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Documenti di Cultura
EVALUATION
1. ATTENDANCE ++10.0% 2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)...20.0% 3. 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH W )..........35.0%(20+15 ) 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT..35.0% TOTAL.100.0%
EXECUTION
1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader ) 2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th week. 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week. 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.
OBJECTIVES
1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3 2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3 3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD ETC.ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2
OBJEKTIF
CIVILIZATION ( PERANAN )
ECONOMY (KEPENTINGAN )
SUSTAINABILITY (PENGURUSAN )
REVOLUTION
ECONOMICS
BASIC RESOURCES
SYNOPSIS
Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.
IMPORTANCE
DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION ( Malaysia )
1. R&D : New agric. Industries New products. New markets Intergrated agroforestry. 2. Human Resources: Agric. Scientists + Profesional managers. 3. Roles: Govt.=environment; Public sector=facilitate; States= land matters; and Private sectors= enterprises/ engines
DEFINITION
Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services. Farming = Arts & Science + Business Subjects= agro + hort + genetics + protection + soil + husbandry + etc+ Packaging + processing + marketting etc.
IMPORTANCE
1. EMPLOYMENT. 2. SURVIVAL. 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ). 4.FOOD SECURITY / STABILITY. 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF AGRIC. WASTES. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative ) NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE
SUBSISTENE = Shifting + permanent plot COMMERCIAL = Plantation =Vegetable farming: @ Organic @ Hydroponic = Aquaculture = Livestock NEW PRODUCTS & FURTURE INDUSTRIES
UTILIZATION OF.
VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS.. N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC. INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES
UTILISATION OF HUMANBIOTECHNOLOGY
Started with Human and Animal labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +genetic engineering etc.
MODERN AGRICULTURE: 1. Scale: Intensive & massive 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread 4. Employment : knowledge & skills 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt. 6. Professionalism : no taboos.
INFLUENCE OF
RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu LIFESTYLES : 1. Valentines Day 2. Convocations 3. Mothers Dayetc. 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.
CIRI-CIRI
HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT KIMIA & BIOAGEN
PERTANIAN PERSIS
MIKANISASI & OTOMASI BIOTEKNOLOGI ENAKMEN & SKIM
CAUSAL FACTORS
Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev. 1. Limitation of fertile land. 2. Labour shortage 3. Balance of trade 4. Population increase 5. Need for diversity of products 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly 7. Technological advances.
CHARACTERISTICS
1. High yield & resistant 2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents 3. Precision agriculture 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn 5. Agric. Biotechnology 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.
SUMBER ASAS
IKLIM AIR TANAH SUMBER MANUSIA
PERSEKITARAN
ZON ARGOEKOLOGI IMPAK IKLIM PENCEMARAN
ENVIRONMENT
GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES: (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE: (1) GLOBAL WARMING (2) DESERTIFICATION IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN (2) HEAVY METALS
SA: INTRODUCTION
1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN 2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT 3. MODELS & APPROACHES 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF
CAPABILITY: SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES: FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY INDEFINITELY
MODELS
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL : (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND CHEAP (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION + WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL + MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER FARMERS+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)
SS PRACTICES
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES: 1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ????? GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)
SS OBJECTIVES
SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
MINERAL CYCLE
ENERGY FLOW
WATER CYCLE
MEAT
POULTRY
CORN
SUN
SOIL
ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS INDICATORS: 1. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS & ANIMALS, ABOVE & BELOW GROUND: 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )
DIVERSITY: PRACTICES & EFFECTS ILLUSTRATIONS: 1. INTERCROPPING= INCREASE 2. CROP ROTATION= INCREASE 3. COVER CROPS = INCREASE 4. MONOCROPPING/ TILLAGE/ HERBICIDE/ INSECTICIDE =DECREASE
CONTRIBUTION..
INTRODUCTION: SYSTEM: DUALISTIC
PLANTATION 40 HA.+ SINGLE CROP MGT: SYSTEMATIC MODERN TECH HIRED LABOUR
SMALLHOLDER 0.4 4 HA. MIXED & MONO. PRODUCTION LOW LIMITED TECH. MGT: DISORGANISED
PURPOSES 1. From EXPORT EARNINGS to: 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS as in 3. NAP PROGRAMS ( NEXT SLIDE ):
NAP PROGRAMS: EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION (1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE (2) INCREASE EXPORT (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES
AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ? 1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )
LAND UTILIZATION ? INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA ( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 ) OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.
FUTURE CHALLENGES
1. LABOUR : Dire shortage 2. PRICE: Output price increase; Market price elastic & problematic. 3. CROP CHOICE: Plantation preferred, Food crop few. 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY: Unrealized= tissue culture/embryo man/ robotics/ advanced processing & packaging syst. 5. RESOURCES: Compete with industry/ residential/ recreational/ wildlife/ catchments etc.
POLICY=NAP
INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
1.New products & future industries = biotechnology products.. 2. Reducing labour : reduce acrage + less labour crops + controlled enviroment farming + Labour-saving tech. R&D. 3. Maximisind land resource use: agro forestry entr. + intergration + technology intensive mixed farming. 4. Increase farm income: value added + waste & by product usage.
Implementation: 1. Public-private sector coordinating council. 2. High level planning & implementing committee. 3. Agric. Related institution reviewed & rationalised. 4. Resources & manpower allocated.
EDUCATION R&D EXTENSION UNIV., COLLEGES PUBLIC SECTOR TOT FROM MARDI VOC, INST., & BY DOA, MADA, TRAININGS. PRIVATE SRCTOR KADA, LKIM ETC.
R&D INSTITUTIONS
1. Public Sector = MARDI + MCB + MPOB + MRB + FOA + FAMA + LKIM + MADA + KADA + FRIM + FELDA + MARDEC + VRI.
2. Private Sector = OPRS, Applied Agric. Research Sdn. Bhd., FELDA Tun Razak Agric. Services Sdn. Bhd.,United Plantation, Guthrie Research., Agric. Chemical (M).,KLK & Boustead., DUPONT. Sime Darby EBOR.
CODEX STANDARDS
STANDARDS
@ CODEX Standards in agric. Industries
1. GAP = GOOD AGRICULRAL PRACTICES 2. BMP = BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 3. SLAM = SKEMA AKREDITASI LADANG Malaysia. 4. SOM = SIJIL PERLADANGAN ORGANIC 5. GFP = GOOD FUMUGATION PRACTICES 6. HACCP = HAZZARD ANA. CRI. CON. PT.