
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 39

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
&SiOf wWrESihf &Sit
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jzpfavonf?

tcef; (2)
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40 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
avonf? touf 17 -ESpf / 18-ESpf / 19 ESpw
f iG f t*Fvyd yf nm 10wef; pmar;yGu
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19 ESpf 2-v pGe;f wGif &[ef;cHonf?
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Edik if jH cm;odk h jyefujG cif;


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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 41

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

tdE,
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 49

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 51

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52 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 53

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54 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 55

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56 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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tvGefatmufwef;usaom tapcHrsm;vufodk@om ygawmfrljcif;/

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 57

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
axmufyahH =u;udk vHak vmufpmG r&jcif;wd@k twGuf ra=urcsr;f p&m udpP
rsm;udkawG@&Sdav&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&. y&d,m,fa00kpfrsm;udk t&Sif
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pOf;pm;vsuyf if Armjynfo@kd jyefvmcJ&h avonf?

tcef; (3)
q&mawmfEiS hf ArmhEikd if aH &;
1911-1912 ckEpS Yf OD;OwWronf Armjynfo@kd jyefa&muf
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58 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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onf a&jrifhv#if=umjrifhouJhodk@ tqifhtwef;nDaom atmufajc

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 59

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
cdik +f rJru
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q&mawmf OD;OwWr r-umc%oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl zhJ ;l onfh


urm&Gwaf ps;teD; wyfwiG ;f ausmif;
60 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
od@k aomfvnf; vlrsm;ESib
hf ek ;f }u;D rsm;u OD;OwWrtm; omref
EdkifiHa&;bkef;}uD;wyg;[lI todtrSwfy+yD; oGm;vmaygif;oif;aom
&[ef;oHCmF awmfawmfyifenf;yg;cJ.
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tvif; / ynmtvif;[laom &ufjcm;owif;pmESpaf pmif xyfraH y:
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tpnf;ta0;}uD;u a0vrif;om;tm; oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfjyef

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 61

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
onf? 1920-ckEpS f jynfr@d Yusi;f yaom 0dik f / trf / bD / at ESpyf wfvnf
uGezf &ifph +y;D 0dik f / trf / bD / at Ak'b
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62 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
u&ufa'guu
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 63

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

OD;OwWr. Edik if aH &;ppfqifykH


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64 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 65

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66 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 67

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68 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 69

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70 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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78 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 79

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80 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 81

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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82 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 83

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84 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 85

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86 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 87

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 89

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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90 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 91

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 99

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onf rnfuo
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100 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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'dik f ESihf [H;k cGg_y_J y;D onfah emuf


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ESihf r0iforl sm;zuf t}uD;tus,u
f =JG uovdk trsK;d om;ynma&;[lI
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taemufyikd ;f rS a&G;aumufjcif;cH&aom trf/ at armif}u;D u ynma&;
vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 101

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
0ef}uD;tjzpf cef@xm;cH&.? 'dik t
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vlceG Ef iS hf o\ar"cGef ray;wrf;


1285-ckEpS w
f iG f OD;cspv
f i_d af cgi;f aqmifaom *sD / pD / bD / at
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k kd pdw"f gwx
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xm;onfhtjyif [krR&l;vd*f ac: toif;wckudkzGifh&m OD;OwWrESifh
om,m0wD OD;yk ESpOf ;D wd@k rmS xdt
k oif;twGuf wyl;waygi;f wnf;yif
aqmif&u
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 103

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
OD;OwWronf xdkif&mrSxvm+yD;aemuf tckpum;ajymoGm;oludk
od=u&J@vm;? tJ'v
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qdw
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kd ykd if OD;ykukd
aqmfIxnfhonf? xdk@aemufOD;yk bmpum; bmr#rajymawmhbJ
+idro
f mG ;.? xdt
k qdu
k kd atmifjrifpmG qH;k jzwfvu
kd =f uonf? od@k &mwGif
rnfonf0h o
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G f
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rE Wav;wGif OD;bOD;ESifh 21-OD;aemufygwdk@ tawmfuav;
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OD;xGe;f atmifausmEf iS ahf ygi;f +yD; q&mawmfO;D OwWrudk rE aW v;od@k yif&h ef
pDpOf+yD; yifah wmhonf? OD;OwWrud,
k af wmfuGvm+yDqv
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104 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vsuf&dS.? 1286-ckESpf waygif;vavmufyifjzpfonf? q&mawmf
OD;OwWrtm; armfawmfum;ESifhwifI aemufESifha&S@rS vlxky&dowf
&[ef;y&dowfrsm; vdu
k v
f m=uav&m 21-OD; bufu olw@kd tpnf;
ta0;vkyaf eaom "gw&f xm;vrf;wav#mufukd OD;OwWr ruGvmzd@k
&mZ0wf0efxHodk@ uef@uGufta=umif;=um;I &mZ0wf0efuvnf;
xdrk #}uD;rm;aom vlxyk &dowfukd xdv
k rf;rSroGm;&ef vm+yD; &kwcf sn;f
uef@uGufawmhonf? vlxkonf em;raxmifbJ ZGwfcsDwufav&m
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f kd cJEiS yhf pf=uI
ykvyd u
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armif/ OD;aqmif/ OD;pH!$efwdk@udkzrf;+yD; tpdk;&u w&m;pGJqdkavonf?
tm;vH;k yif axmif'g%f 4-ESp/f 7-ESppf ojzifh usc&H .?

'kw,
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OD;OwWrtm; xdak e&mrSyv
k yd u
f ac:oGm;+yD; xdak e@n&xm;ESihf
yif &efukefodk@jyefydk@vdkufI &efukefudk a&mufvmawmhonf? xdkodk@
t"du&k%;f jzpf&onfukd pdwrf csr;f omaom q&mawmfO;D OwWronf
ol@u,
kd o
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wlonf? wynf'h g,umawG twd'u
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awmfY rd@v;kH u|wt
f pnf;ta0;udk om,m0wDO;D yktm; tac:cdik ;f av
onf? om,m0wD OD;yku xdt
k pnf;ta0;udk OD;aqmif+yD;ac:&m vlxk
y&dowfvnf; jynf=h uyfomG ;awmhonf?
vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 105

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
&mZowfOya'u b,fo@kd yif tpd;k &tm; t=unft!dyk suf
atmif ra[mrajym&/ a[majymv#if axmif'g%u
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t!dk uif;rJah tmif ysuaf tmif vH@_ aqmfa[majymrSom ol.wm0ef
0wW&m; ausyeG &f ma&mufawmhrnf[k oH'Xd mefcsvsuf xdt
k pnf;ta0;
wGif rde@f ceG ;f tus,u
f kd pm&Gujf zifzh wfI a[majymonf? vGwv
f yf
aom 'Dru
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tr_ppfaq;onfah e@wiG f q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; &efuek cf &dik f
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q&mawmftcsKd @vnf; OD;OwWrESit
hf wl xkid af e=u.? ta&;ydik u
f &H;k
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qGI
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}uD;rsm;um; a'gorjzpf onf;cHawmfr=l uonf? xdo
k @kd oHCmawmfrsm;
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=uonf? a*:&mpmoifrsm;onf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;udka&G;I twif;

106 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
vdu
k &f u
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ao;onf? qma*satarmif}uD; jynfxaJ &;udk udik af epOf aumifpYD 21

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 107

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
-OD; trwfrsm;u axmifxu
J saeaom q&mawmfO;D OwWr b,frmS &dI
S
b,fvakd eygovJ[k ar;.?
xdo
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ESpaf omif;teuf OD;OwWruJo
h @kd aom omrefvw
l pfa,mufukd rnfonfh
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k cg
wGif v$waf wmfwiG ;f rS rauseyfaomtrwfrsm; xGuv
f m=uaomtcg
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d I
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q&mawmfOD;OwWr axmifxJwGif&SdaepOfyif 1286-ckESpf/
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k o
kd may;I (bl;) oif;[k

108 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ay:ayguv
f mcJ&h m tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;wGif tawmfuav; t=uyf&u
kd f
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0HomEktoif;wd@k ukd rw&m;toif;[k a=ujimawmhonf? rw&m;oif;
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jynfta&;ydik /f om,m0wDta&;ydik w
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f r# ac:xkwf
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f suf axmifo@kd y@kd
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q&mpHu acgif;aqmifvsSuf OD;pdk;odrf;ESifh q&mawmfOD;OwWrwdk@um;

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 109

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
cwfat;at;yif rodovdkae=u.? OD;OwWru xdkuGefz&ifht+yD;wGif
&k&mS ;ESihf Oa&mywdik ;f jynfrsm;od@k omG ;&ef Edik if u
H ;l vufrw
S af wmif;&m r&
ojzifh ppfuikd ;f wGio
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cGifh&v#if vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;&Ekdifrnf[k tcsKd@u xifjrif
ae=uonf? bke;f }uD;jzpfaeI wdww
f qdwf cd;k a=umifc;kd 0Suf oGm;jyefu
vnf; 0denf;awmfEiS hf +idprG ;f rnfjzpfI a&Smif&.? 0denf;awmfEiS hf rnD
aom vufeufc,
J rf;rD;ausmuf&a&;udk aqmif&u
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OD;OwWru ud,
k x
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rS vufa&G;pifw@kd . olyek x
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110 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
qma*satarmif}uD; jyefomG ;+yD;I &ufowWywfr# rjynfch if
1930-ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 22-&ufae@Y q&mpHO;D pD;aom om,m0wD
olyek rf mS a&wdu
k &f mG rSpI xuGawmhonf? Adv
k w
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aom opfawmt&m&Sd rsuEf mS jzLwpfO;D rSm xdak e@yif towfc&H onf?
om,m0wD olyek x
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awmuf ajymoGm;aompum;rsm;udk =um;vdu
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f ikd ;f rGe;f ud,
k f

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 111

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
wdik f tdE,
dN atmufvw
$ af wmftwGi;f Y&Spd Of wdik ;f &if;om;ESpOf ;D u AH;k ESihf
ypfzl;.? vlum; wpfa,mufrSraoay? ,cktdENd,acgif;aqmif}uD;
&S&ad e&l;.zcif Adwrf w
kd v
d mae&l;ESihf pDtm&f'wfpw
f @kd u acgi;f aqmif
v#uf qGm&yfygwD [ktrnfay;+yD; wdik ;f jynfzufu wwfEikd af om
ae&mwGif tm;vH;k ydwyf ifuef@uw
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xdak cgi;f aqmif}uD;wd@k . t}uHtpnfum; tawmfyif atmifjrif x
ajrmufco
hJ nf? b*Fvm;vGwaf wmfwiG f ynma&;t&m&Srd sm;/ ausmif;rsm;
vcr&I &yfqdkif;xm;&.? tpdk;&u awmif;aomaiGtm;vHk;udk
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f kd oydwaf rSmuf
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(2) OD;armifarmiftek ;f cdik /f (3) trfat OD;armif}uD;/ (4) OD;bpD/ (5)
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f i_d /f (7) om,m0wD OD;yk/ (8) OD;xGe;f
atmifausm/f (9) om,m0wD OD;armifarmif/ (10) OD;pk/ (11) OD;eD/

112 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
(12) a': jrpde/f (13) qpf'eD vle/D (14) q&m a&$b/ (15) qm*vifb/D
(16) rpPwm[m*s/D (17) rpPwmum0yf*s?D
(rSwcf su?f ? Tpm&if;rSm OD;bcdik .
f Edik if aH &;&mZ0if rS&
aom pm&if;jzpfonf? xkt
d pnf;ta0;od@k a'guw
f mbarmfvnf; wuf
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 113

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 115

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116 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 117

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118 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 119

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120 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 131

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 133

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 135

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136 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tm; aumifpo
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 137

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
rsm;Y 0HomEktoif;wd@k u rnfr#yif atmifjrif&=dS uonfjzpfap rd@rsm;
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ESihf yl;aygi;f vdak om tvdak wmf&w
d @kd yifv#if rcHr&yfEikd af tmif &Scd =hJ u&
avonf?

138 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
tdE,
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 139

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oabmwl cGihf yEdik &f o
kH mjzpfI xdak iGukd 4if;wd@k tvdt
k wdik ;f oH;k pGv
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140 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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Tenf;ESpfenf;wdk@teuf wenf;enf;udkr# rvdkufacsaomf
tdE,
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f
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 141

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}u;D vmI xdt
k }uu
H kd ckcw
H u
kd zf suv
f rd rhf nf rc|wjf zpfa=umif;ESihf a&;om;
zl;av+yD? od@k jzpfI rpPwmtdik ;f ,m;. E_;d aqmfcsuu
f kd tav;*&krybJ
aezd@k &mroifah y?

apmifq
h ikd ;f ar#mv
f ifah omfvnf;
avmh&'D if;/ tdE,
dN bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;onf tdE,
dN jynfo@kd qdu
k f
a&mufpu jynfow
l @kd ar#mv
f ift
h m;ud;k &Sad p&atmif rsm;pGmyif zGihf rGuf
ajymqdak omfvnf; ,ckwikd w
f pHw
k &mudk ajymqdzk ;l aom pum;twdik ;f
rwnfao;jcif;a=umifh jynfow
l @kd u tm;ud;k &mra&mufojzifh jynfol
wd@k tay: =oZmwefc;kd ,kwaf vsmh vsuv
f mcJ+h yD?
tdE,
dN jynfY ,cktcg c%acwWr# +idrq
f w
d v
f #uf &Sad ejcif;
a=umifh zdEydS jf cif;/ oif;cGjJ cif;wd@k a=umifh xdjk ynf}uD;Y eef;udak tmfya&;&Si;f
=unfa&Smifjcif;tvky.
f rlvtajcjzpfaom qlyEl ;dk =um;jcif;wd@k onf ,ck
tcg yaysmuf+yD at;+yD[k rqdEk ikd af o;acs?
avmh&'d if;u xdo
k @kd jynforl sm;tm; csr;f omausat;atmif
b,fuo
hJ @kd vyk rf nf[k pnf;urf;pepf &Syd gao;.avm[k tdE,
dN jynfom;
taygi;f wd@k u apmifq
h ikd ;f ihv
H ifv
h #uf &Sad e=uao;onf?
,ckuJhodk@ apmifhqdkif;ar#mfvifhvsuf &Sdae=ujcif;rSm tdENd,
awmif y d k i f ; taemuf y d k i f ; r#omr[k w f wjynf v H k ; Yyif j zpf o nf ?
142 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
rpPwm*GdKufrnfaom qm'l&efewfbifem*sDydkifaom bifa*:vD ac:
owif;pmwGif azaz:0g&v
D u a&;om;zl;onfrmS tdE,
dN jynfonf vrf;
cGv
J rf;qH;k od@k a&muf&adS e+yD[al om pmacgi;f wyfvsuf azmfjya&;om;
onfrmS 'dik t
f mcDyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;enf;pepfonf jynfow
l @kd ud,
k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfa&;&Edik af om enf;vrf;jzpfatmif pDrjH cif;enf;vrf;ok@d a&muf
aomtajccHr[kwf xkx
d uftvGe,
f w
k ef rd ahf vjcif;a=umif; trsm;u
Av0tjypfqI
kd y,fcgG a&Smif&mS ;=ua=umif;[lI qd.
k ?
xdo
k @kd qakd omyk*K~ v
d .
f bifa*:vD ac: owif;pmonf tpOf
rjywf tpd;k &bufuyifaeI a&;aeaom owif;pmyifjzpfonft
h jyif
jynfow
l @kd onf tpd;k &ESihf yl;aygi;f }uHpnfjcif;rS vGw+f idr;f jcif;&Edik rf nf[k
t+rJxifjrif,q
l oabm&aom owif;pmyifwnf;?

taozGm;aomom;
'dik t
f mcDaumifpo
D @kd 0ifv=kd uaom rdwaf qGw@kd onf rpPwma&;
u aemufxyfajymqdak ompum;udk owdxm;I pOf;pm;xdu
k =f uonf?
xdyk *k K~ v
d af jymaompum;rSm aumifpw
D iG f trwfw@kd u jynfo@l tusK;d udk
pDr=H uaomtcg bk&ifc.
H ADwkd ac: tm%mESihf qmwDzikd ;f ac:
tm%mwnf;[laom twnfjzpfap/ ysufap wcsufvGwftrdef@
vufeufawZrsm;jzifh rsm;pGmzdEydS zf suq
f ;D jcif; cHc&hJ avonf?
rGezf @kd puif; ac: rGeaf w*lEiS hf avmhcsipf zd@k w@dk 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;
enf;pepfw@kd onf t*FvefygvrD efu yjyifqif,ifI ay;vdu
k af omtcg
uyif taozGm;aomom;uJo
h @kd toufygvmcJo
h nfh emrfr&Sad om &kyf
tavmif;uJo
h @kd yif &Sb
d .
d ?
ykvyd Xf me/ tpd;k & &mxl;cef@xm;a&;Xme/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme
wd@k ukd tpd;k &vuf&x
dS m;I (&DZAfywf*su)f oD;oef@cjJG cm;xm;aom Xme
rsm;Y yg0ifapor# umvywfv;kH jynfow
l @kd tm; wm0efcaJG y;pDraH pjcif;
vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 143

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEikd f wm0efvaJG y;&mrusI jynfow
l @kd .
vGwv
f yfcsr;f oma&; rwd;k wufEikd b
f J &Sad evdrrhf nf? Tod@k qd,
k if;pum;
& csichf sed af wG;qaomf 'dik t
f mcDaumifpo
D @kd 0ifa&mufaqmif&u
G jf cif;Y
tb,ftusK;d udk &&SEd ikd af ytHeh nf;?
rpPwma&;u 0HomEktrsKd;om;wdk@onf aumifpDudk r0if
a&muf=ujcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;vSa=umif; qdak yonf? od@k aomfvnf;
bk&ifcv
H ufY ADwEkd iS q
f mwDzikd ;f yg0g ac: wnfap/ ysuaf p[laom tm
%m}uD; &Sad eoIrlum; 0HomEktrwfrsm;u tb,fo@dk pGr;f aqmifEikd f
ygtehH nf;?
rpPwma&;u tpd;k &udo
k wday;onfrmS jynfow
l @kd tm; wm
0efct
H yk cf sKyfa&; wd;k wufay;&ef tcsed o
f ifv
h +S yD? xdo
k @kd wd;k wufay;ygu
tdE,
dN ESihf t*Fvefjynfonf a&S@o@kd qufvuf ESpo
f ufcspcf ifpmG wm
&Snf t+rJaygi;f oif; qufqEH ikd =f uayvdrrhf nf[k qdak yonf?

Gmol}u;D awGu-kd unfh


jrefrmjynftpd;k &wd@k u jynfow
l @kd tvdo
k @kd vdu
k af vsmu
h si}hf uH
jynfow
l @kd ukd nmwmvdak om oabm&Srd &Su
d o
kd v
d #if vGecf ahJ om tenf;
i,f &uftwGi;f u aus;vufwu
kd ef ,ftzG@J yI tkypf ;kd jcif;enf; Oya'
wGif &Gmol}uD;rsm;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwef ,ftzG@J wiG f yg0if&aomf &Gmol}uD;
&mxl;rS E_wx
f u
G &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}wdwt
f zG@J o@kd &Gmol}uD;rsm;u
vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk Ekwx
f u
G &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}ww
d t
f zJ@G o@dk
r0ifv=dk ua=umif;ESihf od&onfjzpfI xk'd pd }ww
d t
f zJ@G o@dk &Gmol}u;D rsm;u
vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk rpGe@f vw
$ &f atmif 4if;&Gmol}uD;rsm;pGmwd@k ukd
tpd;k &u wdu
k ef ,fEiS 'hf pD }udwt
f zG@J o@kd v$wf oGi;f wifajrmufcef@xm;Edik f
&ef 4if;Oya'udk twnfrycif jyifqifjznfph u
G jf yef.?

144 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
Tta=umif;udak xmufaomf *sD / pD / bD / at . tr_aqmif
aumfrwDv}l uD;rsm;u xdak us;vufwu
kd ef ,ftzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufa&;ESihf
ywfoufI xdk *sD / pD / bD / at trlaqmiftzG@J rS xGuv
f #i4f if; / *sD / pD
/ bD/ at . trde@f yifv#if xdyk *k K~ v
d rf sm;ESihf toif;tcsK@d w@kd u zDqef&ef
toif&h =dS uygv#uf jzpfaecdu
k w
f iG f tpd;k &rsm;u ,ckuo
hJ @kd aus;vuf
wdu
k ef ,f ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&;. ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfaom (&Gmol}uD;)
udpu
P kd Oya'jyifqif&ef pDro
H jzifh xdk *sD / pD / bD / at u xGuaf om
trlaqmifv}l uD;wd@k EiS hf toif;om;tcsK@d w@kd .tajcudk tm;ay;cs;D jrihf
atmifjrifatmifrvkyf taeusyt
f xdik u
f syf r}uHwwfatmif uysuf
u,uf vky&f ma&mufacsonf? xdak us;vufwu
kd ef ,f tkycf sKyfa&; Oy
a'udk jyifqifcsuo
f iG ;f &ef pDrcH suu
f kd Zlvikd v
f 25-&ufae@ jrefrmjynf
Oya' rif ; wd k i f y if O ya'ytzG J @ tpnf ; ta0;wG i f twnf y&ef
wifoiG ;f vdrrhf nf? &efuek w
f ikd ;f owif;pmtqdrk mS aus;vufwu
kd ef ,f
tzG@J twGuf Oya't&aqmif&u
G &f ef cJ,Of;jcif;udk awG@jrifo&d &dS jcif;
a=umifh 4if;Oya' jyifqifcsurf sm;udk xyfrpH rD &H jyefonfjzpfa=umif;? 4if;
jyifqifcsuw
f @kd rmS XmeoH;k ydik ;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;&Sad =umif;? yxrtcsurf mS
aus;&Gmwd@k u e,fEiS 'hf pd }wdwt
f zG@J o@kd 0ifa&muf&efv}l uD; a&G;aumuf
jcif; r&Scd ahJ omf tpd;k &u a&G;aumufwifajrm uf cef@xm;Edik af pjcif; tvd@k
iSg4if;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm 'dp}wdwftzGJ@rS aq;&kHaumfrwDtzGJ@udk4if;/
wwd,tcsurf mS Oya'yk'rf topfjzpfI a&m*gq;kd ay:ayguv
f maom
tcg ta&;ydik rf if;udk ta&;,lI taqmhwvsif pDrEH ikd jf cif;tvd@k igS jzpf
a=umif;?
tcsK@d aomaus;&Gmpkrsm;u xdak umifpo
D @kd 0if&ef vl}uD; a&G;
aumufjcif;rybJ aeaumif;ae=uvdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;? tu,fI
xdo
k @kd a&G;aumufvakd omfvnf; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwaf umifpo
D @kd
0ifv#if rdrv
d uf&&dS mxl;udk pGe@f vw
$ &f rnfjzpfI vuf&&dS mxl;udk rpGe@f
v$wv
f jkd cif;a=umifh aumifpo
D @kd r0ifvakd =umif; jiif;qef=uayvdrrhf nf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 145

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
,ck wnf+yD;aomOya'rSm jrLeDpy,fOya'rsm;uJo
h @kd a&G;aumufwif
ajrmufjcif;cH&onfh vl}uD;rsm;ae&mY vpfvyfcahJ omf tpd;k &u vl}uD;
wifajrm ufcef@xm;Edik af om tcGit
hf m%m rygr&So
d nfjzpfI tpd;k &wd@k u
xdkodk@wm0efcHaumifpDvl}uD; rpHkrvifaom 'dp}wdwftzGJ@udkyifv#if
wnfaxmif&rnfjzpfonf? od@k r[kwf Oya'y rif;wdik yf ifaumifpD o
abmwlcsuu
f kd awmif;,lI 'dp}wdwt
f zG@J udk rwnfaxmif&ao;rlI
ae@&ufuef@owfjcif; umvtydik ;f tjcm;r&Sb
d J a&G@qikd ;f xm;&vdrrhf nf?

awmaus;vufrsm;ta&;
Oya'yk'rf (8) udk jyifqifcsut
f =urf; pnf;urf;rSm 'dp}wdwf
aumifpt
D wGuf vl}uD;a&G;aumuf wifajrmufjcif;r&SI
d &Gmol}uD;udk
tpdk;&u xdk'dp}wdwfaumifpDodk@ a&G;aumufwifajrmufcef@xm;cJhrl
xd&k mG ol}uD;wd@k onf rdrw
d @kd vuf&dS &Gmol}uD;&mxl;rS E_wx
f u
G &f efrvd?k
tu,fI aumifpDtwGuf vl}uD;rif;a&G;aumufjcif;a=umifh tpdk;&
&Gmvl}uD;rsm;udk wifajrmufcef@xm;aponfjzpfap/ xdo
k @kd cef@xm;jcif;
a&G;aumuf wifajrmufjcif;cH&aom &Gmvl}uD;rsm;wd@k onf rdr&d mxl;udk
pGe@f vw
G &f rnfqakd om xdak umifpw
D @kd twGuf vl}u;D &zd@k yif rjzpfEikd af wmh
ay?
trde@f eyH gwf (3) wGif ausmufayguaf &m*g / yvdyaf &m*g/ umv
0rf;a&m*gw@kd twGuf wm0ef,I
l aqmif&u
G af &;onf 'dp}wdwt
f zG@J EiS hf
wpHkw&mrqdkifa=umif;udk qdkxm;avonf? xdktrdef@yk'fr (3) udk
xdOk ya'rS xkwEf w
_ yf ,fzsuv
f u
kd yf gu 'dp}wdwt
f zG@J onf xdak &m*gw@kd
ta&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;odk@yifjzpfaomfvnf;
aumifpt
D pnf;ta0;onf w}urd Ef iS w
hf }urd f pnf;a0;&efumv a0;jcm;
vSaoma=umifh &kww
f &ufay:ayguf ul;pufjyef@ymG ;vmaom a&m*gq;kd
wd@k ukd umuG,Ef rdS ef if;&ef cufcaJ yvdrrhf nfjzpfa=umif; xdo
k @kd ta&;w}u;D
146 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ay:aygufvmaom a&m*gqdk;udk ta&;ydkifrif;u pDrHEdkifaom tcGifh
tm%m &&Sad p&ef yk'rf 65 (u) t& jyifqifcsuf yvkyx
f m;&ayonf?
xdak &m*gq;kd wd@k ukd umuG,w
f eG ;f vSe&f eftwGuf p&dwaf =u;aiGw@kd ukd 'd
p}wdwt
f zG@J u ukeu
f sc&H rnfjzpfI aus;&Gmrsm;udk oef@&iS ;f atmif xdk
aumifpt
D zG@J aumfrwDw@kd u txl;owdyI pDr=H u&ayvdr@f rnf? Tod@k
v#if &efuek w
f ikd ;f owif;pmwGif yg&adS vonf?

'gawGukd zd-uEdyS -f utrdef h


Zlvdkifv 11-&ufae@ &efukefa*Zuf owif;pmwGif azmfjy
aom jrefrmjynftpdk;&wdk@. &Daqmf vsL;&Sif; ac: qHk;jzwfcsuf
trde@f awmfjyefwrf;rSm tpd;k &wd@k . pdwaf eoabmxm;udk xif&mS ;pGmjrif
Edik af yonf? 4if; trde@f awmfjyefwrf;u Tod@k q.
kd ? taemufwikd ;f om;
wd@k . 'Dru
kd a&pDyv
kd pfwpf enf;pepfonfum; tpd;k &wd@k . tkycf sKyf
a&; enf;emud4k if;/ u,fbeD ufrifepfpwm ac: pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfaom eef;
&if;0eftrwf}uD;wd@k . yrl&efenf;pepfu4kd if;/ ckcq
H yl l atmf[pfvy_ &f mS ;
=uonfr&S?d tpd;k &. tufp=D uLwpf ac: tr_aqmifw@kd .trde@f ukd zDqef
jcif;/ xdt
k rde@f w@kd onf enf;vrf;us./ rus.[k pHpk rf;ar;jref;jcif;udk
ry=uacs? tdE,
dN ESijhf refrmjynfrsm;Yum; 4if;uJo
h @kd r[kw?f xdo
k @kd r[kwf
aom t&if;rlvta=umif;udu
k m; zGix
hf w
k f ru
G q
f &kd efrvd?k Tjynfrsm;Y
um; tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;. trde@f tm%mudk zDqef=ujcif;/ &Gmvl}u;D rsm;od@k
aom tpd;k & tvky0f wW&m;udk zDqef=ujcif;wd@k jzifo
h m tpd;k &.tkycf sKyfykH
enf;pepfukd ruduEf ikd af =umif; ajymqdq
k yl l v_y&f mS ;vm=uavonf?
jynfoyl ikd t
f pd;k &wd@k u aus;&GmOya'rsm;udk jyifqif&atmif
jynfow
l @kd u w&m;ojzifh qlyv
l y_ &f mS ;jcif;udu
k m; wpHw
k &m taESmifh
t,Suf wm;qD;uef@uu
G jf cif; yvdrrhf nfr[kw?f ,cktcg aus;&Gm Oya'
udk jyifqifajymif;vJ&eftcsed f a&mufav+yDr[kwaf o;[k tcsKd @aom
vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 147

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
t&m&Sdwdk@u qifjcifoabm&=uonf? aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;. trdef@
tm%mudk r&drk ao rxdrjhJ rify=ujcif; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf jynfoEl iS hf
yl;aygi;f I tpd;k &ESihf qef@usib
f uf yvky=f ujcif;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f
Oya'ao0yfwnfwHhjcif; jynf&Gmat;csrf; +idrfoufjcif;wdk@. tajccH
tkwfjrpfudk zsufqD;&musjcif;a=umifh xdk@aomtvkyfwdk@udk 'dp}wdwf
t&m&Sw
d @kd u pGr;f tm;&So
d r# zdEydS cf sKd ;zsu=f u&ayrnf[I
l qdx
k m;cJo
h nf?
tpdk;&wdk@u txufwGifqdkcJhaom oabmxm;pdwfxm;rsKd; &SdcJhacsrl
jynfow
l @kd u tb,fo@kd aomenf;ESihf xdt
k pd;k &wd@k EiS hf aygi;f oif; quf
oG,I
f jynfusKd ;csr;f omudk aqmif&u
G Ef ikd yf gtehH nf;?
tdE,
dN jynfwiG f tpd;k &ESiyhf ;l aygi;f rS jynfusKd ;csr;f omcGihf &Edik rf nf
[k t,lonf;vSaom arm'&dwf ac: tvdak wmf&w
d @kd yifv#if rdrw
d @kd .
onf;vSaomt,l rSm;aea=umif;udo
k I
d pdwyf suv
f ufysuf vufavsmS h
ch=J uav+yD? tv[mbwfrd@ vD;'g; ac: owif;pmu tvdak wmf&d
rif;wdik yf iftrwfrsm; vcpm; wm0efct
H rwfrsm;bufrS ckcI
H a&;om;
onfrSm xdktrwfwdk@onf tpdk;&wdk@ xkwfjyefxm;aom zdESdyfjcif;
trde@f tm%m pnf;pepfw@kd EiS rhf qdik af =umif;? xdt
k rwfEpS rf sK;d wd@k onf
tpd;k &.zdEydS jf cif;/ tkycf sKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufI wpHw
k &m pGuzf uf ajym
qdEk idk =f uonf Tod@k qx
kd m;.?

zdEydS jf cif;ESihf trwfrif;


,if;pum;t& q&mawmfuqdv
k o
kd nfrmS tvdak wmf&t
d rwf
rsm;. qifajcpum;twdik ;f yifv#if tvGew
f &m tESpo
f m&jynf0h onfh
jynfow
l @kd . csr;f ompD;yGm;&Edik af om 'dik t
f mcDtyk cf sKyfjcif; enf;pepfjzpf
onf[k txl;wrGef tvGet
f rif; a=umfjimxm;aom enf;opf pnf;
urf;rSm trwfw@kd u jynfoq
l if;&Jom;wd@k . &xdu
k af om atmufq;kH
wef;pH vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifajymqdkjcif;yifv#if r&Edkifatmif rw&m;
148 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
ydwfyif zdESdyfaomtrdef@rsKd;udkr# aumifpDtrwfwdk@u rwm;jrpfEdkif
a=umif; xif;&Sm;vS.[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? [if'o
l wif;pmu qdo
k nfrmS
+Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@u tdENd,jynftwGuf tvGeftHhzG,fjzpfatmif
yvkyaf ybd.? od@k &mwGif tdE,
dN jynfow
l @kd ukd auG;wifu|ejf zpfaom
b0 ra&mufr4SD if; tpd;k &wd@k . &mxl;[lor#w@kd rmS tdE,
dN wdik ;f &if;om;
wd@k jynfEh u
S pf mG r0ifa&muf&cif4if;/ [kr&R ;l ay;cJv
h #iu
f m; xdo
k @kd ay;jcif;
twGuf armfueG ;f a&;I aovmtuQ&m ausmufpmwifoifah yrnfjzpf
a=umif;? tb,fa=umifrh u
l m; +Aw
d o
d #tpd;k &wd@k onf ajymqdk uwdxm;
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 149

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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150 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 151

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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152 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vnf; r&Edik af y?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 153

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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154 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr
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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 155

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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160 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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