Chapter1

INTEGRATION:REVERSEDIFFERENTIATION

Inthischapter:

AntiderivativesorIndefiniteIntegrals
9 Propertiesofantiderivatives
9 Trigonometricintegration
9 ExponentialIntegration
9 Applicationofantiderivatives
9 Integrationtechniques
DefiniteIntegrals
9 FundamentaltheoremofCalculus
9 Properties
9 Application

1. ANTIDERIVATIVES

Because 3x 2 isthederivativeof x3 , x3 isanantiderivativeof 3x 2 .

Butsois x 3 + 7 becauseitsderivativeisalso 3x 2 .
So,anythingoftheform x 3 + C ( C isaconstant)isanantiderivativeof 3x 2 .
3
2
Technically,yousaythat x + C istheindefiniteintegralof 3x andthat

x 3 + C isthefamilyofantiderivativesof 3x 2

Definition:

F ( x ) isanantiderivativeofindefiniteintegralof f ( x ) if F ' ( x ) = f (x ) ,or f ( x ) dx = F ( x) + C

Q.Whatis 5x 4 dx ?
A.Rememberthatthederivativeof x 5 is 5x 4 .
Butalsothederivativeof x 5 + 1000 is 5x 4 .

Therefore, 5x 4 dx = x 5 + C

3.Whatis 4x 3 dx ?

4.Whatis 7x 6 dx ?

1. Determine 2xdx

2. Determine 6x 5 dx

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2. PropertiesofIndefiniteIntegral

1. PowerRule

x dx = r + 1 x
r

r +1

+ C , r 1, r _

Q.Whatis
A.

dx ?

dx = x 2 dx =

1
1
x 2 +1 + C = x 1 + C = + C
x
2 + 1

2. ConstantMultiplication

k f ( x ) dx = k f ( x ) dx

Q.Whatis

k = constant

dx ?

A. 4 dx = 3 x 4 dx = 3
x 4+1 + C = 3 x 3 + 3C = 3 + C
4
1
x
x

+
3

3. AdditionandSubtraction

( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx =

f ( x) dx g ( x) dx

Q.Whatis (6 x 5 3 x 2 + 10) dx ?

A. (6 x 3 x 2 + 10) dx = 6 x 5 dx 3 x 2 dx + 10 dx

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= 6 x dx 3 x dx + 10 dx

1
1

= 6 x 6 + C1 3 x 3 + C2 + 10 ( x + C3 )
6
3

6
3
= x + 6C1 + x 3C2 + 10 x + 10C3

= x 6 + x 3 + 10 x + C


4. GeneralizedPowerRule

g ( x )

g ' ( x ) dx =

r +1
1
g ( x ) + C , r 1, r _

r +1

Q.Whatis

(3x + 5)

3 dx ?

A.Let g ( x ) = 3x + 5 then g '( x ) = 3 ,sothat

(3 x + 5) 3 dx =

5. PowerRulewhenr=1

g ( x)

5
1
1
5
g '( x ) dx = g ( x ) + C = (3 x + 5) + C
5
5

1
dx = ln x + C
x

Q.Whatis

3x + 7 dx ?
1

A.Letu=3x+7,then du = 3dx dx = du ,sothat

3

51
5 1
5
5

du =
du = ln u + C = ln 3 x + 7 + C

u3
3 u
3
3

Solvethefollowingintegrals.

1.

5 dx

Answer:

3.

(5x

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(12 x 13) dx

2.

Answer:

4.

Answer:

22 x + 11) dx

Answer:

15x dx
4

5.

(5

6.

Answer:

( x + 5)( x 3) dx

8.

Answer:

8 x 3 x 2 + 4 dx

10.

Answer:

7.

Answer:

9.

x 15 dx

Answer:

11.If f '( x) = 3x +1 and f (0) = 3 .Find

f ( x)

Answer:

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dx

3x (15 x
3

7 x 2 + 5 x 10) dx

x5 12 x3 + 3
dx
2 x

Answer:

12.If f ''( x ) = 2 x , f '(1) = 3 and f (1) = 0

.Find f ( x) !

Answer:

3. Trigonometric Integration

Becauseof

then

sin x = cos x
cos x dx = sin x + C

dx
d
cos x = sin x
sin x dx = cos x + C

dx
d
sec 2 x dx = tan x + C
tan x = sec 2 x

dx
d
cosec x = cosec x cot x csc x cot x dx = csc x + C

dx
d
sec x = tan x sec x
sec x tan x dx = sec x + C

dx
d
csc2 x dx = cot x + C
cot x = cosec 2 x

dx

Thefollowingareotherbasictrigonometricintegration:

tan x dx = ln cos x + C

Proof:

b)

Proof:

Proof:

Trigonometricintegrationformultipleangles
a)

sin nx dx = n cos nx + C

Proof:

c)

tan nx dx = n ln cos nx + C

Proof:

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cot x dx = ln sin x + C

cos nx dx = n sin nx + C

Q.Whatis
A.

(3sin x 2 cos x) dx = 3cos x 2sin x + C

Q.Whatis

(2sin x 7 cos x) dx ?
cos (3x + 2)sin (3x + 2) dx

A.Let g ( x) = cos (3x + 2) then g '( x ) = 3sin (3 x + 2) ,sothat

cos (3x + 2)sin (3x + 2) dx = g ( x)

g '( x )
3

dx =

2
11
g ( x) + C

32

2
1
= cos (3x + 2) + C
6

1. What is (10 3cos x) dx ?

3. What is 3cos (4 x 8) sin (4 x 8) dx ?

Answer:

Answer:

2. What is (23cos x 8 x) dx ?

4. What is 2sin (5 x 3) cos (5 x 3) dx ?

Answer:

Answer:

4. Exponential Integration

a)

dx = e x + C

Q.Whatis

b)

5 x1

(ax +b)

dx =

1 (ax+b)
e
+C
a

dx ?
1
du ,sothat
5
1
1
eu du = eu + C = e5 x1 + C
5
5

A.Let u = 5 x +1 then du = 5dx or dx =

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5 x1

dx = eu

1
1
du =
5
5

1. Whatis

2e

Answer:

6 x1

xe

dx

3.Whatis

Answer:

dx

4.Whatis

Answer:

x2

dx

2. Whatis

3e

Answer:

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3(2 x +1)

xe

5 x2

dx