Sei sulla pagina 1di 81

AGRICULTURE AND MAN

KOD KURSUS: PRT 2008 KREDIT: 2( 2+0 ) DR. KHALID M.NOR

EVALUATION
1. ATTENDANCE ++10.0% 2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)...20.0% 3. 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH W )..........35.0%(20+15 ) 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT..35.0% TOTAL.100.0%

EXECUTION
1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader ) 2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th week. 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week. 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.

OBJECTIVES
1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3 2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3 3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD ETC.ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2

OBJEKTIF
CIVILIZATION ( PERANAN )

ECONOMY (KEPENTINGAN )

SUSTAINABILITY (PENGURUSAN )

A&M: OVERVIEW TOPICS


INTRODUCTION & SCOPE (9) DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION IN MALAYSIA (1)

INNOVATIONS & CHALLENGES TOPICS

REVOLUTION

ECONOMICS

BASIC RESOURCES

SUSTAINABLE (5) GENETIC AGRICULTUTE RESOURCES

SYNOPSIS
Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & SCOPE


DEFINITION

SYSTEMS & PRACTICES

IMPORTANCE

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

INTRODUCTION ( Malaysia )
1. R&D : New agric. Industries New products. New markets Intergrated agroforestry. 2. Human Resources: Agric. Scientists + Profesional managers. 3. Roles: Govt.=environment; Public sector=facilitate; States= land matters; and Private sectors= enterprises/ engines

DEFINITION
Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Farming = Arts & Science + Business Subjects= agro + hort + genetics + protection + soil + husbandry + etc+ Packaging + processing + marketting etc.

IMPORTANCE
1. EMPLOYMENT. 2. SURVIVAL. 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ). 4.FOOD SECURITY / STABILITY. 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF AGRIC. WASTES. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative ) NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE

SYSTEMS, PRACTICES & DOWNSTREAM


SYSTEMS & PRACTICES 1. SUBSISTENCE FARMING 2. COMMERCIAL FARMING

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING: 1. FOOD PROCESSING 2. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

SUBSISTENE = Shifting + permanent plot COMMERCIAL = Plantation =Vegetable farming: @ Organic @ Hydroponic = Aquaculture = Livestock NEW PRODUCTS & FURTURE INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER 2: EVOLUSI PERTANIAN


EVOLUSI PERTANIAN
PRE-HISTORIC

UTILIZATION OF.
VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS.. N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC. INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES

GLOBAL AGRIC. EVOLUTION


1. Started between 850-1650 2. Large scale farming started by Sumerians. 3. Improvements: Rotations + Scientific methods + germplasm transfer + machines labour + mechanisation + food processing ( rudimentary )

AGRIC. IN MIDDLE AGES ( 500-1500 A.D )


KEY FACTORS OF EVOLUTION: 1. Irrigation system 2. Scientific approach 3. Incentives. 4. New crops and plant species. 5. New cultivation techniques.

MODERN AGRIC. EVOLUTION


1. Started in 1950s 2. Characteristics: Yield per land unit increased many times more + improvement in agric. Practices + rapid rise in mechanization + speed and scale + efficiency + quality improved. 3. Beginning of Green Revolution ( 1940s and 1960s )

UTILISATION OF HUMANBIOTECHNOLOGY
Started with Human and Animal labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +genetic engineering etc.

VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS


TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE: 1. Ecosystem fully utilised & waste recycle 2. Food production= art & craft. Knowledge & skill handed orally. 3. Food= survival=enough=sustainable. 4. No machinery 5. Control of pests & disease culturally 6. Natural resources capitalised 7. Organic husbandry & Native varieties.

MODERN AGRICULTURE: 1. Scale: Intensive & massive 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread 4. Employment : knowledge & skills 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt. 6. Professionalism : no taboos.

NOMADIC & SEDENTARY AGRIC


NOMADIC ( Characteristics ) 1. Short term 2. Virgin soil / hill slopes 3. Customs & taboos 4. Yield: poor 5. Fertilizer : minimal 6. Disrupt ecosystem eg: flood 7. Biodiversity lost thru. clearing

INFLUENCE OF
RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu LIFESTYLES : 1. Valentines Day 2. Convocations 3. Mothers Dayetc. 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.

CHAPTER 3: REVOLUSI PERTANIAN


REVOLUSI PERTANIAN FAKTOR PENYEBAB
BATASAN SUMBER PERTAMBAHAN PENDUDUK KEPELBAGAIAN PRODUK MESRA ALAM KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI

CIRI-CIRI
HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT KIMIA & BIOAGEN

PERTANIAN PERSIS
MIKANISASI & OTOMASI BIOTEKNOLOGI ENAKMEN & SKIM

CAUSAL FACTORS
Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev. 1. Limitation of fertile land. 2. Labour shortage 3. Balance of trade 4. Population increase 5. Need for diversity of products 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly 7. Technological advances.

CHARACTERISTICS
1. High yield & resistant 2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents 3. Precision agriculture 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn 5. Agric. Biotechnology 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.

CHAPTER 4: SUMBER ASAS & PERSEKITARAN


SUMBER ASAS & PERSEKITARAN

SUMBER ASAS
IKLIM AIR TANAH SUMBER MANUSIA

PERSEKITARAN
ZON ARGOEKOLOGI IMPAK IKLIM PENCEMARAN

RACUN PEROSAK & NITRAT

BASIC AGRIC. RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT


1. CLIMATE : TROPICS + TEMPERATE + TUNDRA + DESERTS. 2. WATER : RAIN-FED & IRRIGATION. 3. SOIL : TYPES & PROFILES ( RELATES TO NUTRIENTS CYCLE ) 4. HUMAN RESOURCE: AGRICULTURE CANNOT OPERATE WITHOUT WORKFORCE.

ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES: (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: (1) GLOBAL WARMING (2) DESERTIFICATION IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN (2) HEAVY METALS

PESTICIDES & NITRATES


PESTICIDES: EXCESSIVE AFFECTS HEALTH & REDUCE BIODIVERSITY. NITRATES: CAUSES EXCESSIVE ENRICHMENT OF WATER ( EUTROPHICATION )..ALGAE GROWTH..OXYGEN DEFICIT..KILLING OFF AQUATIC LIFE.

CHAPTER 5: SUMBER GENETIK


UBAHAN GENETIK & PEMULIHARAAN SUMBER GERMPLASMA &
DIVERSITI

ASAL & TABURAN TANAMAN

ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION OF CROP PLANTS


CENTRES OF CROP ORIGIN: 1. MESOAMERICA 2. ANDES & SOUTH AMERICA 3. SOUTHEAST ASIA. 4. CHINA 5. AFRICA 6. SOUTHWEST ASIA.

GERMPLASM & BIODIVERSITY


GERMPLASM = DNA BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS= BIODIVERSITY. THREE ASPECTS= (1) GENETIC (2) SPECIES (3) ECOSYSTEM/ HABITAT. SIGNIFICANCE: (1) HEATHY FUNCTIONING (2) ECONOMIC BENEFITS (3) AESTHETICS.

GENETIC RESOURCE APPLICATIONS


IMPROVEMENTS: (1) YIELD (2) PEST & DISEASE RESISTANCE (3) ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE (4) GREEN REVOLUTION. GENETIC RESOURCES:(1) WILD RELATIVES (2) WEEDY RELATIVES (3) PRIMITIVE CULTIVARS/LANDRACES (4) MODERN CULTIVARS (5) ADVANCE BREEDING LINES (6) GENES FROM OTHER SPECIES.

GENETIC VARIATIONS AND CONSERVATION


GENETIC VARIATION: ALL GENETIC VARIATION ORIGINATES FROM MUTATION. TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION: (1) IN SITU (2) EX SITU LOSS OF GENETIC RESOURCES: (1) DOMESTICATION (2) DESTRUCTION (3) EXTINCTION.

CHAPTER 6: PERTANIAN LESTARI ( SUSTAINABLE AGRIC)


1. PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT) 2. PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR ( ENVIROMENTAL CONSERVATION) 3. FAEDAH SOSIO-POLITIK ( SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS ) 4. PERANCANGAN & KEPUTUSAN ( PLANNING & DECISION MAKING )

SA: INTRODUCTION
1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN 2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT 3. MODELS & APPROACHES 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF

CAPABILITY: SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES: FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY INDEFINITELY

CHARACTERISTICS: 1. RESOURCE-CONSERVING 2. SOCIALLY-SUPPORTIVE 3. COMMERCIALLY COMPETITIVE 4. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND

MODELS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL : (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND CHEAP (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION + WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL + MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER FARMERS+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)

MODEL: ECOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES


REFERS TO AS: NATURAL, ORGANIC, LOW-INPUT, ALTERNATIVES, REGENERATIVE, HOLISTIC, BIODYNAMIC, BIOINTENSIVE, AND BIOLOGICAL FARMING SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM (SS)


VISION: SS SHARE A VISION OF FARMING WITH NATURE, AN AGROECOLOGY THAT (1) PROMOTES BIODIVERSITY (2)RECYCLES PLANT-NUTRIENTS (3)PROTECTS SOILS FROM EROSION (4) CONSERVE & PROTECT WATER (5)USES MINIMUM TILLAGE (6) INTEGRATES CROPS&LIVESTOCK (7) + PROFITABLE + GOOD QUALITYOFLIFE

SS PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES: 1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ????? GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)

SS OBJECTIVES

SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT


1) ECONOMIC PROFIT is necessary 2) INCOME OPPORTUNITIES: 2.1= ALTERNATIVES CROPS 2.2= MIXED CROPS 2.3= INTEGRATING PLANTS & LIVESTOCKS 2.4= CONTRACT FARMING 2.5= NICHES/ SPECIALITY/GREEN ETC.

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (EXPECTED OF MODEL)


1. FINANCE & SAVING INCREASE 2. DEBT DECREASE 3. LESS RELIANCE ON SUBSIDIES 4. PROFIT YEAR AFTER YEAR 5. EXTERNAL PURCHASE OF FEED AND FERTILIZER DECREASES

SS: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION


IT INVOLVES KEEPING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN GOOD CONDITION, VIZ: 1.EFFECTIVE ENERGY FLOW 2. WATER CYCLE 3. MINERAL CYCLES 4. VIABLE ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS.

SS: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ( DIAGRAM )


ECOSYATEM DYNAMICS

MINERAL CYCLE

ENERGY FLOW

WATER CYCLE

ENERGY FLOW (NON-CYCLICAL ) ILLUSTRATION:

MEAT

POULTRY

CORN

SUN

WATER CYCLE ILLUSTRATION


CLOUD RAIN

OCEAN & LAND

MINERAL CYCLE: ILLUSTRATION


CROPS ANIMALS MANURE

SOIL

ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS INDICATORS: 1. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS & ANIMALS, ABOVE & BELOW GROUND: 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )

DIVERSITY: PRACTICES & EFFECTS ILLUSTRATIONS: 1. INTERCROPPING= INCREASE 2. CROP ROTATION= INCREASE 3. COVER CROPS = INCREASE 4. MONOCROPPING/ TILLAGE/ HERBICIDE/ INSECTICIDE =DECREASE

SS: SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS


BENEFITS IN TERMS OF: 1. FOOD SECURITY 2. LAND TENURE 3. GOOD HEALTH 4. MAINTAINING THE FABRIC OF RURAL COMMUNITIES ( IT INVOLVES= KEEPING MONEY CIRCULATING+ QUALITY OF LIFE )

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ( PLANNING & DECISION )


MANAGING THE THREE (3) OBJECTIVES SIMULTENOUSLY CONCEPT OF: HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT WITH KEY CHARACTERISTIC REFERRED TO AS FEEDBACK LOOP = PLANNINGMONITORING-CONTROLLINGREPLANNING.

CHAPTER 7: ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL DEV.


1. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRIC. TO MAL. ECONOMY / SUMBANGAN KPD. NEGERA 2. INTERNATIONAL TRADE / PERDAGANAN ANTARABANGSA

CONTRIBUTION..
INTRODUCTION: SYSTEM: DUALISTIC
PLANTATION 40 HA.+ SINGLE CROP MGT: SYSTEMATIC MODERN TECH HIRED LABOUR
SMALLHOLDER 0.4 4 HA. MIXED & MONO. PRODUCTION LOW LIMITED TECH. MGT: DISORGANISED

PURPOSES 1. From EXPORT EARNINGS to: 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS as in 3. NAP PROGRAMS ( NEXT SLIDE ):

NAP PROGRAMS: EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION (1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE (2) INCREASE EXPORT (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES

AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ? 1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )

LAND UTILIZATION ? INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA ( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 ) OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.

FOOD COMMODITIES ? SELF-SUFFICIENT IN:(2005 ) FRUITS PORK POULTRY EGGS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AGRICULTURE


1) OVERALL TRADE SURPLUS: 2002 EXPORT=USD 7375 MILLIONS 2002 IMPORT =USD 4300 MILLIONS 2) STILL FOOD-DEFICIT: 2000 IMPORT =USD 3.0 BILLIONS

CHAPTER 8: INNOVATIONS & CHALLENGES


1. RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES / PENYELIDIKAN & TEKNOLOGI 2. FUTURE CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE / CABARAN MASADEPAN

RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY


1. OIL PALM: Yield= 35-40t. ffb/ha/yr. 2. RUBBER : Yield= >3500 kilo/ha/yr. 3. COCOA : reduction in acrage 4. PADI : 70% SS. Yield: 3.8-5 (10 ) tons/ha. 5. LIVESTOCK:Cattle/buffaloes/goats/poultry.. 6. FISHERIES: 60% of animal protein 7. HORTICULTURES:banana/pineapple/duku/ orchids/ mushrooms etc. etc. 8. BIOAGENTS: Biological control. 9. PRECISION AGRICULTURE: specific mgt.

FUTURE CHALLENGES
1. LABOUR : Dire shortage 2. PRICE: Output price increase; Market price elastic & problematic. 3. CROP CHOICE: Plantation preferred, Food crop few. 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY: Unrealized= tissue culture/embryo man/ robotics/ advanced processing & packaging syst. 5. RESOURCES: Compete with industry/ residential/ recreational/ wildlife/ catchments etc.

CHAPTER 9: APPROACHES TO AGRIC. DEV. IN MALAYSIA


1.NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICY / DASAR PERTANIAN NEGARA ( NAP ) 2.EDUCATION, R&D INSTITUTES, AND EXTENSION SERVICES/ PENDIDIKAN, R&D DAN PEGEMBANGAN 3. LEGISLATION , POLICY AND STANDARDS / PERUNDANGAN & PIAWAIAN

POLICY=NAP

EDUCATION R&D, EXTENSION

LEGISLATION & STANDARDS

NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICIES NAPS


NAP1= 1984-81: Open land/ foreign exchange/ employment/ eradicate poverty NAP2= 1992-2010: Food production/ agrobased industries/ private sector/ sustainability/ biodiversity/ conservation. NAP3= 1998-2010: Agroforestry approach & Product-based approach ( market demand, upstream/downstream, and niche marketting ).

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICY ( NAP 3 )


STRATEGIC APPROACHES: (1) AGROFORESTRY APPROACH (2) PRODUCT-BASED APPROACH

NAP 3 : PLAN OF ACTION


1.2.1: ENHANCE FOOD SECURITY & COMBATING INFLATION 1.2.2: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY 1.2.3: PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION 1.2.4: ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORT 1.2.5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEV.

Enhancing Food Security & Combating Inflation


1. Domestic food production= Major food+ Zoning + Infras + R&D + Increase yield & efficiency + linkage bet. Prod. & market. 2.Strategic sourcing = Joint ventures with low cost countries + G to G supply of food. 3.Improving market efficiency = reduce intermediaries + infra + intelligence.

INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
1.New products & future industries = biotechnology products.. 2. Reducing labour : reduce acrage + less labour crops + controlled enviroment farming + Labour-saving tech. R&D. 3. Maximisind land resource use: agro forestry entr. + intergration + technology intensive mixed farming. 4. Increase farm income: value added + waste & by product usage.

PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR


1. Agrotechnogy parks 2. Incubation centres. 3. Land banks & leases 4. Private sector investments

ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS


1. Hahal food hub. 2. Market access. 3. Direct marketting 4. Malaysia as Regional distribution centre. 5. Malaysia own brand products

MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAP3


1. Action plan : 1a= Short term : Zoning, infra. & facilities for short term food crops & aquaculture. 1b= Medium term : Marketing infra ( wholesale & farmers markets), food crop estates, postharvest loss, incubators ,Halal hub,Brand names & cheaper raw m. 1c = Long term : perennials, ruminants, new products, human res.,import subs., & R&D.

Implementation: 1. Public-private sector coordinating council. 2. High level planning & implementing committee. 3. Agric. Related institution reviewed & rationalised. 4. Resources & manpower allocated.

EDUCATION, R&D & EXTENSION


EDUCATION, R&D, EXTENSION

EDUCATION R&D EXTENSION UNIV., COLLEGES PUBLIC SECTOR TOT FROM MARDI VOC, INST., & BY DOA, MADA, TRAININGS. PRIVATE SRCTOR KADA, LKIM ETC.

R&D INSTITUTIONS
1. Public Sector = MARDI + MCB + MPOB + MRB + FOA + FAMA + LKIM + MADA + KADA + FRIM + FELDA + MARDEC + VRI.

2. Private Sector = OPRS, Applied Agric. Research Sdn. Bhd., FELDA Tun Razak Agric. Services Sdn. Bhd.,United Plantation, Guthrie Research., Agric. Chemical (M).,KLK & Boustead., DUPONT. Sime Darby EBOR.

LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS


PESTICIDE ACT 1974

FOOD ACT 1983

POISON ACT 1952 ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ACT 1974

CODEX STANDARDS

GAP, BMP, SLAM, SOM GFP, HACCP FISHERIES ACT 1985

QUARANTINE ACT 1976

WILD PROTECTION ACT FORESTRY 1972 ACT 1984

STANDARDS
@ CODEX Standards in agric. Industries
1. GAP = GOOD AGRICULRAL PRACTICES 2. BMP = BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 3. SLAM = SKEMA AKREDITASI LADANG Malaysia. 4. SOM = SIJIL PERLADANGAN ORGANIC 5. GFP = GOOD FUMUGATION PRACTICES 6. HACCP = HAZZARD ANA. CRI. CON. PT.

AGRICULTURE & MAN

THANK YOU SALAM SEJAHTERA THE END

Potrebbero piacerti anche