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http://echem.blogfa.com
The Ohio State University Dept. of Chemistry BETHA Project

0
0% $ . / -$ H + ,#$ %& % ! ' () ! * ! "

3 C2H2(g) C6H6(g)

Ho/kJ = +226.7 2 C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g)

Ho/kJ = +82.93 6 C(s) + 3 H2(g) C6H6(g)
:73; 14 2;639 1: 69738 17 553 12 45632 1
0
AB @. ' "? -$ ' " 25; K -$ ' >+= %& ,* H %< 2
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2 H2SO4(l) 2 PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O D%$ C >(
o
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l) H /kJ = -133
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2 SO3(g) 2 PbSO4(s) Ho/kJ = -775
9:2 14 24: 1: E9:2 17 E485 12 485 1

0
0% $ C %& -$ ' " 25; K -$ ' > 0= A F ,* H 7

P4(s) + 10 Cl2(g) 4 PCl5(g)

P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) 4 PCl3(l) Ho/kJ = -1150

PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) PCl5(g) Ho/kJ = -111
E755 14 E 29 1: 29 17 755 12 45: 1
:
0
0% $ C %& -$ ' " 25; K -$ ' > 0= A F ,* H

C2H4(g) + 6 F2(g) 2 CF4(g) + 4 HF(g)

H2(g) + F2(g) 2 HF(g) Ho/kJ = -537

C(s) + 2 F2(g) CF4(g) Ho/kJ = -680
2 C(s) + 2 H2(g) C2H4(g) Ho/kJ = +52.3
E2:;9 14 E 94 1: 2 72 17 94 12 2:;9 1
0
,#$ %& % ! ' () ! ! " -$ ' " H %$ . / 4

2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g) 2 N2O5(s)

N2(g) + 3 O2(g) + H2(g) 2 HNO3(aq) Ho/kJ = -414.0

N2O5(s) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) Ho/kJ = -86.0
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -571.6
2 3; 1 4 2:739 1: :232 17 6 32 1 2 ;:3: 1
 0
%$ C %& -$ ' " 25; K -$ ' > 0= A F ,* H ' ,#$ 9

2 N2(g) + 5 O2(g) 2 N2O5(g)

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -571.6

N2O5(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(l) Ho/kJ = -73.7
N2(g) + 3 O2(g) + H2(g) 2 HNO3(l) Ho/kJ = -348.2
7::38 14 2839 1: E6623: 17 4:538 12 E2239 1
,G 6
0
%$ C %& -$ ' " 25; K ( Kj ) -$ ' > +A F H ' ! "

2 SO2(g) + 2 P(s) + 5 Cl2(g) 2 SOCl2(l) + 2 POCl3(l)

SOCl2(l) + H2O(l) SO2(g) + 2 HCl(g) Ho/kJ = +10.3

PCl3(l) + 1/2 O2(g) POCl3(l) Ho/kJ = -325.7
P(s) + 3/2 Cl2(g) PCl3(l) Ho/kJ = -306.7
4 HCl(g) + O2(g) 2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -202.6
2:36 14 6683; 1: ;5 39 17 ;2:36 12 8;23; 1

0
%$ C ,#$ %& ' () ! ! " -$ ' " H ;

4 CO(g) + 8 H2(g) 3 CH4(g) + CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

C(graphite) + 1/2 O2(g) CO(g) Ho/kJ = -110.5 kJ

CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) CO2(g) Ho/kJ = -282.9 kJ
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -285.8 kJ
C(graphite) + 2 H2(g) CH4(g) Ho/kJ = -74.8 kJ
94734 14 6 23: 1: 9223: 17 9;932 12 6:634 1

0
0% $ C %& -$ ' " 25; K ( Kj ) -$ ' > +A F H C ' ! " 5

N2H4(l) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g) 4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -1013

N2O(g) + 3 H2(g) N2H4(l) + H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -317
2 NH3(g) + 1/2 O2(g) N2H4(l) + H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -142.9
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -285.8
:;2 14 28: 1: 2:5 17 ; 4 12 927 1

H$I 8
0
J K %& A B -$ ' " 25; K ( Kj ) -$ ' > +A F H C ' ! "
%$ C C*

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

3 Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) 2 Fe3O4(s) + CO2(g) Ho/kJ = -46.4

FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g) Ho/kJ = +9.0
Fe3O4(s) + CO(g) 3 FeO(s) + CO2(g) Ho/kJ = -41.0
6;3: 14 2:3; 1: 2535 17 2:34 12 6;3: 1
 0
% $ . / %& (L $ ! " -$ ' " H

C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)

C2H4(g) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -1410.9 kJ

C2H6(g) + 7/2 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -1559.8 kJ
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l) Ho/kJ = -285.8 kJ
7935 14 6;3: 1: 523: 17 7935 12 E 6;3: 1
+0 & , % ( >Q ? RS #T =/ H2 CO C!M F " 0= (!M 'N O.$ ? P ! 2
0
-$ ' > ' CH3OH(l) ' " H = -238.6 Kj/molP ! C!M ' > ! "
0% $ C

CO(g) + 2 H2(g) CH3OH(l)

C(graphite) + 1/2 O2(g) CO(g) Ho/kJ = -110.5 kJ

C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) Ho/kJ = -393.5 kJ
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) H2O(l) Ho/kJ = +285.8 kJ
96 14 :5 1: 89 17 2; 12 4; 1
-$ @ L# ' > C 7
% ( # (CO2 ) % V ' C" @ L# ' > " U " -$ A%
1) 2 CO(g) CO2(g) + C(s) 2) CO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) CO2(g)
3) C(s) + 2 O(g) CO2(g) 3) CO(g) + O(g) CO2(g)
5) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
% ( # ( HCN ) % N % @ L# ' > " U " -$ A% :
1) H(g) + C(s) + N(g) HCN(g) 2) NH3(g) + C(s) HCN(g) + H2(g)
3) CH4(g) + N2(g) HCN(g) + NH3(g) 4) CH3NH2(g) HCN(g) + 2 H2(g)
5) 1/2 H2(g) + C(s) + 1/2 N2(g) HCN(g)
% ( # Fe3O4 @ L# ' > " U " -$ A% 4
1) 3/2 Fe2O3(s) Fe3O4(s) + 1/2 O2(g) 2) 3 FeO(s) + H2O(g) Fe3O4(s) + H2(g)
3) 3 Fe(s) + 4 O(g) Fe3O4(s) 4) FeO(s) + Fe2O3(s) Fe3O4(s)
5) 3 Fe(s) + 2 O2(g) Fe3O4(s)
@ L# ' > -$ ' > . / 9
%$ C -$ ' > @ L# % ! ' () ! ! "

4 FeS2(s) + 11 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) + 8 SO2(g)

Hof FeS2(s) = -177.5 kJ/mole

Hof Fe2O3(s) = - 824.2 kJ/mole
Hof SO2(g) = -296.8 kJ/mole
28:2 14 :822 1: 26 2 17 77 7 12 6 32 1
0
0% $ . / @ L# % ! ' ()F! ! " -$ ' " H f 6

CO(g) + NH3(g) HCN(g) + H2O(g)

Hof CO(g) = -110.5 kJ

Hof NH3(g) = -46.1 kJ
Hof HCN(g) = +135.1 kJ
Hof H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ
E22837 14 :535 1: E 832 17 E:535 12 22837 1
 0% $ C -$ ' > @ L# % ! ' () ! ! " ;

NH3(g) + 3 F2(g) NF3(g) + 2 HF(g)

Hof NH3(g) = -46.19 kJ/mole

Hof NF3(g) = -113.0 kJ/mole
Hof HF(g) = -269.0 kJ/mole
7743; 14 95632 1: 5;39 17 98:3; 12 ;583: 1
@ L# ' > C!M ' >C 5
@ L# ' > 0% $ . / C2H2 P ? C!M ' > 0= E22936 Kj/mol +CF ! @ L# % ! () !
0%& " ( 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol " H2O(l) CO2(g)
569 14 788 1: ;4: 17 :2 12 626 1

' > 0% $ . / C6H6 P ? C!M ' > 0= E:532 Kj/mol C6H6 + Q$" @ L# % ! () ! 28
0%& " ( 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol + " H2O(l) CO2(g) @ L#
7498 14 7268 1: 2;98 17 2 48 12 7:28 1
0% $ . / C8H18 P ? C!M ' > 0= 2:535 Kj/mol (C8H18W + ! @ L# % ! () ! 2
0%& " ( 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol + " H2O(l) CO2(g) @ L# ' >
4868 14 4:68 1: 4 8 17 4288 12 47 8 1
-$ ' > @ L# ' > C 22
C5H12 C!M ' > 0%& " ( 2;9 Kj/mol +H2O(l) * = 75: Kj/mol + CO2(g) @ L# ' >
D= %<G C5H12 @ L# ' > = 747: Kj/mol
C5H12(l) + 8 O2(g) 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
E 8; 14 42 1: 8; 17 6228 12 42 1

0% $ . / C2H2(g) @ L# ' > +-$ ' > @ L# % ! ' () ! ! " 27

0
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g) H = -127.2
o
H f Ca(OH)2(s) = -986.2 kJ/mole
o
H f CaC2(s) = -60.6 kJ/mole
o
H f H2O(l) = -285.85 kJ/mole
;932 14 22936 1: E ;932 17 E2623: 12 E22936 1
0% $ . / NaOH @ L# ' > ' ! " 2:
0
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(s) + H2(g) H = -281.9
o
H f H2O(l) = -285.8 kJ/mole
9483: 14 7:73: 1: 6 239 17 : 39 1 2 :293; 1
@ L# ' > C!M ' > . / 24
' ! " 0%& " ( 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol + " H2O(l) CO2(g) @ L# ' >
0% $ . / CH3OH(l) @ L# ' > +C!M ' >' "
o
2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l H = -1454 kJ
24732 14 27;36 1: 22936 17 27;39 12 22936 1
' >' ! " 0= 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol + " H2O(l) CO2(g) @ L# ' > 29
0% $ . / C3H4(g) @ L# ' > +C!M
C3H4(g) + 4 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) Ho = -1939.1 kJ
:737 14 873; 1: 283: 17 ;43: 12 2 232 1
' >' ! " 0= 2;43; Kj/mol 75: Kj/mol + " H2O(l) CO2(g) @ L# ' > 26
0% $ . / C3H6 @ L# ' > C!M
o
2 C3H6(g) + 9 O2(g) 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) H = -4120 kJ
;43: 14 2 232 1: :737 17 2839 12 8739 1
-$ ' > ' ! ! 2;
0% $ . / @L @ " &( XY C6H12O6 A > 5388 * (#$ ' " ( Kj ) %& *' >
(Atomic weights: C = 12.01, H = 1.008, O = 16).

C6H12O6(s) 2 C2H5OH(l) + CO2(g) Ho = -67.0 kJ

7374 14 73;5 1: 23:4 17 322 12 5382 1
A > 2836 -$ F " ( Kj ) ([ > 'N %<G 0= :7; Kj Z " PbO @ L# -$ ' > 25
(Atomic weights: Pb = 207.2, O = 16.000). D &( * Pb
2 Pb(s) + O2(g) 2 PbO(s)
2837 14 2;36 1: :39 17 637 12 7:32 1
0% $ . / &( % N2 A > 2;38 * -$ ' " ( Kj ) %& *' > 78
(Atomic weight: N = 14.01).

2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g) 4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Ho = -1010 kJ

242 14 6;37 1: 29 17 484 12 4932 1
@ L# ' > -$ ' > ' ! ! 7
%& * ( Kj ) 'N +C @ L# ' () ! " 0 & ( ^V " ! -$ \ ] += @ V F> +(" G
D%$ . / -$ C * A > 388
(Atomic weights: C = 12.01, H = 1.008, O = 16.00).

C57H107O6(s) + 80 O2(g) 57 CO2(g) + 52 H2O(l)

Ho C57H107O6 = -70870 kJ/mole

Ho H2O(l) = -285.8 kJ/mole
Ho CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ/mole
:239 14 7832 1: 763; 17 773: 12 :83: 1
A > 8 (! %& * 'N +C @ L# ' () ! " 0 & ( ! = =M $_ " +C % @! ' 72
0% $ . / % -$ C % @! '

(Atomic weights: C = 12.01, N = 14.01, H = 1.008, O = 16.00).

(CH3)2NNH2(l) + 4 O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) + N2(g)

Ho (CH3)2NNH2 = +42.0 kJ/mole

Ho H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ/mole
Ho CO2(g) = -393.3 kJ/
;5234 14 9:239 1: 738` 82 17 6543; 12 ;2;39 1
+%$ . / %& * 'N + %& @ L# ' () ! ! "0 &( QB -$ \.] C V F> ! 77
0 & ( B $ C V F> ! A > 8 (!

(Atomic weights: C = 12.01, H = 1.008, N = 14.01, O = 16.00).

4 C3H5(NO3)3(l) 6 N2(g) + O2(g) + 12 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(g)

Ho C3H5(NO3)3(l) = -364 kJ/mole

Ho CO2(g) = -393.5 kJ/mole
Ho H2O(g) = -241.8 kJ/mole
::64 14 59 1: :5 17 :;24 12 77;7 1
% I () ! 7:
0
D%$ . / -$ H '% I ' , N ! "
(H - C = 414; H - O = 464; C = O = 730; H - H = 435,: C - O = 351).
CH2 = O(g) + H2(g) CH - OH(g)
69 14 ;; 1: 42 17 9: 12 :: 1
D%$ . / Cl – F C b % I 'N 0= 4 : Kj -$ ' " () ! a 74
ClF3(g) Cl(g) + 3 F(g)
7 2 14 4 : 1: ;; 17 6 12 4:2 1
0
P L cV c V % I 'N + H f H2O(g) = -241.8 Kj/mol '% I ' , N ! " 79
(H - H = 435 kJ, H - O = 464 kJ). 0% $ . / O2(g)
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
:24 764 :4 17 482 12 724 1
' !X 76
' 0 &( ! cV ( C10H8 ) C ! A > 839: C!M ' >' > % ' " !X X" ?
0
P ? C!M ' > 0= 83 7 Kj/0K !X ([ > = T d 0%" ( - QT 234: K * !/ !X
D ( Kj/mol ) =V G C !
93:` 87 14 432` 87 1: 635` 87 17 :37` 87 12 63 ` 87 1
QT + 2: 0C ' % " ^ !I A > 834 0= 2835 0C ' +J* A > 24 ' !/ %!" ( !X ? 7;
= T d D =V G Kj/mol VS " % " ^ !I Pe/ ' > 0% ( 2835 0C " ([ , ' +J* " &(
0
(Atomic weights: K = 39.1, Br = 79.9). 0= :3 ; J/ C g P F/ c ([ >
932 14 534 1: 436 17 632 12 ;39 1
? ^ Q $ 83488 M ! 838488 " &( QT 83488 M ! ^ " ' ! 838488 X ? 75
0 0 0
' " P N F VS " H 0 0%& " ( 3:7 K > - QT 0= :44 J/ K * ([ > = T d !X
0% $ . / -$
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) aSO4(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
2:38 14 2938 1: 7238 17 2;38 12 7838 1
0
H . / :8
C ' "w0 &( #T =" f ' + ! ? ^BS " ! : ^BS >? ' X P 838 +24 0C
D %& " :38 atm (g M #T > =V G %$ T
1) 8.0×102 2) 6.0×102 3) 1.6×103 4) 4.0×102 5) 1.2×103
 C ' " w %< 0 & ( #T =" f ' ! 2 ^BS " ! ; ^BS >? ' P 838 +24 0C :
D %& " 738 atm (g M #T > =V G %$ T
1) 1.2×103 2) 0/2×103 3) 1.6×103 4) 2.4×103 5) 1.8×103
0
- QT > =V G %& A B 0%" ( ^BS - QT =" f ' ! 9 " ! 2 24 C >? P ? :2
D > A B 8324 atm ( " #T ^BS
1) none 2) -1.5×102 3) -2.0×102 4) -5.0×101 5) -1.0×102
%& ' ! ! . / :7
38 atm #T (T h c V " % ( -$ CH4 A > : (! + % $ . / -$ %& A B
0
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) 0 24 C
1) +1.8×103 2) +6.0×102 3) -1.2×103 4) -1.8×103 5) +1.2×103
0
0% $ . / 24 C (T h % " % ( -$ OF A > 2838 (! %& A B ( J ) ::
(Atomic weights: Sn = 118.7, H = 1.008.)
Sn(s) + 2 H+(aq) Sn2+(aq) + H2(g)
1) -2.27×103 2) +2.27×103 3) +420 4) -792 5) -420
0
%$ . / 24 C 38 atm #T =/ O2 P : " % ( -$ C2H6 P :38 (! %& A B :4
2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)
1) +5.0×103 2) -5.0×103 3) -2.5×104 4) +1.2×104 5) +2.5×104
([ X & -$ %$G %< V < :9
&( AB i/ F " ^!V ' % ( # (! S =" f #T ' ,#$ ? % %$ C
I. 2 AgNO3(s) AgNO2(s) + O2(g)
II. 3 N2H4(l) 4 NH3(g) + N2(g)
III. 2 Ag+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) Ag2CrO4(s)
1) I , II 2) II 3) III 4) I 5) II , III
( A B i / F " ^!V ' * % ( # (! S =" f #T ' ,#$ ? % %$ C :6
0 &
I. 2 HgO(s) 2 Hg(l) + O2(g)
II Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)
III. 2H2O2(l) 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)48
1) I , II 2) II , III 3) II 4) III 5) I
0% ( A B i / ' ^!V =" f #T -$ A% %$ C :5
I. NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)
II. U(s) + 3 F2(g) UF6(s)
III. PCl3(l) + Cl2(g) Pcl5(s)
1) I , II 2) II 3) I 4) III 5) II , III
q , w , E ' , ._ C 48
>= S "O ? Y. > ([ > 'N
&( - X q‹0 F " 12 O " !V" q ‹ 0 q j0 1
MP k g l< q=0 1: &( - X qj0 F " 17
i/ i ^!V ? F " %& * ([ > 'N 4
0= E " " 12 qj0 F " %& m 1
&C % (X w %< %" 1: 0= m STP % ! i & 17
O = S "% g? J K > ([ > 'N 42
% g " !V" +%& " q ‹ 0 q j0 % ( 12 q j0 F " &( # 1
0 MP J K l< q = 0 17 qj0 F " &( # 17
 w q E . / 47
( n M ^!V ([ > 'N 64 J L * P S % ( A B i / ' 24 J ^!V ? + $ %$ T ?
0=V G ^!V ' " ( J ) ( 'N a 0 &
E48 14 E288 1: 288 17 E 24 12 48 1
T h ([ > 'N 64 J L * P S + % ( A B i / F " ^!V ' 24 J ^!V ? + $ %$ T ? 4:
D= %<G ( J ) ^!V (FM 'N a 0^!V " &(
48 14 E 24 1: E288 17 E48 12 288 1
" & ( T h ([ > 'N 64 J L * P S % ( A B i / ' 24 J ^!V ? + $ %$ T ? 44
D= %<G ( J ) ^!V ( 'N a +^!V
E48 14 E 24 1: 48 17 E288 12 288 1
PV ^BS #T ([ > 'N +(L !L %& E . / 49
788 J L * P S %$ ( *i/ " " ^BS #T 48 J %$ ( =T (L !L 'N 48 J ^!V ?
D= %<G ^!V C (FM 'N a 0 * ( = %" ([ > 'N
E248 14 E48 1: E 48 17 48 12 48 1
q E' V . / 46
% I U V. 1 atm #T %$ ( * ([ > 'N 88 J L * P S 0 E 300 J %$ T ? ^!V ?
D =V G ! VS " * ^BS a 0%$ (
14 : 1: 4 17 7 12 21
a 0%$ ( * 0.5 atm #T =/ ([ > 'N 88 J L * P S 0 E 300 J %$ T ? ^!V ? 4;
D= %<G ! VS " * ^BS
14 7 1: 4 17 2 12 :1
a 0 * ( = %" 2.5atm #T ([ > 'N 88 J L * P S 0 E 300 J %$ T ? ^!V ? 45
D= %<G ! VS " * ^BS
14 : 1: 4 17 7 12 21
w q+ H+ E V < 98
D% ( # > ( A B =" f #T > > -$ ' "= U. ? %
N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO(g)
1) H = E 2) w › 0 3) q ‹ 0 4) E‹ H 5) E› H

D% ( # > ( A B =" f #T > -$ ' "= U. ? % 9

CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)
1) H = E 2) E‹ H 3) E› H 4) w › 0 5) q › 0

D% ( # > ( A B =" f #T > > -$ ' "= U. ? % 92

2 N2O(g) + O2 (g) 4 NO
1) E‹ H 2) w › 0 3) q ‹ 0 4) H = E 5) E› H