M.

TECH
SEMINAR
GENERALISED VIEW ON
FLEXIBLE AC
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
DEVICES
Presented by
-Susmita Dey(Chaudhuri) 97/ELM 060012
20/03/2007
 CONVENTIONAL CONTROL
MECHANISM
• AUTOMATIC GENERATION
CONTROL.
• EXCITATION CONTROL.
• TRANSFORMER TAP CHANGER
CONTROL (ON LOAD & OFF LOAD).
• PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMER.
• FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM.
 WHAT IS FACTS?

1. IT IS AN POWER ELECTRONIC
DEVICE THAT IMPROVE POWER
SYSTEM
2. THESE DEVICE ARE USED FOR THE
DYNAMIC CONTROL OF
• VOLTAGE,
• CURRENT,
• IMPEDANCE AND
• PHASE ANGLE OF HIGH VOLTAGE
AC LINES.
 WHAT IS FACTS?

3. FACTS CONTROLLERS ARE ABLE

TO PREVENT CIRCULATING
CURRENT IN MESHED NETWORK
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
OFFERED 5 OPPORTUNITIES FOR
INCREASED EFFICIENCY OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
1. GREATER CONTROL OF POWER SO THAT
IT FLOWS ON THE PRESCRIBED
TRANSMISSION ROUTES.
2. SECURE LOADING OF TRANSMISSION
LINE.
3. GREATER ABILITY TO TRANSFER
BETWEEN CONTROLLED AREA.
4. PREVENTION OF CASCADING OUTAGES.
5. DAMPING OF POWER SYSTEM
OSCILLATION.
 OBJECTIVES OF FACTS

1. REGULATE POWER FLOW ON AC

LINES TO AVOID OVERLOADING IN
CERTAIN SECTIONS OR TO
MINIMIZE POWER LOSS.
2. TO OPERATE THE SYSTEM AT A
SAFE POWER ANGLE FOR SAME
POWER DELIVERED.
 OBJECTIVES OF FACTS

3. TO ENHANCE THE POWER

TRANSFER CAPABILITY OF SYSTEM
BY INTRODUCING IMPROVED
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS.
4. SYSTEM IS LANDING UNDER
EXTREME EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS.
5. STRATEGIES TO SAVE THE
SYSTEM FROM TOTAL COLLAPSE.
 ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
CONTROLLER
1. CONTROL OF POWER FLOW IN
TRANSMISSION NETWORK BY
CONTROLLING
• LINE IMPENDANCE,
• ANGLE AND
• VOLTAGE.
2. SECURE LOADING OF TRANSMISSION
LINES TO LEVELS NEARER THEIR
THERMAL LIMITS.
 ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
CONTROLLER
1. INCREASE THE SYSTEM SECURITY
THROUGH RAISING
• THE TRANSIENT STABILITY LIMIT,
• LIMITING SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS
• OVERLOADS.
OVERLOADS
4. PROVIDE SECURE & CONTROLLABLE
TIE LINE CONNECTIONS TO
NEIGHBOURING UTILITIES & REGIONS.
 ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
CONTROLLER
5. DAMP OUT OF POWER SYSTEM
OSCILLATIONS.
6. PROVIDE GREATER FLEXIBILITIES IN
SITING NEW GENERATION.
7. REDUCE REACTIVE POWER FLOW, THUS
ALLOWING THE LINES TO CARRY MORE
ACTIVE POWER.
8. INCREASE UTILIZATION OF THE LOWEST
COST GENERATION.
9. OPTIMUM POWER FLOW FOR CERTAIN
OBJECTIVES.
 FACTS FAMILY

SVC TCSC TCVR TCPST

STATIC THYRISTOR THYRISTOR THYRISTOR
CONTROLLED CONTROLLED CONTROLLED
VAR SERIES VOLTAGE PHASE SHIFT
COMPENSATO COMPENSATO REGULATOR TRANSFORME
R R R
 MODIFIED FACTS

UPFC IPFC SSSC STATCON

INTERLINE STATIC STATIC
UNIFIED
POWER POWER CONDENSER
FLOW SYNCHRONOUS
FLOW
CONTROLLER
CONTROLLER SERIES
COMPENSATOR
 COMPARISION BETWEEN VARIOUS
FACTS CONTROLLERS
NAME OF LOAD VOLTAGE TRANSIEN OSCILLATI
DEVICES FLOW CONTROL T ON
CONTROL STABILITY DAMPING

SVC/STAT SMALL STRONG SMALL MEDIUM

CON
TCSC MEDIUM SMALL STRONG MEDIUM

SSSC STRONG SMALL STRONG MEDIUM

TCPAR STRONG MEDIUM SMALL MEDIUM

UPFC STRONG STRONG STRONG STRONG

 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

• THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTOR

(TCR).
• THYRISTOR SWITCHED CAPACITOR(TSC).
• FIXED CAPACITOR(FC), THYRISTOR
CONTROLLED REACTOR(TCR).
• THYRISTOR SWITCHED CAPACITOR(TSC),
THYRISTOR CONTROLLED
REACTOR(TCR).
REACTOR(TCR
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

1. BEHAVES LIKE A SHUNT-CONNECTED

VARIABLE REACTANCE.
2. IT EITHER GENERATES OR ABSORBS
REACTIVE POWER IN ORDER TO
REGULATE THE VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE.
3. IT IS ALSO KNOWN TO INCREASE
SYSTEM STABILITY MARGIN AND TO
DAMP POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATIONS.
 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

NODE l NODE l
Vl
Vl
ISVC
ISVC

BSVC
XC

XL

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
STRUCTURE FORMED BY
FIXED CAPACITOR AND TCR
OF SVC
 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED
SERIES COMPENSATOR
1. IT VARIES THE ELECTRICAL LENGTH OF
THE COMPENSATED TRANSMISSION LINE
WITH LITTLE DELAY.
2. IT IS USED TO MITIGATE SUB-
SYNCHRONOUS TORSIONAL
INTERACTIONS(SSTI).
3. IT IS USED TO DAMP POWER SYSTEM
OSCILLATION.
4. INCREASE POWER TRANSFER
SIGNIFICANTLY BUT WITH INCREASED
TRANSIENT STABILITY MARGINS.
 TCSC

C
NODE l NODE m
Plm

N
O
D
NODE XTCSC
E
L m
l
THYRISTO
R PAIR

STRUCTURE FORMED SCHEMATIC

BY FIXED CAPACITOR REPRESENTATION
&TCR
 STATIC COMPENSATOR

1. IT IS THE STATIC COUNTERPART OF THE

ROTATING SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSOR
BUT IT GENERATES OR ABSORBES
REACTIVE POWER AT A FASTER RATE
BECAUSE NO MOVING PARTS ARE
INVOLVED.
2. IN PRINCIPLE, IT PERFORMES THE SAME
VOLTAGE REGULATION FUNCTION AS
THE SVC.
3. UNLIKE THE SVC, ITS OPERATION IS NOT
IMPAIRED BY THE PRESENCE OF LOW
VOLTAGES.
 STATCOM

IVR Il

VVR
NODE
l

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
 UNIFIED POWER FLOW
CONTROLLER
• IT CONSISTS OF ONE STATCOM AND ONE
DVR SHARING A COMMON CAPACITOR
ON THEIR DC SIDE AND A UNIFIED
CONTROL SYSTEM.
• THE UPFC ALLOWS SIMULTANEOUS
CONTROL OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW,
REACTIVE POWER FLOW AND VOLTAGE
MAGNITUDE AT THE UPFC TERMINALS.
 UPFC
VCR
Il - NODE m
+
NODE l

IVR

+
VCR
- SHUNT
CONVERTER

SERIES CONVERTER

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
THANK YOU