HDH - Chuong 3

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l-356\slmult0\par\pard\li540\sb205\sl-356\slmult0\fi0\tx4068 \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf1\f2\fs26 CH\u418?\u416?NG 3.\tab \up0 \expndtw0\ch
arscalex97 \ul0\nosupersub\cf2\f3\fs32 QU\u7842?N L B\u7896? NH\u7898?\par\pard\q
l \li540\sb245\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\
f4\fs26 3.0. Quan ni\u7879?m v\u7873? qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? \par\pard\q
j \li540\sb0\sl-293\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1592\sb13\sl-293\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t trong cc ph\u
432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n \u273?i\u7873?u hnh quan tr\u7885?ng l b\u7897? nh\u7899?
chnh. Qu\u7843?n l ti nguyn b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 nh\u7899? l m\u7
897?t \u273?\u7873? t\u7841?i h\u7919?u ch v c\u7845?p bch, n quy\u7871?t \u273?\u78
83?nh kh\u7843? n\u259?ng hi\u7879?n h\u7919?u c\u7911?a m\u7897?t h\u7879? th\u
7889?ng my \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tnh. Theo \u273?, chng ta phn bi\u7879?t ba
ph\u7841?m vi, m trong \u273?, cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c khc nhau \u273?\u432?\
u7907?c s\u7917? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng \u273?\u7875? qu\u7843
?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899?. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb23\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 Nhi\u7879?m v\u7909? chnh l bao g\u7891?m: vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l m\u7
897?t cch t\u7889?i \u432?u khng gian l\u432?u tr\u7919? c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh
\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 xung quanh cc yu c\u7847?u l\u432?u tr\u7919? \u273?
\u7863?c bi\u7879?t c\u7911?a ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. \u272?i\u7873?u ny \u273?\u43
2?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n nh\u7901? cc b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex
100 ph\u7853?n ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh (th d\u7909? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh b\u7897? nh\u
7899?) hay nh\u7901? cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh thu gom rc. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb21\
sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 B\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1586\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 V\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ch\u7911? y\u7871?u l phn b\u7893? t\u7889?i \u432?u
khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh trn cc ti\u7871?n trnh ring l\u7867?. Theo \up0 \e
pndtw-1\charscalex100 nguyn t\u7855?c chung, nhi\u7879?m v\u7909? \u273?\u432?\u7
907?c tr\u7907? gip nh\u7901? cc \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng chuyn
d\u7909?ng. \u272?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trong h\u7
879? th\u7889?ng \u273?a vi x\u7917? l, \u273?i\u7873?u quan tr\u7885?ng l ph\u784
3?i trnh cc tranh ch\u7845?p, n\u7871?u c nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw2\charscalex100 cng mu\u7889?n chi\u7871?m m\u7897?t khng gian l\u432?u tr\u7919
?. Trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny, cc k\u7929? thu\u7853?t vin s\u7869? gip \u
273?\u7905? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 thm, nh\u432? vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p
b\u7897? nh\u7899? khng \u273?\u7891?ng d\u7841?ng (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
NUMA\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), th d\u7909? khi chi\u7871?m d\u7909?ng cc b\u78
97? vi x\u7917? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 l, n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tch chia ra
trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7909?c b\u7897? hay b\u7897? nh\u7899? ton c\u7909?c. \
par\pard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 B\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7
843?ng \u273?\u7841?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb

9\sl-290\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c tch kh\u7887?i s\
u7921? qu\u7843?n l cc files s\u7869? c nh\u7919?ng files chuyn d\u7909?ng, m v\u7899
?i n, dung l\u432?\u7907?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7911?a file \u273?\u
432?\u7907?c phn chia v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c qu\u7843?n l. Th d\u7909? file swap \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c chuy\u7875?n d\u7883?ch trn cc ti\u7871?n trnh, \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 m nh\u7919?ng ti\u7871?n trnh ny khng chi\u7871?m nhi\u7873?u khng gian
b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb2\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7847?u tin, chng ta nghin c\u7913?u k\u7927? thu\
u7853?t tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p che ph\u7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899?, m n tm th\u7845?y v
i\u7879?c \u7913?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng \u7903? h\u7847?u h
\u7871?t cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng ho\u7863?c
\u7903? cc h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n. \par\pard\ql \li
540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.1. Che ph\u7911? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p
b\u7897? nh\u7899? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb281\sl-300\slmult0\fi424 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Trong bu\u7893?i \u273?\u784
7?u c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng my tnh, cng vi\u7879?c c\u7909? th\u78
75? l ch\u7871? ng\u7921? chi\u7871?c my tnh v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7911?a n cho t\u7915?ng Job. Nhn c\u7911?a h\u7879? \u273?
i\u7873?u hnh th\u432?\u7901?ng bao g\u7891?m m\u7897?t s\u7921? t\u7893?ng h\u79
07?p cc th\u7911? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 t\u7909?c xu\u7845?t nh\u7853?p.
\u272? chnh l cc th\u7911? t\u7909?c th\u432? vi\u7879?n m chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
\u7855?n thm vo Job. N\u7871?u ng\u432?\u7901?i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ta p
h\u7843?i \u273?\u7863?t Job tr\u7903? l\u7841?i, \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7847?u t
in th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n m\u7897?t Job khc, th do \u273?, t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc d\u79
19? li\u7879?u c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trnh \u273?\u43
2?\u7907?c di chuy\u7875?n trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i v \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c php di chuy\u7875?n cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n
trnh \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 m\u7899?i t\u7915? b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843
?ng \u273?\u7841?i t\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. Tuy nhin, vi\u7879?c di d\u7
883?ch vo ra ny (swapping) c\u7847?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ph\u7843?i c th\
u7901?i gian. N\u7871?u chng ta ch\u7845?p nh\u7853?n th\u7901?i gian truy c\u785
3?p trung bnh c\u7911?a \u7893? \u273?\u297?a c\u7913?ng kho\u7843?ng \up0 \expnd
tw-1\charscalex100 10ms v n\u7871?u cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u chuy\u7875?n th\u7859?n
g tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 DMA-Tranfer\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 ) v\u7899?i t\u7927? l\u7879? v\u7853?n chuy\u7875?n kho\u7843?ng \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 500kByte/s, do \u273?, chng ta c\u7847?n 110 ms cho m\u
7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh c dung l\u432?\u7907?ng 50kB \u273?\u7875? vi\u7871?t
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ln \u273?\u297?a v cng th\u7901?
i gian \u273? \u273?\u7875? l\u7845?y m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh t\u432?\u417
?ng t\u7921? t\u7915? \u7893? \u273?\u297?a, v nh\u432? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 v\u7853?y, h\u7907?p l\u7841?i thnh 220ms tri qua cho m\u7897?t cng vi\u7879?c
bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng. Vi\u7879?c di chuy\u7875?n tro \u273?\u7893?i ny \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \u273? h\u7841?n ch\u7871? s\u7921? \u273?\u7893?i chi\u7873?
u gi\u7919?a cc ti\u7871?n trnh r\u7845?t m\u7841?nh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\s
b0\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 T\u7915? c\u417? s\u7903? ny
, \u273?i\u7873?u c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t l, ph\u7843?i b\u7843?o v\u7879? cc d\u791
9? li\u7879?u c\u7911?a nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u273?\u7
891?ng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 th\u7901?i \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u
7899?, t\u7913?c l, ngay l\u7853?p t\u7913?c b\u7897? nh\u7899? ph\u7843?i t\u789
1?n t\u7841?i m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911?. Tuy nhin, n
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361?ng d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873?, ng\u432?\u7901?i t
a ph\u7843?i phn chia b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u432? th\u7871? no \u273?, \u273?\u7875
? nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh c \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u ki
\u7879?n nh\u7853?n ch\u7895? (?). Cu h\u7887?i ny \u273?\u7863?t ra khng ch\u7881?
\u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh, m t\u7845?t nhin c\u7843? \u273?
\u7889?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 v\u7899?i khng gian l\u432?u tr\u7919? c\u
7911?a \u7893? \u273?\u297?a c\u7913?ng, n cn g\u7885?i l khng gian tro \u273?\u7893?
i (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 swap space\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\par
d\ql \li971\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.1.1. S\u7855?p x\u7871?p b\u7
903?i cc b\u7843?ng c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb245\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Cch t\u7889?t nh\u7845?t l, t\u7915? hnh \u7843?nh
thu nh\u7887? c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta t\u7841?o l\u78
53?p thnh nh\u7919?ng b\u7843?ng che \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ph\u7911? b\u7
897? nh\u7899?. M\u7895?i \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng
nh\u432? v\u7853?y (th d\u7909? Bit) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p c
ho m\u7897?t \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? l\u7899?n \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 h\u4
17?n (th d\u7909? m\u7897?t t\u7915? 32bit). N\u7871?u m\u7897?t t\u7915? b\u7883
? che ph\u7911?, th do \u273?, Bit \u273?\u7841?t gi tr\u7883? 1 hay 0. \par\pard\q
j \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Hnh 3.1 ch
\u7881? ra m\u7897?t s\u7921? s\u7855?p x\u7871?p nh\u432? v\u7853?y. Khi \u273?
\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t \u
273?o\u7841?n l\u417?n h\u417?n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (th d\u7909? 4kB), d
o \u273?, vi\u7879?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p cc kh\u7889?i d\u7919? li\u7879?u A,B,C (
l nh\u7919?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c cc \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 ph\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n \u273?i\u7873?u hnh qu\u7843?n l. \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1600\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 M\u7897?t
b\u7843?ng che ph\u7911? nh\u432? th\u7871? t\u7921? dng 100 kByte \u273?\u7889?i
v\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? 3,2 MByte. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t khng \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 gian tr\u7889?ng b\u7883? che ph\u7911?, do \u273?, m\u7897?t b\u7
843?ng t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm ki\u7871?m trn m\u789
7?t s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng ph h\u7907?p \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cc s\u788
9? 0. \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb2\sl-299\slmul
t0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.1 ----------\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26
-\par\pard\ql \li971\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.1.2. S\u7855?p x\u78
71?p b\u7903?i danh sch c\u7909? th\u7875? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb265\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Th\u79
21?c ch\u7845?t khng gian tr\u7889?ng c\u361?ng nh\u432? khng gian \u273? b\u7883?
che ph\u7911? th h\u7847?u nh\u432? di h\u417?n s\u7921? m \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 t\u7843? v\u7873? chng nh\u432? \u273? ni trn. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? th c l\u7
?i: \u273?ng l\u7869? m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh th ph\u7843?i
lm m\u7897?t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 danh sch \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u7847?y
vi\u7879?c che ph\u7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899?, nh\u432?ng \u7903? \u273?y, chng \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c lin k\u7871?t v\u7899?i nhau \u7903? trong \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 dy tu\u7847?n t\u7921? c\u7911?a cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nh\u7899? (n
h\u7901? b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883?). Do \u273?, th d\u7909? minh h\u7885?a \u79
03? trong hnh 3.1 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 lm sng t\u7887
? thm nh\u432? \u7903? trong hnh 3.2 d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \li540\s
b0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 Hnh 3.2---------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\par
d\qj\li540\ri1601\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Vi\u7879
?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo danh sch bao g\u7891?m ba ph\u7847?n: \u273?\u7883?a ch\u788

1? b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, \u273?\u7897? di v ch\u7
881? s\u7889? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (d\u7845?u hi\u7879?u ch\u7881? d\u7
851?n) cho vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n thm k\u7871? ti\u7871?p. \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t danh sch
che ph\u7911? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn thnh 2 danh sch: m\u7897?t danh sch cho kho\
u7843?ng b\u7883? che \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ph\u7911? m vi\u7879?c \u273?i
\u7873?n vo c\u7911?a n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c khai bo nh\u7901? kh\u7889?i \u273?i\u
7873?u khi\u7875?n ti\u7871?n trnh PCB v m\u7897?t danh \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex
100 sch ch\u7881? dnh cho kho\u7843?ng ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c che ph\u7911
?. N\u7871?u chng ta s\u7855?p x\u7871?p danh sch ny theo \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng th do \u273?, m\u7
897?t cch bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng, danh sch \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911? khng c\u7847?
n ph\u7843?i tm ki\u7871?m. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Tuy nhin, qua \u273?, s\u
7921? ho h\u7907?p c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng v kho\u7843?ng gi\u7899?i h\
u7841?n s\u7869? b\u7883? gy tr\u7903? ng\u7841?i. Vi\u7879?c \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 khai bo hai l\u7847?n s\u7869? t\u7841?o ra kh\u7843? n\u259?ng tm ki\u
7871?m danh sch theo hai h\u432?\u7899?ng. \par\pard\ql \li971\sb0\sl-299\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li971\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf4\f5\fs26 Th d\u7909?\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s26 v\u7873? qu\u7843?n l theo x\u7845?p (heap management): \par\pard\qj \li540\r
i1593\sb6\sl-293\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs26 Vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? b\u7857?ng cch d\u7921?a vo dan
h sch l m\u7897?t th d\u7909? c ngh\u297?a cho vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n \line \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex102 l b\u7897? nh\u7899? theo x\u7845?p; x\u7845?p \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c m\u7895?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng qu\u7
843?n l. Th d\u7909? \u7903? my tnh \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex110 MODULA-2, \
u273?i\u7873?u \u273? c ngh\u297?a \u273?\u7875? m t\u7843? vi\u787
9?c th\u7921?c thi cc th\u7911? t\u7909?c \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 ALLOCATE()vDEALLOCATE().Qua vi\u7879?c ghi tn lo\u7841?i, m\u7897?t khng gia
n tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c qu\u7843?n l,
7;32768}}
293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 m n \
u273?\u432?\u7907?c k\u7871?t n\u7889?i v\u7899?i nhau thnh m\u7897?t danh sch lin
t\u7909?c v n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n vo nh\u7901? mc treo \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 hay nh\u7901? m\u7897?t ch\u7881? th\u7883? c tn rootPtr: \par\pard\li
971\sb14\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx2465 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 TYPE\tab \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 EntryPtr = POINTER TO EntryHead;\par\pard\ql \li2489\sb1
\sl-284\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 EntryHead = RECORD \par\pard\ql \l
i4438\sb4\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 next : EntryPtr; \par\p
ard\qj \li3788\ri5572\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi650 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 siz
e : CARDINAL; \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 END; \par\pard\li971\sb9\sl-299\slmu
lt0\fi0\tx2364 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 VAR\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex1
00 rootPtr : EntryPtr;\par\pard\ql \li2359\sb1\sl-290\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 nextStart : EntryPtr; \par\pard\ql \li2359\sb3\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 FirstFree, NoOfEntryHeads : CARDINAL; \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1590\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u272?\u7847?u tin
, m\u7895?i khng gian tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t \u273? ln b\u7903

?i m\u7909?c nh\u7853?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Entry\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 ). M\u7897?t khng gian \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 tr\u7889?ng \u273
?\u7889?i v\u7899?i danh sch th khng th\u7875? nh\u7887? h\u417?n chi\u7873?u di TSI
ZE (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 EntryHead\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) c\u7911?a
m\u7897?t m\u7909?c \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 nh\u7853?p. N\u7871?u m
\u7897?t khng gian tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ghi, do \u273?, m\u7897?t m\u7
909?c nh\u7853?p m\u7899?i c d\u7841?ng \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 EntryHead\ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c treo vo danh sch tr\u7889?ng;n\u7871
?u khng gian tr\u7889?ng qu nh\u7887?, khi \u273?, n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7887? \
line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 qua. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb4\sl-296\sl
mult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t cch \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n h
\u417?n v nhanh h\u417?n \u273?\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t danh sch ring
l\u7867?, \u273? l danh sch \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 c\u7911?a cc khng gian tr\u7
889?ng. Tuy v\u7853?y, n th b\u7843?o \u273?\u7843?m h\u417?n \u273?\u7875? d\u785
1?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t danh sch \u273?\u432?\u7907?c che \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex104 ph\u7911?, c\u361?ng nh\u432? \u273?\u7875? c th\u7875? ki\u7875?m tra tnh t
r\u7841?ng v \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a khng gian \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u
7879?c tr\u7843? l\u7841?i t\u7915? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 khng gian \u273
? b\u7883? che ph\u7911? v nh\u7901? v\u7853?y, \u273?\u7875? lm sang t\u7887? vi\u
7879?c l\u7853?p trnh thi\u7871?u h\u7909?t c\u7911?a ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. \u272?\u7863?c bi\
u7879?t \u7903? giai \u273?o\u7841?n g\u7905? r\u7889?i, \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? t
h c l\u7907?i; sau \u273?, m\u7897?t s\u7921? ki\u7875?m tra c th\u7875? \up0 \expnd
tw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ng\u7855?t kh\u7887?i khi t\u7889?i \u43
2?u th\u7901?i gian th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u7903? cc giai \u273?o\u7841?n mu\u789
7?n h\u417?n. \par\pard\ql \li971\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb45\sl276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.1.3. Cc
chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7907?c che ph\u7911? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb265\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897
?t cch \u273?\u7897?c l\u7853?p v\u7899?i c\u417? c\u7845?u c\u7911?a danh sch che
ph\u7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899?, c nh\u7919?ng chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c khc \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 nhau \u273?\u7875? l\u7921?a ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t cch thch
h\u7907?p nh\u7845?t t\u7915? vng nh\u7899? ch\u432?a b\u7883? che ph\u7911?. M\
u7909?c \u273?ch c\u7911?a cc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u79
07?c l \u7903? ch\u7895?: ph\u7843?i gi\u7919? cho \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t
vng tr\u7889?ng d nh\u7887?, nh\u432?ng n c ngh\u297?a r\u7845?t l\u7899?n. \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 Sau \u273?y l nh\u7919?ng chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c quan
tr\u7885?ng: \par\pard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 FirstFit\u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\u273?\u7847?u tin v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911?): \par\par
d\qj \li540\ri1599\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Tr\u43
2?\u7899?c h\u7871?t, vng tr\u7889?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? ph\u7843?i \u2
73?\u7911? l\u7899?n \u273?\u7875? ph h\u7907?p cho vi\u7879?c che ph\u7911?. T\u
7913?c l, bao gi\u7901? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u361?ng cn l\u7841?i m\u78
97?t ph\u7847?n th\u7915?a ch\u432?a b\u7883? che ph\u7911?. \par\pard\ql \li900
\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 NextFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (k\u787
1? c\u7841?nh v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911?): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\sl
mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf7\f8\fs26 FirstFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 d\u7851?n t\u7899?i trong
kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u7847?u tin ch\u7881? cn th\u7915?a l\u7841?i m\u7
897?t ph\u7847?n nh\u7887?, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u432?ng ph\u7847?n cn
l\u7841?i ny lun lun \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm ki\u7871?m tr\u7903? l\u7841?i. \u272?
\u7875? lo\u7841?i b\u7887? \u273?i\u7873?u ny, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta xu\u7845?t \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 pht gi\u7889?ng nh\u432? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 FirstFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , nh\u432?ng \u7
903? l\u7847?n k\u7871? ti\u7871?p, vi\u7879?c tm ki\u7871?m \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c t\u7841?i m\u7897?t v\u7883? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
tr v c\u361?ng t\u7841?i \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ng\u7915?ng l\u7841?i. \par\p

ard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 BestFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 (v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911? nh\u7845?t): \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1560\sb0\sl-3
10\slmult0\fi360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Danh sch ton th\u7875? c\u361?
ng nh\u432? b\u7843?ng che ph\u7911? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm ki\u7871?m, cho t\u7
899?i khi ng\u432?\u7901?i ta tm th\u7845?y \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 m\u7897
?t kho\u7843?ng thch h\u7907?p, m l\u7853?p t\u7913?c, n \u273?\u7911? \u273?\u7875
? ti\u7871?p nh\u7853?n kho\u7843?ng che ph\u7911?. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
WorstFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\u273?ng v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911?): \par\par
d\qj \li540\ri1601\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 N\u787
1?u kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng \u273?ang t\u7891?n t\u7841?i l kho\u7843?ng l\u7899
?n nh\u7845?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm th\u7845?y, th do \u273?, ph\u7847?n cn l\u784
1?i l \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c kh\u7843? n\u259?ng nh\u7845?t v \u273?\u7911
? l\u7899?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb12\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 QuickFit\u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911? \u273?\u7875? thot kh\u7887?i
):
7;32768}}
293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i lo\u7841?i che ph\u7911?, m\u7897?t danh sch
\u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ni t\u7899?i. \u272?i\u7873?u \u2
73? cho php \u273?\u7875? tm \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7845?y nh\u7919?ng c
h\u7895? tr\u7889?ng thch h\u7907?p m\u7897?t cch nhanh h\u417?n. N\u7871?u \u7903
? trong m\u7897?t h\u7879? th\u7889?ng thng tin c \u273?\u7897? \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex100 d\u7841?i 1kB \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7903?i \u273?i m\u7897?t cch \u2
73?\u7873?u \u273?\u7863?n, do \u273?, n th c l\u7907?i, \u273?\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u
7899?i m\u7897?t danh sch \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
00 cho vi\u7879?c che ph\u7911? 1kB v \u273?\u7875? hi lng khi \u273?\u7841?t \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7885?i s\u7921? th\u259?m d m\u7897?t cch nhanh chng v \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 khng c s\u7921? pha tr\u7897?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-29
9\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Buddy-systems\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (nh\u7919?n
g h\u7879? th\u7889?ng thn h\u7919?u): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmu
lt0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 By gi\u7901?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u78
75? m\u7903? r\u7897?ng cc quan \u273?i\u7875?m v\u7873? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u790
7?c \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 QuickFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , r\u7857?ng
\u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? l
\u7899?n b\u7883? che ph\u7911?, t\u7889?t nh\u7845?t, b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c d\u7921? \u273?on l m\u7897?t danh sch g\u7891?m nh\u7919?ng \u273?\
u7897? l\u7899?n l lu\u7929? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 th\u7915?a c\u7911?a c
\u417? s\u7889? 2 v n ch\u7881? trao cho m\u7895?i kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899?
m\u7897?t \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh. T\u7845?t c\u7843?
cc yu c\u7847?u \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thi\u
7871?t l\u7853?p trn lu\u7929? th\u7915?a ti\u7871?p theo c\u7911?a c\u417? s\u78
89? 2. N\u7871?u c m\u7897?t khng gian nh\u7899? di 280 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 Bytes, t\u7841?m di\u7877?n gi\u7843?i: \par\pard\ql \li2458\sb11\sl-287\slmu

lt0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 280 Bytes = 256 + 16 + 8 = 2\ul0\super\cf12\f1
3\fs25 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 + 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 4\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 + 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 3 \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb6\sl-2
96\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th n ph\u7843?
i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o l\u7853?p trn khng gian nh\u7899? 512 = 2\ul0\sup
er\cf12\f13\fs25 9\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . N\u7871?u khng c m\u7897?t kho\u78
43?ng nh\u7899? tr\u7889?ng \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 no c\u7911?a \u273?\u78
97? l\u7899?n 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 k\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 t\u7891?n
t\u7841?i, do \u273?, m\u7897?t \u273?o\u7841?n nh\u7899? c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?
n 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 k-1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ph\u7843?i \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c phn thnh hai \u273?o\u7841?n. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 C\u7843? h
ai \u273?o\u7841?n l \u273?\u7889?i tc thn h\u7919?u, \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875
?u th\u7883? m\u7897?t cch chnh xc: \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847
?u c\u7911?a chng \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 th gi\u7889?ng h\u7879?t cho \u273
?\u7871?n khi kBit \u7903? trong \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a chng. Th d\u79
09? \u8230?XYZ0000\u8230? v XYZ1000 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l cc \u273?\u7883?
a ch\u7881? b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u c\u7911?a \u273?\u7889?i tc. \u272?i\u7873?u
\u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u7875? ki\u7875?m tra (t\
u7915?ng b\u432?\u7899?c) r\u7845?t nhanh, \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 li\u787
9?u m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7903? nn
tr\u7889?ng khi c m\u7897?t \u273?\u7889?i tc \u7903? trong b\u7843?ng che ph\u791
1?, m v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 b\u7843?ng ny, n c th\u7875? lm lan ra
v\u7899?i m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng l\u7899?n g\u7845?p \u273?i. \par\pard\qj \li540
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h, n\u7871?u v\u7915?a th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c tm ki\u7871?m m\u7897?t k
ho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng thch h\u7907?p (c\u361?ng t\u7921?a \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 nh\u432? vi\u7879?c b\u7867? gy ring l\u7867? c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t c\u79
11?a m\u7897?t \u273?\u7841?i l\u432?\u7907?ng l\u7899?n h\u417?n), th c\u361?ng
ph\u7843?i v\u7915?a th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 k\u7871?t h\u7907?p chng l\u7841?i thnh nh\u7919?ng \u273?\u7841?i l\u432?\u79
07?ng l\u7899?n h\u417?n, \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7
897?t cch quy n\u7841?p nhi\u7873?u \u273?\u7889?i tc \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 (nhi\u7873?u lu\u7929? th\u7915?a c\u7911?a c\u417? s\u7889? 2). \par\pard\ql
\li971\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf14\f15\fs26 \u272?nh gi chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7907?
c \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 S\u7921? m hnh ho so snh cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907
?c khc nhau d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?nh gi chi ly. \u272?i\u787
3?u \u273? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 nh\u7853?n ra r\u7857?ng, chi\u7871?n l\u
432?\u7907?c\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 FirstFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 s\
u7917? d\u7909?ng khng gian th t\u7889?t h\u417?n cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 NextFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 WorstFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , v
m\u7897?t cch ng\u7851?u nhin no \u273? c\u361?ng c th\u7875? t\u7889?t h\u417?n chi\
u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 BestFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26 , do v\u7853?y, \u273?i\u7873?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u273? cn h\u4
32?\u7899?ng t\u7899?i ch\u7881? \u273?\u7875? l\u7841?i m\u7897?t ph\u7847?n r\
u7845?t nh\u7903? ch\u432?a b\u7883? che ph\u7911?. M\u7897?t s\u7921? s\u7855?p
x\u7871?p cc nhn t\u7917? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 trong danh sch theo \u273?\
u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a cc d\u7843?i s\u7869? lm gi\u7843?m \u273?i th\u7901?i
gian th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 BestFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \ul0\nos
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1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u chng ta bi\u
7871?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nhi\u7873?u h\u417?n v\u7873? s\u7921? phn b\u7893? cc
yu c\u7847?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? theo th\u7901?i gian hay \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 theo \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n che ph\u7911?, do \u273?, chi\u7871?n l\u432?\
u7907?c \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 QuickFit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 hay cc t
hu\u7853?t ton \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t khc c th\u7875? \u273?\u7841?t \up0 \expnd
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\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb5\sl-295\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Kh
\u7843? n\u259?ng h\u7919?u hi\u7879?u c\u7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?\u78
89?i tc thn h\u7919?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?nh gi m\u7897?t cch ng\u7855?n g\u78
85?n c s\u7921? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tnh ton nh\u432? sau: N\u7871?u chng t
a ch\u7845?p nh\u7853?n r\u7857?ng, t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc lu\u7929? th\u7915?a 2\
ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n cc
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ph\u7909?c). Do \u273?, yu \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7847?u b\u7897? nh\u7
899? S\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 a\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ph\u7843?i \u273?\u78
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8ffc30e55ffcc9e4bee3d5ff005ef8e3fe8b2e2bff00c48737ff00e6cf25f71f447fc35efed65ff4
741fb447fe1ebf895ffcd351ff000d7bfb597fd1d07ed11ff87afe257ff34d5f3bd147fa95c1bff4
4970c7fe1872affe64f25f707faf7c71ff00459715ff00e2439bff00f36792fb8fa23fe1af7f6b2f
fa3a0fda23ff000f5fc4affe69a8ff0086bdfdacbfe8e83f688ffc3d7f12bff9a6af9de8a3fd4ae0
dffa24b863ff000c3957ff0032792fb83fd7be38ff00a2cb8aff00f121cdff00f9b3c97dc7d11ff0
d7bfb597fd1d07ed11ff0087afe257ff0034d5e59e39f895f11be286a76bad7c4bf1ff008d7e21eb
363629a6596ade39f156bbe2dd4ecf4d8e79ee934eb5bfd7eff50bab7b14bababab94b48a54b759e
e679846249a466e2a8aecc0f0d70e659888e2f2de1fc932fc546328471381cab0184c446135cb384
6b61e853a8a338e928a95a4b469a38b1fc53c4f9ae1a583cd388f3eccb09294272c2e3f37cc31986
94e9bbc272a188c454a4e507ac24e378bd534c28a28af6cf0428a28a0028a28a0028a28a00f47f01
7c63f8bbf0ae3d4e1f861f153e23fc38875b7b497598bc05e38f13f83e3d5e4b05b85b193534f0f6
a9a72dfbd92dddd2da3dd095add6e6e042504d206f41ff0086bdfdacbfe8e83f688ffc3d7f12bff9
a6af9de8af0b19c2dc3398626a6331fc3b9163b1759c5d6c563328cbf1389aae1085383a95eb61e7
56a3853a70a71e693e584211568c525f4182e2de2acb70b4b059771371060307439d50c260b3accb
0b85a2a7525566a961e86269d2a7cf5673a93e482e6a9294dde526dfd11ff0d7bfb597fd1d07ed11
ff0087afe257ff0034d47fc35efed65ff4741fb447fe1ebf895ffcd357cef4572ffa95c1bff44970
c7fe1872affe64f25f71d7febdf1c7fd165c57ff00890e6fff00cd9e4bee3e88ff0086bdfdacbfe8
e83f688ffc3d7f12bff9a6a3fe1af7f6b2ff00a3a0fda23ff0f5fc4aff00e69abe77a28ff52b837f
e892e18ffc30e55ffcc9e4bee0ff005ef8e3fe8b2e2bff00c48737ff00e6cf25f71e8fe3df8c7f17
7e2a47a643f13fe2a7c47f88f0e88f772e8d178f7c71e27f1847a4497eb6eb7d26989e21d53515b0
7bd5b4b55bb7b51135c2db5b898b88630be714515eee0b0382cb70d4f079760f0b80c252e774b0b8
2c3d1c2e1a9ba939549ba7428429d2873d49ca73e58ae69ca5277936dfcfe3b1f8fccf15531b9963
71798e32b282ab8bc7626b62f155553a71a54d54c4622752acd53a508538294df25384611b462922
8a28aea39028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a
0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a
0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a0028a28a00ffd9}}}}}\pard
\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg5}{\bkmkend Pg5}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\coln
o1\colw2357\colsr20\colno2\colw9723\colsr160\ql \li540\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql \li540\sb0\sl-241\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li1180\sb186\sl-241\slmult0\tx1730
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l0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs24 ( \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18
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mult0 \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-276\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\ql \li20\sb109\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-11\charscalex72 1 )\pa
r\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\cols2\colno1\colw1928\colsr160\colno2\colw10012\colsr1
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rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 V:\tab \up0 \expndtw-12\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf17\f18\fs
36 \u-3867? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf18\f19\fs24 i \up0 \
expndtw-12\charscalex80 \ul0\nosupersub\cf15\f16\fs24 \u-4035?\par\pard\ql \li11
40\sb0\sl-126\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf19\f20\fs1
4 i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex62 \ul0\nosupersub\cf16\f17\fs14 \u-4035? 1\par\par
d\column \ql \li20\sb63\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
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0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u272?\u7889?i v\u78
99?i s\u7921? che ph\u7911? th\u7921?c t\u7871?, n ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p b\u7903?i lu\u7929? th\u7915?a c\u7911?a c\u417? s\u7889
? 2, ngh\u297?a l, \u273?ng\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li540\sb7\sl-299\slmult0\
fi0\tx6699 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 l\u7869? s\u7921? che ph\u7911? c d\u784
1?ng: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,...,...\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\ul0\super\cf12
\f13\fs25 n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li540\sb0\sl-298\slmult0\fi0\tx4519\tx7
834 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Chng ta s\u7917? d\
u7909?ng\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 1,2,4,4,8,8,8,8,...\tab \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 n \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,..., 2
\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li540\sb2\sl-299\slmult0
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\fs26 Hay\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 0\ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul
0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 2\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\ul0\super\cf12\
f13\fs25 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 3\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,2\ul0\sup
er\cf12\f13\fs25 3\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ...\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs17 n\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ,...,2\ul0\super
\cf12\f13\fs25 n\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li540\sb1\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx544
5\tx8672 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hay ta nhn \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c tch:\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs2
5 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nhn v\u7899?i 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 2\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nhn v\u7899?i ...\tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 2\ul0\su
per\cf12\f13\fs25 n-1\par\pard\qj \li540\ri5464\sb289\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V v\u7853?y, s\u7921? che ph\u7911
? trn th\u7921?c t\u7871? l m\u7895?i m\u7897?t 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 i\ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nhn v\u7899?i 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 i+1 \up0 \expndtw-5
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Do \u273? s\u7921? che ph\u7911? th\u7

921?c t\u7871? trung bnh S\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 b\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u
273?\u432?\u7907?c tnh: \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540
\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cng th\u7913?c ----------------\par\pard\qj \li540\ri3171\sb20\sl-640\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 V\
u7899?i \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, t\u7927? l\u7879? t\u432?\u417?ng quan gi\u7919?a
cc gi tr\u7883? trung bnh S\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 a\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v S
\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 b\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u27
3?\u7883?nh: \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Cng th\u7913?c--------\par\pard\qj \li
540\ri1594\sb245\sl-295\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 K\u7871?t qu\u7843
? tnh ton ph\u7887?ng \u273?on c\u7911?a chng ta cho th\u7845?y: M\u7897?t ph\u7847?
n t\u432? c\u7911?a khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 ko di ch\u432?a s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. Qua \u273?, h\u7879?
th\u7889?ng \u273?\u7889?i tc \u273?\u7863?c tr\u432?ng cho m\u7897?t ph\u432?\u4
17?ng php che ph\u7911?; tuy \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nhin, ph\u432?\u4
17?ng php th c nhanh, nh\u432?ng khng hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? l\u7855?m. Nguyn nhn l \u
3? ch\u7895? s\u7921? phn \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?o\u7841?n th b
\u7903?i vi\u7879?c t\u259?ng g\u7845?p \u273?i khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899?. N\u7
871?u ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917?a ch\u7919?a \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, th do \u273?, h
\u7879? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 s\u7889? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\
u7889?i v\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nng cao, t\u7845?t nhin,
vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l s\u7869? tr\u7903? nn ph\u7913?c t\u7841?p h\u417?n. \par
\pard\ql \li971\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb3\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs24 Vi\u7879?c phn m\u7843?nh v m
\u7851?u c\u7855?t\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1
\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
Tuy r\u7857?ng, ni chung, n\u7871?u nh\u7919?ng danh sch che ph\u7911? t\u7841?o l
\u7853?p nn m\u7897?t s\u7921? s\u7855?p x\u7871?p t\u7889?t \u273?p \u7913?ng \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 mong mu\u7889?n che ph\u7911? t\u7899?i cc kho\u7843?ng
tr\u7889?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, th m\u7863?c d, ph\u432?\u417?ng php che
ph\u7911? b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7899? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?
p c khuynh h\u432?\u7899?ng t\u7899?i vi\u7879?c chia nh\u7887? b\u7897? nh\u7899
? thnh nhi\u7873?u kho\u7843?ng nh\u7887? ch\u432?a b\u7883? che \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex100 ph\u7911?. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? x\u7843?y ra m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u
7897?c l\u7853?p, li\u7879?u n c \u273?\u7863?t c\u417? s\u7903? cho vi\u7879?c ch
e ph\u7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899? b\u7903?i m\u7851?u \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
c\u7855?t hay \u273?\u7863?t c\u417? s\u7903? \u273?\u7875? phn chia b\u7897? nh
\u7899? (\u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh t\u7893?ng th\u7875? \u79
03? b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh) b\u7903?i cc \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kho\u7843?
ng tr\u7889?ng n\u7857?m gi\u7919?a cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh v m\u7851?u c\u7855?t
bn ngoi. T\u7915? l do ny, vi\u7879?c lm ch\u7843?y ra \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
cc kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng l m\u7897?t trong cc ch\u7913?c n\u259?ng c\u7911?a vi\
u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\sl
mult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i v\u7845?n \u2
73?\u7873? phn b\u7893? b\u7897? nh\u7899? cho vi\u7879?c n\u7841?p cc ti\u7871?n
trnh c\u7911?a cc b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i, c r\u7845?t \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 nhi\u7873?u chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c. N\u7871?u \u273
?\u7847?u tin chng ta che ph\u7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899? v\u7899?i cc ti\u7871?n trnh
l\u7899?n nh\u7845?t \u273?\u7875? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex
100 cc ti\u7871?n trnh nh\u7887? lm \u273?\u7847?y cc ch\u7895? tr\u7889?ng, th do \u
273?, \u273?i\u7873?u ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p trong m\u7897?t
chi\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 l\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7883?nh th\u7
901?i, m n c ngh\u297?a \u273?\u7889?i l\u7853?p v\u7899?i chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u790
7?c \u273?\u7883?nh th\u7901?i \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Job ng\u7855?n nh\u78
45?t- tr\u432?\u7899?c nh\u7845?t\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 n c\u361?ng \u273?\u7843?m b\u7843?o th\u7901?i gian lm vi\u7879?c lu
b\u7873?n m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb4
\sl-296\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Khc bi\u7879?t v\u7899?i ci \u2
73?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t
s\u7921? \u273?\u7883?nh th\u7901?i \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7
899?n c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trnh, trong \u273?,

ng\u432?\u7901?i ta phn \u273?o\u7841?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? t\u7893?ng c\u7897?ng
thnh m\u7897?t s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng c\u7889? \u273?inh cc kho\u7843?ng \line
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 chia c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n khc nhau. M\u7895?i
\u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n kho\u7843?ng chia ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng m\u7897?t h
ang \u273?\u7907?i rin l\u7867?, do \u273?, cc \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 b
\u7843?ng s\u7855?p x\u7871?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? th c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh v m\u
7897?t s\u7921? phn m\u7843?nh s\u7869? khng xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n. Th d\u7909?, m\
u7897?t gi\u7843?i \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 php nh\u432? v\u7853?y \u2
73? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u7903? trong h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh IBM (\u273?a l\
u7853?p trnh v\u7899?i s\u7921? c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh cc con s\u7889? c\u7911?a
\line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Job): OS/ MFT \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i h\u7
879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh OS/360, \u273? l h\u7879? th\u7889?ng my tnh l\u7899?n. D\u2
97? nhin, m\u7897?t h\u7879? \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pa
rd\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg6}{\bkmkend Pg6}\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult
0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\qj\li540\ri1595\sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th\u7889?ng c\u7889? \u273?inh khng thay \u273?\u7893?i s\u
7869? mang l\u7841?i cho n m\u7897?t kh\u7843? n\u259?ng t\u7843?i t\u7891?i cc ph
\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 hnh
. \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb22\sl-299\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.2. \u272?\u7883?nh v
\u7883? logic v b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb281\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V l do
khi qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899?, \u273?\u7875? lo\u7841?i b\u7887? vi\u7879?c
ph\u7843?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng x\u7845?u b\u7897? nh\u7899?, th \u273? c nh\u7919?
ng n\u7895? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 l\u7921?c khc nhau \u273?\u7875? tm th\u
7845?y nh\u7919?ng gi\u7843?i php m\u7899?i cho v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ny. \par\p
ard\ql \li971\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.2.1. Nh\u7919?ng v\u7845?n
\u273?\u7873? v\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? v cc gi\u7843?i php \par\pard\qj \li540\s
b0\sl-290\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1595\sb3\sl-290\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t gi\u7843?i php \u273?\u7
889?i v\u7899?i v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? phn b\u7893? b\u7897? nh\u7899? th bao g\u
7891?m vi\u7879?c lm g\u7885?n nh\u7865? b\u7897? nh\u7899? tr\u7889?ng \up0 \exp
ndtw-4\charscalex100 nh\u7901? ghp lm \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911? cc kho\u7843?ng
tr\u7889?ng. Tuy nhin, gi\u7843?i php ny c\u361?ng r\u7845?t ti\u7879?n d\u7909?ng
v ko di \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7901?i gian s\u7917? d\u7909?ng th\u7921?
c t\u7871? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng. \par\pard\q
l \li971\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb4\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs24 S\u7921? x\u7917? l cc m ch\u419?\u41
7?ng trnh\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \
par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Cho \u273?\u7871?n \u273?y, v\u7851?n cn m\u7897?t s\u
7889? v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c di\u7877?n gi\u7843
?i m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911?. \u272? l v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873?: \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 \u272?\u7883?nh v\u7883?
tuy\u7879?t \u273?\u7889?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \u7902? vi\u7879?c k\u78
71?t n\u7889?i cc ph\u7847?n c\u7911?a ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh d\u7883?ch, nh t\u7841
?o l\u7853?p \u273? phn b\u7893? cho \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cc l\u7879?nh nh
\u7843?y v cc bi\u7871?n tham chi\u7871?u m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nh\u7
899? tuy\u7879?t \u273?\u7889?i r rng, m \u7903? \u273?, m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch
\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u417? s\u7903? \u7903? trong ch\u432?\u4
17?ng trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7871?m t\u259?ng d\u7847?n, th d\u7909? b\
u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u t\u7915? gi tr\u7883? 0. N\u7871?u by gi\u7901? ng\u432?\u7
901?i ta \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 mu\u7889?n s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t
ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u7903? m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng nh\u7899? khc v\u7899?i cc \u2
73?\u7883?a ch\u7881? khc, khi \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273? \u273? \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c k\u7871?t n\u7889?i,th do \u273?, cc \u273?\u7
883?a ch\u7881? tham chi\u7871?u ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c x\u7917? l tr\u4
32?\u7899?c \u273?. V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, d\u7851?n t\u7899?i \up0 \exp

ndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7919?ng gi\u7843?i php khc nhau: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri31
49\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273? \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o l\u7853?p c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i ch\u7913?a \
u273?\u7921?ng ch\u7881? cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?i, th d\u7909?: \par\pard\ql \li1404\sb1\sl-299\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 \u272?\u7883?a c
h\u7881? = \u272?\u7883?a ch\u7881? tuy\u7879?t \u273?\u7889?i - S\u7889? \u273?
\u7871?m c\u7911?a ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh my tnh PC. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1601\sb1\
sl-300\slmult0\fi431 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \
u272?i\u7873?u ny th khng ph\u7843?i lun lun c th\u7875? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc
\u7875?u vi x\u7917? l v cc l\u7879?nh, m n ko \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 di \u27
u7883?a ch\u7881? s\u7889? hoacj trong kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian th\u7921?c t
hi. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb25\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
\u7902
? m\u7895?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, s\u7921? trao \u273?\u7893?i thng tin \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c l\u432?u tr\u7919? trn \u7893? \u273?\u297?a. Khi n\u7841?p \u7903? b
\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 chnh, m\u7895?i \u273?\u7883?a ch
\u7881? tham chi\u7871?u ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr tnh m\u7897?t l\u7847?
n v sau \u273? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ghi chp \u7903? v\u7883? tr \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex102 thch h\u7907?p. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u
273?i h\u7887?i cho t\u7899?i khi khng gian nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u259?
ng g\u7845?p \u273?i trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 qu\u7843
?ng \u273?\u7841?i v \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c tro \u273?\u7893?i \u7903
? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899?, th \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? khng thch h\u7907?p n\u7919?a.
\u7902? cc my \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tnh nh\u7887?, th \u273?i\u7873?u \u273
? l th\u7921?c thi. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb21\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26
\u7902? m\u7897?t thanh ghi ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng chuyn d\u7909?ng c\u79
11?a CPU, s\u7921? trao \u273?\u7893?i thng tin t\u7891?n t\u7841?i v\u7899?i t\u
432? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cch l nh\u7919?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u4
17? s\u7903? v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7895?i khi truy c\u785
3?p. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri2985\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 \u272?\u7875? gi\u7843?i quy\u7871?t v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? chi ph gia t\
u259?ng, by gi\u7901? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i gi\u7843?i php c\u7911?a cc v\u7845?
n \u273?\u7873? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 khc, n ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng trn nh\u7919?ng bnh di\u7879?n ti\u7871?p theo. \par\pard\q
l \li971\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li971\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf20\f21\fs24 Che ph\u7911? b\u7893? sung b\u789
7? nh\u7899?\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\f14\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t th d\u7909? cho th\u7845?y, nh\u7919?ng yu c\u
7847?u c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u78
43?i by nh\u432? th\u7871? no, n\u7871?u ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 t
rnh ny \u273? \u7903? t\u7841?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh ho\u7863?c n\u7871?u n s\u791
7? d\u7909?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? b\u7893? sung (?). Cho \u273?i\u7873?u ny c \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7919?ng gi\u7843?i php nh\u432? sau:
7;32768}}

l-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-30
0\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb13\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
Ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t t
\u297?nh t\u7841?i, dung l\u432?\u7907?ng m\u7899?i c\u7911?a n \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c ghi chp v n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p l\u432?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 tr\u7919?. \u7902? l\u7847?n k\u7871? ti\u7871?p, n\u7871?u n \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p vo hng \u273?\u7907?i, khi \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta quan
tm ngay \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 m\u7899?i ny v t\u78
41?o cho n m\u7897?t khng gian \u273?\u7875? tho\u7843? mn cc yu c\u7847?u b\u7893? s
ung. Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 dng trong h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Unix v\u7899?i cc \u7845?n b\u7843?n c
\u361?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex102 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
Cc
kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng (ph\u7847?n c\u7855?t \u273?\u7875? bn ngoi) gi\u7919?a cc
ti\u7871?n trnh \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7855?t nh\u7887? cho m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh. Do \u2
73?, khng gian tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u7847?y t\u
7915? d\u432?\u7899?i (v\u7899?i cc \u273?\u7883?a \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
ch\u7881? nh\u7887?) nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng cc ng\u259?n x\u787
1?p v ln trn nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng x\u7845?p(\ul0\nosupersub\cf7
\f8\fs26 heap\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmul
t0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf20\f21\fs24 B\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899?\ul0\nosupersub\cf13\
f14\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-296\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1594\sb8\
sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V
\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ti\u7871?p theo l \u7903? ch\u7895?, ph\u7847?n xc \u273?\u
7883?nh c\u7911?a nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
l\u432?u tr\u7919? b\u7873?n v\u7919?ng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 trn k
hng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? hay cc b\u7897? \u273?\u7879?m h\u7879? th\u7889?ng. P
h\u7847?n ny khng nh\u7919?ng c th\u7875? b\u7883? phng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 thch, m cn c th\u7875? b\u7883? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t cch nh\u7847?m l
\u7851?n b\u7903?i cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng.
Do \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?, \u7903? cc h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u
hnh, cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nh\u7899? chuyn d\u7909?ng (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs26 fences, limits\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c qu
an tm phng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ng\u7915?a, c\u7845?m khng \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c vi ph\u7841?m. N\u7871?u \u7903? b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l c m\u7897?t th
anh ghi \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u v\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, t\u7913?c
\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l, \u7903? vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883
?, \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? c\u361?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c quan tm, do \u273? cc gi\u7
899?i h\u7841?n khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh vo cc \line \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? logic. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri
1594\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u78
99?i cc v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7873? c\u7853?
p, d\u7851?n t\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng hi\u7875?u bi\u7871?t quan tr\u7885?ng: \u273
?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ng\u432?\u7901?i l\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trnh
\u273?\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? trn my tnh
; \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7841?t \
u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7921? ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 thng su\u7889?t. Do v\u7853?y, t\u7893?ng chi ph cho vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?n
h v\u7883? \u7903? trn my tnh th c\u7847?n ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7843?
m thi\u7875?u \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 m\u7897?t cch c l\u7907?i \u273?ng k\u7
875? cho m\u7897?t ki\u7875?u \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? v\u
7915?a \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n v\u7915?a r rng, \u273? l ki\u7875?u \up0 \expndtw-5
\charscalex100 \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o. \par\par
d\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.2.2. B\u7897? nh\u7899? \u784
3?o \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb288\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hnh \u7843?nh mong mu\u7889?n c\u7911?a ng\u4

32?\u7901?i l\u7853?p trnh l b\u7897? nh\u7899? (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 memor
y\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), n b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u v\u7899?i \u273?\u7883
?a ch\u7881? khng \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 (zero) v ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c cho
\u273?\u7871?n v t\u7853?n. Nh\u432?ng \u273?ng ti\u7871?c, trong th\u7921?c t\u78
71? th khng nh\u432? v\u7853?y: h\u7847?u h\u7871?t, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
h\u7879? th\u7889?ng ng\u7855?t v h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c b\u7889? tr vi ph\u7847?n d\u432?\u7899?i cc kho\u7843?ng d\u7843?i c\u7911?a b\u
7897? nh\u7899?. Cc \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899?
ny th khng lin t\u7909?c, v nh\u7919?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh khc \u273?ang t\u7891
t\u7841?i \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899?, \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 t\u791
3?c l, nh\u7919?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ny khi th yu c\u7847?u, khi th tr\u7843? l\u
841?i khng gian nh\u7899? n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng ny. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Cu\u7889?i cng s\u7921? vi\u7879?c ny cn c vai tr, r\u7857?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899?
chnh th gi thnh cao, nh\u432?ng l\u7841?i khng th\u7875? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 \u273?p \u7913?ng vi\u7879?c d\u7883?ch v\u7909? \u273?\u7891?ng th\u7901?i nhi
\u7873?u ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi3
60 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 T\u7915? l do ny, m\u7897?t b\u7843?n phc th\u7843?
o v\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c pht tri\u7875?n, \u79
03? \u273?, nh\u7919?ng mong mu\u7889?n \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c\u79
11?a ng\u432?\u7901?i l\u7853?p trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u432?u tin nh\u432? vi\
u7879?c nh\u432?\u7907?ng b\u7897? m\u7909?c \u273?ch cho h\u7879? th\u7889?ng nh
\u7901? b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ph\u7847?n c\u7
913?ng hay h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh. Trong h\u7847?u h\u7871?t h\u7879? \u273
?i\u7873?u hnh ngy nay c hai kh\u7843? n\u259?ng d\u7883?ch v\u7909?, \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-4\charscalex100 m v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899?, n ph
\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7919? v\u7919?ng b\u7903?i ph\u7847?n c\u7913?
ng v c\u7843? b\u7903?i h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh. \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1590\s
b17\sl-304\slmult0\fi360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
Nhi\u7873?u m\u7843?nh nh\u7887?
(c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng d\u7843?i b\u7897? nh\u7899?) ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c trnh by \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, \line \up0 \expndtw4\charscalex100 khi m li\u7879?u chng xu\u7845?t pht t\u7915? m\u7897?t kho\u7843?n
g lin t\u7909?c b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u v\u7899?i gi tr\u7883? khng (?). \line \ta
b \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex106 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosuper
sub\cf5\f6\fs26
N\u7871?u ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh yu c\u7847?u nhi\u7873?u b\u789
7? nh\u7899? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i, th do \u273?, n khng ph\u7843?i l m\u7897?t \line \
up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911?,
\u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tro \u273?\u7893?i ch\u7881? \
u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i kho\u7843?ng d\u7843?i nh\u7899? khng ho\u7841?t \u273?\u
7897?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u7903? trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? th\u79
13? c\u7845?p (b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i, ch\u7859?ng h\u784
1?n \u7903? \u273?\u297?a t\u7915? tnh) v s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc d\u7843?i b\u7897?
nh\u7899? s\u7869? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tr\u7903? nn tr\u7889?ng.
7;32768}}
293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 Hnh 3.3 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i cho th\u7845?y: bn tri l d\u7843?i b\u7897? nh\u7
899? \u7843?o (\u273?\u432?\u7907?c mong mu\u7889?n), d\u7843?i ny ph\u7843?n \u7
843?nh \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 s\u7921? qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u2
73?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, v bn ph\u7843?i l b\u7897? nh\u7899? v\
u7853?t l th\u7921?c. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\s
b2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.3---------------\par\pard\q
j \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \
up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? t\u7841?o nn \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?
v\u7853?t l hay \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? logic, nhi\u7879?m v\u7909? \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t ra l ph\u7843?i ti\u7871?n hnh v th\u7921?c \up0 \expndtw-4
\charscalex100 hi\u7879?n ch\u7841?y ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899
?i m\u7895?i tham chi\u7871?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t \u273?\u417
?n v\u7883? ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng (th d\u7909? kh\u7889?i \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex100 qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? MMU: \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Memory M
anagement Unit\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Trong nhi\u7873?u b\u7897? vi x\u79
17? l hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7841?i, th d\u7909? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 cc my tnh M
C68040 c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng MOTOROLA, cc my tnh Pentium Procesor c\u7911?a h\u7843?
ng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Intel, th MMU \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7913?a \u
273?\u7921?ng trn v\u297? m\u7841?ch vi x\u7917? l (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pr
ocessor- chip\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1603\sb0\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 By gi\u7901? c nh\u7919?ng c\u417? c\
u7845?u no cho hnh \u7843?nh mong mu\u7889?n v\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o
trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7921
?c (?). \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nghin c\u7913?u trong m\u7909?
c ti\u7871?p theo d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li540\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.3. Qu\u7843?n l trang \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-295\slmult0 \
par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb10\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t trong cc c\u417? c\u7845?u \u273?\u417?n gi
\u7843?n \u273?\u7875? th\u7921?c thi khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o
th bao g\u7891?m vi\u7879?c phn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 \u273?o\u7841?n b\u7
897? nh\u7899? thnh \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 nh\u7919?ng \u273?\u417?n v\u7883
? c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n b\u7857?ng nhau\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : nh\u7919
?ng \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? tch chia ny \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 g\u7885?i l \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 nh\u7919?ng trang \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Cc \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?
n trang ti\u7879?n d\u7909?ng th kho\u7843?ng 1kB, 4kB hay 8kB. \u272?\u7883?a ch
\u7881? v \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a m\u7895?i trang
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n t\u7899?i trong m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng trang (\ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pape table\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), b\u7843?ng ny t\u
7891?n t\u7841?i cho \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 m\u7895?i ch\u432?\u417?ng trn
h \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.1. Nguyn t\u7855?c
hon v\u7883? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj
\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1590\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u272?\u7875? tnh ton \u27
3?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o (\u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng trong ch
\u432?\u417?ng trnh) \u7903? trn \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l th\u7921?c c\
u7911?a b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 nh\u7899? chnh, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u
7881? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chia lm hai ph\u7847?n (xem hnh 3.4). Ph\u7847
?n ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng cc Bit t \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ngh\u297?a (\
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Least Significant Bits\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : L
SB) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l \u273?\u7897? d\u7883?ch v\u7883? v n cho th\u
7845?y kho\u7843?ng cch t\u432?\u417?ng \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?\u7889
?i c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? hi\u7879?n hnh t\u7899?i m\u7897?t \u273?\u
7883?a ch\u7881? c\u417? s\u7903?. Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c gi tr\u7883? c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u417? s\u7903?, \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex102 m trong \u273?, ph\u7847?n th\u7913? hai (bn tri hnh 3.4) v\u789
9?i cc Bit c gi tr\u7883? cao \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng v\u7899?i t\
u432? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cch m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\u7889? (trong th d\u
7909? l s\u7889? 6), n bi\u7875?u th\u7883? cho vi\u7879?c ghi vo \u7903? trong b\u
7843?ng k cc trang. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c ghi vo ny ch\u7913?a \u2
73?\u7921?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u417? s\u7903? (\u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm t
h\u7845?y). Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c\u361?ng nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?
\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7853?t l \u273?\u7847?y \u273
?\u7911? qua s\u7921? k\u7871?t n\u7889?i c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u
417? s\u7903? v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7879?ch offset. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0
\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 Hnh 3.4-----------------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Hn
h 3.4 ch\u7881? cho th\u7845?y qu trnh chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893?i ny \u273?\u432?\
u7907?c m t\u7843? thnh hai giai \u273?o\u7841?n, t\u7841?i \u273?, \u273?\u7889?i
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 v\u7899?i m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh, cc b\u7843?ng t
rang khc \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. Do \u273?, gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n
gi\u7919?a s\u7889? trang PageNr v \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? l\
u7879?ch offset th \u7903? trong kho\u7843?ng cc s\u7889? nh\u7883? phn c\u7911?a \
u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o, n ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c vo m\u7895?i ph\u7847?n
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7913?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?n
g. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale
x100 Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta l\u432?u r\u7857?ng, b\u7897? nh\u7899? (t\u7891?n t\u7
841?i th\u7921?c ) c\u361?ng c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn thnh cc trang (g\u
7885?i l s\u7921? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 phn \u273?o\u7841?n b\u7897?
nh\u7899?: \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 memory - partition\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 ), m \u7903? \u273?y, v\u7883? tr v \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n h\u7919?u hi\u7879
?u c\u7911?a trang \u7843?o nh\u7901? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u417
? c\u7845?u \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? th \u273?\u7897?c l\u7853?p v\u7899?i s\u792
1? phn chia \u273?. Kho\u7843?ng phn \u273?o\u7841?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? v\u7853?t l
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u thi \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 l khung t
rang (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pape frame\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \u272
?\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c chuy\u7875?n nhanh nh\u432? c th\u7875?
, h\u7847?u h\u7871?t, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u7883?nh \line \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 r ti\u7871?n trnh c\u7911?a b\u7843?ng trang \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c gi\u7919? \u7903? trong m\u7897?t thanh ghi chuyn d\u7909?ng; ti\u7871?n trnh
t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u7
903? trong kh\u7889?i \u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? MMU. \u272?
\u7889?i v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c n\u7841?p v \u273?i\u7873?n thm trang, h\u7879? \u27
3?i\u7873?u
7;32768}}
293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 hnh
c hi\u7879?u l\u7921?c \u7903? m\u7913?c \u273?\u7897? r\u7845?t cao. N\u7871?u B
it tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a m\u7897?t trang ch\u7881? ra r\u7857?ng, trong khng \
line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 gian c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, \u273?\u78
47?u tin trang ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chuy\u7875?n vo b\u7897? nh\u7899?
qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i, do v\u7853?y khi \u273?, kh\u7889?i \line \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? MMU pht sinh ra
m\u7897?t tn hi\u7879?u l\u7895?i trang (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pape fault\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) c hnh d\u7841?ng c\u7911?a m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expn
dtw-2\charscalex100 ng\u7855?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26

program interrupt\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Ng\u7855?t ny \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh quan tm, c\u7909? th\u7875?: \u7903? trong \line \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 l\u7853?p th\u7913?c c\u7911?a ng\u7855?t (\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs26 interrupt-routine\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), h\u7879? \u2
73?i\u7873?u hnh ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t trang t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u790
9?ng, trang ny \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?
t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i vo \u7893? \u273?\u297?a. Cho \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, trang
\u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng \u273?\u7875? vi\u7871?t vo v b\u7843?ng \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c s\u7917?a ch\u7919?a \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cho ph h\u7907
?p. Ti\u7871?p theo, sau khi nh\u7843?y tr\u7903? l\u7841?i vo ng\u7855?t, l\u787
9?nh my \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7855?c l\u7841?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? hon v\u7883?
\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? m tr\u432?\u7899?c \
u273? cn thi\u7871?u v sau \u273? ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921
?c hi\u7879?n ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li900\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.2. Ph\u419?\u417?ng php d\u7883?ch v\u7883? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7
881? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1590\sb265\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Cho \u273?\u7871?n nay, chng ta \u273? l\u432
?u \u273?\u7871?n tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ,m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881
? b\u7845?t k\u7923? c\u7911?a khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-2
\charscalex100 \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ph\u7887?ng theo m\u7897?t cch tr\u7
921?c ti\u7871?p trn m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? giao d\u7883?ch c\u7911?a
khng gian v\u7853?t l. \u272?i\u7873?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273? th khng p
h\u7843?i lun lun c th\u7875?. N\u7871?u chng ta nh\u7853?n th\u7845?y r\u7857?ng, \
u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i trang, m\u7897?t s\u7921? \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 \u273?i\u7873?n vo b\u7843?ng trang (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 page-ta
ble\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) th r\u7845?t c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t, do \u273?, n d
\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881
? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u784
7?y nh\u432? sau: gi\u7843? s\u7917? n\u7871?u b\u7873? r\u7897?ng t\u7915? l 16b
it v \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n trang l 12 bit, th do \u273? 16-12 \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 =4, t\u7913?c l ta c 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 4\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 =16 l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? vo khc nhau. M\u7897?t
b\u7843?ng nh\u432? v\u7853?y th th\u7853?t d\u7877? dng \u273?\u7875? \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 l\u432?u tr\u7919? v \u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n. V do \u273?, \
u7903? cc my tnh c\u7911?a b\u7843?ng Digital, b\u7843?ng ny \u273? \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c ph\u7893? d\u7909?ng \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 m\u7897?t cch r\u7897?ng ri.
B\u7845?y gi\u7901? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i t\u7915? c b\u7873? r\u7897?ng 32 B
it (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 word-wide\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) th \u273?i
\u7873?u \u273? tr\u7903? nn v \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cng kh kh\u259?n, n\u787
1?u ch\u7881? l\u7845?y b\u7873? r\u7897?ng t\u7915? 20Bit \u273? t\u432?\u417?ng
\u7913?ng v\u7899?i 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 20\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ~
10\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 6\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , t\u7913?c l c t\u7899?i
m\u7897?t tri\u7879?u \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?n \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?. \u7902? c\u7845?u trc m\u7899?i nh\u7845?t c b\u7873? r\u7
897?ng t\u7915? 64Bit, n\u7871?u ch\u7881? l\u7845?y b\u7873? r\u7897?ng t\u7915
? 52 Bit th \u273? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ph\u7843?i c\u7847?n t\u7899?i 2\
ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 52\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ~ 4.10\ul0\super\cf12\f13
\fs25 15\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?n trang! \par\pard\
qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u7902? \
u273?y v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nu ln r\u7857?ng, \u273?\u7889?
i v\u7899?i khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o, m\u7897?t s\u7921? bi\u7
875?u l\u7897? v\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 v\u7853
?t l c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n; tuy nhin, khng ph\u784
3?i hon ton b\u7897? nh\u7899? no c\u361?ng cho cc \u273?\u7883?a \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 ch\u7881? \u7843?o ph\u7847?n l\u7899?n nh\u7845?t. S\u7921? ti\u787
1?n thoi l\u432?\u7905?ng nan ny ch\u7881? c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u784
3?i quy\u7871?t trn cc ph\u432?\u417?ng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 php khc nhau.
\par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub

\cf7\f8\fs26
Vi\u7879?c gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb5\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \
expndtw-4\charscalex100 t\u432?\u7903?ng \u273?\u7847?u tin m ng\u432?\u7901?i ta
\u273?\u432?a t\u7899?i gi\u7843?i php cho v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ny l \u7903? ch\
u7895? lm gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n khng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 gian nh\u78
99? \u7843?o trn m\u7897?t \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c l\u7907?i nh\u7845?t. Th d\u79
09?, n\u7871?u chng ta gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? 30
\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Bit, th m\u7897?t ci g \u273? ph h\u7907?p v\u789
9?i m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o kho\u7843?ng 1GB trn m\u7897?t ti\u7871
?n trnh, do \u273?, chng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ta c\u7847?n dng 4kB t\
u432?\u417?ng \u7913?ng 12 Bit cho s\u7921? phn \u273?o\u7841?n trang, m\u7897?t
trang t\u432?\u417?ng \u7913?ng kho\u7843?ng ch\u7915?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\c
harscalex100 256 ngn l\u7847?n ghi vo cho m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh, v\u7853?y m\u7
897?t ci g \u273? n\u7857?m trong kho\u7843?ng c th\u7875?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri15
95\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Tuy nhin, \u273?\u7897?
l\u7899?n nh\u7845?t cn ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c vo \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n th\u7921?
c c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i h\u7847?u h\u7871?t cc \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 ti\u7871?n trnh, n th qu l\u7899?n; khng gian c\u7911?a b\u7
843?ng khng th\u7875? \u273?em dng: \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n
trnh c \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n kho\u7843?ng 1GB th m\
u7897?t b\u7843?ng trang c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 1MB c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7
907?c \u273?o \u273?\u7841?c khng \u273?\u7911? cho m\u7897?t \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 ti\u7871?n trnh nh\u7887? v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 50kB. \par
\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u2
72?\u7889?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? bin d\u7883?ch (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 compil
er\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) th vi\u7879?c gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n \u273?\u7883?a
ch\u7881? s\u7869? khng c l\u7907?i. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? pht \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 tri\u7875?n cc ng\u259?n x\u7871?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs26 stacks\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) th c l\u7907?i \u273?\u7875? cc ng\u259?n
x\u7871?p \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng t\u7915? cc \u273?\u7883?a ch
\u7881? r\u7845?t cao t\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 cc \u273?\u7883?a c
h\u7881? r\u7845?t th\u7845?p v \u273?\u7875? phng ng\u7915?a m\u7897?t ch\u7895?
tr\u7889?ng l\u7899?n gi\u7919?a ng\u259?n x\u7871?p v cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?
th\u7845?p nh\u7845?t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thi\u7
871?t l\u7853?p. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Cc b\u
7843?ng \u273?a m\u7913?c\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 :
7;32768}}
g10}{\bkmkend Pg10}\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0
\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\
sb293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f
s26 T\u7915? nh\u7919?ng l do v\u7915?a nu, c nh\u7919?ng \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?
n khc nhau \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n. M\u7897?t trong cc \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 t\u432?\u7903?ng quan tr\u7885?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\
u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7875? gi\u7919? thng tin khng b\u7883? chia c\u7855?t.
V\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t ra l: li\u7879?u \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 thng tin ni chung c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t kho\u78
43?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? khng (?), hay \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a thng tin
c b\u7883? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 bi\u7871?n \u273?\u7893?i b\u7903?i kho\

u7843?ng nh\u7899? nh\u432? th\u7871? no \u273? khng (?). Do \u273?, \u273?\u7883?a
ch\u7881? t\u7893?ng h\u7907?p \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn \u273?o\u7841?n \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 thnh nhi\u7873?u ph\u7847?n nh\u432? trong th d\u7909? d\u432
?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Th d\u7909? v\u7873? phn \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?
\u7883?a ch\u7881?\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1604\sb1\s
l-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 N\u7871?u ta c b\u7873? r\u7897
?ng c\u7911?a t\u7915? 32 Bit, \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n trang 8kB t\u432?\u417?ng
\u7913?ng 13 Bit th s\u7921? phn \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 ch\u7881? ra trn hnh 3.5 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\p
ard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.5------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 B\
u7873? r\u7897?ng t\u7915? (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 wordwide\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 ) 32 Bit \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn thnh 14 Bit cho ch\u432?a s\u7917? d
\u7909?ng, 3 Bit cho b\u7843?ng \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 1(Tab1), 2
Bit
cho b\u7843?ng 2 (Tab2) v 13 Bit cho d\u7883?ch v\u7883? offset. N\u
7871?u c m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 414
88\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 10\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ~121024\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\
fs26 8\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
th ng\u432?\u7901?i ta phn thnh m\u7897?t ch\u
7881? s\u7889? Index =1 cho b\u7843?ng 1, m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\u7889? Index \up
0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 =1 cho b\u7843?ng 2 v m\u7897?t \u273?\u7897? d\u7883?
ch v\u7883? offset = 528. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb5\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \u
p0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 M\u7895?i thnh ph\u7847?n \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nh
\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7919?ng b\u7843?ng ring l\u7867?, m \u7903? \u27
3?, b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 cao (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pape base table\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 ) ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u , li\u7879?u \u273?\u7889?i
v\u7899?i \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o ny b\u7897? nh\u7899? c t\u7891?n t\u
7841?i khng (?), \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 n\u7871?u c, th b\u7843?ng trang c\u7
911?a vi\u7879?c che ph\u7911? \u273?\u7863?t \u7903? \u273?u (?). \u7902? trong
hnh 3.6, \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? ra \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex100 m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng hai b\u7853?c \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i \u273?\
u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn 2 \u273?o\u7841?n, m \u7903? \u273?, s\u
7921? tm ki\u7871?m \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m ch\u7881? b\u7857?ng \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 nh\u7919?ng b\u7843?ng v\u7899?i cc m\u361?i tn \u273?\u7853?m. \par\p
ard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 M\u7
895?i m\u7897?t ph\u7847?n c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? tc d\u7909?ng nh\u4
32? l m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\u7889? \u7903? trong m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng no \u273?, m c
hng \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m ch\u7881? b\u7857?ng nh\u
7919?ng m\u361?i tn nt \u273?\u7913?t \u273?o\u7841?n; \u273?\u7897? d\u7883?ch v\
u7883? offset l m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\u7889? trn trang t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 th\u7921?c \u7903? b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. V n\u7871?u m\u
7895?i \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c th\u7875? thu\u7897?c m\u7897?t trang, m n khng \u
7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 chnh, th do \u273?, \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7847?u tin c\u361?ng c th\u787
5? thu\u7897?c m\u7897?t trang, m n khng \u7903? trong \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh, th do \u273?, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a b\u7843?
ng \u273?\u7847?u tin c\u361?ng c th\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t trang l\
u7895?i. Trong \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny, tran
g \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?n
g m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng mong mu\u7889?n, v sau \u273?, n nh\u7855?c \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 l\u7841?i l\u7879?nh m\u7897?t cch m\u7899?i m\u7867?, cho t\u7899?
i khi m\u7897?t trang \u7843?o th\u7921?c th\u7909? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u273
?\u7883?nh, n t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u7903? trong \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 b\u
7897? nh\u7899?, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u27
3?\u7883?nh, cc t\u7871? bo nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7841?y \u273?p. \par
\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 2.6--------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1595\sb1
\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 T\u432?\u417?ng t\u7921?, m\u

7897?t \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n nh\u432? th\u7871? c th\u7875? t\u7891?n t\u784
1?i \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i lo\u7841?i b\u7843?ng trang hai b\u7853?c (nh\u432?
\u7903? cc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 my tnh SPARC c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng SUN) v \u
273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i lo\u7841?i b\u7843?ng 4 b\u7853?c (nh\u432? \u7903? cc my tn
h MC68038 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng MOTOROLA), m \u7903?
\u273?, \u273?\u7875? tm ki\u7871?m m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, m\u7897?t
s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip c\u7911?a ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng ko \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex105 di r\u7845?t lu, v do \u273?, vi\u7879?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n ch\u432?\u417?n
g trnh b\u7883? tr hon r\u7845?t m\u7841?nh, th d\u7909? \u7903? my tnh \up0 \expndtw
5\charscalex100 MC68030 kho\u7843?ng 80%. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0
\par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
B\u7843?ng trang \u273
?\u7843?o ng\u432?\u7907?c\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri15
93\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u272?i\u7873?u ny d\u7
851?n t\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng \u273?i\u7873?u th\u7921?c nghi\u7879?m khc nhau, \u2
73?\u7875? rt ng\u7855?n vi\u7879?c tm ki\u7871?m lu nh\u7901? cc \line \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex103 b\u7843?ng ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng.
Con \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng d\u7851?n t\u7899?i l, \u273?\u7875? thi\u7871?t l\u785
3?p m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng v\u7899?i t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?i t cc \line \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 trang nh\u7899? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i th\u7921?c c\u7911?
a b\u7897? nh\u7899? v\u7853?t l. \u272?ng l\u7869? v\u7899?i t\u432? cch l cha kho \
273?\u7875? vi\u7871?t t\u7845?t c\u7843? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \line \up0 \e
xpndtw-1\charscalex100 \u7843?o \u7903? trn trang bn ph\u7843?i, do \u273?, ng\u432
?\u7901?i ta \u273? trao \u273?\u7893?i bn ph\u7843?i thnh trang bn tri v l\u7853?p d
nh \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sch theo dy tu\u7847?n t\u7921? t\u259?ng d
\u7847?n t\u7915? bn tri v\u7899?i cc trang \u273?ang t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u273?\u7
871?n bn ph\u7843?i v\u7899?i cc trang \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c \u273?
\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p, g\u7
885?i l b\u7843?ng trang \u273?\u7843?o ng\u432?\u7907?c (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs26 inverse page table\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \u272?\u7875? thay \u273?\
u7893?i
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v
i\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? v\u7899?i m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7843?o
ng\u432?\u7907?c v rt ng\u7855?n b\u7899?t, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ph\u7843?i tm ki\u
7871?m t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 \u7843?o \u7903? bn ph\u7843?i, cho t\u7899?i khi, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta tm th\u7
845?y trang hi\u7879?n hnh ph h\u7907?p, v sau \u273?, \u273?\u7885?c s\u7889? trang
\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 v\u7853?t l \u7903? bn tri. Hnh 3.7 l m\u7897?t s\u792
1? \u273?\u7843?o ng\u432?\u7907?c nh\u432? th\u7871? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m
\u7897?t th d\u7909? \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n c\u7911?a hai ti\u7871?n \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 trnh v\u7899?i cc b\u7843?ng ring l\u7867?. Chng ta s\u7869? th\u
7845?y th\u7871? no, n\u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o khng \u273?\u7841
?t m\u7897?t mnh, v \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881
? th nh\u432? nhau th d\u7909? t\u7841?i trang \u7843?o 0 - 4 . Tuy nhin, \u273?\u7
875? c th\u7875? s\u7855?p x\u7871?p cc \u273?\u7883?a \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex1
00 ch\u7881? \u7843?o gi\u7889?ng nhau m\u7897?t cch r rng cho cc trang khc nhau \u79
03? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh, g\u7885?i l cc \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 khu
ng trang th ch\u7881? s\u7889? ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i l\u7845?y thm s\u7889? ti
\u7871?n trnh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Kho ch\u7913?a cc b\u7843?ng lin k\u7871?t \par\pard
\qj \li540\ri1549\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? cc b\u7843?ng \u273?a m\u7913?c c\u361?ng nh\u432? \
u7903? cc b\u7843?ng trang \u273?\u7843?o ng\u432?\u7907?c, v\u7845?n \u273?\u787
3? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t ra l: vi\u7879?c \u273?nh \line \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 gi thng tin cc b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7875? chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u789
3?i \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? th tiu t\u7889?n bao nhiu th\u7901?i gian (?). T\u7915
? l do ny, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 n s\u7869? tr\u7903? nn ti\u7879?n d\u
7909?ng, r\u7857?ng cc vi\u7879?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p cu\u7889?i cng t\u7915? cc tr
ang \u7843?o sang cc trang th\u7921?c \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\
u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u tr\u7919? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? nhanh, cn g\u7885?i l b\
u7897? nh\u7899? truy c\u7853?p nhanh (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 cache\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), th d\u7909? \u7903? my tnh \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex1
00 MC68030. \u272?\u7847?u tin b\u7897? nh\u7899? nhanh ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
tm ki\u7871?m tr\u432?\u7899?c khi cc b\u7843?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c truy c\u7853
?p. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb5\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 B\u7897? nh\u7899? cache \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o l\u7853?p theo ngu
yn t\u7855?c truy c\u7853?p \u273?\u7883?nh h\u432?\u7899?ng n\u7897?i dng, khi \u
273? cache cn \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l b\u789
7? nh\u7899? lin k\u7871?t; sau khi lm xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7883?a ch\u78
81? cc b\u7843?ng \u7843?o th m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \up0 \expndtw
-2\charscalex100 \u273? b\u7883? tiu ph, li\u7879?u m\u7897?t s\u7921? chuy\u7875?n
ch\u7895? cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? trang c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u tr\u7
919? (?). N\u7871?u c, th \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 v\
u7841?t l c ngh\u297?a nh\u432? th\u7871? no (?). Hnh 3.8 cho th\u7845?y \u273?i\u78
73?u \u273? b\u7857?ng m\u7897?t s\u417? \u273?\u7891?. Cc Bt c\u7911?a s\u7889? \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 trang th\u7921?c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c k khai m\u7897?
t cch t\u7893?ng th\u7875? b\u7857?ng cc s\u7889? th\u7853?p phn. \par\pard\qj \li5
40\ri1595\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? \
u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7921? \u273?\u7885?c ch\u7885?n b\u7897? k
t\u7921? ch\u7881? th\u7883? th\u7901?i gian, m\u7897?t thi\u7871?t b\u7883? \u2
73?i\u7879?n t\u7917? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tch h\u7907?p vo \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 ngu\u7891?n pin c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? (cn g\u7885?i l t\u7871? bo nh\
u7899?), \u273?\u7875? so snh cc Bits c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o
(\u7903? \u273?y: ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trnh Id=1 v trang \u7843
?o =0) v\u7899?i cc gi c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo. N\u7871?u \u7903?
vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo, t\u7845?t c\u7843? s\u7921? so snh \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 v\u7899?i cc Bits yu c\u7847?u l m\u297? mn, do \u273?, m\u7897?t c\u79
01? hi\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t cho vi\u7879?c ny (d\u7845?u X
\u7903? trong hnh \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7869?) v gi tr\u7883? \u273?\u7
883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l (dng \u273?\u7875? giao d\u7883?ch) \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c l\u7921?a ch\u7885?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li9
00\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.8-----------------\par\
pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\f
i360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? lin k\u7871?t ki\u
7875?u nh\u432? th\u7871? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883? l b\u7897? \u
273?\u7879?m d\u7883?ch \u273?\u7893?i kho\u7843?ng nhn. B\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 nhanh Cache gp ph\u7847?n quan tr\u7885?ng trong vi\u787
9?c d\u7883?ch \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?. \u7902? m\u7897?t b\u7897? Cache c dung
l\u432?\u7907?ng l\u7899?n, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c\u
361?ng c th\u7875? lo\u7841?i b\u7887? cc ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng d\u432? th\u7915?a
\u273?\u7875? ch\u7885?n l\u7885?c cc b\u7843?ng trang. Th\u7853?t v\u7853?y, \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ti\u7871?n hnh vi\u7879?c d\u7883
?ch \u273?\u7893?i \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? b\u7857?ng cc ph\u7847?n m\u7873?m kh
i c t bi\u7871?n c\u7889?, t\u7913?c l khi \u273? vi\u7879?c \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex103 d\u7883?ch \u273?\u7893?i khng c\u7847?n t\u7899?i Cache. Tuy nhin, \u273?\u
7889?i v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c d\u7883?ch \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? theo cch \u273? c\
u361?ng v\u7851?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 khng gi\u7843?m thi\u7875?u m\u78
97?t cch m\u7841?nh m\u7869? hi\u7879?u d\u7909?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? vi x\u7917?
l. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs26 3.3.3. B\u7897? nh\u
7899? cng nhau s\u7917? d\u7909?ng (\ul0\nosupersub\cf23\f24\fs26 shared memory\u
l0\nosupersub\cf22\f23\fs26 ) \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb281\sl-300\slmult0\fi
360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t \u273?i\u
7873?u quan tr\u7885?ng n\u7919?a l vi\u7879?c cng nhau s\u7917? d\u7909?ng v \u273
?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng cc kho\u7843?ng \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u7901? cc ti\u7871?n trnh. \u272?i\u7873?u \u2
73? \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t c ngh\u297?a: khi cc m \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng trnh
so\u7841?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Text hay khi cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh c\u
7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng dng nhi\u7873?u th\u432? vi\u7879?n (
ch\u7859?ng h\u7841?n th\u432? vi\u7879?n c\u7911?a \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 ngn ng\u7919? C). K\u7875? c\u7843? cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u ton c\u7909?c c\u361?n
g c ngh\u297?a \u7903? vi\u7879?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh cc thng s\u7889? c\u7917?a s\u7
893? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7911?a cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau \u7903? trn
mn hnh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1602\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex100 \u272?\u7875? c th\u7875? ph\u7843?n \u7843?nh cc kho\u7843?ng c\u7911?a b
\u7897? nh\u7899? v\u7853?t l xc \u273?\u7883?nh \u7903? trong khng gian \u273?\u78
83?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u7911?a nhi\u7873?
u ti\u7871?n trnh, nhi\u7873?u bi\u7879?n php khc nhau \u273?\u432?\u7907?c p d\u790
9?ng. Bi\u7879?n php \u273?\u7847?u tin l, ph\u7843?i t\u7841?o
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nn
cc g\u7885?i h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?\u7875? gi\u7843?i thch m\u7897?t kho\u784
3?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh m n \u273?ng vai tr \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u432? m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? cng chia x\u7867?.
Lc \u273?, h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh dng b\u7897? \u273?\u7883?nh danh (\ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs26 call-over\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) \u273?\u7875? tham \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chi\u7871?u t\u7899?i t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n
trnh. Thm vo \u273?, \u273?i\u7873?u ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7843?m
b\u7843?o r\u7857?ng, cc trang ny th \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 khng \u273?\u432?\
u7907?c d\u7853?p b\u7887?, khi m\u7897?t trong cc ti\u7871?n trnh k\u7871?t thc, t
\u7913?c l khi m\u7897?t trong cc ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\u
7851?n cc trang ring l\u7867? vo trong khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a
n. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7891?ng b\u7897? truy c\u7853?p d\
u7919? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 li\u7879?u trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache, cc tc
v\u7909? c\u7901? hi\u7879?u c\u7911?a h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c\u361?ng c\
u7847?n ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t s\u7861?n sng. \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.9 ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t tnh hu\u7889?ng nh\u432? th\u787
1? cho ba ti\u7871?n trnh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li
900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.9-------------------\p
ar\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.4. B\u7897? nh\u7899?
\u7843?o \u7903? Unix v Windows NT\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \l

i540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 B\u7843?n phc th\u7843?o b\u
7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c thi m\u7897?t cch khc nha
u \u7903? trong cc h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Unix \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
v Windows NT v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thany \u273?\u7893?i t\u7915? \u7845?n b\u784
3?n ny t\u7899?i \u7845?n b\u7843?n khc. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf20\f21\fs24 Khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7903? Unix\ul0\nosupersub\cf
13\f14\fs26 : \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1590\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360\tx900\tx900 \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? trong h\u7879? \
u273?i\u7873?u hnh Unix, khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o l 32 Bit t\u43
2?\u417?ng \u7913?ng v\u7899?i dung l\u432?\u7907?ng 4 GB \line\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 Ngoi ra, \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7863?c tr\u432?ng cho khng gian \
u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh c m\u7897?t k
hng gian cc \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thanh ghi (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\f
s26 register- space\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) v\u7899?i chi\u7873?u di 16 Bit
hay 32 Bit. Do v\u7853?y, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? 32 Bit \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m
\u7903? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 r\u7897?ng thnh cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u
7881? dai 48 Bit c\u361?ng nh\u432? 64 Bit, m \u7903? \u273?y, khng gian cc thanh gh
i c th\u7875? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c quan ni\u7
879?m l b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883? (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pointer\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) cho m\u7897?t trong cc khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u
7843?o v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 2\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 16\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 T\u7893?ng khng gian \
u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o kho\u7843?ng 4GB \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn b\u789
3? thnh 4 kho\u7843?ng ring l\u7867?, g\u7885?i l cc \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 quadrant\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 ), tu\u7923? theo lo\u7841?i my tnh, cc cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? ny c n
h\u297?a ring. Trong \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cc kho\u7843?ng chia ny cn
t\u7891?n t\u7841?i nh\u7919?ng cung nh\u7887? h\u417?n, g\u7885?i l cc cung logic
xc \u273?\u7883?nh (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 segment\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 ) \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hay cc khu v\u7921?c ti\u7871?n trnh (\ul0
\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 process regions\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), m cc segment
ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7863?t ln \line
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7919?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o c\u7
889? \u273?\u7883?nh. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i m\u7897?t segment c\u36
1?ng t\u7891?n t\u7841?i m\u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?n vo, m n d\u7851?n \line
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 t\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng thng tin v\u7873? quy lu\u78
53?t truy c\u7853?p (\u273?\u7885?c / vi\u7871?t) v s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc t
rang. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i thng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
tin ring l\u7867? c\u7911?a cc trang v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 4 kB th c m\
u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?n vo \u7903? m\u7897?t c\u7845?u trc d\u7919? li\u7
879?u trong \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nhn c\u7911?a h\u7879? \u273?i\u78
73?u hnh: li\u7879?u trang \u273? h\u7907?p th\u7875? th\u7913?c ch\u432?a, trang
\u7903? trong tr\u7841?ng thi no v li\u7879?u \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 t
rang c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ghi chp tr\u7903? l\u7841?i khng (?)\u8230?Tuy nhin, vi\
u7879?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p cc segment \u7903? trong khng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\
u7917? d\u7909?ng th \u7903? file d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t\u78
43? /usr/include/sys/VA s.h v n \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c ch\u7881? ra trong hnh 3.10 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \
li900\sb282\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.10-----------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\sl
mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 V\u7899?i cc \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c trnh by \u7903? trn, nh\u7919?ng segment c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh n
g\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 s\u7855?p x\u7871?p theo cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? t\u259?ng d\u7851?n n
h\u432? sau: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb300\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs2
6
Cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? th\u7913? I:\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7899?i
\u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? 0 th cc \u273?o\u7841?n m (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 cod
esegment\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) nh\u432? m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c n\u7841?p. Nh\u7919?ng m ny c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o l\u78
53?p m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7891?ng \u273?\u7879? trn \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 v\u7853?t l, do \u273?, vi\u7879?c cng nhau s\u7917? d\u79
09?ng m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh v\u7899?i cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau, th d\u7909? \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 trnh Editor, l c \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n.
7;32768}}
\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb13\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? th\u7913? II:\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf5\f6\fs26 Cung ny ch\u7913?a cc \u273?o\u7841?n d\u7919? li\u7879?u (\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs26 data-segment\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) c\u7911?a cc d\u791
9? li\u7879?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7855?t
\u273?\u7847?u c\u361?ng nh\u432? ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7855?t \u273
?\u7847?u. T\u7841?i \u273?y, cc heap- segment (cc \u273?o\u7841?n x\u7845?p) c \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c pht tri\u7875?n nh\u7901
? cc d\u7883?ch v\u7909? h\u7879? th\u7889?ng cbrk() v malloc(). Ngoi ra, c\u361?ng
t\u7841?i \u273?y (user \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 area), ng\u7919? c\u7843?nh
c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ghp vo v\u789
9?i ng\u259?n x\u7871?p nhn v ng\u259?n x\u7871?p ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng, v v\u7853?y ng\u259?n x\u7871?p c th\u7875? pht
tri\u7875?n m\u7897?t cch n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u4
32?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng trong \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 s\u7921? khc
bi\u7879?t v\u7899?i ng\u259?n x\u7871?p nhn. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1600\sb20\sl300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\f
s26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? th\u7913? III:\ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? \u273?y t\u7891?n t\u7841?i cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7
881?, m n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u t\u7899?i cc kho\u7843?ng \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 cng nhau s\u7917? d\u7909?ng c\u7911?a cc th\u432? vi\u7879?n
v\u7899?i cc segment m v segment d\u7919? li\u7879?u c\u361?ng nh\u432? kho\u7843?
ng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cc files \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o l\u7853?
p tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 memory mapped files\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb25\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f7\f8\fs26
Cung ph\u7847?n t\u432? th\u7913? IV:\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
T\u7841?i \u273?y t\u7891?n t\u7841?i cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, m n ch\u7913?a \u
273?\u7921?ng cc kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex
100 v\u7899?i cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau. \u7902? trong Unix, \u273?\u7889?i v\u78
99?i m\u7895?i segment c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? shared memory c \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex100 m\u7897?t c\u417? c\u7845?u g\u7885?i, m m\u7897?t segment
c\u7911?a cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u787
1?u t\u7899?i c\u417? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c\u7845?u ny. Cc g\u7885
?i h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 plock()\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26 v \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 shmct1()\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 cho php
gi\u7919? c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh cc trang \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? \li

ne \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 v cho php lo\u7841?i b\u7887? m\u7897?t s\u7921?
ph t\u7893?n. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? h\u7841?n ch\u7871? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c kho\
u7843?ng 75% b\u7897? nh\u7899? tr\u7889?ng. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u7902? kho\u7843?ng \u273?\u7883?
a ch\u7881? cao t\u7891?n t\u7841?i m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng, m n \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c phng ng\u7915?a cho vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p \u273?\u7863?c \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 bi\u7879?t nhanh trn cc thi\u7871?t b\u7883? vo ra (I/O map); cc b\u789
7? \u273?\u7879?m v cc thanh ghi c\u7911?a n c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex105 ch\u7885?n hay \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t\u7843? d\u432?\u78
99?i m\u7897?t tham chi\u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, cn g\u7885?i l cc thi\u78
71?t b\u7883? nh x\u7841? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (\ul0\
nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 memory mapped devices\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). T\u78
45?t nhin, ti\u7871?n trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng thng th\u432?\u7901
?ng khng th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u \u27
3? v\u7899?i cc quy t\u7855?c truy c\u7853?p thng th\u432?\u7901?ng, \u273?\u7863?c
bi\u7879?t n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n d\u432?\u7899?i s\u7921?
\u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7911?a tr\u7841?ng
thi nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f9\f10\fs24 Khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o Windows NT\ul0\nosupersub
\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri159
3\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 H\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7921? \u273?
\u7883?nh cho m\u7897?t khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o 64 Bit; tuy n
hin, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 khng gian ny th\u432?\u7901?ng \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c dng 32 Bit \u7913?ng v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 4 GB. \u272?\u7897? l\
u7899?n ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn thnh 2 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ph\u7847?n:
2GB cho khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ti\u7871?n t
rnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, v 2GB cho khng gian \up0 \expndtw-4\chars
calex100 c\u7911?a cc ch\u7913?c n\u259?ng cn l\u7841?i. S\u7921? phn chia ny \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? ra trong hnh 3.11 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i. \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 N\u7917?a t
rn c\u7911?a 2GB \u273?\u7875? l\u432?u tr\u7919? nhn h\u7879? th\u7889?ng v cc b\u7
843?ng h\u7879? th\u7889?ng, m nh\u7919?ng th\u7913? ny c \u273?\u7863?c \line \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7875?m n\u7893?i b\u7853?c l th\u7901?i gian t
ruy c\u7853?p r\u7845?t ng\u7855?n. V t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang c\u7911?a nhn h\u
7879? th\u7889?ng lun lun t\u7891?n \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 t\u7841?i
\u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v v \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i h\u7879? \u273?i
\u7873?u hnh th khng dng c\u417? c\u7845?u b\u7843?o v\u7879? \u7903? vi\u7879?c tru
y \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7853?p, cho nn, vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?
p ch\u7881? \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c trn \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nhn.
\u7902? tr\u7841?ng thi nhn, th 2 Bit cao nh\u7845?t \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? b\u7883? nn l\u7841?i v ph\u7847?n cn l\u7
841?i c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thng d\u78
83?ch thnh cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l. \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale
x100 Vi\u7879?c th\u7921?c thi c\u7911?a h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT
ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c kh\u7859?ng \u273?\u7883?nh r\u7857?ng, n r\u7845
?t hi\u7879?u qu\u7843?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, c\u7845?u trc trang hay vi
\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l trang lm cho ph\u7847?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? cn l\u7841?i lm vo t
h \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tr\u7841?ng st km, lc \u273?, vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l
trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n b\u7903?i s\u7921? \u273?i\u787
3?u hnh b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 virtual \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 memory manager\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Ngoi ra, \u273?
i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7907? gip b\u7903?i cc trang (\u273?\u432
?\u7907?c \u273?\u7883?nh ngh\u297?a b\u7903?i ph\u7847?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 c\u7913?ng) c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n 4kB t\u7899?i 64kB, bnh th\u432?\u79
01?ng th dng 4 kB. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 Hnh 3.11-------------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \
par\pard\qj\li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100

Vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7857?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c d\u7921? \u273?\u7883?nh l m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng c 2 b\u7853?c. B\u7853?c \u273?
\u7847?u tin ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 m\u78
97?t th\u432? m\u7909?c trang, m th\u432? m\u7909?c ny ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng
\u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a cc b\u7843?ng c 2 b\u7853?c. N\u7871?u \u7903?
vi\u7879?c truy \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u7853?p \u273?\u7883?a ch\
u7881? x\u7849?y ra m\u7897?t l\u7895?i trang, do \u273?, trang \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c n\u7841?p, m cc b\u7843?ng cn l\u7895?i th \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7913?a
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \
u273?\u7921?ng trong trang ny. \u7902? b\u7843?ng th\u7913? 2 th ch\u7913?a \u273?
\u7921?ng s\u7889? trang v\u7853?t l (pape frame) v k\u7871?t n\u7889?i v\u7899?i
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cc thng tin ti\u7871?p theo nh\u432? cc quy t\u7855?c
truy c\u7853?p\u8230? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? cng nhau s\u
7917? d\u7909?ng (shared memory) c m\u7897?t quy t\u7855?c \u273?\u7863?c bi\u787
9?t. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 s\u7889? trang v\u7
853?t l, b\u7843?ng th\u7913? 2 ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\
u7889? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, g\u7885?i l b\u7
843?ng trang \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 nguyn m\u7851?u (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs26 prototype page table\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Trong b\u7843?ng ny ch\
u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a cc trang, m \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 chng gi\u7843?i thch cho vi\u7879?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cng nhau
. S\u7921? khi qut \u7903? trong s\u417? \u273?\u7891? \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? yu
c\u7847?u vi\u7879?c \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 truy c\u7853?p l\u7847?n \u273
?\u7847?u (cn s\u7921? tham chi\u7871?u tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p vo b\u7897? nh\u7899
? Cache h\u7907?p v\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng l\u7847?n truy c\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex100 ti\u7871?p theo) cho php c m\u7897?t t\u7893? ch\u7913?c \u273?\u417
?n gi\u7843?n c\u7911?a trang. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi
\u7919? tr\u7903? l\u7841?i \u7903? b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7
899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i sau khi n\u7841?p, v tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273?, \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t m\u7897?t v\u7883? tr khc \u7903? trong b\u7897? n
h\u7899? chnh, th do \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?, h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u
hnh xem xt t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc b\u7843?ng c\u7911?a cc ti\u7871?n trnh v thay \u27
?\u7893?i \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l m\u7897?t cch \up0 \expndtw-1\chars
calex100 ph h\u7907?p, n\u7871?u tm th\u7845?y. \u272?i\u7873?u ny lo\u7841?i b\u78
87? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh t\u7853?p trung. H\u7879? \
u273?i\u7873?u hnh c th\u7875? b\u7883? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 gi\u7899?i h
\u7841?n trn t\u7841?i cc b\u7843?ng trang nguyn m\u7851?u. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1
594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Cc kho\u7843?ng b\u7897
? nh\u7899? c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh l sng t\u7887
? vi\u7879?c cng nhau s\u7917? d\u7909?ng b\u7903?i cc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau. Do \u273?, m\u7897?t \u273?\u7889?i t\u432?\u7907?ng \u
273?o\u7841?n (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 section object\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 ) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o ra \u273?\u7875? m\u7897?t file \u273?\u78
63?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 bi\u7879?t kh\u7843?o st v \u273?\u7875? d\u785
1?n ra cc tnh ch\u7845?t sau \u273?y: \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1596\sb296\sl-306\slmul

t0\fi360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Thu\u7897?c tnh \u273?\u7889?i t\u432?\u7907?ng (
object attribute)\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \u272? l \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n t\
u7889?i \u273?a, b\u7843?o v\u7879? trang, file \u7843?nh x\u7841? \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 hay file \u273?nh s\u7889? trang: Yes/No, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u788
1? b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u gi\u7889?ng nhau t\u7841?i t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u
7871?n trnh: Yes/No. \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Cc ph\u432?\u417?ng php \u273?\u788
9?i t\u432?\u7907?ng (objectmethode)\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \u272? l cc ph\u4
32?\u417?ng php s\u7843?n sinh, m\u7903?, \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 n\u
7899?i r\u7897?ng, ch\u7885?n m\u7863?t c\u7855?t, xc \u273?\u7883?nh tr\u7841?ng
thi\u8230? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb299\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex100 N\u7871?u cc ti\u7871?n khc nhau mu\u7889?n s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7
897?t kho\u7843?ng d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lm r, do \u273?,
chng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ph\u7843?i m\u7903? \u273?\u7889?i t\u432
?\u7907?ng section (\u273?o\u7841?n) v l\u7921?a ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t m\u7863?t c
\u7855?t. M\u7863?t c\u7855?t ny ch\u7881? cho th\u7845?y \u7903? trong \line \up
0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o c\u7911?a
chng, li\u7879?u n c ph\u7843?i l m\u7897?t m\u7863?t c\u7855?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? bn
h th\u432?\u7901?ng hay khng \par\pard\ql \li540\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw
-5\charscalex100 (?). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? qu\u7843?n l cc trang v\u7853?t l (\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf7\f8\fs26 page frames\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), nhn c\u7911?a h\u7879
? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT c m\u7897?t c\u7845?u \line \up0 \expndtw-3\chars
calex100 trc d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, \u273? l c\u417? s\u790
3? d\u7919? li\u7879?u trang v\u7853?t l (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 page frame
database\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i trang
\line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t\u7891?n t\u7841?i, chng ch\u7913?a \u273?\u
7921?ng m\u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?n vo, ngh\u297?a l, m\u7895?i s\u7889? tr
ang \u7903? trong cc b\u7843?ng c\u7911?a b\u7853?c th\u7913? \line \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 2 th ph h\u7907?p v\u7899?i m\u7897?t ch\u7881? s\u7889? \u7903? t
rong c\u417? s\u7903? d\u7919? li\u7879?u khung trang v ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?
i. Trong s\u7921? khc \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 bi\u7879?t v\u7899?i cc B
it tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a m\u7897?t trang \u7843?o, \u7903? trong c\u417? s\u7
903? d\u7919? li\u7879?u khung trang t\u7891?n t\u7841?i nh\u7919?ng \line \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 thng tin tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a cc trang th\u7921?c, m c
hng ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng m\u7897?t trong cc tr\u7841?ng thi sau: \par\pard\li
900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx2068 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 valid\tab \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 l tr\u7841?ng thi h\u7907?p l\u7879?, n t\u7891?n t\u7841?i
m\u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?n vo thu\u7853?n l\u7907?i cc b\u7843?ng trang;\
par\pard\li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx2045 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 zeroe
d\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 l tr\u7841?ng thi t\u7921? do, n \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c b\u7855?t \u273?\u7847?u v\u7899?i gi tr\u7883? 0;\par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-2
98\slmult0\fi0\tx2017 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 free\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 l tr\u7841?ng thi tr\u7889?ng, nh\u432?ng khng c gi tr\u7883? b\u7855?t \u
273?\u7847?u;\par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-277\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 standby
l tr\u7841?ng thi chuy\u7875?n ti\u7871?p trang thu\u7897?c ti\u7
871?n trnh chnh th\u7913?c khng nhi\u7873?u nh\u432?ng c \par\pard\ql \li2160\sb5\sl
-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u79
19? tr\u7903? l\u7841?i; \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 modified
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t\u7843? gi\u7889?ng nh\u432? tr
\u7841?ng thi standby; \par\pard\li900\sb18\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx2054 \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 bab\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 l tr\u7841?ng thi ch\u791
3?a \u273?\u7921?ng l\u7895?i v\u7853?t l, khng th\u7875? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng.\par
\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb284\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 B
\u7857?ng c\u417? c\u7845?u g\u7885?i \u7903? m\u7895?i l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?
n vo, nh\u7919?ng l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?n vo nh\u432? nhau \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
k\u7871?t n\u7889?i v\u7899?i nhau \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 thnh m\u7897?t d
anh sch. Bn c\u7841?nh nh\u7919?ng trang h\u7907?p l\u7879? (valid), cn c n\u259?m d
anh sch cn l\u7841?i. C\u417? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\u7903? d\u7919? li\u

7879?u khung trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c cc ti\u7871?n trnh s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, v d
o v\u7853?y, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?a vi x\u7917? l,
n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7843?m b\u7843?o b\
u7903?i m\u7897?t c\u7901? hi\u7879?u spinlock.
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f
s26 Tuy v\u7853?y, v ch\u7881? m\u7897?t c\u7901? hi\u7879?u cho c\u7845?u trc d\u
7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, do \u273?, \u7903? t\u
7847?n s\u7889? \u273?nh s\u7889? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trang cao, th c\u4
17? s\u7903? d\u7919? li\u7879?u khung trang c th\u7875? thu nh\u7887? hi\u7879?u
su\u7845?t c\u7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng. M\u7897?t \u7845?n b\u7843?n song \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 hnh v\u7899?i nhi\u7873?u m\u7863?t c\u7855?t th \u790
3? vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh song song s\u7869? nhanh h\u417?n \u7903? vi\u7
879?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u417?n \u273?i\u7879?u, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 tuy nhin, n v\u7851?n ch\u432?a th\u7921?c thi. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-2
99\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.5. Chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7907?c thay th\u7871? tr
ang\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\p
ard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Sau khi d\u7883?ch \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, n\u7871?u d\u
7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t trang c\u7847?n dng b\u7883? thi\u7871?u, do \u273?, chn
g ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u7899
? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i \u273?\u7885?c v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p tron
g b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v\u7853?t l. B\u7903?i v\u7853?y, cu h\u7887?i \u273?\u78
63?t ra l: t\u7841?i ch\u7895? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 no v trang t\u7891?n t
\u7841?i no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t ch\u7891?ng ln (?). \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1594\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 N\u7871?u chng ta
c\u7847?n thay t\u7899?i m\u7897?t trang bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng hay \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c dng, th chng ta ph\u7843?i \u273?i \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang
ny \u273?\u7871?n ngay, v nh\u432? v\u7853?y, th\u7901?i gian ch\u7841?y ch\u432?\
u417?ng trnh s\u7869? gia t\u259?ng. V v\u7853?y, nhi\u7879?m v\u7909? c\u7911?a \
line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m\u7897?t chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889
?t ph\u7843?i l: Vi\u7879?c tm trang \u273?\u7875? c th\u7875? thay th\u7871? n, \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 th ng\u432?\u7901?i ta khng c\u7847?n \u273?\u7875? t\u78
99?i \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ny\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 . Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? tm th\u7845?y m\u7897?t chi\u7871?
n l\u432?\u7907?c thch h\u7907?p nh\u432? th\u7871?, \u273? l chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u
7907?c \u273?\u7883?nh \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7901?i \u273?\u78
89?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l trao \u273?\u7893?i trang, v b\u78
97? vi x\u7917? l ny ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng nh\u7919?ng yu c\u7847?u \u273?\u78
89?i v\u7899?i \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cc trang c\u7847?n dng \u7903?
trong hng \u273?\u7907?i. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? cho th\u7845?y, chi\u7871?n l\u43
2?\u7907?c ny th t\u7889?t h\u417?n \u273?\u7875? tho\u7843? mn \line \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 nhanh h\u417?n nh\u7919?ng yu c\u7847?u v\u7873? trang. Do \u273?,
cng vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7871?n v\u7899?i chng ta l, h\u7847?u h\u7871?t cc tham \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 chi\u7871?u ch\u7881? x\u7843?y ra m\u7897?t cch
c\u7909?c b\u7897? \u7903? trong m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, do \u273?, \u273

?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc trang b\u7845?t k\u7923? th \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 khng c k\u7871?t qu\u7843?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi3
60 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Dy cc trang tham chi\u7871?u c\u7847?n dng cn \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i t\u7855?t l dy tham chi\u7871?u (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs26 reference string\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex103 c cn \u273?\u7863?c tr\u432?ng cho con \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng c\u7911?a dng d
\u7919? li\u7879?u v dng \u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n trang khi th\u7921?c hi\u7879
?n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. N\u7871?u chng ta mon
g mu\u7889?n dy tham chi\u7871?u ny \u7903? trong ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, do \u273?,
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chng ta c th\u7875? \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh
vi\u7879?c thay th\u7871? trang. \u272? l c\u417? s\u7903? c\u7911?a chi\u7871?n
l\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889?i \u432?u \u273?\u7875? thay \u273?\u7893?i \line \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c t\u78
89?i \u432?u\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-300\
slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 L.A.Belady \u273? ch\u7881? ra (1966)
r\u7857?ng, nh\u7919?ng s\u7921? thay th\u7871? t nh\u7845?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
\u273?n nh\u7853?n khi ng\u432?\u7901?i ta \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 ch\u7885
?n trang, m mu\u7897?n nh\u7845?t, n s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng sau ny. \u790
2? hinh3.12 ch\u7881? ra dy tham chi\u7871?u \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 0,1,2,4
,0,1,5,6,0,1,2,3,4\u8230? cho m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh ch\u7881? \u273?\
u7889?i v\u7899?i 3 trang c \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\s
l-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex10
0 Hnh 3.12------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\l
i540\ri1592\sb6\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Do \u273?, b\u7
843?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7885?c nh\u432? sau: M\u7895?i m\u7897?t c\u
7897?t ch\u7881? m\u7897?t tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng t\u7841
?i m\u7897?t th\u7901?i \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7875?m, m \u
7903? \u273?, ch\u7881? s\u7889? t\u7841?i th\u7901?i \u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a m
\u7897?t c\u7897?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u259?ng ln t\u7915? tri sang ph\u7843?i
\u7903? trong b\u7843?ng. \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 M\u7895?i c\u7897?
t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chia lm 2 ph\u7847?n: Ph\u7847?n trn l s\u7889? trang c\u791
1?a cc trang n\u7857?m \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh \line \up0 \expndtw-4
\charscalex100 (RAM), cn ph\u7847?n d\u432?\u7899?i l s\u7889? trang c\u7911?a cc t
rang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u78
41?i (\u7893? \u273?\u297?a c\u7913?ng v \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u78
93? \u273?\u297?a m\u7873?m). Trang c\u7847?n dng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ghi vo hang
\u273?\u7847?u tin c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? RAM; cn trang \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7847?n thay \u273?\u7893?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
ghi vo hng \u273?\u7847?u tin c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?n
g \u273?\u7841?i. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t trang d\u7901?i ch\u7895? \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 ln hang th\u7913? nh\u7845?t c\u7911?a m\u7895?i dy, do \u273?,
t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc s\u7889? trang khc \u273?\u432?\u7907?c di d\u7883?ch xu\u78
89?ng pha d\u432?\u7899?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 cn g\u7885?i l c\u417?
ch\u7871? ng\u259?n x\u7871?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 stack mechanicmus\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) cho \u273?\u7871?n khi cc ch\u7895? tr\u7889?ng \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u7847?y \u7903? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\char
scalex100 trong RAM. Nh\u7919?ng trang m\u7899?i thay \u273?\u7893?i \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t khoanh trn nh\u432? \u7903? tron hnh 3.12 \u7903? trn. \par\pa
rd\qj \li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Chi\u
7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889?i \u432?u ny (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 optimal
strategy\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\
u7909?ng \u7903? nh\u7919?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh xc \u273?\u7883?nh, \line \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 m \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ny th cc
yu c\u7847?u trang \u273? r. Tuy nhin, nh\u7919?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh

7;32768}}
g16}{\bkmkend Pg16}\par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb0
\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb0\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb0\sl298\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\ri1591\sb2\sl-298\slmult0\tx900\tx900 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh\u432? th\u7871? khng c trong th
\u7921?c t\u7871?, cho nn, chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u79
07?c s\u7917? d\u7909?nh v\u7899?i t\u432? cch l tham \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 chi\u7871?u \u273?\u7875? so snh v\u7899?i cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c
khc \u7903? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng hi\u7879?u d\u7909?ng c\u7911?a chng. \line \tab \
up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 V\u7899?i l do trn, cc php th\u7889?ng k th\u7901?i gian
(\u273?\u432?\u7907?c chi ti\u7871?t ho nhi\u7873?u h\u417?n ho\u7863?c t h\u417?
n) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l\u7853?p nn qua cc tr
ang c\u7847?n dng v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng lm c\u417? s\u7903? cho vi\u7879?c thay
th\u7871? trang trn c\u417? s\u7903? \u273?nh \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
gi c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c th\u7889?ng k. M\u7897?t trong cc php \u273?nh gi \u273?\u41
?n gi\u7843?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7907? gip b\u7903?i cc Bits tr\u7841?ng \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 thi, m chng t\u7891?n t\u7841?i bn c\u7841?nh thng t
in \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo cho cc b\u7843
?ng trang. Ng\u432?\u7901?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex107 ta k hi\u7879?u: v
\u7899?i R (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 referenced\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )
l Bit trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u hay \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u79
17? d\u7909?ng, cn M \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs26 modified\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) l Bit trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273
?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh, t\u7913?c l trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay \u273?\u7893?
i v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 N\u7871?u trong m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u
7873?u \u273?\u7863?n, Bit R \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t lui nh\u7901? b
\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m th\u7901?i gian (t\u7913?c l \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 v\u432?\u7907?t ln ng\u259?n x\u7871?p th\u7901?i gian), do \u273?, R=1 ch\
u7881? ra r\u7857?ng, trang ph h\u7907?p \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
trong ch\u7889?c \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 lt (nh\u432?ng ch\u432?a v\u
432?\u7907?t ln ng\u259?n x\u7871?p th\u7901?i gian), v v v\u7853?y, n th ch\u432?a c
\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i thay th\u7871?. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 N\u7871?u trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u, do \u273?, b\u7897? \u
273?\u7871?m th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t tr\u7903? l\u78
41?i gi tr\u7883? khng. V th\u7871?, \u273?\u7889?i \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscale
x100 v\u7899?i m\u7895?i trang, m\u7897?t b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. Ph\u432?\u417?ng php ny th h\u417?i \u273?\u7855?t, do
\u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 p d\u79
09?ng cch lm g\u7847?n \u273?ng l dng m\u7897?t b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m cho t\u7845?t
c\u7843? cc Bits ny v\u7899?i m\u7895?i chu k m\u7897? l\u7847?n. \line \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 V khng c kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian tuy\u7879?t \u273?\u7889?
i, m ch\u7881? c s\u7921? khc nhau c\u7911?a trang trong m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng l \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t, do v\u7853?y, vi\u7879?
c \u273?\u7863?t l\u7841?i cc Bits R \u7903? t\u7841?i cc bi\u7871?n c\u7889? \u27
3?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, th d\u7909? c th\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i t\u7841?i m\u78
97?t \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l\u7895?i trang. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri
1600\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c s\u7917?
d\u7909?ng thng tin c\u7847?n dng cho cc trang d\u7851?n chng ta t\u7899?i nh\u7919?
ng chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c sau \u273?y \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u
7875? thay \u273?\u7893?i trang. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO

\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi36
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Nh\u7919?ng trang m\u7899?i t\u7899?i \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p vo trong m\u7897?t dy tu\u7847?n t\u7921? c\u7911?a
m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng ph h\u7907?p cho \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 sau ny c\u7911?
a chng. N\u7871?u chng ta ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t trang \u7903? \u273?\u7847?u danh sc
h \u273?\u7841?i di\u7879?n cho vieecej thay \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 th\u7
871?, do \u273?, chng ta c trang c\u361? nh\u7845?t. N\u7871?u chng ta ph\u7887?ng \
u273?on r\u7857?ng, s\u7921? thay th\u7871? chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex100 ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh chnh. Cho nn, \u2
73?\u7889?i v\u7899?i trang c\u361? nh\u7845?t th cn ph\u7843?i l\u432?u thm tr\u78
41?ng \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thi c\u7911?a cc Bits R. N\u7871?u R =1, th tran
g cn \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng. \u7902? s\u7921? bi\u7871?n \u273?\u7893?i c\u7911?
a chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 thu\u7847?n khi\
u7871?t, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? \u273?\u7863?t trang ny tr\u7903? l\u7841
?i cu\u7889?i danh sch v \u273?\u7863?t R=0. V lc \u273?, khi \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 trang v\u7915?a m\u7899?i t\u7899?i, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ni r\u7857?ng: Tr
ang nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t d\u7883?p may th\u7913? 2, t\u7913
?c l khi \u273? trang \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tun theo thu\u7853?t ton d\u7883
?p may th\u7913? 2 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 second chance algorithmus\ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Th\u7853?t v\u7853?y, n\u7871?u R=0 th trang \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 thay th\u7871?, cn khi M=1 th trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u787
1?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb0\s
l-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875?
\u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n ho ph\u432?\u417?ng php ny, m \u7903? \u273?, ng\u432?\u790
1?i ta k\u7871?t n\u7889?i danh sch theo \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 m\u7897?t vn
g xch. V ch\u7881? m\u7897?t s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
xc \u273?\u7883?nh t\u7889?i \u273?a chi\u7871?m khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 chnh, do v\u7853?y \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a vng
xch ni trn khng thay \u273?\u7893?i. Ch\u7881? c s\u7921? \u273?nh d\u7845?u trang cu
u7889?i \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 cng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay \u273?\u7893?
i m\u7895?i khi thay \u273?\u7893?i trang v ti\u7871?p di\u7877?n s\u7921? \u273?
i\u7873?n vo \u7903? vng xch v\u7899?i cc trang \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?
i\u7873?n vo, nh\u432? l m\u7897?t b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883? gi\u7901?, cn g\u78
85?i l c\u417? c\u7845?u gi\u7901? (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 clock algorithmus
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Hnh 3.13 ch\u7881? ra \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n \u7903? th d\u7909? m
chng ta nu \u7903? trn. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 Hnh 3.13-----------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\
pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Tron
g s\u7921? so snh v\u7899?i chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889?i \u432?u \u7903?
trong hnh 3.13 \u7903? \u273?y (hnh 3.13) c 2 s\u7921? thay th\u7871? \up0 \expndtw
-4\charscalex100 trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng \u273?\u7875? lm \u273?\u7847?y tr
ang \u7903? trong RAM. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li90
0\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c NRU\ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs26 :
7;32768}}

sb293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t t vi\u78
79?c th\u7889?ng k trang hay hon ton khng s\u7917? d\u7909?ng g c\u7843?. Do \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta mu\u7889?n \u273?i\u7873?u \u273
? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lm m\u7897?t cch t\u7889?t h\u417?n nh\u7901? cc cng c\u7909?
\u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n. V\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u7907? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 gip c\u7911?a hai lo\u7841?i Bits R v M, cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chia lm
4 c\u7845?p. \par\pard\li900\sb14\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx3503 \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 1) R=0, M=0\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3) R=1, M= 0\par\pard\li
900\sb0\sl-297\slmult0\fi0\tx3503 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2) R=0, M=1\tab
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4) R=1, M=1\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb291\sl-300
\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?i\u7873?u r rng l,cc trang thu\u7
897?c c\u7845?p 1 v\u7899?i R=0 v M=0 th t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
nh\u7845?t, v do \u273?, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th
ay th\u7871? \u273?\u7847?u tin (tr\u432?\u7899?c khi cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh nh\u432?ng khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham \up0 \exp
ndtw-3\charscalex100 chi\u7871?u t\u7899?i c\u7845?p 2), m chng c th\u7875? cn \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng l\u7841?i. Quan tr\u7885?ng h\u417?n, \u273?
l cc trang c\u7845?p 3, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t\u7913?c l cc trang \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u th\u7921?c th\u7909?; c\u361?ng nh\u432? th\u7871?,
khi R=1 v M=1, cc trang ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 m t\u
7843? l trang c\u7845?p 4. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \u
p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Do \u273?, m\u7897?t s\u7921? quan tr\u7885?ng hay m\
u7897?t \u432?u tin no \u273? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i trang s\u7869? kh\u7859?ng \
u273?\u7883?nh: Cc trang c \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 s\u7889? c\u7845?p nh\u788
7? nh\u7845?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay th\u7871? \u273?\u7847?u tin. Cch th\u7913
?c ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c NRU, t\u7913?c
l \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c m\u7899?i t\u7899?i n
\u417?i khng s\u7917? d\u7909?ng (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Not Recently Used\u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 -NRU). Hnh 3.14 ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t th d\u7909? \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7873? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c NRU. \par\pard\ql
\li900\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.14---------------------\par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 S\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc
thay th\u7871? th \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n trong chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO
, cc trang th khc bi\u7879?t nhau \u7903? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trong RAM,
ngay khi \u273?, thng tin \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng qua s\u7921? th
am chi\u7871?u tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273?y. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
Trong hnh 3.14, vi\u7879?c thay th\u7871? x\u7843?y ra t\u7915? yu c\u7847?u c\u7
911?a trang 6: \u272?ng l\u7869? trang 0 chong ch\u7895?, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\ch
arscalex100 th trang 5 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng t nh\u7845?t l\u78
41?i chong ch\u7895?, do \u273?, \u7903? cc yu c\u7847?u ti\u7871?p theo, cc trang \u
273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 chong ch\u7895? nhi\u7873?u h\u4
17?n, tr\u7915? cc trang 0 v 1. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c LRU\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 M\u7897?t cch chnh xc h\u417?n l m\u7897?t danh sch FIFO
hay m\u7897?t s\u7921? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u273?\u7883?nh l\u432?\u7907?ng th\
u7901?i gian th \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 n \u273? mang m\u7897?t trang t\u7899
?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? m\u7897?t cch khng c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t. Do \u273?, t\u7841?
i nhi\u7873?u trang v\u7899?i R=0 th \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trang gi nh\u78
45?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh v thay th\u7871?, g\u7885?i l \ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs26 chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c g\u7847?n \u273? l t nh\u7845?t \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Least Recently Used\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : LRU). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \u
p0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 M\u7897?t gi\u7843?i php ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng c th\u7
875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t\u7843?: \u273? l m\u7897?t b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m ch
\u7841?y nhanh, th d\u7909? b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100

th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u7875? ch\u7881? gi\u7901? v ch\u7881? ngy thng n\u259?m. T
\u7841?i m\u7895?i ti\u7871?ng tch- t\u7855?c th m\u7897?t b\u7853?c th\u7901?i gi
an \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u7843?m nh\u7853?n
m\u7897?t cch t\u7921? \u273?\u7897?ng b\u7903?i vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo b\u
7843?ng c\u7911?a trang \u273?ang ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng. T\u7845?t c\u7843?
cc trang \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 khng ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng th duy tr m\
u7897?t tr\u7841?ng thi c\u361?. B\u7845?y gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u trang c\u361? nh\
u7845?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm th\u7845?y, do \u273?, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 s\u7889? th\u7901?i gian nh\u7887? nh\u7845?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm th\u7845
?y \u7903? trong vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo cc b\u7843?ng. \par\pard\qj \li540\
ri1592\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 N\u7871?u khng c ph\
u7847?n c\u7913?ng no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, do \u273?, ng\u432
?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? m ph\u7887?ng trang c\u361? m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 cch ng ch\u7915?ng nh\u7901? m\u7897?t thanh ghi di d\u7883?ch trn
t\u7915?ng trang. Do \u273?, Bit R c\u7911?a m\u7895?i trang v\u7899?i t\u432? \
line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 cch l Bit cao nh\u7845?t c\u7911?a thanh ghi \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t vo nh\u7919?ng kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \u27
3?\u7873?u \u273?\u7863?n v ton b\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\u79
13?c ch\u7913?a c\u7911?a thanh ghi \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t vo nh\u79
19?ng kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u7873?u \u273?\u7863?n v ton b\u7897? s\
u7913?c ch\u7913?a c\u7911?a \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 thanh ghi \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7883?ch chuy\u7875?n m\u7897?t Bit sang ph\u7843?i (\ul0\nosu
persub\cf7\f8\fs26 shift right\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Hnh 3.15 l m\u7897?t
th d\u7909? cho s\u7921? di \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\u7883?ch sang p
h\u7843?i c\u7911?a 3 trang. Thanh ghi di d\u7883?ch tc d\u7909?ng nh\u432? l m\u7
897?t c\u7917?a s\u7893? th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? \line
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng c\u7911?a trang, th d\u
7909? v\u7899?i thanh ghi 8 Bit th n cch nhau 8 phin th\u7901?i gian. S\u7921? di d\
u7883?ch \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 sang ph\u7843?i lm \u7843?nh h\u432?
\u7903?ng thng tin cc trang c\u361?. N\u7871?u ng\u432?\u7901?i ta quan ni\u7879?m
tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?a thanh \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ghi di d\u78
83?ch nh\u432? l m\u7897?t con s\u7889?, do \u273?, gi tr\u7883? con s\u7889? ny l l\
u7899?n nh\u7845?t, gi tr\u7883? ny c\u361?ng \u273? ghi l\u7841?i
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 t
\u7845?t c\u7843? s\u7921? ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng trong th\u7901?i gian cu\u
7889?i cng, gi tr\u7883? c\u7911?a s\u7921? ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng ny c\u361?ng
gi\u7843?m d\u7847?n theo \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i
gian gia t\u259?ng. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\s
b2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.15-------------------\par\p
ard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi
360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Trang \u273?\u7875? thay th\u7871? theo chi\u78
71?n l\u432?\u7907?c LRU ch\u7881? ra con s\u7889? nh\u7887? nh\u7845?t \u7903?
trong thanh ghi di d\u7883?ch. \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.16 ch\u7881? r
a m\u7897?t th d\u7909? v\u7873? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c LRU trnh by \u7903? trn
. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.16------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl

-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\
charscalex100 Tuy nhin, s\u417? \u273?\u7891? trong hnh 3.16 ch\u432?a ph\u7843?n
\u7843?nh m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7847?y \u273?\u7911? c\u417? s\u7903? quy\u7871?t
\u273?\u7883?nh c\u7911?a v\u7845?n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?\u7875?:
Khi tham chi\u7871?u trang th n ch\u432?a r rng l m\u7897?t s\u7921? ki\u7879?n thng
th\u432?\u7901?ng c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c thay th\u7871? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 trang, do \u273?, sau \u273?y nghin c\u7913?u ti\u7871?p theo chi\u7871?n l\u43
2?\u7907?c NRU. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\s
l-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c NFU (Not Frequently U
sed)\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\
fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? thay th\u7871? trang, m\u7897?
t chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ti\u7871?p theo cho th\u7845?y, n th\u432?\u7901?ng
hay \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng nh\u7845?t. \u7902? \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 \u273?y n khng \u273?o \u273?\u7841?t t\u7915?ng th\u7901?i \u273?i
\u7875?m nh\u432? \u7903? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c LRU, t\u7841?i th\u7901?i
\u273?i\u7875?m \u273?, trang khng n\u7857?m \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trong b\
u7897? nh\u7899?, m \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng trong
kho\u7843?nh kh\u7855?c. Th\u7853?t v\u7853?y, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895
?i trang, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 m\u7897?t b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m \u273?\
u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n ra, m n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gia t\u259?ng m\u7897?t cch ch
u k\u7923? khi s\u7917? d\u7909?ng (r=1). Sau \u273?, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t v\u7899?i gi tr\u7883? nh\u7887? nh\
u7845?t. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ny, v\u7845?n \u2
73?\u7873? l \u7903? ch\u7895?, cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
m\u7841?nh m\u7869? tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273?y, by \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 gi\
u7901? r\u7845?t kh kh\u259?n chong ch\u7895? \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh
, v gi tr\u7883? con s\u7889? c\u7911?a chng th r\u7845?t cao. Do \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 \u273?, \u273?i\u7873?u c ngh\u297?a l, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta d\u7921? \u
273?\u7883?nh dng thm m\u7897?t c\u417? c\u7845?u lm gi \u273?\u7875? phng trnh bi\u7
71?n c\u7889? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 olding
mechanismus\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\
slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c p d\u7909?ng cc chi\u7871?n
l\u432?\u7907?c khc nhau c\u361?ng r\u7845?t khc nhau. Vi\u7879?c l\u7921?a ch\u78
85?n chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889?t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u7845
?t v vi\u7879?c thi\u7871?t k\u7871? theo c\u7911?a k\u7927? thu\u7853?t vin s\u78
69? tr\u7903? nn hon h\u7843?o, n\u7871?u chng ta nhn nh\u7853?n m\u7897?t \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 cch su s\u7855?c h\u417?n v\u7873? cc c\u417? c\u7845?u thay t
h\u7871?. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb5\sl-276\s
lmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.6. M hnh ho v
vi\u7879?c phn tch thay th\u7871? trang \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb265\sl-300\sl
mult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Trong m\u7
909?c ny, chng ta s\u7869? kh\u7843?o st th\u7921?c nghi\u7879?m, \u273?\u7875? t\u
7915? vi\u7879?c nghin c\u7913?u tm th\u7845?y m hnh \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \
u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c v \u273?\u7863?c \u273?i\u7
875?m c\u7911?a cc thu\u7853?t ton. Do \u273?, \u273?\u7847?u tin, chng ta l\u432?u
u273?\u7871?n cu \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 h\u7887?i: Th\u7921?c ra m\u7897?t
trang c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i l\u7899?n bao nhiu (?). Sau \u273?y nh\u79
19?ng chi ti\u7871?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c trnh by \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u
273?\u7875? gi\u7843?i quy\u7871?t cu h\u7887?i v\u7915?a nu. \par\pard\ql \li900\
sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Chi\u7873?u di trang t\u7889?i \u419?u\ul0\no
supersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li5
40\ri1592\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs26 N\u7871?u K l dng l\u432?\u7907?ng (size) c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899
? chnh v s l kch c\u7903? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t trang. \u7902? \u273?y, s khng \up0 \ex
ndtw-2\charscalex100 ph\u7843?i ni v\u7873? kch c\u7903? ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng c\u
7911?a trang, m \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, s bi\u7875?u th\u7883? kch c\u7903? h\u
7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c\u7911?a m\u7897?t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trang;

v th\u7871?, n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c p d\u7909?ng nhi\u7873?u trang ph\u7847?n c\u7
913?ng (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 hardware pages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )
cho m\u7897?t trang ph\u7847?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 m\u7873?m (\ul0\nos
upersub\cf7\f8\fs26 software pages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\ql \l
i900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Chng ta nh\u7853?n th\u7845
?y r\u7857?ng:
7;32768}}
fs26 + Chi\u7873?u di c\u7911?a d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia
b\u7857?ng nhau m\u7897?t cch ng\u7851?n nhin, do \u273?, t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 gi tr\u7883? c\u7911?a t\u7915?ng lt c\u7855?t (m\u7895?
i \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia) n\u7857?m trong kho\u7843?ng [0,
s]. Thng th\u432?\u7901?ng, lt \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7855?t trung bnh l s
/2 \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899?, th d\u7909? cc t\u7915? (word) trn m\
u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 + M\u7895?i b\u7843?ng trang b\u7853?c 1 bi\u7875?u th\
u7883? s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?n vo trn m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh l [K/s], m \u7903? \
u273?, m\u7895?i s\u7921? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?n vo yu c\u78
47?u m\u7897?t \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899? (th d\u7909? m\u7897?t w
ord). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1603\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charsc
alex100 Do \u273?, s\u7921? t\u7893?n th\u7845?t (V) c\u7911?a cc \u273?\u417?n v\
u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899? xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n trn m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh v\u7
899?i h\u7879? s\u7889? t\u7893?n th\u7845?t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 f\ul0
\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u
th\u7883? b\u7857?ng bi\u7875?u th\u7913?c sau: \par\pard\ql \li2198\sb11\sl-28
7\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 V = (K/s + s/2) ~ K f\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\f
s26 v \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb3\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? cc trang l\u7899?n th m\u7897?t m\u786
3?t cc b\u7843?ng trang tr\u7903? nn nh\u7887? h\u417?n, nh\u432?ng m\u7863?t khc cc
lt c\u7855?t l\u7841?i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tr\u7903? nn l\u7899?n h\u41
7?n. Ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, \u7903? cc trang nh\u7887? th lt c\u7855?t tr\u790
3? nn nh\u7887? h\u417?n, nh\u432?ng \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a b\u7843?ng
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 l\u7841?i t\u259?ng ln. V v\u7853?y, gi\u7919?a hai
thi c\u7921?c, c m\u7897?t s\u7921? t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u c\u7909?c b\u7897?. Khi
s-> 0 th chng ta s\u7869? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7
907?c m\u7897?t s\u7921? t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u c\u7911?a t\u7893?n th\u7845?t, t
\u7913?c l x\u7843?y ra \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n sau \u273?y: \par\pard\ql \li90
0\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 Cng th\u7913?c -------------------\par\pard\ql \li1548\sb0\sl-264\slmult
0 \par\pard\ql\li1548\sb66\sl-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7899?
i f\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =2/s\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs
26 opt \par\pard\ql \li900\sb9\sl-273\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Trong \u273?, K v s c th\u7913? nguyn [kByte], f\ul0\sub\cf1
2\f13\fs26 v\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 c th\u7913? nguyn [%]. \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1596\sb5\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\
cf7\f8\fs26 Th d\u7909?\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : N\u7871?u khng = 5000kB, th do
\u273? ta xc \u273?\u7883?nh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 opt\ul0

\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 100kB v\u7899?i h\u7879? s\u7889? t\u7893?n th\u7845?
t b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7899? chnh l f\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
v\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =2%. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\
fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u272?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a trang \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c dng th\u7921?c ch\u7845?t \u7903? trong h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u
hnh cn t\u7841?o ra nhi\u7873?u tiu chu\u7849?n ti\u7871?p \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 theo. Cc trang l\u7899?n r\u7845?t c ngh\u297?a \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i lt
c\u7855?t th\u7901?i gian, n s\u7869? khng c l\u7907?i v nh\u7919?ng \u273?i h\u7887?
i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? b\u7893? sung b\u78
83? thu h\u7865?p.Ngh\u297?a l, khi lt c\u7855?t th\u7901?i gian l\u7899?n th s\u78
69? khng tho\u7843? mn v\u7899?i m \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 hnh c\u7911?a m\u78
97?t yu c\u7847?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia \u273?\u7891?ng
\u273?\u7873?u trn m\u7895?i trang. T\u7915? l do v\u7915?a nu, cc \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n trang th\u432?\u7901?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c phn chia nh\u7887? h\u417?n. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi3
60 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?
n trang cn c nhi\u7873?u nhn t\u7889? khc, \u273? l th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u432?\u790
?c dng \u273?\u7875? n\u7841?p m\u7897?t trang \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i v c\u361?ng nh\u432? lt c\u7855
?t c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i \u7903? m\u7897?t \u2
73?\u7897? l\u7899?n file trung bnh. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 N\u7871?
u gi\u7843? s\u7917? cc files c \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n ch\u7915?ng 1kB, do \u273?,
\u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7921? p d\u7909?ng h\u7919?u hi\u7879?u c\
u7911?a cc b\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u2
73?\u7841?i, \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909
?ng ph\u7843?i n\u7857?m trong kho\u7843?ng \u273?. N\u7871?u t\u7841?i m\u7897?t
\u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n file \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trung bnh 1kB,
chng ta mu\u7889?n kh\u7859?ng \u273?\u7883?nh m\u7897?t \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n
trang kho\u7843?ng 100kB, khi \u273?, trung bnh \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i file c kho\u7843?ng 99kB ch\u432?a \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. \u272? l m\u7897?t kh\u7843? n\u259?ng ch\u7883?u
t\u7843?i qu km. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? \u273?p \u7913?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7843? h
ai yu c\u7847?u v\u7915?a c \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u7887? v v
\u7915?a c s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893?i \up0 \expndtw-2\
charscalex100 trang l\u7899?n, c r\u7845?t nhi\u7873?u h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hn
h \u273? th\u7917? nghi\u7879?m \u273?\u7875? quan tm t\u7899?i: n\u7871?u file c n
hi\u7873?u trang th \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911
?a trang ph\u7843?i nh\u7887?. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\
ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f1
0\fs24 S\u7889? l\u419?\u7907?ng trang t\u7889?i \u419?u\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11
\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-293\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1598\sb13\sl
-293\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u
7897?t cng vi\u7879?c quan tr\u7885?ng ti\u7871?p theo li cu\u7889?n cc nh qu\u7843?
n l h\u7879? th\u7889?ng, \u273? l cu tr\u7843? l\u7901?i cho \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 cu h\u7887?i: Nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p vo b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh nh\u432? th\u7871? no (?)
. \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u361?ng ph h\u7907?p v\u7
899?i cu h\u7887?i: Nhi\u7873?u trang trn m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t \u7903? ch\u7895? no \u7903? trong b\u7897? \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7899? chnh (?). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1601\sb2\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 By gi\u7901? chng ta kh\u7843?o st m\u
7897?t th d\u7909?. Chng ta so snh thu\u7853?t ton FIFO \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u
7897?t h\u7879? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7889?ng c 4 trang RAM (b\u7843?
ng pha tri) v m\u7897?t h\u7879? th\u7889?ng c 5 trang RAM (b\u7843?ng pha ph\u7843?i
).

7;32768}}
\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb296\s
l-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hnh 3.17------------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li54
0\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Chng ta nhn th\u78
45?y m\u7897?t nguyn c\u7899? ng\u7851?u nhin: \u7902? h\u7879? th\u7889?ng c 4 tra
ng RAM th ch\u7881? c 7 l\u7847?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 thay th\u7871? \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, cn \u7903? h\u7879? th\u7889?ng 5 trang RA
M c 8 l\u7847?n thay th\u7871? trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, v\
u7853?y \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 m b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh cn c th\u7875? \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c dng nhi\u7873?u h\u417?n. Nguyn c\u7899? ny lm xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n
m\u7897?t thu\u7853?t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 ton mang tn nh pht minh L.A.Balad
y, m n c tn g\u7885?i l \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 thu\u7853?t ton cc k\u7923? d\u7
? Balady\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Ng\u432?\u79
07?c l\u7841?i chng ta kh\u7843?o st thu\u7853?t ton LFU \u7903? trong hnh 3.18 \u79
03? d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.18---------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb4\sl-298\
slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Vi\u7879?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng b\u78
93? sung b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u7901? m\u7897?t trang RAM v\u7851?n khng lm thay \
u273?\u7893?i cc trang (khc \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 v\u7899?i thu\u785
3?t ton FIFO) n\u7857?m \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. \u272?i\u7873?u \u2
73? th c\u361?ng logic: \u7902? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c LFU, cc \line \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 trang th\u432?\u7901?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng th lun lun \u2
73?\u7913?ng \u7903? pha trn trong danh sch \u432?u tin, lun lun \u273?\u7897?c \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l\u7853?p v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c khi chng \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c n\u7841?p hay khi chng \u7903? trang RAM, v \u273?\u7891?ng th\u7901?i, c
hng c\u361?ng \u273?\u7897?c \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 l\u7853?p v\u7899
?i gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n gi\u7919?a RAM v cc \u7893? \u273?\u297?a (c\u7913?ng v m\u
7873?m). Danh sch \u432?u tin c\u7911?a chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 LFU \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c thi v\u7899?i s\u7921?
tr\u7907? gip c\u7911?a m\u7897?t c\u417? c\u7845?u ng\u259?n x\u7871?p: Cc trang
c \u432?u tin cao \u273?\u7913?ng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hon ton \u7903?
trn v cc trang khc di d\u7883?ch xu\u7889?ng pha d\u432?\u7899?i. Trang no \u273?\u4
2?\u7907?c di d\u7883?ch ra kh\u7887?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 gi\u78
99?i h\u7841?n c\u7911?a RAM v cc \u7893? \u273?\u297?a th \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u
7841?p trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i. Cc ki\u7875?u thu\u7853?
t ton tc \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng ln m trang \u7903? trong b\
u7897? nh\u7899? th \u273?\u7897?c l\u7853?p v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c chng tr\u7843? l
\u7841?i tham chi\u7871?u v\u7899?i m hay m+1 \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
trang RAM. Chng c tn l cc gi\u7843?i thu\u7853?t ng\u259?n x\u7871?p (\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs26 stack- algorithsmen\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \u272?i\u7873?u
\u273? ch\u7881? ra \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 r\u7857?ng, gi\u7843?i thu
\u7853?t cc k\u7923? d\u7883? Balady khng thu\u7897?c cc thu\u7853?t ton ng\u259?n x
\u7871?p v\u7915?a nu. T\u7853?p h\u7907?p cc \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u W(t,\u8710?t) th r\u7845?t quan tr\u7
885?ng (\u7903? \u273?y: t l m\u7897?t th\u7901?i \u273?i\u7875?m no \u273?, \u8710?
t l nh\u7883?p \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 th\u7901?i gian), n cn ch\u7913?a
\u273?\u7921?ng thm nh\u7919?ng trang \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t hay \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c dng \u7903? pha d\u432?\u7899?i. N\u7871?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 khng c \u273?ng, ti\u7871?n trnh s\u7869? lm vi\u7879?c km hi\u7879?u qu\u7843?;
do \u273?, W(t,\u8710?t) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883? l \ul0\nosupers

ub\cf7\f8\fs26 t\u7853?p h\u7907?p \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cng tc\ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 ). T\u7853?p h\u7907?p trung bnh \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working
set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (W(t,\u8710?t))\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 t \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273?\u7863?c tr\u432?ng cho di\u7877?n bi\u7871?n c\u7911
?a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh. Ng\u432?\u7901?i
ta l\u432?u r\u7857?ng, \u273?\u7883?nh ngh\u297?a ny th khc xa v\u7899?i \u273?\u
7883?nh ngh\u297?a g\u7889?c do P.J. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Denning
nu ra (1980), m v\u7899?i \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta xc \u273?\u78
83?nh s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u cc trang, m \u273?\u7889?i \
line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n m\
u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh th cc trang ny r\u7845?t c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t. \par\pard\ql
\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs26 Th d\u7909? v\u7873? T\u7853?p h\u7907?p cng tc c\u7911?a P.J. Denning\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\cha
rscalex100 N\u7871?u \u7903? m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh chng ta c cc l\u7879?nh
ny: \par\pard\ql \li2263\ri4359\sb1\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
MOVE A,B \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 MOVE C,D \par\pard\qj \li540\ri159
1\sb300\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Trong \u273?: A,B,C,D
l cc bi\u7871?n \u7903? trong cc trang khc nhau, do \u273?, ti\u7871?n trnh ch\u7881?
c th\u7875? lm \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vi\u7879?c, n\u7871?u bn c\u7841?nh cc
trang m (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 codepages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) ti\u7
871?n trnh cn c 4 trang tham chi\u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. Khi ti\u7871?n trnh c\u784
7?n dng t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u 5 trang, do \u273? theo P.J.Denning, t\u7841?p h\u79
07?p cng tc c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 gi tr\u7883? w=5 trang, n th \u273?\u7897
c l\u7853?p khi cc trang ti\u7871?p theo \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex
100 Trong cc b\u7843?ng nu \u7903? trn, vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?\u7847?y cc
c\u7897?t \u273?\u7847?u tin (\u273?\u7875? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc trang RAM) th \
line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 khng ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t ci g \u273?\u7863?c
bi\u7879?t, v \u7903? \u273?y, khng c trang no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay th\u7871?. T
uy nhin, \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273? ch\u7881? c th\
u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c x\u7843?y ra v\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip c\u7911
?a ng\u7855?t l\u7895?i trang (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 page fault interrupt\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), n\u7871?u khng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
cn ci g khc th \u273?\u432?\u7907?c h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u7843?m nh\u7
53?n phng ng\u7915?a. Vi\u7879?c n\u7841?p vo hay vi\u7879?c thay th\u7871? \line
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883?
l yu c\u7847?u thi\u7871?t \u273?\u7863?t trang (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 deman
d paging\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, ng\u432?\u790
1?i ta c th\u7875?
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 n
\u7841?p m\u7897?t cch ng\u7851?u nhin cc trang c\u7911?a m\u7897?t t\u7853?p h\u79
07?p working set hay n\u7841?p cc trang c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 trnh \u273?ang ng\u7911? tr\u432?\u7899?c khi ti\u7871?n trnh

ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng tr\u7903? l\u7841?i (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 prep
aring\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\
pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f9\f10\fs24 Phn tch hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng thrashing\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 (
\ul0\nosupersub\cf24\f25\fs26 thrashing effect\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 ) \u
l0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 v t\u7853?p cng tc\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 (\ul0\n
osupersub\cf24\f25\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 ) \par\pard\qj
\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 N\u7871?u k l s\u7889? tran
g t\u7891?n t\u7841?i c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v m l s\u7889? trang c \u273
?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh v \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 n\u
7871?u tho\u7843? mn \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n m<k, do \u273?, ti\u7871?n trnh s\u
7869? khng b\u7883? lm ch\u7853?m l\u7841?i nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c trao \u273?\u7893
?i \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trang. V n\u7871?u kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian
x\u7917? l c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh c gi tr\u7883? B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , b\u7845?y gi\u7901?, chng ta c th\u7875? kh\u7903?i \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897?ng cc ti\u7871?n trnh ny ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c.
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 N\u7871?u n l s\u7889? trang c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh theo t\u7893?ng nhu c\u78
47?u c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, th n-m>k c\u361?ng ph\u7843?i l\u7899?n h\u417
?n \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 s\u7889? trang b\u7897? nh\u7899? cung c\u7845?
p, do \u273?, t\u7893?ng cc kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian x\u7917? l B\ul0\sub\cf12\
f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gia t\u259?ng m\u789
7?t cch \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tuy\u7871?t tnh, ngh\u297?a l: \par\pard\ql \
li2134\sb79\sl-253\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f
13\fs17 G+ \ul0\super\cf5\f6\fs38 ~ nB\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs17 1 \par\pard\
qj \li540\ri1599\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7899?i bi\u7875?u th\u7913?c trn, s\u7921? trao \u273?\u78
93?i cc trang c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t cho th\u7845?y khng tiu t\u7889?n th\u7901?i gi
an. T\u7841?i sao \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 v\u7853?y? \par\pard\qj \l
i540\ri1591\sb0\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 N\u7871?u chng
ta quan st cc tr\u7841?ng thi, m t\u7841?i \u273?, cc trang t\u7891?n t\u7841?i m\u7
97?t th\u7901?i gian duy tr trang \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 v\u7899?i g
i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\
u7885?i l tr\u7841?ng thi ch\u7841?y (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 running phase\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Cn tr\u7841?ng thi \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l tr\
u7841?ng thi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hm (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 bl
ocked phase\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), n\u7871?u t\u7841?i \u273? trang ph\u78
43?i ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i v\u7899?i th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? trung bnh l tw.
T\u7893?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7901?i gian ny \u273?\u432?\u7
907?c g\u7885?i l th\u7901?i gian tiu ph h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh cho vi\u7879?c
\u273?\u7883?nh th\u7901?i (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 scheduling\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) v cho \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 vi\u7879?c khai kh\u78
49?n (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 dispatching\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Hnh 3
.19 cho th\u7845?y m\u7897?t qu trnh di\u7877?n bi\u7871?n tr\u7841?ng thi c\u7911?
a 3 ti\u7871?n \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trnh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb27
5\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.19--------------------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1592\sb1\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta s\u7869? th\u7
845?y g, n\u7871?u th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i nh\u7887? h\u417?n th
\u7901?i gian trao \u273?\u7893?i trang t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs26 < t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , \u273? l, \
line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh b\u7883? ch\u7863?n
lun lun s\u7861?n sng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tm th\u7845?y. M\u7863?c d \u7903? m\u7895
?i ti\u7871?n trnh sau tr\u7841?ng thi \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 duy tr t
rang c xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n m\u7897?t th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? t\ul0\sub\cf12\f
13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh\u432?ng \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? c\u361?
ng khng c tc d\u7909?ng g c\u7843?, \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tuy nhin n s\
7869? x\u7843?y ra khng m\u297? mn \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc ti\u7871?n trnh b\u78
45?t k\u7923? no \u273?. By gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u chng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal

ex100 ta n\u7841?p cho my tnh thm nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh n\u7919?a, do \u273?, c
hng ta s\u7869? quan st th\u7845?y m\u7897?t hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? \line \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex102 k\u7923? d\u7883?: V\u7899?i m\u7897?t l\u432?\u7907?ng cc ti\
u7871?n trnh tin c\u7853?y no \u273?, th kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i h\u7841?n x\u7917?
l cc ti\u7871?n trnh \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ring l\u7867? x\u7843?y ra
v\u7899?i m\u7897?t nh\u7883?p \u273?\u7897? \u273?\u7897?t ng\u7897?t cao. Ng\u
432?\u7901?i ta ni: Nh\u7919?ng ti\u7871?n trnh ny \u273? qu\u7845?y r\u7847?y \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 quallen\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 ) vi\u7879?c x\u7917? l. Do \u273?, hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng k\u7923? d\
u7883? ny cn \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng thrashing. \u272
?i\u7873?u \u273? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7863?t cho chng ta m
\u7897?t cu h\u7887?i: Hi\u7879?u \u7913?n thrashing do \u273?u v ng\u432?\u7901?i
ta c th\u7875? phng trnh nh\u432? th\u7871? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 no?
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb4\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
By gi\u7901? chng ta kh\u7843?o st tnh tr\u7841?ng sau \u273?y m\u7897?t cch chnh x
u417?n: V\u7899?i s\u7921? ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i b\u7893? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 sung b\u7903?i cc ti\u7871?n trnh, v\u7873? m\u7897?t pha no \u273?, s\u
7889? trang c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u7903? trong b\
u7897? nh\u7899? nn \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh
th gi\u7843?m xu\u7889?ng (trong kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\
fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). V hai ti\u7871?n trnh trao \u273?\u7893?i tra
ng khng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 th\u7875? x\u7843?y ra \u273?\u7891?ng
th\u7901?i, do \u273?, khi t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
< t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , \u7903? th\u7901?i \u2
73?i\u7875?m \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 cc ph\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n \u273?i\u
7873?u hnh l b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chnh (CPU)\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng th xu\u7845?t
hi\u7879?n \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 cc ph\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n \u273?i\u7
873?u hnh l b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l trao \u273?\u7893?i \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 trang\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Hnh 3.20 ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t tnh hu\
u7889?ng trao \u273?\u7893?i ny ph\u7843?i ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i m\u7897?t tnh
hu\u7889?ng trao \u273?\u7893?i khc \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nh\u432?
th\u7871? no \u273? \u273?\u7875? t\u7893?ng kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian x\u7917?
l G l\u7899?n h\u417?n tch s\u7889? n.B (t\u7913?c l G> n.B). \par\pard\ql \li900\
sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb3\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsca
lex100 Hnh 3.20----------------------{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft0\shptop0\shpright12239\shpbottom15840\shpfhdr0\shpbxpa
7;32768}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840{\shp
z-10000\shplid21
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00514514005145140051451401ffd9}}}}}\pard\sb0\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg22}{\bkmkend Pg
22}\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par
\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb293\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Ni m\u7897?t cch chnh xc: Khi no th hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng th
ashing x\u7843?y ra? Khi no th t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 = t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ? By \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 gi\u7901?, chng ta m hnh ho h\u7879? th\u7889?ng. Ta g\u7885?i: t\ul0\su
b\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian x\u7
917? l trung bnh, \u961? l m\u7913?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? tr
ao \u273?\u7893?i trang (c\u361?ng g\u7885?i l xc xu\u7845?t trao \u273?\u7893?i t
rang), lc \u273? ta c: \par\pard\li3173\sb11\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx5336 \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = \u961?
t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs26 (3.1)\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb291\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw
0\charscalex100 Khi s\u7855?p x\u7871?p cc ch\u7881? s\u7889? trang, chng ta th\u7
845?y, cc trang th\u432?\u7901?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u nh\u7845?
t nh\u7853?n \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? s\u788
9? nh\u7887? nh\u7845?t. T\u7841?i m\u7895?i trang, chng ta quan tm t\u7899?i t\u7
927? s\u7889? gi\u7919?a s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc trang tham \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 chi\u7871?u v t\u7893?ng s\u7889? cc tham chi\u7871?u trang khi th\u
7921?c hi\u7879?n ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh t\u7841?i m\u7897?t th\u7901?i \u273?i\u7
875?m xc \u273?\u7883?nh. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 Do \u273?, cho m\u7895?i tr
ang th\u7913? i, chng ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t xc su\u7845?t t
ham chi\u7871?u p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \u272?i\u
7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 minh ho\u7841? n
h\u432? hnh 3.21 v s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn tch k\u7929? h\u417?n \u7903? d
\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1602\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360\tx900
\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 T\u7893?ng cc xc su\u7845?t thay \u273?\u7893?i tra
ng th b\u7857?ng 1, n l di\u7879?n tch gi\u7919?a \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng cong v cc tr\
7909?c to\u7841? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897?, n c\u361?ng chnh l tch
phn c\u7911?a hm xc su\u7845?t p(i) v\u7899?i c\u7853?n I n\u7857?m trong kho\u784
3?ng i= [1,m]. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.21-------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb6\sl-297\s
lmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? tha
y \u273?\u7893?i trang th \u273?i\u7873?u quy\u7871?t \u273?\u7883?nh l, hm xc su\u7
845?t p(i) khng ph\u7843?i l m\u7897?t h\u7857?ng \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\
u7889?, m ch\u7881? c t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u78
71?u v\u7899?i m\u7897?t xc su\u7845?t nh\u432? nhau (ngay khi p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13
\fs26 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 c\ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs26 ), \u273?\u7863?c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 bi\u7879?t, cc tham chi\
u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u7873?u x\u7843?y ra m\u7897?t cch c\u790

9?c b\u7897? \u7903? d\u7841?ng m. V \u273?\u7871?n m\u7897?t th\u7901?i \u273?i\u
7875?m no \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?, hm xc su\u7845?t p(i) s\u7869? ch\u7
881? lun lun \u273?\u7863?t t\u7841?i m\u7897?t t trang xc \u273?\u7883?nh. Nguyn t\u
7855?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? ny s\u7869? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\u7851
?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7921? suy gi\u7843?m m\u7841?nh m\u7869? c\u7911?a hm p
(i) khi ch\u7881? s\u7889? i qu l\u7899?n, v do \u273? \u273? t\u7841?o nn m\u7897?t
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c\u417? s\u7903? th\u7921?c thi c\u7911?a m hnh b\u7
897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o. N\u7871?u t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang \u7843?o c\u7911?a
ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
00 v\u7899?i xc su\u7845?t nh\u432? nhau, do \u273?, cc b\u7843?ng \u273?a b\u7853?
c khng c\u7847?n t\u7899?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? k\u7871?t h\u7907?p, khi chng n\u785
7?m \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 trn s\u7921? d\u432? th\u7915?a cc trang khng t\u
7891?n t\u7841?i. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-313\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn
dtw0\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? ti\u7871?n hnh cng vi\u7879?c kh\u7843?o st ti\u78
71?p theo, chng ta m hnh ho cc trang (c kh\u7843? n\u259?ng) \up0 \expndtw-3\charscal
x100 c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh v\u7899?i hai t\u7853?p h\u7907?p: t\u78
53?p M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l t\u7853?p cc trang v\
u7899?i ch\u7881? s\u7889? i< i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104
m\u7897?t xc su\u7845?t p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (n
thu\u7897?c t\u7853?p working set) v t\u7853?p M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs26 l t\u7853?p cc trang bn ph\u7843?i v\u7899?i ch\u7881? s\u7889?
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs17 M\ul0\super\cf5\f6
\fs38 <i<m c xc su\u7845?t p\ul0\nosupersub\cf12\f13\fs17 2 \par\pard\ql \li900\sb
1\sl-236\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Ta c:
\u961? l xc su\u7845?t thay \u273?\u7893?i trang; k l s\u7889? trang c\u7911?a b\u7
897? nh\u7899? chnh; m l s\u7889? trang c th\u7875? c \par\pard\ql \li540\sb12\sl-29
9\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh v \u963? l h\u787
9? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?, n \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh b\u7857?ng t\u7927? s\u7889?: \u963? = k/m \par\pard\qj \l
i540\ri1603\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u t\u7
845?t c\u7843? cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u v\u7899?i xc su\u784
5?t nh\u432? nhau, do \u273?, chng ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndt
w-5\charscalex100 quan h\u7879?: \par\pard\ql \li900\ri3375\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u929? = (s\u7889? trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay
\u273?\u7893?i)/ (t\u7893?ng s\u7889? trang) \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
Hay \u961? = (m-k) / m = 1 -\u963? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb4\sl-296\slmult
0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Khi xc su\u7845?t xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n tra
ng \u273?\u7841?t \u945? = 1-\u961? th m\u7897?t trang th\u7913? i t\u7891?n t\u7
841?i trong dy k trang c\u7911?a b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7899?
, n ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c vo xc su\u7845?t tham chi\u7871?u p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . N\u7871?u chng ta p d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t chi\u7871
?n l\u432?\u7907?c thay th\u7871? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trang, m n thay th\
u7871? m\u7897?t cch t nh\u7845?t cc trang th\u432?\u7901?ng hay \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c tham chi\u7871?u nhi\u7873?u nh\u7845?t, do \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u2
73?, xc su\u7845?t tham chi\u7871?u p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26 v xc su\u7845?t c m\u7863?t \u945? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lin k\u7871?t v\u789
9?i nhau. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t trang v\u7899?i ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscal
ex100 s\u7889? k c m\u7863?t, khi \u273?, xc su\u7845?t hi\u7879?n trang \u273?\u43
2?\u7907?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh: T\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang v\u7899?i ch\u7881? s\u
7889? i<k c m\u7863?t, \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m hnh
c\u7911?a hai t\u7853?p h\u7907?p trang ni trn (M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), chn
g ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c: \par\pard\ql \li3470\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li3470\sb0\sl-161\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li3470\sb14\sl-161\slmult0 \up
0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf27\f28\fs14 k \par\pard\ql \li1354\
sb0\sl-324\slmult0\tx3805\tx6887 \dn5 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f5\f6\fs26 \u945?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (k) = p\ul0
\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (i<=k) = \ul0\nosupersub\cf25\f
26\fs36 \u-3867? \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26

p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = kp\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs
26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
v\u7899?i 1< = k< = I \ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
M \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (3.2) \par\par
d\li3441\sb5\sl-161\slmult0\fi0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf
27\f28\fs14 i\t \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf26\f27\fs14 \u-4
035?\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840{\shp
z-10000\shplid22
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01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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0101010101010101010000000000000102030405060708090a0bffc400b511000201020404030407
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00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
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00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
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00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
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00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
00514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514005145140051451400514514
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2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (k) = \u945?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub
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\expndtw-12\charscalex96 \ul0\nosupersub\cf28\f29\fs36 \u-3867? \tab \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2 \ul0\n
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ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 + (k- i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs2
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m \tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 (3.3) \par\pard\li3085\sb61\sl-161\slmult0
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sub\cf5\f6\fs26 .p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 i\par\pard\ql \li1733\sb38\sl-161\slmul
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td\sbknone \li900\sb1\sl-338\slmult0\fi0\tx1655\tx2083\tx4059 \up0 \expndtw-6\ch
arscalex100 1-v =\tab \dn6 \expndtw0\charscalex95 \ul0\nosupersub\cf31\f32\fs36
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\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (m-i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) .p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-6\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u8596?
p\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (1-v)/ (m-i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 )\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone \li900\sb0\sl-126\slmult0\fi659\tx1874 \up0 \
expndtw-6\charscalex87 \ul0\nosupersub\cf33\f34\fs14 i\ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\f
s14 \u-4035?\t \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf33\f34\fs14 iM\ta
b \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf32\f33\fs14 \u-4053? 1\par\par
d\qj \li540\ri1539\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 H\u7879? s\u7889? trao \u273?\u7893?i trang l\u7841? \u961
? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c k\u7871?t h\u7907?p t\u7915? bi\u7875?u th\u7913?c (3.1)
v\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u7907? giu[psp c\u7911?a cc c\u417? quan \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 h\u7879? (3.2) v (3.3). T\u7915? hm \u961? ny, ta xc \u273?\u7883?nh \
u273?\u432?\u7907?c hm \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
v \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 cho 2 t\u7853?p h
\u7907?p trang: \par\pard\li1678\sb1\sl-291\slmult0\fi0\tx6332 \up0 \expndtw-1\c
harscalex100 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1 - \u
945?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1 - kp\ul0\sub\cf12\f
13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =1 - kv/i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\tab \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v\u7899?i 1<= k<=i\ul0\sub
\cf12\f13\fs26 M\par\pard\ql \li1656\sb3\sl-293\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2 \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1 - \u945?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
= 1 - v - (1-v). (k- i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )/ (mi\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )
v\u7899?i i\ul0\s
ub\cf12\f13\fs26 M \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= k <= m \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1
594\sb2\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 N\u7871?u chng ta chuy
\u7875?n t\u7915? h\u7879? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? tuy\u
7879?t \u273?\u7889?i k t\u7899?i h\u7879? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng b\u7897?
nh\u7899? t\u432?\u417?ng \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u7889?i trn m\u78
97?t ti\u7871?n trnh \u963?, trong \u273?, chng ta m\u7903? r\u7897?ng cc bi\u7875?u
th\u7913?c v\u7899?i 1/m v nhn cc quan \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 h\u7879? trn t
\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang v\u7899?i 1/m, do \u273?, v\u7899?i quan h\u7879? \u963
?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /m d\u7851?n t\u7899?i cc bi\u7875?u th\u7913?c sau;
\par\pard\ql \li1613\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u961?\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =1 - kv/i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
M \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1-k.m.v/m. I\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosu

persub\cf5\f6\fs26 =1 v.\u963?/\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf
5\f6\fs26
v\u7899?i 1/m <= \u963?=k/m <=\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
(3.4) \par\pard\ql \li1613\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 =(1-v) [1- (k/m- i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /m)/(1
- i\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /m)] = (1-v).(1-\u963?)/(
1-\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) v\u7899?i \u963?\u
l0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= \u963?<= 1 (3.5) \par\pard\
qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Khi \u96
3?=\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th hai hm \u7903? tr
\u7841?ng thi qu \u273?\u7897?, lc \u273? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f1
3\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\u963?) =\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u963?) =\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 = \u961?(\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )
. \u7902? \u273?y ta \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 xc \u273?\u7883?nh \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c: \par\pard\li1678\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx5956 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = \u961?\ul0\s
ub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) = 1-v\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (3.6)\par\par
d\ql \li540\ri1592\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \
u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m hnh th s\u7921? phn b\u7893? trang \u7903? trong hai t\u78
53?p M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\f
s26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , chng ta tm th\u7845?y m\u7897?t \line \up0 \exp
ndtw-4\charscalex100 quan h\u7879? gi\u7919?a h\u7879? s\u7889? trao \u273?\u789
3?i trang \u961? v h\u7879? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u963
?. Hnh 3.22 ch\u7881? ra \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charsca
lex100 Th\u7853?t v\u7853?y, khi tham chi\u7871?u trang v\u7899?i xc su\u7845?t n
h\u432? nhau, th hm \u961? =1- \u963? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u di\u7877?n l
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 m\u7897?t \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng th\u7859?ng.
V\u7899?i s\u7921? m\u7903? r\u7897?ng \u963? = 0, gi tr\u7883? c\u7911?a hm ny \u2
73?\u7841?t \u961? =1. Cc quan h\u7879? (3.4) v \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 (3.5) th c\u361?ng l cc \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng th\u7859?ng, v chng g\u7863?p nhau t\
u7841?i m\u7897?t \u273?i\u7875?m. Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta nh\u7853?n th\u7845?y r\u
7857?ng, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 khi thu h\u7865?p h\u7879? s\u7889?
kh\u7843? n\u259?ng trang \u963?, cho t\u7899?i khi g\u7863?p t\u7853?p h\u7907?
p trang \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 sau
qu \u273?\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex104 chuy\u7875?n bi\u7871?n c\u79
11?a cc hm \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \u961?\ul0\
sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , th hm c\u7911?a s\u7921? ho\u7841
?t \u273?\u7897?ng trao \u273?\u7893?i trang tr\u7903? thnh m\u7897?t \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng d\u7889?c \u273?\u7897?t ng\u7897?
t, l\u432?u tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny: ta th\u7845?y hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 thrashing effect\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 xu\u7845?
t hi\u7879?n. Khi \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 hm \u961? c m\u7897?t s\u7921
? ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c thch \u7913?ng, \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng th\u7859?ng ny bi\u7
871?n thnh m\u7897?t \u273?i\u7875?m \u7903? trn \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng \line \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 cong. \par\pard\li964\sb1\sl-286\slmult0\fi0\tx4407 \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Hnh 3.22.***\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\p
ard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-295\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1593\sb6\sl-295\slmult0\fi
360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosuper
sub\cf5\f6\fs26 > t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , do \u2
73?, th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i s\u7869? xc \u273?\u7883?nh t\u7893?
ng th\u7901?i gian x\u7917? l B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 . V\u7899?i n ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 nh\u432? nhau th B\u
l0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n. B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , n\u7871?u c k\u7875? t\u7899?i \u7843?nh h\u432?\u79
03?ng c\u7911?a th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v th\u7901?i gian thay th\u7871? \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 trang t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th B\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n. B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\u

l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
/ t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). Do chng ta ch\u7881? q
uan tm t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7921? trnh by ch\u7845?t l\u432?\u7907?ng \u273?\u789
7?c l\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 v\u7899?i kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gi
an x\u7917? l thng th\u432?\u7901?ng B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs26 , do \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta \u273?\u432?a ra khi ni\u7879?m th\u7901?
i gian x\u7917? l \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?i G:
B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 / B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 thng qua quan h\u7879? \u7903? bi\u7875?u th\u7913?
c (3.1), ta c: \par\pard\ql \li900\sb32\sl-287\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex
100 G=n v\u7899?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= t\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s \par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24\paperw12240\paperh15840\pard\sb0
\sl-240{\bkmkstart Pg24}{\bkmkend Pg24}\par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \p
ar\pard\ql\li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\p
ard\ql\li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb108\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 G= n(t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 / t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\f
s26 ) =n.p(t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 / t\ul0\sub\cf1
2\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) v\u7899?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul
0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 >= t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s \par\pard\ql \li540\ri160
2\sb5\sl-300\slmult0\fi424\tx964 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f5\f6\fs26 Khi t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = t\ul0\sub
\cf12\f13\fs26 s \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th cc ti\u7871?n trnh \u7903? th\u790
1?i k\u7923? qu \u273?\u7897?. Trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny th \u961?.t\ul0
\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v\u7899?i h\u7857?ng s\u7889? \line\tab \up0 \expndtw0\c
harscalex100 \u961? =t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /t\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . V\u7899?i h\u7879? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng
thch h\u7907?p \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , th d\u7
851?n t\u7899?i \u961?(\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
) = \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Khi \u273?, bi\u
7875?u th\u7913?c \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7913? hai c\u7911?a (3
.7) tr\u7903? thnh: \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0\tx3144 \up0 \expndtw-9
\charscalex100 G=n\u961?/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26
v\u7899?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 / t\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 (3.8) \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1594\sb1\
sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Chng ta c th\u7875? phn bi\u7879
?t 2 thng s\u7889? quan tr\u7885?ng: H\u7879? s\u7889? chuy\u7875?n bi\u7871?n \u
961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 gi\u7919?a 2 t\u7853?p
h\u7907?p trang \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , v h\u7879? th\u7889?ng ch
uy\u7875?n bi\u7871?n \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
gi\u7919?a kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian x\u7917? l t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , v kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian ch\u7901? \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\u7907?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf
5\f6\fs26 . By gi\u7901? chng ta xem xt, tnh ch\u7845?t c\u7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?
ng ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c nh\u432? th\u7871? no vo hai thng \line \up0 \expndtw-3\ch
arscalex100 s\u7889? ny ? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Chng ta kh\u7843?o st tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p \u961
?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f
13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
v\u7899?i \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 >= \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 . Chng ta phn chia kho\u7843?ng t\u7893?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 c\u7897?ng c\u7911?a \u963? (xem hnh 3.22) thnh 2 kho\u7843?ng (A v B) nh\u432?
hnh 3.23 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y. \par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\p
ard\li900\sb3\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx4277 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Hnh 3.23***
\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\

pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb36\sl-280\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng A\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : V\u7899?i \
u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= \u963? th c\u361?ng
c \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u961?\ul0\sub\cf
12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= t\ul0
\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s. \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 T\u7913?c l trong kho\u7843?ng
(a) th bi\u7875?u \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7913?c (3.7) tr\u7903? nn: \pa
r\pard\ql \li900\ri4356\sb4\sl-300\slmult0\fi454 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 G
\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 A\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n v\u7899?i \u963?\ul0\s
ub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= \u963? \line \up0 \expndtw-6\c
harscalex100 \u272?y l kho\u7843?ng tuy\u7871?n tnh \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng B
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : T\u7915? bi\u7875?u th\u7913?c (3.8) v bi\u7875?u t
h\u7913?c (3.4) d\u7851?n t\u7899?i k hi\u7879?u: \par\pard\ql \li2004\sb1\sl-299
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u963? = k/(n.m) ~ s/n \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1595\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 V\u7899?i h\u787
9? s\u7889? kh\u7843? n\u259?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?
i v\u7899?i \u963? khi (n-m) trang yu c\u7847?u b\u7897? nh qua n ti\u7871?n trnh \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th th\u7901?i gian x\u7917? l t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\
u7889?i G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7903? kho\u7843?
ng ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t: \par\pard\qj \li900\ri5205\sb0\sl-300\slmu
lt0\fi648 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 B \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 = n -\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /\u
l0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (n/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 )(1-\u963?.v/\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 ) = n/ \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 - s.v/ \u961
?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs2
6 T \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng B l kh
o\u7843?ng tuy\u7871?n tnh m\u7841?nh m\u7869?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb0\sl
-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Cu h\
u7887?i \u273?\u7863?t ra\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : T\u7841?i n\ul0\sub\cf12\
f13\fs26 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ti\u7871?n trnh no th xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n
s\u7921? qu \u273?\u7897? chuy\u7875?n bi\u7871?n t\u7915? kho\u7843?ng A t\u7899
?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 kho\u7843?ng B? \u272?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n \u27
3?\u7875? x\u7843?y ra chuy\u7875?n bi\u7871?n l: \par\pard\li1318\sb8\sl-299\slm
ult0\fi36\tx4643 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 A\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) =G\u
l0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0
\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u8596?
n\ul0\s
ub\cf12\f13\fs26 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0\n
osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 /\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\f
s26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ) \u8596?\par\pard\li1318\sb1\sl-299\slmult0\
fi0\tx4626 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
= (1-(s/n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ).v/\u963?\ul0\sub
\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\u8596? \u961?w.\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = \
u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 -s.v/n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13
\fs26 0\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u8596?\par\pard\li1318\sb1\sl-299\slmult0\f
i0\tx6380 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs26 = s.v/\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (1\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )\tab \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 (3.9)\par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-291\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charsc
alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Th d\u7909? v\u7873? s\u7921? ch\u7883?u t\u7
843?i phi tuy\u7871?n khi s\u7921? thay th\u7871? trang th\u7845?p\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb2\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndt
w0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u m\u7897?t h\u7879? th\u7889?ng c \u273?\u7911? ch\u789

5? cho 2 ti\u7871?n trnh (s=2) thu\u7897?c t\u7853?p \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Gi\u7843? s\u7917? c m\u7897?t \up0 \exp
ndtw0\charscalex100 n\u7917?a s\u7889? cc ti\u7871?n trnh c h\u7879? s\u7889? kh\u7
843? n\u259?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 =0,5, m c t\u7899?i 90% s\u7889? \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ng\u432?\
u7901?i ta \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 quan tm, t\u7913?c l v=0,9 \u8596? \u961?
\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 0,1. V \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12
\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , n\u7871?u chng ta ch\u7845?p nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 0,2 th v\u7899?i \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 s\u7921? ch\u7845?p nh\u7853?n ny, chng ta tnh \u273?\u
432?\u7907?c: \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 n\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 4,5 v G\ul0\sub\cf12\f
13\fs26 B\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (n=6)= 6.5-2.0,9.5.2 = 12 (xem hnh 3.24) \p
ar\pard\li900\sb299\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx3887 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Hnh 3
.24***\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 **\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb283\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta th\u7845?y, t
uy khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh ch\u7881? \u273?\u7911? ch\u7895? cho 2 ti\u7
871?n trnh, nh\u432?ng n\u7871?u khng \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 c t\u7893?n hao,
n c th\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c 4 ti\u7871?n trnh. N\u787
1?u ng\u432?\u7901?i ta gia t\u259?ng s\u7889? ti\u7871?n trnh, th d\u7909? \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 n=6, do \u273?, m\u7897?t s\u7921? ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i g
\u7845?p \u273?i l hi\u7879?u qu\u7843?.
7;32768}}
fs26 By gi\u7901?, chng ta kh\u7843?o st m\u7897?t tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p khc,
v\u7899?i \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u961?\ul
0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf
5\f6\fs26 . Chng ta c th\u7875? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 phn chia kho\u7843?ng
\u963? ra lm 3 ph\u7847?n nh\u432? \u7903? trong hnh 3.25 d\u432?\u7899?i \u273?y.
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb300\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscale
x100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : v\u
7899?i \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u963?\ul0\s
ub\cf12\f13\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 th \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w , \ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs26 do \u273?, suy ra t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <
= t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Trong kho\u7843?ng C ph
\u432?\u417?ng trnh (3.7) \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 tr\u7903? thnh: \par\pard\
ql \li1483\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\f
s26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n v\u7899?i \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <=\u963? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 Kho\u7843?ng C l kho\u7843?ng tuy\u7871?n tnh. \par\pard\q
l \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng D\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : t\u7915? ph\u432?\u417?ng trnh
(3.8) v (3.5) ta c: \par\pard\ql \li900\ri5342\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi518\tx1418\tx1
483\tx1678\tx1678 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 D \ul0\n

osupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (n/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 )/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , v\u7899?i c
= 1- \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , ng\u432?\u7901?
i ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c: \line\tab \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 G\
ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 D \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (n.c/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\
f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 )/(1-s/n) = n.c/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\
fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 - c.s/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , hay: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12
\f13\fs26 D \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = (n-s).c/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26
w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
v\u7899?i \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 <= \u963?<=\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \line \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng D cn g\u7885?i l kho\
u7843?ng trn t\u7927? l\u7879?. \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs26 Kho\u7843?ng E\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : Khi 0 <= \u963? <= \u
963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , ng\u432?\u7901?i ta nh
\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\su
b\cf12\f13\fs26 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n.\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 = (n/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). (1-\u96
3?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 V \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 /\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\
fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), hay: \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 E\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n/\u961?\ul0\sub\cf12
\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 -s.v/ \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 .\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \par\pard\ql \li964\sb1\
sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Kho\u78
43?ng E cn g\u7885?i l kho\u7843?ng tuy\u7871?n tnh m\u7841?nh. \par\pard\ql \li900
\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24
Nh\u7919?ng k\u7871?t lu\u7853?n v cc chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7907?c\ul0\nosupersub\
cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl
-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 T\u7915?
nh\u7919?ng vi\u7879?c nghin c\u7913?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c trnh by nh\u432? \u7903
? trn d\u7851?n t\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng k\u7871?t lu\u7853?n sau \u273?y: \par\pard\
qj \li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u272?i\u
7873?u quan tr\u7885?ng l, cc trang c\u7911?a t\u7853?p cng tc c\u7911?a t\u7845?t c
\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i c \u273?\u7911? ch\u7895? \u7903? \up0 \expnd
tw-2\charscalex100 trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? (kho\u7843?ng G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs2
6 A \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 C\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26 ). N\u7871?u \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7843?
m b\u7843?o, do \u273?, s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-4\ch
arscalex100 trnh b\u7883? thu h\u7865?p, cho \u273?\u7871?n khi cc ti\u7871?n trnh
c \u273?\u7911? khng gian \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri
1588\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Tuy nhin, n\u7871?u \u
273?i\u7873?u \u273? khng \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c, khi \u273? ph\u7843?
i d\u7851?n t\u7899?i cc \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n \u963?>=\u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f
13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \u961?(\u963?) \line \up0 \expndtw-4\char
scalex100 <= \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =ts /
t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Kh\u7843? n\u259?ng b\u78
97? nh\u7899? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh trn quan h\u7879?
c\u7911?a th\u7901?i gian duy tr trang v \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kho\
u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian thay th\u7871? trang. N\u7871?u \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? k
hng x\u7843?y ra, do \u273?, chng ta s\u7869? nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c hi\u7
879?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 qu\u7843? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 t
hrashing effect\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ; mi cho \u273?\u7871?n khi, c \u273?\u
7911? b\u7897? nh\u7899? cho t\u7853?p cng tc (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working
set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). By gi\u7901?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex1
00 chng ta mu\u7889?n lm cho \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 l\u7899?n v \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh
\u7903? \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7919?ng tnh ch\u784
5?t thu\u7853?n l\u7907?i nh\u7845?t c\u7911?a h\u7879? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\ch
arscalex100 th\u7889?ng. V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, c nh\u7919?ng bi\u7879?n

php ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng v ph\u7847?n m\u7873?m c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t sau \u273?y
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c trnh \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 by. \par\pard\ql \l
i900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\c
f6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Nh\u7919?ng bi\u7879?n php ph\u7847?n c
\u7913?ng\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1590\sb4\sl-296\slm
ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u7902? g\u7889?c \u273?\u7897? nh\u791
9?ng bi\u7879?n php ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng, \u273?i\u7873?u ph\u7843?i \u273?\u784
1?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l th\u7901?i gian duy tr trang t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\
ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ph\u7843?i \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u791
1? l\u7899?n, m trong \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t lm cho tran
g \u273?\u7911? l\u7899?n. \u272?i\u7873?u thu\u7853?n l\u7907?i l, th\u7901?i gi
an duy \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tr \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t trang
th ph\u7909? thu\u7897?c m\u7841?nh m\u7869? vo vi\u7879?c lm tr\u7877? s\u7921? tr
uy c\u7853?p ban \u273?\u7847?u (\u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i \u7893? \u273?\u297?a
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c\u7913?ng kho\u7843?ng 10 ms) v khng ph\u7909? thu\
u7897?c vo th\u7901?i gian truy\u7873?n \u273?\u7841?t. T\u7889?t h\u417?n l \u273
?\u7915?ng lm tr\u7877? b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u7899? qu\u7843?
ng \u273?\u7841?i khi truy c\u7853?p nhanh. Tuy nhin, khi \u273?, b\u7897? nh\u789
9? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i \u273?\u7843?m nh\u7853?n vai tr b\u7897? \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7899? chnh, do \u273?, v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? kh kh\u259?
n ni chung \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thu h\u7865?p. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb1\sl300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ngoi ra, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\
u7875? thu nh\u7887? th\u7901?i gian qu \u273?\u7897? chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893
?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , b\u7857?ng cch: ng\u432
?\u7901?i ta ph\u7843?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 phng ng\u7915?a khi nhi\u78
73?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? song hnh n\u7841?p trang. Ph\u432?\u417?ng php ny g\u7885?i
l ph\u432?\u417?ng php dng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nhi\u7873?u \u7893? \u273
?\u297?a \u273?\u7893?i tro. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 V\u7899?i \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 T\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh\u7887? hay v l\u7899?n \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
khi hi\u7879?u ch\u7881?nh m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh trn bnh di\u7879?n l\u7853?p trnh.
\line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t
h\u7921?c hi\u7879?n nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c sao chp cc th\u7911? t\u7909?c, m chng \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p theo b\u7853?c g\u7885?i \line \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 c\u7911?a th\u7911? t\u7909?c. M\u7897?t th d\u7909? v\u7873? \
u273?i\u7873?u \u273? cho th\u7845?y, \u273? l s\u7921? thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p thnh hn
g cc procedure thay
7;32768}}
\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\ri1591\
sb293\sl-300\slmult0\tx900 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 th\u7871? b\u7857?ng m\u7897?t vi\u7879?c g\u7885?i m\u7897?t th\u7911? t\u
7909?c (procedure call). \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? lm l\u432?u t\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng
vng l\u7863?p l\u7899?n. \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 T\u7889?t h\u417?n, nh\u79
19?ng vng l\u7863?p ny c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia thnh nhi\
u7873?u vng l\u7863?p nh\u7887? h\u417?n. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 Thu\u7853?t ton c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay \u273?\u7893?i m\u7897?t cc
h thch h\u7907?p, th d\u7909?, php nhn cc ma tr\u7853?n c th\u7875? \line \up0 \expnd
w0\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia, \u273?\u7847?u tin, nhn theo hng, kh

i \u273?, ma tr\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u tr\u7919? theo hng. Khi nhn \
up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 theo c\u7897?t, th cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thay
\u273?\u7893?i theo c\u7897?t. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard
\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs26 T\u7853?p working set v m hnh t\u7847?n su\u7845?t thay \u273?\u7893?i trang
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi36
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 H\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c\u7847?n \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n m\u7897?t ci g \u273? \u273?\u7875? phng trnh hi\u787
9?u qu\u7843? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 thrashing effect\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 . \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Khi \u273? m\u7897?t chi\u7871?n l\u4
32?\u7907?c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nu ra: Chng ta c th\u7875? xc \u273?\u7883?nh cc t\u
7853?p \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u273
?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ti\u7871?n trnh
v\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip c\u7911?a php th\u7889?ng k th\u7901?i gian, th d\
u7909? cc Bits R v M (ni \u7903? m\u7909?c \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 3.3.5). Khi \u273? chng ta ph\u7843?i quan tm r
\u7857?ng, s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thu n
\u7841?p sao cho \u273?p \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u7913?ng vi\u7879?c b\u78
97? nh\u7899? chnh t\u7891?n t\u7841?i v\u7915?a \u273?\u7911? cho cc t\u7853?p \u
l0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Lc \u273?, ki\u
7875?u lm ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l m hnh t\u
7853?p cng tc (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set model\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 ). Cc b\u7897? nh\u7899? BS2000 (c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng Siemens) v CP37 \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 (c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng IBM) thch h\u7907?p cho tr\u432?\u7
901?ng h\u7907?p ny. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb4\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \ex
pndtw-1\charscalex100 V\u7873? v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ny cn c m\u7897?t chi\u7871?
n l\u432?\u7907?c khc \u273?\u432?\u7907?c quan tm: N\u7871?u F l s\u7889? \u273?o
cc s\u7921? thay th\u7871? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang trn m\u7897?t \u273
?\u417?n v\u7883? th\u7901?i gian, \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l t\u7927? ph\u
7847?n tro \u273?\u7893?i trang; c\u361?ng nh\u432? th\u7901?i gian gi\u7919?a ha
i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l\u7847?n thay \u273?\u7893?i trang v\u432?\u7907
?t ln hay lui l\u7841?i m\u7897?t gi tr\u7883? F\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 0\ul0\nosup
ersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ; lc \u273? ng\u432?\u7901?i ta g\u7885?i l t\u7847?n su\u7845?t
thay \u273?\u7893?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trang, do \u273?, cc ti\u7871?n t
rnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t yn t\u297?nh trong ch\u7889?c lt. N\u7871?u
\u273?i\u7873?u \u273? x\u7843?y ra th c th\u7875? c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
nhi\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng. Cc m hn
h ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c W.W. Chu ch\u7881? ra (1975), cho th\u7845?y, n \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 th t\u7889?t h\u417?n so v\u7899?i m hnh\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f
8\fs26 working set modell\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\
sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb3\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf34\f35\fs26 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf9\f10\fs24 M hnh b\u7853?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11
\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb284\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex104 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t t\u432?\u7903?ng khc \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c nu ln l c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh tr\u
7921?c ti\u7871?p kh\u7843? n\u259?ng c\u7911?a h\u7879? \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 th\u7889?ng. V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u ny, chng ta nghin c\u7913?u \u273?i\u7
873?u ki\u7879?n xu\u7845?t ra m\u7897?t cch bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng cc ti\u7871?n trn
h. \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7895?i khi chng ta nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u79
07?c cc ti\u7871?n trnh, lc \u273?, s\u7913?c ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i c\u7911?a CPU th c
ao h\u417?n, ko di \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cho t\u7899?i khi, th\u7901?i gia
n \u273?\u7907?i t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l\u7899?n
h\u417?n th\u7901?i gian duy tr trang t\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 s\ul0\nosupersub\c
f5\f6\fs26 . Trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny, cc trang \up0 \expndtw-1\charsc
alex100 b\u7883? n \u273?\u7885?ng khi ti\u7871?n hnh thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p s\u792
1? trao \u273?\u7893?i trang. Chng ta c th\u7875? m hnh ha \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? nh\
432? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 l m\u7897?t b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l trao \u273?\
u7893?i trang CPU v chng ta c th\u7875? m hnh ha s\u7921? ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i c\u791
?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 L(n,t) nh\u432? l m\u7897?t

t\u7893?ng c\u7911?a hai t\u7843?i \u951?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 CPU \ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 v \u951?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 PPU . \par\pard\ql \li900\sb31\s
l-264\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 L(n,t) =
W\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 t\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 .\u951?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\f
s26 CPU \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 + W\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\
cf5\f6\fs26 . \u951?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 PPU \par\pard\ql \li900\sb8\sl-299\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Trong \u273?, L(n
,t) cn g\u7885?i b\u7853?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng; W\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . W\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 2\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l cc t
r\u7885?ng s\u7889? \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri
1571\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 M hnh \u273?\u432?\u79
07?c M. Badel \u273?\u432?a ra (1975), ch\u7881? ra r\u7857?ng, m hnh ny ch\u7913?a
\u273?\u7921?ng n\u7897?i dung: \u272?\u7847?u \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tin
t\u259?ng theo m\u7897?t \u273?\u432?\u7901?ng d\u7889?c v sau \u273? gi\u7843?m
xu\u7889?ng nhanh t\u7899?i b\u7853?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng L(n,t) khi v\u432?\u79
07?t qua \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc ti\u7871?n trn
h t\u7899?i h\u7841?n. Khi nghin c\u7913?u s\u7921? bi\u7871?n \u273?\u7893?i cc
thng s\u7889? ti\u7871?n trnh \u7903? m\u7909?c 2.2.2, \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex
100 \u7903? \u273?y chng ta th\u7845?y L(n,t) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xc \u273?\u7883?
nh t\u7915? cc \u273?\u7841?i l\u432?\u7907?ng \u273?o \u273?\u7841?c. N\u7871?u
L(n,t) gi\u7843?m, do \u273?, s\u7889? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l\u432?\u7907
?ng cc ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i b\u7883? thu nh\u7887?;ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?
i, chng ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gia t\u259?ng. Ngay c\u7843? m\u7897?t ph
\u7843?n \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u7913?ng lm tr\u7877? c\u361?ng c th\u7875
? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i vi\u7879?c phng trnh m\u7897?t s\u7921? thay \u273?\u7893?i
c\u7921?c nhanh. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\
sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c c\u7909?c b\u7897? v
ton c\u7909?c\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 :
7;32768}}
fs26 M\u7897?t kh\u7843? n\u259?ng ti\u7871?p theo l, cc ti\u7871?n trnh v nhu c\u
7847?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7911?a chng khng ph\u7843?i l hai \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? c l\u7853?p nhau, m khng gian t\u7891?n t\u7841?i
gi\u7919?a chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia m\u7897?t cch n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?
ng. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Thu\u7897?c v\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, ng
\u432?\u7901?i ta khng th\u7875? phn b\u7893? cho m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh m\u7897
?t khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u432? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 nhau, m ng\u
432?\u7901?i ta phn b\u7893? theo nguyn t\u7855?c: khng gian nh\u7899? t\u7927? l\u
7879? v\u7899?i \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 trnh. \u272?\u7875? tho\u7843? mn nguyn t\u7855?c ny, \u273?\
u7897? l\u7899?n ban \u273?\u7847?u c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? khng \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c nh\u7887? qu. Nh\u432? v\u7853?y, \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 chi\u787
1?n l\u432?\u7907?c ny khng ch\u7881? l\u432?u s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng s\u7917?
d\u7909?ng cc trang, m cn quan tm t\u7899?i c\u7843? \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 thay \u273?\u7893?i n\u259?ng \u273?ng c\u7911?a t\u7853?p
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \par\pard\

qj \li540\ri1553\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 V\u7873?
vi\u7879?c xc \u273?\u7883?nh c\u7909?c b\u7897? \u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n ny cho m
\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7875? th\u7921?c nghi\u7879?m,
\u273?\u7875? truy \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tm m\u7897?t chi\u7871?n l
\u432?\u7907?c v\u7873? cc trang c\u7911?a cc ti\u7871?n trnh, m n \u273?em l\u7841?i
hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? h\u417?n. Do \u273?, cc \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
thu\u7853?t ton LRU v LFU (\u7903? m\u7909?c 3.2) lm vi\u7879?c trn t\u7853?p cc tran
g v xc \u273?\u7883?nh t\u7853?p cng tc c\u7911?a \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 cc ti\u7871?n trnh m\u7897?t cch n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng. \u272?\u7889?i v\u789
9?i thu\u7853?t ton PFF th c ngh\u297?a h\u417?n, h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c\u78
47?n \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i phn b\u7893? b\u7
897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u7875? sao cho t\u7847?n su\u7845?t thay th\u7871? trang \
u7903? t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh l nh\u432? nhau. \par\pard\qj \li540
\ri1591\sb4\sl-296\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Nh\u432?\u7907?c \
u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ton c\u7909?c l \u7903? ch\u7
895?: m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh c th\u7875? c tc d\u7909?ng ln t\u7845?t c\u7843? \li
ne \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t ti\u787
1?n trnh t\u7891?n t\u7841?i v\u7899?i yu c\u7847?u b\u7897? nh\u7899? l\u7899?n,
do \u273?, t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trnh
khc s\u7869? b\u7883? c\u432?\u7905?ng b\u7913?c: th\u432?\u7901?ng ph\u7843?i t
hay \u273?\u7893?i trang h\u417?n hay th\u432?\u7901?ng ph\u7843?i ch\u7901? \u2
73?\u7907?i. \u7902? m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 chi\u7871?n l\
u432?\u7907?c c\u7909?c b\u7897? th ng\u432?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, ch\u7881? c nh\u79
19?ng ti\u7871?n trnh l\u7899?n ph\u7843?i ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i, cn cc ti\u7871
?n trnh \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 khc ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c lm vi\u7879?c
v\u7899?i khng gian tr\u7889?ng c\u7911?a chng. Tuy nhin, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i
t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 th \u273?
i\u7873?u \u273? ch\u432?a t\u7889?i \u432?u, n s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7
843?m nh\u7853?n m\u7897?t cch tho\u7843? \u273?ng h\u417?n trong cc h\u7879? th\u7
889?ng \u273?a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u
7909?ng. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb3\sl-299\sl
mult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 Chi\u7871?n l\u
419?\u7907?c lazy evaluation\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\
sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1598\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expn
dtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 C ki\u7871?n cho r\u7857?ng, \u27
3?\u7875? thu h\u7865?p tiu phi cng tc cho cc trang, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta th\u7921?c
hi\u7879?n nguyn \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 t\u7855?c \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
26 lazy evaluation\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh\u432? sau: T\u7845?t c\u7843?
m\u7885?i ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c x d\u7883?ch cho \u273?
\u7871?n ch\u7915?ng no \u273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
tho\u7843? mn. Sau \u273?y l vi th d\u7909? m t\u7843? nguyn t\u7855?c ny: \par\par
\li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub
\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Copy on write\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 (sao khi vi\u7871?t): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1600\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 N\u7871?u vi\u7879?c sao chp trang l c\u7847?n thi\u
7871?t, do \u273?, m\u7897?t trang g\u7889?c ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thi
hnh b\u7903?i m\u7897?t l\u7847?n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 lm d\u7845?u. \u27
2?\u7847?u tin, trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c truy c\u7853?p \u273?\u7875? vi\u7871?
t, t\u7913?c l: tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273? b\u7843?n sao g\u7889?c \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c \u273?\u7863?t ln, v \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 sau \u273? trang \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c s\u7917?a ch\u7919?a v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c copy. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb
0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscal
ex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Pape oo
ut Pool \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (trang ra kh\u7887?i ao): \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1599\sb9\sl-290\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u272?ng l\u7869?
trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t ra ngay, th n l\u7841?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c n\u7841?p vo b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i; khi \u273?, ng\u432?
\u7901?i ta \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 n\u7841?p chng vo m\u7897?t kho ch\u7913
?a (depot); v v\u7853?y, trang \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi standby (\u273?\u7913?ng c\
u7841?nh). Sau \u273?, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c m\u7897?t trang \u273?\u432

?\u7907?c dng ngay tr\u7903? l\u7841?i, m n khng b\u7883? l\u7845?y l\u7841?i b\u790
3?i \u7893? \u273?\u297?a. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb2\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 M\u7897?t chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c\ul0\nosupersub
\cf7\f8\fs26 pape out pool\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 nh\u432? th\u7871? t\u78
41?o nn m\u7897?t vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7863?t ch\u7895? cho trang, d cc trang \line \
up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng khc nhau. N
\u7871?u c m\u7897?t t trang t\u7921? do, khi \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta dng chng tr
\u7903? l\u7841?i ngay \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 cho trang m\u7899?i; v
n\u7871?u cn nhi\u7873?u khng gian tr\u7889?ng n\u7919?a, khi \u273?, ng\u432?\u790
1?i ta \u273?\u7863?t chng lu h\u417?n t \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 n\u791
9?a v kh\u7843?o st chng nh\u432? l m\u7897?t n\u417?i \u273?\u7863?t ch\u7895? \u27
3?\u7847?y ti\u7873?m n\u259?ng cho s\u7921? ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng c\u7911?
a trang. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 V\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n
bin\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 :
7;32768}}
fs26 Bn c\u7841?nh v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? chnh nh\u432? gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n khng
gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia khi c tranh \line
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ch\u7845?p ti\u7871?n trnh, c\u361?ng cn nhi\u7873?
u v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? khc, m chng c quan h\u7879? ch\u7863?t ch\u7869? v\u7899?i
vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trang. \par\p
ard\ql \li900\sb21\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-6\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nos
upersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n l\u7879?
nh\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi
360\tx900 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Ng\u7855?t l\u7895?i trang, ho\u7841?t \
u273?\u7897?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh \u273?\
u7883?a ch\u7881? ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng, m n d\u7851?n t\u7899?i s\u7921? \u273?nh
ch\u7881? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ngay l\u7879?nh my \u273?ang \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n, n\u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?ch
khng \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899?. \line \tab \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 N
\u7871?u v\u7899?i c\u417? ch\u7871? thay th\u7871? trang, trang mong mu\u7889?n
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7891?n t\u7841?i trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh, do \u273
?, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 l\u7879?nh ny ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n m\u7897?t cch m\u7899?i m\u7867?. Tuy nhin, v\u7873? \u273
?i\u7873?u ny, h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh ph\u7843?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex102 nh\u7853?n bi\u7871?t: C \u7903? \u273?u m\u7897?t l\u7879?nh t\u7891?n t\
u7841?i v\u7899?i nhi\u7873?u Bytes (?), v khng ch\u7881? v\u7853?y, do \u273?u l\u
7879?nh \u273? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tham chi\u7871?u m\u7897?t \u2
73?\u7883?a ch\u7881? khng thu\u7853?t l\u7901?i (?). T\u7915? l do ny, l\u7879?nh
c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t nhn \lin
e \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 t\u7917?, n\u7871?u l\u7879?nh b\u7883? b\u7867?
gy th n khng cn tc d\u7909?ng no c\u7843?, v n\u7871?u khng, l\u7879?nh c\u7847?
7871?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 d\u7851?n t\u789
9?i m\u7897?t nhn t\u7917? khc, khi \u273?, \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? ban \u273?\u78
47?u c\u7911?a n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p vo thanh ghi. N\u7871?u tr\u432?\u
7901?ng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 h\u7907?p ni trn khng x\u7843?y ra, h\u7
879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh ph\u7843?i khai kh\u7849?n t\u7853?n l\u7921?c cc d\u7919
? li\u7879?u c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t t\u7915? m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 ng\u259?n x\u7871?p m microcode hay cc bi\u7871?n khc, do \u273?, m\u7897?
t s\u7921? thay th\u7871? trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lm tr\u7877? l khng \line \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\
slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3
913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Trang xu\u7845?t
nh\u7853?p v trang chia x\u7867? (I/O pages and shared pages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f
6\fs26 ) \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 V\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? ti\u7871?p theo, \u273? l vi\u7879?c x\u7917? l
cc trang \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t. N\u7871?u \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t
ti\u7871?n trnh, m\u7897?t s\u7921? trao \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u27
3?\u7893?i d\u7919? li\u7879?u I/O \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7909?ng ch\u7841
?m t\u7899?i v m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh khc nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u789
7? vi x\u7917? l, do \u273?, \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c
th\u7875? l, trang I/O c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?
i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p vo khng gian c\u7911?a m\u7897?t s\u7921? phn b\u7
893? b\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 nh\u7899? ton c\u7909?c v trang
v\u7853?t l \u273?\u432?\u7907?c trao cho m\u7897?t cch m\u7899?i m\u7867?. N\u787
1?u sau khi thay \u273?\u7893?i trang, b\u7897? vi \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 x\u7917? l I/O nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?u kh
i\u7875?n, do \u273?, trang sai (page fault) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u790
9?ng cho I/O; n\u7871?u r\u7911?i \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ro, n \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cho c\u7843? hai ti\u7871?n trnh. Trong tr\u4
32?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny, vi\u7879?c kh\u7855?c ph\u7909?c t\u7841?o nn m\u7897?t
\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d\u7845?u hi\u7879?u c\u7911?a cc trang I/O
v n th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c lo\u7841?i b\u7887? trang \u273?nh d\u7845?u k
hi thay th\u7871? trang. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up
0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 M\u7897?t v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? n\u7919?a v\u7873?
cc trang, \u273? l cc trang, m chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng trong nh
\u7873?u ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (th d\u7909?: \ul0\nosupersu
b\cf7\f8\fs26 shared pages\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), ho\u7863?c trang m c\u79
11?a m\u7897?t th\u432? vi\u7879?n chung (th d\u7909? th\u432? vi\u7879?n ngn ng\u
7919? C). \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Nh\u7919?ng trang ny c ngh\u297?a \u273?ng
k\u7875?, chng khng cho php n\u7841?p cng v\u7899?i m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh hay \up
0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 t\u7841?i th\u7901?i \u273?i\u7875?m k\u7871?t thc chng
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c php \u273?an nhau, khi chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t ti
\u7871?n trnh khc tham \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 chi\u7871?u. Ngay t\u7841?i cc
thu\u7853?t ton thay th\u7871? trang, \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c quan tm t\u7899?i. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li900\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Paging demon\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\
fs26 (l\u7853?p trang ma): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb4\sl-296\slmult0\fi403
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Cng vi\u7879?c c\u7911?a cc thu\u7853?t ton thay th\u
7871? trang c th\u7875? tr\u7903? nn hi\u7879?u su\u7845?t h\u417?n, n\u7871?u ng\
u432?\u7901?i ta xem \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 xt m (code) nh\u432? l m\u7897?t
ti\u7871?n trnh l\u7853?p trang ma (paging demon) v ng\u432?\u7901?i ta \u273?\u7
875? cho n x\u7843?y ra \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi khng t
\u7843?i m\u7897?t cch \u273?\u7873?u \u273?\u7863?n. Theo \u273?, nh\u7919?ng yu c
\u7847?u khng ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lm thch \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
h\u7907?p, m cn c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7885?n d\u7865?p cho m\u7897?t
khng gian tr\u7889?ng; khi \u273? nh\u7919?ng thng tin th\u7889?ng k \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7903? nn b\u7913?c bch v d\u7883?ch v\u7909?
h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n, th d\u7909? nh\
u432? vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh chi\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 l\
u432?\u7907?c page out pool \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ni tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273?. \par\
pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb3\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.3.7. Chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7
907?c thay th\u7871? trang \u7903? h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Unix\ul0\nosupers
ub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1

593\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 \u7902? trong Unix, c hai c\u417? ch\u7871? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7907?
gip. \u272? l\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 swapping v paging\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 (x\u7871?p ch\u7891?ng v l\u7853?p \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang)
. Vi\u7879?c thu x\u7871?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p c\u7911?a c\
u417? ch\u7871? \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 swapping\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
lun lun \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, nh\u7845?t l, n \line \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng khi th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p nh
anh. V v\u7853?y, \u7903? vi\u7879?c s\u7843?n sinh m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh, th m
\u7897?t s\u7921? \u273?\u7863?t
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 c
h\u7895? v\u7873? khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7903? kho\u7843?ng \ul0\nosupers
ub\cf7\f8\fs26 swap\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 cho vi\u7879?c n\u7841?p m\u7897
?t ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7921? \u273?on. Kho\u7843?ng \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 swap\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
c th\u7875? t\u7921? t\u7893? ch\u7913?c m\u7897?t cch khc nhau, n th c th\u7875? l
u7897?t \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? v\u7853?t l hay l m\u7897?t \u273?\u417?n v\u7883?
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 logic, n c th\u7875? ch\u7881? l m\u7897?t ph\u7847?n
\u7893? \u273?\u297?a hay l m\u7897?t ph\u7847?n c\u7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng f
iles. Nh\u7919?ng ngu\u7891?n g\u7889?c \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 sinh s\u78
43?n ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u7903? trong dy tu\u7847?n t\u
7921? c\u7911?a kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p. \par\pard\qj \li540
\ri1590\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\
u7899?i vi\u7879?c thay th\u7871? trang, \u7903? h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Uni
x c m\u7897?t s\u7921? c\u7841?nh tranh gi\u7919?a hai c\u417? ch\u7871? v\u7915?
a \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ni, c\u361?ng v th\u7871? chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n b\u7903?i 2 ti\u7871?n trnh n\u7873?n ( background process
es). Ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 n\u7873?n \u273?\u7875? n\u7841
?p trang s\u7869? \u273?\u7863?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i cc Bits R tham chi\u7871?u t
rang v\u7899?i nh\u7919?ng kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \u273?\u7873?u \up0 \exp
ndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\u7863?n. Sauk hi \u273?\u7863?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i,
ti\u7871?n trnh ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i thm m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gi
an \u8710?t v ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c n\u7841?p t\u7845?t c\u7843? \up0 \expndtw-5\c
harscalex100 cc trang, cho \u273?\u7871?n khi Bits R \u273?\u7841?t gi tr\u7883? 0
. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 Tuy nhin, c\u417? ch\u7871? ny ch\u7881? c hi\u7879?u l\u7921?c khi nh\u7887? h
\u417?n 25% khng gian tr\u7889?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh \line \up0 \ex
pndtw0\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng (\u273?i\u7873?u \
u273? c ngh\u297?a l: dung l\u432?\u7907?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh gi\u7843?m v n ph
u7843?i bao g\u7891?m dung \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l\u432?\u7907?ng c
\u7911?a nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh, cc ti\u7871?n trnh n\u7873?n, b\u7897? kch
t\u7841?o cc thi\u7871?t b\u7883?, giao di\u7879?n ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng\u8230?). V vi\u7879?c ch\u7841?y l\u4
32?\u7899?t qua t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc trang x\u7843?y ra qu lu \u273?\u7889?i v\u78
99?i m\u7897?t b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883?, do v\u7853?y, \u7903? \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex102 trong Unix c thm b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883? th\u7913? hai

\u273?\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c ki\u7875?m tra l\u7841?i cc Bits R
v vi\u7879?c n\u7841?p \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 trang, b\u7897? ch\u7
881? th\u7883? ny c\u361?ng ch\u7841?y trong kho\u7843?ng th\u7901?i gian \u8710?
t ni trn. Thu\u7853?t ton ch\u7881? th\u7883? gi\u7901? ny \line \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7843?m nhi\u7879?m \u7903? trong h\u7879?
th\u7889?ng Unix V. \u272?\u7875? chinh ph\u7909?c ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng n
\u7841?p trang m khng c \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u273?i\u7873?u g x\u7843
?y ra, th trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p ch\u7881? khi chng \u7903? l\u7841?
i trong n l\u7889?i \u273?i qua lin ti\u7871?p ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 dng. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmul
t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 N\u7871?u ch\u7881? cn t khng gian b\u7897?
nh\u7899? c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng, do \u273?, ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?
ng n\u7841?p trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7855?t \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
\u273?\u7847?u t\u7915? m\u7897?t gi tr\u7883? ng\u432?\u7905?ng c\u7917?a xc \u27
3?\u7883?nh c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh n\u7873?n swap, n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tc \u2
73?\u7897?ng b\u7903?i cc ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trnh di v n \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? qu\u7843?ng \u273?\u7841?i, cho \
u273?\u7871?n khi khng gian tr\u7889?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u7841?t nh\u788
7? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 nh\u7845?t.N\u7871?u cc ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?n
g n\u7841?p trang \u273? ln nhau, do \u273?, cc ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng tr\u7903? l\u7841?i. \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 Tr
ong h\u7879? th\u7889?ng Unix V, cho ci \u273?, c hai gi tr\u7883? max v min \u273?\u
432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7875? trnh m\u7897?t s\u7921? \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 l\u432?\u7905?ng l\u7921? \u7903? kho\u7843?ng gi\u7899?i
h\u7841?n. N\u7871?u chng ta kh\u7843?o st m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh l\u7899?n m n \u
273?ang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p, do \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?,
khng gian tr\u7889?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gia t\u259?ng r r\u7
879?t. By gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7853?n tr\
u7903? l\u7841?i, th \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 khng gian tr\u7889?ng b\u7897?
nh\u7899? gi\u7843?m \u273?i m\u7897?t cch nh\u7883?p nhng cho t\u7899?i d\u432?\u
7899?i gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n can thi\u7879?p (chi\u7871?m \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \u273?\u7911?) v ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p tr\u7903? l
\u7841?i. S\u7921? dao \u273?\u7897?ng khi trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xu\u7845?t
\u273?i hay \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p vo c th\u7875? \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c h\u7841?n ch\u7871? khi khng gian tr\u7889?ng b\u7897
? nh\u7899? l\u7899?n h\u417?n gi tr\u7883? min (khi ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\
u7907?c n\u7841?p), nh\u432?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m khng l\u7899?n h\u4
17?n gi tr\u7883? max (khi khng c ti\u7871?n trnh no xu\u7845?t \u273?i). \par\pard\q
j \li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 N\u7871?u
khng c ph\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n no \u273?\u7875? trnh hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? thras
hing effect, do \u273?, ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t b\u7897? \line
\up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u hnh h\u7879? th\u7889?ng can thi\u7
879?p. Nh\u7919?ng bi\u7879?n php nh\u432? dng thi\u7871?t b\u7883? phn cch (swap de
vice) \u273?\u7875? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 tch chia h\u7879? th\u7889
?ng x\u7845?p v h\u7879? th\u7889?ng files, nh\u432? vi\u7879?c phn b\u7893? khi x
\u7871?p ch\u7891?ng hay l\u7853?p trang trn \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
nhi\u7873?u \u7893? \u273?\u297?a, hay vi\u7879?c t\u7841?o l\u7853?p cc b\u7897?
nh\u7899? chnh ph\u7909? \u273?\u7873?u c th\u7875? mang l\u7841?i nh\u7919?ng gi
\u7843?m nh\u7865? mong \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 mu\u7889?n. \par\par
d\ql \li900\sb261\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\c
f9\f10\fs24 3.3.8. Chi\u7871?n l\u419?\u7907?c thay th\u7871? trang \u7903? tron
g Windows NT\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmul
t0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex
100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? trong cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh tr\u432?\u7
899?c \u273? nghin c\u7913?u cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ton c\u7909?c v nghin c\u
913?u nhi\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thu\u7853?t ton thay th\u787
1? trang. Chng r\u7845?t thu\u7853?n ti\u7879?n trong s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\
u7875? qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899?, v chng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 c\u361?ng mang l\u7841?i nhi\u7873?u k\u7871?t qu\u7843? kh\u7843? quan. Ng\u4
32?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, trong h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT, chi\u7871?n

l\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 thay th\u7871? trang bnh th\
u432?\u7901?ng cn lin quan \u273?\u7871?n chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c thay th\u787
1? trang c\u7909?c b\u7897? FIFO. Nh\u7919?ng l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 do th\u7853?t \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n: V chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c thay th\u
7871? trang ton c\u7909?c c tc d\u7909?ng t\u7915? m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh ny t\u78
99?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh khc, do \u273?, v
\u7899?i m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh no \u273?, cc c\u417? ch\u7871? th\u7921?c thi s\
u7869? ch\u7885?n m\u7897?t chi\u7871?n
7;32768}}
\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-298\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl298\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1595\sb2\sl-298\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charsca
lex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 l\u432?\u7907?c, m n ch\u7881? gi\u7899?i h\u78
41?n c\u7909?c b\u7897? trn m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh ring l\u7867?, \u273?\u7875
? xc \u273?\u7883?nh m\u7897?t cch tch c\u7921?c s\u7921? \line \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 ph phn c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng v\u7873? h\u7879?
\u273?i\u7873?u hnh. V\u7899?i m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh khc, thu\u7853?t ton \u273
?\u417?n gi\u7843?n \u273?\u7875? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7921?c
thi c\u417? ch\u7871? thay th\u7871? trang v thu\u7853?t ton FIFO c th\u7875? \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n v\u7899?i tiu ph th\u7901?i gian t \line \up
0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 nh\u7845?t, do \u273?, trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u79
07?p bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng, th\u7901?i gian th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n cc chi\u7871?n l
\u432?\u7907?c s\u7869? gi\u7843?m \u273?ng \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 k\
u7875?. Nh\u7901? th\u7871?, l\u7895?i c\u361?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c h\u7841?n
ch\u7871?; l\u7895?i th\u432?\u7901?ng xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n khi n\u7841?p trang
; do \u273?, \u273?\u7847?u tin, cc \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c chuy\u7875?n \u273?i b\u7903?i chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c page
out pool \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh; t\u7915? \u273?, chng d\u7877? dng \
line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh\u7853?n tr\u7903? l\u
7841?i. Tuy nhin, khi c t b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7903? trong h\u7879? th\u7889?ng; do
\u273?, m\u7897?t c\u417? ch\u7871? th\u7913? hai c \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 hi\u7879?u l\u7921?c g\u7885?i l c\u417? ch\u7871? xn t\u7881?a t\u7921? \u
273?\u7897?ng t\u7853?p cng tc. V\u7899?i c\u417? ch\u7871? ny, t\u7845?t c\u7843?
cc ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 d\u7851
?n qua v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ki\u7875?m tra, li\u7879?u chng c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
nhi\u7873?u trang khng, khi m cc trang ny l \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 m\u7
897?t s\u7889? t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh. S\u7889? cc trang
t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u ny c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881
?nh trong kho\u7843?ng gi\u7899?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 h\u7841?n xc
\u273?\u7883?nh c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i qu\u7843?n l h\u7879? th\u7889?ng. Co
n s\u7889? hi\u7879?n hnh c\u7911?a cc trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909
?ng cho \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh th \u273?\u4
32?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883? l t\u7853?p cng tc \u7903? trong Windows NT (ng\u4
32?\u7907?c l\u7841?i v\u7899?i \u273?\u7883?nh ngh\u297?a \line \up0 \expndtw0\
charscalex102 nu \u7903? trn). N\u7871?u ti\u7871?n trnh s\u7917? d\u7909?ng qu nhi\
u7873?u trang trong t\u7853?p cng tc t\u7889?i thi\u7875?u; do \u273?, cc \line \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 trang s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p v t\u7853?
p cng tc b\u7883? thu h\u7865?p. By gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh c
h\u7881? c m\u7897?t s\u7889? t\u7889?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thi\u7

875?u cc trang, n s\u7869? pht sinh l\u7895?i trang v khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? ch
h l\u7841?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7891?n t\u7841?i tr\u7903? l\u7841?i \line \
up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 (\u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7843?i phng), do \u273?, \u2
73?\u7897? l\u7899?n t\u7853?p working set l\u7841?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gia t\
u259?ng v t\u7841?o cho ti\u7871?n trnh c \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nhi\u
7873?u khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult
0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u7902? vi\u7879?c s\u7843?n sinh ti\u7871
?n trnh, m\u7897?t ph\u432?\u417?ng php c tn clustering methode \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
p d\u7909?ng: m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\u7889? trang \u273
?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n \u273?i tr\u432?\u7899?c \u273? v sau \u273? b\u7893? sun
g cho cc trang cn thi\u7871?u, v\u7899?i m\u7909?c \u273?ch ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 lm gi\u7843?m xc su\u7845?t l\u7895?i trang. \u2
72?i\u7873?u \u273? ph h\u7907?p v\u7899?i m\u7897?t chi\u7873?u di trang c kch c\u79
03? hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? cao. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi36
0 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t bi\u7879?n php ti\u7871?p theo l t\u7841?
o l\u7853?p vi\u7879?c p d\u7909?ng ph\u432?\u417?ng php \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs
26 copy on write\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 , m ph\u432?\u417?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\
charscalex100 php ny th \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t hi\u7879?u nghi\u7879?m khi s\u78
43?n sinh ra m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh m\u7899?i \u7903? h\u7879? th\u7889?ng con
POSIX v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hm \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 fork
()\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . V cc trang c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh cha
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c lm d\u7845?u ch\u7881? v\u7899?i Bit theo ph\u432?\u417?ng p
hp \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 copy on write\ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v sau \u273? ti\u7871?n trnh con th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n nh\u79
01? m\u7897?t hm g\u7885?i h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 exec(
)\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
b\u7903?i m\u7897?t m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh khc, do \u273?, cc trang c\u7911?a ti\u7
871?n trnh cha khng c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843?i sao \up0 \expndtw-5\charscale
x100 chp l\u7841?i v v th\u7871?, ti\u7871?t ki\u7879?m \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u79
01?i gian. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\c
harscalex100 \u7902? cc files th\u432? vi\u7879?n k\u7871?t n\u7889?i \u273?\u789
7?ng (Dynamic Link Library- DLL), m\u7897?t c\u417? ch\u7871? t\u432?\u417?ng t\
u7921? c\u361?ng \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u
7909?ng, khi \u273? cc files ny ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u432?a t\u789
9?i m\u7897?t l\u7847?n. Cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u t\u297?nh (static data) c\u7911?a
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7843?o v\u7873? nh\u7
901? tr\u7841?ng thi \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 copy on write\ul0\nosupersub\cf5
\f6\fs26 . By gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u ti\u7871?n trnh khc nhau \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tr
uy \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c\u7853?p v cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c thay \u273?\u7893?i; do \u273?, cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
sao chp trn cung d\u7919? li\u7879?u ring l\u7867? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (
\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 private data segment\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ). \
par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.4. S\u7921? phn cung\ul0\
nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 (\ul0\nosupersub\cf35\f36\fs26 segmention\ul0\nosupersub
\cf8\f9\fs26 ) \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1597\
sb6\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs2
6 Cho t\u7899?i by gi\u7901?, s\u7921? nhn nh\u7853? c\u7911?a chng ta v\u7873? n\u
7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m hnh ha l m\u7897?t tr\u432?\u7901?ng
\line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 li\u7879?n t\u7909?c \u273?\u7891?ng \u273?
\u7873?u. Th\u7921?c ch\u7845?t, hnh d\u7841?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? ny khng \u273?\u
432?\u7907?c ng\u432?\u7901?i l\u7853?p trnh s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. V l\u7869?, \lin
e \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c nh\u7919?ng \u273?o\u7841?n cung d\u7919? li\u7
879?u (datasegments) lun lun quay tr\u7903? l\u7841?i d\u7841?ng cc ng\u259?n x\u78
71?p hay cc \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 x\u7845?p (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs26 stacks or heaps\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), ngh\u297?a l chng thay \u273?\
u7893?i m\u7897?t cch n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng, v do \u273?, chng c\u361?ng c\u7847
?n \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 dng v\u7899?i nhau m\u7897?t \u273?o\u7841?
n trong khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?. Trong hnh 3.28 (a) ch\u7881? ra m\u789
7?t cch bao \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 qut c\u7845?u trc logic s\u7921? d\
u7851?n gi\u7843?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \
u7903? trong Unix. Trong hnh 3.28 (b) \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ch\u788
1? ra m\u7897?t s\u7921? phn chia b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u
7897?t trnh bin d\u7883?ch. \u7902? \u273?y, v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? d\u7851?n t\u7
899?i l, m\u7895?i \u273?o\u7841?n \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cung c\u79
11?a cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u cng tc c th\u7875? thay \u273?\u7893?i v thu h\u7865?p \u
7903? trong ph\u7841?m vi,m khi \u273? \u273?ang th\u7921?c
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 h
i\u7879?n ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. V d\u7909?: b\u7843?ng t\u432?\u7907?ng tr\u432?n
g c th\u7875? thay \u273?\u7893?i trong kho\u7843?ng m ngu\u7891?n. Do \u273?, n \up
0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d\u7851?n t\u7899?i s\u7921? ch\u7891?ng cho cc khng gia
n \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?. \par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li900\sb
15\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx3887 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Hnh 3.28***\tab \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 **\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb288\sl-300\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 T\u7915? l do ny, chng ta hon thi\u7879?n m hnh \u273?\
417?n gi\u7843?n c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o v\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u79
07? gip c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 phn \u273?o\u7841?n log
ic t\u7899?i m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn \u273
?o\u7841?n. \u272?\u7875? th\u7921?c thi vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u789
9? ki\u7875?u m \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 hnh, \u7903? v\u7883? tr b\u7843?ng tr
ang, m hnh ny s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c
ung \u273?o\u7841?n. B\u7843?ng cung \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?o\u7841
?n thu\u7853?n ti\u7879?n cho m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh hay m\u7897?t modun
ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, b\u7843?ng ny c\u361?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7919? \u7
903? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trong cc thanh ghi thch h\u7907?p; cc thanh ghi
cung \u273?o\u7841?n v\u7899?i t\u432? cch l b\u7843?n copy nh\u7857?m t\u259?ng t
\u7889?c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897? tnh ton gi\u7919?a cc \u273?\u
7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o v \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l. \u7902? vi\u7879
?c chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893?i gi\u7919?a cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh hay \up0 \expnd
tw-3\charscalex100 cc modun ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, chng \u273?\u7891?ng th\u7901?i
n\u7857?m \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v ch\u7881? c nhm cc thanh \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 ghi cung \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p m\u7
899?i. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1586\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 Trong hnh 3.29 sau \u273?y ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t th d\u7909? \u273?\u41
7?n gi\u7843?n v\u7873? vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? cung \u273?o\u7841?n
\u7903? b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 80286 (c\u791
1?a h\u7843?ng Intel), \u7903? \u273? ch\u7881? ra hai \u273?o\u7841?n cung m v h
ai \u273?o\u7841?n cung d\u7919? li\u7879?u ton c\u7909?c. N\u7871?u \line \up0 \
expndtw-1\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i ta s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc \u273?o\u7841?
n cung ny trong nhi\u7873?u ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, do \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c
\u7847?n dng m\u7897?t \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 b\u7843?ng cung \u273?o
\u7841?n v kho\u7843?ng d\u7919? li\u7879?u ton c\u7909?c hay kho\u7843?ng ng\u259
?n x\u7871?p h\u7879? th\u7889?ng, th d\u7909? p d\u7909?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u ny \u273?\u7875? trao \u273?\u7893?i thng tin gi\u79
19?a cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. \u272?i\u7873?u thu\u7853?n ti\u7879?n l \u273?\u787
5? c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh cc b\u7897? ch\u7881? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex

100 th\u7883? (pointer) t\u7899?i cc segment \u7903? trong thanh ghi. \u7902? b\u
7897? vi x\u7917? l 80286, n bao g\u7891?m thanh ghi \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charsca
lex100 cung \u273?o\u7841?n m, thanh ghi cung \u273?o\u7841?n d\u7919? li\u7879?u
, thanh ghi cung \u273?o\u7841?n ng\u259?n x\u7871?p v thanh ghi cung \line \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?o\u7841?n d\u7919? li\u7879?u nng cao. \par\pard\l
i900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li900\sb18\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx4277 \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 Hnh 3.29***\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\pard\qj \
li540\ri1591\sb286\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 V cc cung \u
273?o\u7841?n ch\u7881? r nh\u7919?ng \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899? c
\u273?\u7897? l\u7899?n khng \u273?\u7873?u \u273?\u7863?n, do \u273?, b\u7897? nh
\u7899? c \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7
873?n \u273?\u7847?y khi gi\u7843?i phng m\u7897?t cung \u273?o\u7841?n l\u7899?n
hay khi n\u7841?p m\u7897?t cung \u273?o\u7841?n nh\u7887?. T\u7915? l do \up0 \
expndtw-2\charscalex100 ny, khi th\u432?\u7901?ng xuyn tro \u273?\u7893?i trang, n c
th\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i vi\u7879?c tch nh\u7887? b\u7897? nh\u7899?; nh\u79
19?ng ph\u7847?n nh\u7887? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cn l\u7841?i th c th\u7875
? khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7881? d\u7851?n gi thm v c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7
907?c gom l\u7841?i. Do \u273?, vi\u7879?c l\u7853?p trang v \up0 \expndtw0\charsc
alex102 vi\u7879?c phn \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c lin h\u7907?p v\u7899?
i nhau \u273?\u7875? dnh l\u7841?i nh\u7919?ng \u432?u \u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a
ph\u432?\u417?ng php: M\u7895?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 cung \u273?o\u7841?
n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn nh\u7887? thnh nhi\u7873?u trang \u273?\u7873?u \u273?\
u7863?n. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\cha
rscalex100 Hnh 3.30. ch\u7881? ra m\u7897?t cch t\u7893?ng qut v\u7873? b\u7897? vi
x\u7917? l 80486 c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng Intel, cc c\u7845?u trc d\u7919? \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn \u273?o\u7841?n thnh hai ph\
u7847?n: \u7903? cung \u273?o\u7841?n c\u7909?c b\u7897? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t
\u7843? b\u7857?ng m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng miu t\u7843? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex10
0 c\u7909?c b\u7897? (local description table), n t\u7891?n t\u7841?i m\u7897?t cc
h ring l\u7867? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh v n th\u7921?c \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hi\u7879?n s\u7921? bin d\u7883?ch cc \u273?\u7883?a ch
\u7881? cung \u273?o\u7841?n \u7843?o \u7903? trong khun kh\u7893? trang v\u7853?
t l, c\u361?ng nh\u432? \u7903? trong \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cung \u273?o\
u7841?n ton c\u7909?c b\u7843?ng miu t\u7843? ton c\u7909?c (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8
\fs26 global description table\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 ), n t\u7841?o kh\u7843
? n\u259?ng truy c\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u \
u273?\u432?\u7907?c thu gom trn cung \u273?o\u7841?n ton c\u7909?c \u273?\u7889?i
v\u7899?i t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh. Tr\u432?\u7899?c h\u7871?t, \u2
73? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 l m h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh m n \u273?\u432?\u7
07?c ti\u7871?n trnh tr\u7843? l\u7841?i \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi nhn, c\u361?ng nh\
u432? cc kho\u7843?ng nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 (shared memory) c\u
7911?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng. \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1593\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Trong hnh 3.3
0 m\u7897?t vi cung \u273?o\u7841?n c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7
897?ng B cho th\u7845?y: Ti\u7871?n trnh ch\u432?a \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x102 ho\u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng A ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i phn b\u7893? c\u7911?a
b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899?. Cc cung \u273?o\u7841?n
\u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thnh
nh\u7919?ng kh\u7889?i, m \u7903? \u273?, chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thu tm cc b\u784
?ng m t\u7843? trang v\u7899?i cc khung trang. \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
Ng\u432?\u7901?i ta th\u7845?y r\u7857?ng, khi chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893?i ti\u7
871?n trnh s\u7921? qu \u273?\u7885? trn khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o
c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n

7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 t
rnh A th r\u7845?t \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n: \u7902? t\u7841?i thanh ghi LDT, ng\u
432?\u7901?i ta ph\u7843?i n\u7841?p b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883? th\u7901?i g
ian khc t\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 b\u7843?ng LDT c\u7911?a ti\u7871
?n trnh A, \u273? l t\u7845?t c\u7843?. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb0\sl-300\slmul
t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u431?u \u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a b\u7897
? nh\u7899? \u7843?o phn \u273?o\u7841?n l \u7903? ch\u7895? c m\u7897?t s\u7921? \
u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u361?ng nh\u432? vi\u7879?c q
u\u7843?n l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 b\u7897? nh\u7899? r\u7845?t hi\u7
879?u nghi\u7879?m. Cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u417? s\u7903? c\u7911?a cung \
u273?o\u7841?n th c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh, v v\u7899?i ci \u273?, n\u7871?u cc \line
\up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thanh ghi t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u7903? trong CPU, t
h b\u7853?c \u273?\u7847?u tin c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c chuy\u7875?n \u273?\u7893?i \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? x\u7843?y ra r\u7845?t nhanh. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\chars
calex100 N\u7871?u m\u7897?t cung \u273?o\u7841?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7845?u
trc \u273?\u7891?ng \u273?\u7873?u (t\u7913?c l khng c l\u7895? h\u7893?ng \u273?\u
7883?a ch\u7881?), do \u273?, m hnh \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kh\u7843?o
st \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7843?i ti\u7871?n: M\u7895?i khi m\u7897?t cung \u273?
o\u7841?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? (memory segment) t\u259?ng hay gi\u7843?m, th \u7903
? \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t\u7841?i cc b\u7843?ng nhi\u7873?u b\u7853
?c, vi\u7879?c s\u7843?n sinh hay lo\u7841?i b\u7887? cc b\u7843?ng b\u7893? sun
g x\u7843?y ra r\u7845?t n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\s
b0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Tuy nhin, ph\u432?\u417?ng
cch k\u7871?t h\u7907?p gi\u7919?a cc cung \u273?o\u7841?n v cc trang th\u7921?c ra
r\u7845?t c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t, v c\u7843? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 hai thng
tin qu\u7843?n l (v\u7873? b\u7843?ng cung \u273?o\u7841?n v b\u7843?ng trang) lun
lun \u273?\u432?\u7907?c xuyn su\u7889?t, \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7843?i \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 ti\u7871?n v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. T\u7
915? l do ny, \u7903? cc b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l ngy nay, cc thanh ghi \u273?\u7883?a
h\u7881? v cc b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 MMU \u273? ti\u7871?p nh\u7853
?n m\u7897?t v\u7883? tr quan tr\u7885?ng bn c\u7841?nh kh\u7843? n\u259?ng tnh ton
thu\u7847?n khi\u7871?t: Chng quy\u7871?t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7
883?nh t\u7889?c \u273?\u7897? x\u7917? l cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. \par\pard\ql \l
i540\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.5. B\u7897? nh\u7899? truy c\u7853?p n
hanh\ul0\nosupersub\cf8\f9\fs26 (Cache) \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1593\sb281\sl-300
\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u431?u
\u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a c\u7845?u trc m\u7897?t CPU t\u7889?c \u273?\u7897? nha
nh d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t cch \u273?ng \u273?\u7855?n cho s\u7921? sinh l\u
7907?i, \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 khi b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh khng ch\u7881? c
dung l\u432?\u7907?ng l\u7899?n m cn ph\u7843?i c t\u7889?c \u273?\u7897? nhanh.
V th\u7871? \u7903? \u273?y, cc \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b\u7897? nh\u7899? tr
uy c\u7853?p n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng DRAM (dynamic random acess memory) khng th
u\u7897?c lo\u7841?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ta mu\u788
9?n \u273?\u7873? c\u7853?p trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny. Tuy nhin, \u273?
\u7875? thay th\u7871? nh\u7919?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u7855?t ti\u7873?n,
ng\u432?\u7901?i ta \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 c th\u7875? s\u7917? d\u7909?n
g b\u7897? nh\u7899? gi c\u7843? t\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?i l\u7867? v\u7899?
i l\u432?u : m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh (programcode) th\u432?\u7901?ng \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 ch\u7881? ra quan h\u7879? c\u7909?c b\u7897? v\u7899?i cc d\u791
9? li\u7879?u v v\u7899?i cc chi\u7873?u r\u7897?ng b\u432?\u7899?c nh\u7843?y. Tnh
ch\u7845?t c\u7909?c b\u7897? ny \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c\u7911?a cc ch\u4
32?\u417?ng trnh t\u7841?o \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n \u273?\u7875? nh\u7919?ng \

u273?o\u7841?n ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh nh\u7887? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c sao chp vo b\u7
897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 truy c\u7853?p nhanh (cache) v do \u
273? \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7889?c \u273?\u7897? x\u7917? l cao. \
par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100
\u272?\u7875? lm \u273?\u7847?y cache, kh\u7843? n\u259?ng \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843
?n nh\u7845?t l, thay v l\u7921?a ch\u7885?n n\u7897?i dung c\u7911?a m\u7897?t \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i ta c th\u7
875? l\u7921?a ch\u7885?n n\u7897?i dng c\u7911?a nhi\u7873?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u
7881? t\u432?\u417?ng t\u7921? nhau \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache, tr\u
432?\u7899?c \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 khi cc n\u7897?i dung \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c yu c\u7847?u hi\u7875?n th\u7883?. Vi\u7879?c v\u7853?n chuy\u7875?n d\u7919?
li\u7879?u b\u7857?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? DRAM th \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 t
\u432?\u417?ng \u273?\u7889?i ch\u7853?m v ch\u7881? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u792
1?c hi\u7879?n qua m\u7897?t l\u7847?n. \u7902? b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache, vi\u78
79?c v\u7853?n chuy\u7875?n m\u7897?t kh\u7889?i \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 d
\u7919? li\u7879?u (ch\u7859?ng h\u7841?n 4 Bytes) th nhanh h\u417?n nh\u7901? m\
u7897?t bus, g\u7885?i l \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 pipline cache bus\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 . Lo\u7841?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 c
ache ny lm gia t\u259?ng kh\u7843? n\u259?ng c\u7911?a b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l ln kho
\u7843?ng 20%. Hnh 3.31 ch\u7881? ra s\u417? \u273?\u7891? v\u7883? tr \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 s\u7917? d\u7909?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache. \par\pard\ql \l
i900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\ch
arscalex100 Hnh 3.31.*** \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-297\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li54
0\ri1592\sb6\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u b\u7897
? nh\u7899? cache ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng nhi\u7873?u d\u7919? li\u7879?u, do
\u273? \u273?i\u7873?u d\u7877? nh\u7853?n th\u7845?y, lc \u273? cc d\u7919? li\u78
79?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 khng hi\u7879?n hnh hay ch\u432?a c\u7847?n dng \
u273?\u432?\u7907?c cho tri qua. M\u7897?t d\u7883? b\u7843?n t\u7893?ng h\u7907?
p c\u7911?a cache ch\u7913?a \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7921?ng cc c\u
417? ch\u7871? b\u7893? sung \u273?\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n n\u7897?i dung
c\u7911?a cache. V th\u7871?, t\u7845?t c\u7843? vi\u7879?c d h\u7887?i \u273?\u78
83?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 CPU \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
cache x\u7917? l \u273?\u7847?u tin; khi \u273?, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc l\u7879
?nh v cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u, b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache b\u7883? tch \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 chia (thnh cache l\u7879?nh v cache d\u7919? li\u7879?u) \u273?\u43
2?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. N\u7871?u n\u7897?i dung c\u7911?a \u273?\u7883?
a ch\u7881? ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7891?n \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 t\u78
41?i \u7903? trong cache, do \u273?, cache \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ch\u7885?n m\u789
7?t cch tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p v nhanh chng, m khng ph\u7843?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscal
ex100 ch\u7885?n b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. N\u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? khng
t\u7891?n t\u7841?i, do \u273?, cache ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p l
\u7841?i t\u7915? m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 chnh
. Hnh 3.32 ch\u7881? ra s\u417? \u273?\u7891? nguyn l k\u7871?t n\u7889?i cache \u7
903? trong my tnh.
7;32768}}
g33}{\bkmkend Pg33}\par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\
slmult0\par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\
pard\li900\sb12\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx5057 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hnh 3.32***\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\pard\qj \

li540\ri1593\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Tuy nhin, b\u
7897? nh\u7899? cache chu\u7849?n b\u7883? cho cc nh pht tri\u7875?n h\u7879? \u273
?i\u7873?u hnh nhi\u7873?u v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? nh\u7913?c \up0 \expndtw-3\cha
rscalex100 c. Khng ch\u7881? \u7903? trong ph\u7841?m vi \u273?a vi x\u7917? l, m c\
u7843? \u7903? trong m\u7897?t my tnh \u273?\u417?n vi x\u7917? l, c nh\u7919?ng \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? (units) lm vi\u7879?c song song
v \u273?\u7897?c l\u7853?p v\u7899?i CPU, th d\u7909? cc thi\u7871?t b\u7883? xu\u
7845?t nh\u7853?p (\u273?\u297?a t\u7915?\u8230?), \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100
xem hnh 3.33 \u7903? d\u432?\u7899?i. N\u7871?u cc thi\u7871?t b\u7883? ny truy c\
u7853?p tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7885?c ha
y vi\u7871?t cc kh\u7889?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 d\u7919? li\u7879?u, do \
u273?, vi\u7879?c ng\u7855?t \u273?o\u7841?n lm \u7843?nh h\u432?\u7903?ng vi\u787
9?c x\u7917? l ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh. B\u7903?i v\u7853?y \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? ch
o \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7845?y, cache v b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh ph\u78
43?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7897?c l\u7853?p v\u7899
?i nhau. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb287\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100
Hnh 3.33*** \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb1\
sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u272?i\u7873?u d\u7851?n t\u7
899?i s\u7921? k\u7871?t n\u7889?i khng b\u7873?n v\u7919?ng c\u7911?a cc d\u7919?
li\u7879?u v\u7899?i cache v b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \e
xpndtw-3\charscalex100 gi\u7843?i quy\u7871?t b\u7857?ng cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u
7907?c khc nhau. Trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p ny, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta quy\u78
71?t \u273?\u7883?nh ch\u7885?n b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 vi x\u7917
? l th\u7913? hai lm b\u7897? nh\u7899? cho vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7885?c v vi\u7871?t.
Trong tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p th\u7913? nh\u7845?t, \u273?ng l\u7869? cc d\u7
919? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 li\u7879?u hi\u7879?n hnh c\u7911?a cache \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7885?c, th l\u7841?i \u273?\u7885?c cc d\u7919? li\u7879?
u c\u361? t\u7915? b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh c\u7911?a b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \up0 \
expndtw-5\charscalex100 th\u7913? hai. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i v\u7845?n \u273?
\u7873? ny t\u7891?n t\u7841?i hai gi\u7843?i php: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb26
\sl-293\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f
7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Vi\u7871?t qua (write through)\ul0\nosupe
rsub\cf5\f6\fs26 : B\u7897? nh\u7899? cache \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7843?m
nhi\u7879?m nh\u432? l b\u7897? \u273?\u7879?m \u273?\u7885?c (read \line \up0 \e
xpndtw0\charscalex100 buffer); cn b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l dng \u273?\u7875? vi\u7871
?t nh\u7901? bus h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh. Lc \u
273?, cc d\u7919? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 li\u7879?u \u7903? trong b\u
7897? nh\u7899? chnh lun lun l hi\u7879?n hnh. Tuy nhin, n th h\u417?i ch\u7853?m,
r\u7877? b\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 vi x\u7917? l. \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1601\sb22\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u-3913?\
ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Vi\u7871?t li (write b
ack):\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 B\u7897? nh\u7899? cache t\u7921? gi\u7843?i q
uy\u7871?t vi\u7879?c ti\u7871?n li l\u7841?i m khng c\u7847?n t\u7899?i b\u7897? \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vi x\u7917? l. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i b\u7897? vi
x\u7917? l, \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? x\u7843?y ra nhanh h\u417?n, nh\u432?ng n \u273?i
h\u7887?i m\u7897?t chi ph ph\u7909? \u7903? b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 nh\u7899? cache. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1590\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e
xpndtw-2\charscalex100 C\u7843? hai chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c v\u7915?a nu v\u7
851?n ch\u432?a lo\u7841?i tr\u7915? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tnh hu\u7889?ng th\u791
3? hai, khi m\u7897?t thi\u7871?t b\u7883? khc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thay
\u273?\u7893?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? nh\u7901? vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p b\u7897? n
h\u7899? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p, m khng c\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c ph\u7843?n \u7843?nh \u7903? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 trong b\u78
97? nh\u7899? cache. \u272?\u7875? gi g\u7885?n v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? khng \u789
3?n \u273?\u7883?nh d\u7919? li\u7879?u, b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache ph\u7843?i \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c trang b\u7883? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thm b\u7857?ng m\u7
897?t ph\u7847?n b\u7893? sung, m n ghi l\u7841?i, li\u7879?u m\u7897?t \u273?\u78
83?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a ph\u7847?n ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tham chi\u7871?u \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 trn bus \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u
7899? chnh \u273?\u7875? \u273?\u7885?c v vi\u7871?t hay khng (!); trong tr\u432?\u
7901?ng h\u7907?p ny c gi\u7843?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 php th\u7913? ba nh
\u432? sau: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26
Sao chp li (copy back)\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : N\u7871?u b\u7897? nh\u7899
? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t, do \u273?, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i t\u7871? bo
nh\u7899? thch h\u7907?p \u7903? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trong cache th m\u
7897?t Biit \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p
. N\u7871?u CPU \u273?\u7885?c t\u7871? bo nh\u7899? ny, do \u273?, Bit \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 thi\u7871?t l\u7853?p ny c c\u417? h\u7897
?i truy c\u7853?p cache \u7903? trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v v th\u7871?, m\u7897?t
s\u7921? xc \u273?\u7883?nh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 ra khi c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t c nhu c\u7847?u. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592
\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i
vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7885?c nh\u7901? \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? truy c\u7853?p b\u78
97? nh\u7899? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p t\u7915? b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh, ng\u432?\u7
901?i ta c th\u7875? p \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t trong hai
chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ni trn, m chng c gi tr\u7883? \u7903? gi\u7843?i php th
913? nh\u7845?t trong th\u7901?i \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 gian lm vi\u7879?c
c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? vi x\u7917? l, hay chng d\u7851?n t\u7899?i s\u7921?
b\u7845?t \u273?\u7883?nh c\u7911?a d\u7919? li\u7879?u \u7903? gi\u7843?i php th
\u7913? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 hai, n\u7871?u vi\u7879?c chuy\u7875?n t\u7
899?i truy c\u7853?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p x\u7843?y ra tr\u4
32?\u7899?c khi sao chp tr\u7903? l\u7841?i b\u7897? nh\u7899? \up0 \expndtw0\cha
rscalex100 chnh. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?i s\u7921? ch\u7883?u t\u7843?i c\u7911?a
b\u7897? x\u7917? l, m\u7897?t chi ph gia t\u259?ng l thch \u273?ng, khi \u273?, kh
ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 vi\u7879?c vi\u7871?t m c\u7843? vi\u7879
?c \u273?\u7885?c c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh \u273?\u7873?u \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c cc thi\u7871?t b\u7883? ph\u7909? gim st. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t \u273?\u7883?a
ch\u7881? \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7843?m nh\u7853
?n v s\u7889? li\u7879?u c\u7911?a n t\u7891?n t\u7841?i trong cache, do \u273?, ca
che \u273?p l\u7841?i v thng bo gi tr\u7883? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?ng t
u7899?i b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l truy c\u7853?p tr\u7921?c ti\u7871?p. \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1594\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Trong h\u7
879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh, cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n khc nhau, th d\u7909? ng\u432?\u7901?i ta
c \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 th\u7875? ti\u7871?n hnh nh\u7901? vi\u7879?
c truy c\u7853?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? khng \u273?\u7891?ng d\u7841?ng c k\u7871?t n\
u7889?i cache, ph\u432?\u417?ng php ny c \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 tn l ccNUMA (cache coherent non uniform memory access). V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u ny, h\u
7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 p
h\u7843?i t\u7921? \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh. Ngh\u297?a l, mu\u7889?n nng cao h
i\u7879?u d\u7909?ng c\u7911?a cache ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c l\u432?u t\
u7899?i vi\u7879?c d\u7921? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ki\u7871?n cc ho\
u7841?t \u273?\u7897?ng c\u7911?a cache; v v\u7853?y, ta th\u7845?y, cc hi\u7879?u
d\u7909?ng ny khng ph\u7843?i l khng c \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal

ex102 g \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc ph\u7847?n m\u7873?m. V d\u7909?, tr\u7841?ng t
hi c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? chia s\u7867? \u7903? trong h\u7879? th\u7889?ng
\u273?a vi x\u7917? l \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 khng ph\u7843?i cc thi\u78
71?t b\u7883? vi\u7871?t qua hay sao chp li lun lun t\u7891?n t\u7841?i. B\u7845?y g
i\u7901? s\u7921? trao \u273?\u7893?i thng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ti
n (th d\u7909? gi\u7919?a m\u7897?t trnh g\u7905? r\u7889?i v m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n
trnh c\u7843?nh gi\u7899?i) nh\u7901? b\u7897? nh\u7899? chia s\u7867? c quan tm t\
u7899?i \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? v sau khi ho\u7
841?t \u273?\u7897?ng, \u7903? trong m\u7895?i l\u7853?p trnh, cc d\u7919? li\u787
9?u c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh ph\u7843?i tm ki\u7871?m v \line \up0 \expndtw0\chars
calex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh m\u7899?i. \u7902? \u2
73?y, cc c\u417? ch\u7871? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c thi b\u7857?ng cc ph\u78
47?n c\u7913?ng \u273? t\u7841?o nn s\u7921? tr\u7907? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 gip quan tr\u7885?ng. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\q
l\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\
fs26 Th d\u7909? v\u7873? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c MESI c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng I
ntel\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\
fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u7902? cc h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?a vi x\u
7917? l \u273?\u7889?i x\u7913?ng, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i vi\u7879?c truy c\u78
53?p \u273?\u7891?ng th\u7901?i cc b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l, t\u7927? \line \up0 \ex
pndtw-4\charscalex100 ph\u7847?n c\u7911?a bus h\u7879? th\u7889?ng r\u7845?t \u
273?\u7855?t, v v\u7853?y n khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c dng t\u7899?i. \u7902? \u273?y,
h\u7841?n ch\u7871? ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b \u273?\u7855?p \line \up0 \expndtw3\charscalex100 b\u7857?ng cch: \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache c x\u7917?
l \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t, cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u
7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7919? gn \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscale
x100 v \u273?\u432?\u7907?c x\u7917? l c\u7909?c b\u7897?. \u272?\u7889?i v\u7899?
i cc b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache c t\u7891?n t\u7841?i cc d\u7919? li\u7879?u ton c\u79
09?c, chng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 gi\u7843?i qu
y\u7871?t theo chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c MESI c\u7911?a h\u7843?ng Intel nh\u4
32? sau: \u7902? trong cache, m\u7895?i \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? b\u7897? nh\u7899
? c \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 m\u7897?t t\u7915? tr\u7841?ng thi (st
atusword), t\u7915? ny bi\u7875?u th\u7883? cho \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex10
0 4 b\u7853?c thu\u7853?n ti\u7879?n M (modified), E \par\pard\qj \li540\r
i1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 (execlusive), S (shared)
v I (invalid). M\u7895?i cache ch\u7913?a \u273?\u7921?ng m\u7897?t b\u7897? c\u7
843?nh gi\u7899?i (snooper) dng \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u273?\u7875?
ki\u7875?m tra s\u7889? li\u7879?u \u7903? trong cache, cc s\u7889? li\u7879?u s
\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l khc lm thay \u273?\u7893?i \u79
03? trong b\u7897? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nh\u7899? chia s\u7867?. \
u272?\u7847?u tin, cc yu c\u7847?u v\u7873? s\u7889? li\u7879?u \u273?\u432?\u7907?
c ki\u7875?m tra, li\u7879?u s\u7889? li\u7879?u \u273? \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?
nh \u273?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ch\u432?a (?). N\u7871?u ch\u432?
a \u273?ng, n ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7897? nh\u7899? ton c\u7909?c tu c
h\u7881?nh m\u7899?i. N\u7871?u \u273?ng r\u7891?i, th thi. \line \up0 \expndtw-2\c
harscalex100 \u272?i\u7873?u quan tr\u7885?ng l, tr\u432?\u7899?c h\u7871?t, ph\u
7847?n m\u7873?m khng nh\u7853?n theo ci \u273?, do \u273?, \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i
h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 c\u361?ng nh\u43
2? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh c\u7911?a ng\u432?\u7901?i s\
u7917? d\u7909?ng, cc b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache ton c\u7909?c ho\u7841?t \u273?\u78
97?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 m\u7897?t cch t\u7889?t \u273?\u7865?p.
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex10
0 Ngoi ra, cn c m\u7897?t s\u7889? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c v\u7873? b\u7897? nh
\u7899? cache n\u7919?a m \u7903? \u273?y ch\u432?a c\u7847?n thi\u7871?t ph\u7843
?i \u273?\u7873? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7853?p. \par\pard\qj \li
540\ri1598\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 V\u7845?n \u273
?\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache r\u7845?t t\u7913?c th\u7901?i khng ch\u7881? \
u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \u273?a vi x\u7917? l, m cn c\u7845?
p \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 bch c\u7843? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i h\u787
9? th\u7889?ng m\u7841?ng my tnh. \u7902? \u273? c r\u7845?t nhi\u7873?u b\u7897? \u

273?\u7879?m (buffer), chng tc d\u7909?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nh\u
432? nh\u7919?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? cache. V v\u7853?y, n\u7871?u khng \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c quan tm b\u7903?i h\u7879? th\u7889?ng v\u7853?n chuy\u7875?n thng tin \
line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 hay b\u7903?i h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh, chn
g s\u7869? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i s\u7921? khng b\u7879?n v\u7919?ng c\u7911?a d\u79
19? li\u7879?u m\u7897?t cch d\u7877? dng. \par\pard\ql \li540\sb281\sl-299\slmult
0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.6. C\u417? ch\u787
1? b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0
\par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t trong cc nhi\u7879?m v\u7909? quan tr\u788
5?ng l lm c l\u7853?p cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh v\u7899?i nhau \u273?\u7875? lo\u7841?
i tr\u7915? cc \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 l\u7895?i, cc tnh ch\u7845?t sai tri v c
xung \u273?\u7897?t c\u7889? gi\u7919?a cc ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng
c\u361?ng nh\u432? gi\u7919?a cc ti\u7871?n \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 trnh c\u
7911?a chng. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb9\sl-290\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 \u7902? m hnh m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? cc cung \u273?o\u7841?n \u
7843?o, chng ta c trong tay nhi\u7873?u ph\u432?\u417?ng ti\u7879?n b\u7843?o v\u7
879? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 khc nhau. \u431?u \u273?i\u7875?m c\u7911?a vi\
u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7
843?o c\u361?ng nh\u432? c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7883? \u273?\u7
883?a ch\u7881? b\u7897? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7899? v\u7853?t l \u27
3?em l\u7841?i cho chng ta nhi\u7873?u kh\u7843? n\u259?ng \u273?\u7875? b\u7843?
o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899?: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb22\sl-300\slmult0\fi
360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs26
Ph\u7843?i \u273?\u7841?t \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7897?t s
\u7921? cch l hon ton c\u7911?a khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a cc ti\u7
71?n trnh v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 nhau. V m\u7895?i ti\u7871?n trnh
c khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? nh\u432? nhau nh\u432?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899?
v\u7853?t l th khc nhau, t\u7913?c \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 l cc ti\u7871?n trnh
khng ch\u7891?ng cho ln nhau v c\u361?ng khng \u7843?nh h\u432?\u7903?ng l\u7851?n nh
au. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1596\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charsca
lex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
Ph\u7
843?i s\u7855?p x\u7871?p lu\u7853?t truy c\u7853?p xc \u273?\u7883?nh m\u7895?i
kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? (c th\u7875? \u273?\u7885?c, c th\u7875? vi\u7871?
t v c \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 th\u7875? th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n) m\u7897
?t cch kin c\u7889? v \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c b\u7843
?o \u273?\u7843?m b\u7903?i cc ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng. Th d\u7909?, n\u7871?u
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 c
h\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c nghi\u7879?m \u273?\u7875? t
\u7921? vi\u7871?t \u273? ln m ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh (x\u7843?y ra do l\u7895?i b\u7
897? nh\u7899?, l\u7895?i l\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex105 trnh, l\u7895?i
bin d\u7883?ch hay virus), do \u273?, n s\u7869? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u7
921? t\u7893?n th\u7845?t cc lu\u7853?t l\u7879? b\u7843?o v\u7879? cc \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex103 segment, v v\u7899?i ci \u273?, d\u7851?n t\u7899?i m\u7897?t s\u
7921? vi ph\u7841?m vi\u7879?c phn \u273?o\u7841?n (segmentation- violation). \up
0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ngay c\u7843? vi\u7879?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc b\u789

7? ch\u7881? th\u7883? (pointer) \u7903? trong gi\u7899?i h\u7841?n c\u7911?a n t
h c th\u7875? ki\u7875?m tra \u273?\u432?\u7907?c. \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 M
\u7897?t s\u7921? gy \u7843?nh h\u432?\u7903?ng c ch\u7911? hay khng c ch\u7911? t\
7899?i cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh khc v t\u7899?i h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 hnh \u273?\u7873?u ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ng\u259?n c
\u7843?n l\u7841?i. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \e
xpndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\
f6\fs26
Ph\u7843?i \u273?\u7883?nh ngh\u297?a m\u7897?t cch khc nhau nh\u7919?n
g lu\u7853?t truy c\u7853?p \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i cc
ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng khc nhau, v do
\u273?, ph\u7843?i th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n vi\u7879?c \u273?i\u7873?u khi\u7875?n l
\u7889?i d\u7851?n vo m\u7897?t cch hon thi\u7879?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276
\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.6.1. B\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7903?
trong Unix \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1600\sb285\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3
\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 \u7902? h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh U
nix c r\u7845?t nhi\u7873?u c\u417? ch\u7871? b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u789
9? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m t\u7843? v r\u7845?t ti\u7879?n d\u7909?ng. Do \u273? \up
0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u7903? \u273?y khng c\u7847?n ph\u7843?i nu thm nh\u7919
?ng b\u7843?n phc th\u7843?o v\u7873? b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u790
3? trong Unix. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb44\sl
-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.6.2. B
\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? trong Windows NT \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591
\sb285\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6
\fs26 Cc c\u417? c\u7845?u b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7903? trong h\
u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u7873?n \u273?
\u7847?y b\u7903?i nhi\u7873?u tnh \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 ch\u7845?t
thch h\u7907?p cho b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o, ch\u7859?ng h\u7841?n vi\u7879?c
cch ly cc ti\u7871?n trnh m\u7897?t cch khc nhau nh\u7901? s\u7921? \line \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 tch chia cc khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?, nh\u7901? vi\u7
879?c d\u7851?n t\u7899?i tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, m
\u7903? \u273?, cho php \line \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ng\u432?\u7901?i ta tr
uy c\u7853?p ln t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc kho\u7843?ng c th\u7875? c\u7911?a b\u7897? n
h\u7899?; c\u361?ng nh\u432? cho php chuyn mn ho \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102
cc lu\u7853?t truy c\u7853?p (Read/Write/No) cho tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u432?\u7901?i
s\u7917? d\u7909?ng v tr\u7841?ng thi nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expn
dtw-5\charscalex100 hnh. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1591\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 Thm vo \u273?, cng vi\u7879?c ki\u7875?m tra c\u417? c\u784
5?u b\u7843?o v\u7879? c\u361?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nu ra khi m\u7897?t ti\u787
1?n trnh tm \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 ki\u7871?m m\u7897?t l\u7889?i vo b
\u7897? nh\u7899? dng ring hay dng chung. V\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? kh kh\u259?n l vi\u
7879?c th\u7921?c thi c\u417? c\u7845?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 b\u78
43?o v\u7879? b\u7857?ng tay, cc c\u417? c\u7845?u ny c s\u7921? khc bi\u7879?t nhau
r\u7845?t l\u7899?n, m s\u7921? khc bi\u7879?t ny t\u7891?n t\u7841?i b\u7903?i \l
ine \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 hnh d\u7841?ng \u7893? \u273?\u297?a c\u7913?ng
khc nhau (th d\u7909? b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l R4000 khc v\u7899?i b\u7897? vi x\u791
7? l Intel Pentium, \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 v n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c Win
dows NT version 4 tr\u7907? gip): c\u417? c\u7845?u b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? n
h\u7899? \u7903? trong Windows NT \u273? \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7907? gip b\u7903?i ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng. V\u7899?i b\u7897
? vi x\u7917? l R4000 v \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909
?ng, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c th\u7875? truy c\u
7853?p trn d\u432?\u7899?i 2GB, n\u7871?u khng s\u7869? x\u7843?y ra l\u7895?i tru
y c\u7853?p (access violation). \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi
360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B\u7845?y gi\u7901?, nh \u273?i\u7873?u hnh b\u7
897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o lm vi\u7879?c trn cc c\u417? c\u7845?u ph\u7847?n c\u7913?n
g v tm l\u7895?i trang. \u272?\u7889?i \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 v\u7899?i cc l
u\u7853?t truy c\u7853?p \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n (Read only, Read/Write), anh t
a ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i cc thng tin execute \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 only
(ch\u7881? th\u7921?c thi), guard pape (phng v\u7879? trang), no access (khng truy
c\u7853?p) v copy on write \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 (copy khi vi\u7871?t);
nh\u7919?ng thng tin ny c th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t vo th\u7911?
t\u7909?c v\u7899?i l\u7879?nh VirtualProtect(). Sau \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex
100 \u273?y, nh\u7919?ng thng tin ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7843?i thch c\u7863?n
k\u7867? nh\u432? sau: \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li12
60\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\
f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Execute only \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26
(ch\u7881? th\u7921?c thi): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u272?\u7875? trnh nh\u7919?ng thay \u273?\u7893?i
v khng cho php vi\u7879?c copy c\u7911?a cc ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh ngu\u7891?n, \u7903
? m \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u79
17? d\u7909?ng, vi\u7879?c vi\u7871?t v \u273?\u7885?c d\u7919? li\u7879?u th r\u7
845?t quan tr\u7885?ng. V \u273?i\u7873?u \u273? khng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \ex
pndtw-5\charscalex100 ph\u7847?n c\u7913?ng tr\u7907? gip, n gi\u7889?ng h\u7879?t
tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p Readonly. \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \
par\pard\ql\li1260\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul
0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Guard Page\ul0\nosupersu
b\cf5\f6\fs26 (phng v\u7879? trang): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1600\sb1\sl-300\slmul
t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 Khi ti\u7871?n hnh truy c\u7853?p trang, n\
u7871?u c m\u7897?t trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?nh d\u7845?u, do \u273?, ti\u7
871?n trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 d\u7909?
ng s\u7869? pht sinh m\u7897?t l\u7895?i phn \u273?o\u7841?n, cn g\u7885?i
l ngo\u7841?i l\u7879? c\u7843?nh gi\u7899?i trang (guard page
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 e
xception). \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? t\u7841?o cho h\u7879? th\u7889?ng con hay cho
m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh m\u7897?t tr\u432?\u7901?ng n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng,
m sau \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 khi trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?nh d\u784
5?u th cc ph\u7847?n t\u7917? c\u7911?a tr\u432?\u7901?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c tru
y c\u7853?p. Ngh\u297?a l, sau khi l\u7895?i phn \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u2
73?o\u7841?n qua \u273?i, ti\u7871?n trnh truy c\u7853?p trang tr\u7903? l\u7841?
i m\u7897?t cch bnh th\u432?\u7901?ng. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1605\sb0\sl-300\slmul
t0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t th d\u7909? hay v\u7873? \u273?i\
u7873?u \u273? l c\u417? c\u7845?u \u273?\u7875? \u273?i\u7873?u ch\u7881?nh \u273
?\u7897? l\u7899?n c\u7911?a stack. \u272?\u7897? l\u7899?n ny \u273?\u432?\u7907
?c gia \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 t\u259?ng v\u7899?i s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip c
\u7911?a m\u7897?t ngo\u7841?i l\u7879? c\u7843?nh gi\u7899?i trang m\u7897?t cch
n\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?ng khi c nhu c\u7847?u. \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-299\s
lmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1260\sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 No access\ul0\no
supersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (khng truy c\u7853?p): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb1\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Vi\u7879?c \u273?nh d\u7845?u trang
s\u7869? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ng\u259?n ng\u7915?a, khi ng\u432?\u7901?i ta truy
c\u7853?p cc trang b\u7883? c\u7845?m hay cc \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 trang
t\u7891?n t\u7841?i.Tnh tr\u7841?ng ny \u273?\u432?\u7907?c p d\u7909?ng h\u7847?u
h\u7871?t \u273?\u7875? nh\u7853?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip ha
y \u273?\u7875? thu gom l\u7895?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 khi g\u7905? r\u

7889?i (debugging). \par\pard\ql \li1260\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li1260\
sb22\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7
\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Copy on write\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 (
copy khi vi\u7871?t): \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb3\sl-297\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \
expndtw-3\charscalex100 C\u417? c\u7845?u \u273?\u7875? gi\u7843?i quy\u7871?t v
\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? copy on write \u273?\u432?\u7907?c gi\u7843?i thch \u7903?
cu\u7889?i m\u7909?c 3.3.6; c\u417? c\u7845?u ny c \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100
th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u7875? b\u7843?o v\u78
79? cc kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899?. N\u7871?u m\u7897?t kho\u7843?ng b\u7897?
nh\u7899? dng chung c\u7911?a cc \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 ti\u7871?n trnh \u27
3?\u432?\u7907?c tr\u7903? thnh kho\u7843?ng b\u7897? nh\u7899? dng ring, khi \u273
?, m\u7897?t s\u7921? s\u7855?p x\u7871?p \u7903? trong gian \u273?\u7883?a \up0
\expndtw-1\charscalex100 ch\u7881? \u7843?o (xem hnh 3.9) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ti
\u7871?n hnh; do v\u7853?y, cc trang \u7843?o c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n trnh \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c coi l copy on \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 write. By gi\u7901?, m\u7897
?t ti\u7871?n trnh ti\u7871?n hnh vi\u7871?t m\u7897?t trang nh\u432? th\u7871?, d
o \u273?, \u273?\u7847?u tin vi\u7879?c copy \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 t\u7841?o l\u7853?p (v\u7899?i cc lu\u7853?t \u273?\u7885?c/ vi\u78
71?t m khng c\u7847?n lu\u7853?t copy on write \u7903? trn trang) v sau \u273?, tc v\
7909? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n.
B\u7845?y gi\u7901?, t\u7845?t c\u7843? vi\u7879?c ti\u7871?p theo \u273?\u7889?
i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t trang di\u7877?n ra trn b\u7843?n copy ring l\u7867? \up0 \e
xpndtw-5\charscalex100 v khng c\u7847?n trn b\u7843?n g\u7889?c. \par\pard\qj \li54
0\ri1547\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 M\u7897?t c\u417
? ch\u7871? b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? quan tr\u7885?ng ti\u7871?p th
eo l vi\u7879?c d\u7853?p b\u7887? n\u7897?i dung trang, ph\u432?\u417?ng php \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex102 ny \u273?i h\u7887?i c\u7845?p b\u7843?o v\u7879? \u273?ng
yu c\u7847?u, tr\u432?\u7899?c khi m\u7897?t trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917?
d\u7909?ng cho m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ng\u432?\
u7901?i s\u7917? d\u7909?ng. \u7902? s\u7921? qu \u273?\u7897? c\u7911?a m\u7897?
t trang t\u7915? tr\u7841?ng thi free (tr\u7889?ng) \u273?\u7871?n tr\u7841?ng thi
zeroed (\u273?i\u7873?n \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7847?y), \u273?i\
u7873?u ni trn \u273?\u432?\u7907?c nh qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o th
\u7921?c hi\u7879?n. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\s
b24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.
6.3 Cc c\u7845?p b\u7843?o v\u7879? \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\p
ard\qj\li540\ri1592\sb5\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \ul0\
nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 M\u7897?t b\u7843?n phc th\u7843?o \u273?\u432?a ra m\u789
7?t ph\u432?\u417?ng php b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? b\u7893? sung \u27
3?\u7875? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i cc b\u432?\u7899?c b\u7843?o \line \up0 \expndtw-1\
charscalex100 v\u7879? \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? d\u790
9?ng. Nh\u7919?ng tr\u7841?ng thi \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ni trong ch\u432?\u417?ng 1
nh\u432? tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \line \up0 \expndtw-4\charsca
lex100 d\u7909?ng, tr\u7841?ng thi nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh l m\u7897?t s\u7
921? phn chia nh\u432? th\u7871?. Chng bao g\u7891?m 2 b\u7853?c chnh: \par\pard\qj
\li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\u
l0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 B\u7853?c \u273?\u7863?c
quy\u7873?n: B\u7853?c ny dnh cho nh\u7919?ng ti\u7871?n trnh lm vi\u7879?c \u7903?
tr\u7841?ng thi nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 hnh (kern
el mode). Trong \u273?, m b\u7843?o v\u7879? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c php t\u7845?t c\u
7843?, th d\u7909? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c php truy c\u7853?p t\u7845?t c\u7843? \up0
\expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899?.
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb20\sl-300\slmult0\fi720 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex
100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 B\u7853?c
khng \u273?\u7863?c quy\u7873?n: B\u7853?c ny dnh cho nh\u7919?ng ti\u7871?n trnh lm
vi\u7879?c \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi ng\u432?\u7901?i \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
s\u7917? d\u7909?ng (used mode). Trong \u273?, m\u7897?t ti\u7871?n trnh khng th\u
7875? truy c\u7853?p trn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh v trn t\u7845?t \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh khc. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1600\sb0\sl-
300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 M\u7895?i b\u7853?c b\u7843?o v\u

7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? ny cn \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ti\u7871?p t\u7909?c chia nh\u
7887? n\u7919?a, t\u7841?i \u273?, cc b\u7853?c nh\u7887? ny cn \line \up0 \expndtw1\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7855?p x\u7871?p theo \u273?\u7897? tin
c\u7853?y, n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ch\u7881? ra \u7903? trong
t\u7915?ng \u273?\u7841?i di\u7879?n m\u7895?i b\u7853?c nh\u7887? v\u7915?a \li
ne \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 ni. Tc d\u7909?ng c\u7911?a n ph\u7909? thu\u7897?
c m\u7841?nh m\u7869? vo s\u7921? s\u7855?p x\u7871?p ny khi chng \u273?\u432?\u790
7?c s\u7921? tr\u7907? gip c\u7911?a \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 ph\u7847
?n c\u7913?ng. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Th d\u7909?
v\u7873? cc b\u7853?c b\u7843?o v\u7879? \u7903? b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l Intel 803
86\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 :
7;32768}}
fs26 Dy m\u7903? r\u7897?ng cc b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l 80x86 ch\u7871? ng\u7921? nhi
\u7873?u b\u7853?c b\u7843?o v\u7879? \u7903? cc phin b\u7843?n ngy cng \up0 \expndt
w-2\charscalex100 hi\u7879?n \u273?\u7841?i. N\u7871?u b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l \u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?\u7863?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i nh\u7901? tn hi\u7879?u \u27
3?i\u7879?n, do \u273?, n t\u7891?n t\u7841?i \u7903? tr\u7841?ng thi th\u7921?c \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 (read mode) v v\u7899?i \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, b\u7897
? vi x\u7917? l 8086 hay 80186 th t\u432?\u417?ng thch. Khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\
u7881? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 h\u7919?u ch th \u273?\u7891?ng nh\u7845?t v\
u7899?i khng gian \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l, do \u273?, cc ti\u7871?n trnh
c th\u7875? qu\u7845?y nhi\u7877?u l\u7851?n \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 nhau.
Ni chung khi \u273?, h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273?i\u787
3?u ch\u7881?nh theo ph\u432?\u417?ng php reset (\u273?\u7863?t l\u7841?i). H\u78
79? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?u hnh t\u7841?o ra nh\u7919?ng b\
u7843?ng theo ki\u7875?u b\u7843?o v\u7879? b\u7897? nh\u7899? ny. Sau \u273?, n \u
273?\u7863?t v\u7899?i cc Bit tr\u7841?ng thi \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 \u7843?
o (vitual mode-Bit), n\u7871?u cc Bits ny khng th\u7875? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u273
?\u7863?t tr\u7903? l\u7841?i, do \u273?, c\u7847?n t\u7899?i s\u7921? tc \u273?\u
7897?ng \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7911?a b\u7897? nh\u7899? MMU. T\u7845?
t c\u7843? vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? ti\u7871?p theo \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o, b\u7845?y
gi\u7901?, \u273?\u7847?u \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tin chng ph\u7843?i \u273?
\u432?\u7907?c bin d\u7883?ch, t\u7913?c l, t\u7845?t c\u7843? cc ti\u7871?n trnh \u
273? \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7921? ki\u7871?n \u273?\u432?\u7907?c cch bi\u7879?t
v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nhau \u7903? trong m\u7895?i khng gian \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1592\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\f
i360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 V\u7899?i ki\u7875?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881?
\u7843?o, \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l 80386 c 4 b\u7853?c b
\u7843?o v\u7879?\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : b\u7853?c 3 cho ch\u432?\u417?ng
trnh ng\u432?\u7901?i s\u7917? \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 d\u7909?ng, b\u7853?
c 2 cho th\u432? vi\u7879?n dng chung, b\u7853?c 1 cho g\u7885?i h\u7879? th\u788
9?ng v b\u7853?c 0 cho ki\u7875?u nhn h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u \up0 \expndtw0\char
scalex100 hnh. Hai Bit \u273?\u7875? bi\u7875?u di\u7877?n b\u7853?c \u273?\u432?
\u7907?c th\u7921?c hi\u7879?n v\u7899?i t\u432? cch l thng tin truy c\u7853?p \u79
03? vi\u7879?c m t\u7843? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 cc trang v cc segments, v chn
cn quy\u7871?t \u273?\u7883?nh v\u7873? lu\u7853?t l\u7879? truy c\u7853?p. N\u7
871?u vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p b\u7883? t\u7915? \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100
ch\u7889?i, do \u273?, d\u7851?n t\u7899?i vi\u7879?c b\u7867? gy l\u7895?i. \par\
pard\qj \li540\ri1597\sb5\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 Cc b\
u432?\u7899?c nhy ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh v vi\u7879?c g\u7885?i th\u7911? t\u7909?c
\u7903? m\u7895?i m c\u7911?a m\u7897?t b\u7853?c khc nhau \u273?\u432?\u7907?c \u
p0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 \u273?i\u7875?u ch\u7881?nh m\u7897?t cch m\u7841?nh m
\u7869?. \u272?\u7875? g\u7885?i th\u7911? t\u7909?c c\u7911?a m\u7897?t b\u7853
?c khc nhau th m\u7897?t l\u7879?nh \u273?\u7863?c bi\u7879?t \up0 \expndtw-1\char
scalex100 CALL \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng, l\u7879?nh ny ki\u7875?m
tra vi\u7879?c truy c\u7853?p v\u7873? c\u7845?u trc d\u7919? li\u7879?u c d\u784
1?ng call gate v \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 sau \u273? s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc \u
273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? b\u432?\u7899?c nhy \u273?\u432?\u7907?c t\u7841?o ra tr\u
432?\u7899?c \u273? \u7903? trong th\u7911? t\u7909?c. Do \u273?, nh\u7919?ng b\u4
32?\u7899?c \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nhy ch\u432?a \u273?\u432?\u7907?c ki\u
7875?m tra s\u7869? b\u7883? lo\u7841?i tr\u7915?. \par\pard\ql \li540\sb0\sl-29
9\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li540\sb23\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf3\f4\fs26 3.7. Cc bi t\u7853?p c\u7911?a ch\u419?\u417?ng 3 \par\
pard\ql \li900\ri3783\sb13\sl-600\slmult0\fi71 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul
0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 3.7.1. Cc bi t\u7853?p v\u7873? che ph\u7911? b\u7897?
nh\u7899? \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Bi t\u7853?p 3.1.\ul0\nosupersub\cf
5\f6\fs26 Cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c che ph\u7911? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri159
7\sb248\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 N\u7871?u cho m\u7897
?t h\u7879? th\u7889?ng tro \u273?\u7893?i (swappingsystem), m b\u7897? nh\u7899?
c\u7911?a n bao g\u7891?m cc kho\u7843?ng \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 tr\u7889?n
g theo th\u7913? t\u7921? nh\u432? sau: 10kB, 4kB, 20kB, 18kB, 7kB, 9kB, 12kB, v
15kB. Kho\u7843?ng tr\u7889?ng \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 no s\u7869? \u273?\u
432?\u7907?c ch\u7885?n \u273?\u7847?u tin cho v\u7915?a v\u7863?n t\u7889?t nh\u
7845?t khi yu c\u7847?u c\u7847?n n\u7841?p cc khng gian b\u7897? nh\u7899? l \up0 \
expndtw0\charscalex100 12kB, 10kB, 9kB. B\u7841?n hy nh\u7855?c l\u7841?i cc yu c\u
7847?u cho cc tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p t\u7889?t nh\u7845?t, t\u7891?i nh\u784
5?t v t\u7841?m \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c (k\u7875? c\u7
843? b\u7843?n v\u7869? s\u417? \u273?\u7891?). \par\pard\ql \li900\ri4202\sb49\
sl-580\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\fs24 3.7.2.
Cc bi t\u7853?p b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u7843?o \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \
ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.2.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Xc \u27
3?\u7883?nh \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb252\sl-300\slm
ult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 a). B\u7841?n hy tnh ton cc \u273?\u7883?a
ch\u7881? v\u7853?t l t\u7915? cc \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o 2204\ul0\sub\c
f12\f13\fs26 H\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 v A226\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 H\ul0\nos
upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \u272?\u7897? d\u7883?ch v\u7883? l 13 \up0 \expndtw-5\char
scalex100 Bit v s\u7889? trang l 3 Bit. B\u7841?n hy s\u7917? d\u7909?ng b\u7843?ng
trang sau \u273?y: \par\pard\li2340\sb0\sl-299\slmult0\par\pard\li2340\sb171\sl299\slmult0\fi0\tx3968\tx4393\tx4753\tx5113\tx5472\tx5833\tx6193\tx6553 \up0 \ex
pndtw-3\charscalex100 Trang\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndt
w-3\charscalex100 1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\char
scalex100 3\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex10
0 5\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 7\par\
pard\li2340\sb11\sl-299\slmult0\fi0\tx3968\tx4393\tx4753\tx5113\tx5472\tx5833\tx
6193\tx6553 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Khung trang\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charsc
alex100 7\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 0\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100
1\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 6\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 4\tab \u
p0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 2\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 3\tab \up0 \expn
dtw-3\charscalex100 5

7;32768}}
}}
{\shp {\*\shpinst\shpleft2227\shptop13511\shpright2237\shpbottom13514\shpfhdr0\s
hpbxpage\shpbypage\shpwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz653\shplid1
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;4;(0,3);(10,3);(10,0);(0,0)}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;10;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
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}
}}
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}}
}
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}
}}

}
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}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}
}
}}

}
}}
}
\sl-600\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li900\ri1792\sb45\sl-600\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\ch
arscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 b). Vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u
7899? ph\u7843?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng nh\u432? th\u7871? no,
m nh\u7901? \u273?, trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c c\u7853?p pht? \up0 \expndtw-5\chars
calex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.3.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs
26 V\u7873? cc b\u7843?ng \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1590\sb
248\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 M\u7897?t thi\u7871?t b\u
7883? \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o 128 Bit v \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? v\u785
3?t l 32 Bit. Cc trang c gi tr\u7883? 8 kilo- t\u7915? (kilo\up0 \expndtw-5\charscal
ex100 word:kW). \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscale
x100 a). C bao nhiu l\u7847?n \u273?i\u7873?n vo \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7
909?ng cho m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng trang thng th\u432?\u7901?ng? \par\pard\qj \li540
\ri1596\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b) C bao nhiu b\u78
53?c \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cho b\u7843?ng trang ki\u7875?u nh
i\u7873?u b\u7853?c (m\u7913?c), \u273?\u7875? t\u7891?n t\u7841?i v\u7899?i m\u
7897?t \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 kch c\u7903? b\u7843?ng trang nh\u7887? h\u4
17?n 1 mga-t\u7915? (mega-word: mW)? \u7902? \u273?y, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta hi\u7875
?u 1 word = 1 s\u7921? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?i\u7873?n vo. \par\par
d\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expnd
tw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.4.\ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7873? b\u7843?ng trang \u273?a b\u7853?c \par\pard\qj \li540\sb
0\sl-295\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1598\sb10\sl-295\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expnd
tw0\charscalex100 M\u7897?t thi\u7871?t b\u7883? c m\u7897?t khng gian \u273?\u788
3?a ch\u7881? \u7843?o. Vi\u7879?c qu\u7843?n l b\u7897? nh\u7899? \u273?\u432?\u
7907?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng m\u7897?t b\u7843?ng \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 tr
ang 2 b\u7853?c \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache (\u2
73?\u432?\u7907?c lin k\u7871?t l\u7841?i), \u273?\u432?\u7907?c g\u7885?i l b\u78
97? \u273?\u7879?m d\u7883?ch chuy\u7875?n pha \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 nhn t
h\u7845?y (translation lookside buffer: TLB) v\u7899?i m\u7897?t t\u7927? ph\u78
47?n g\u7863?p nhau trung bnh kho\u7843?ng 90%. \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 B\u
7841?n hy l\u432?u r\u7857?ng, m\u7897?t s\u7921? truy c\u7853?p c th\u7875? th\u7
921?c hi\u7879?n b\u7857?ng hai cch: s\u7917? d\u7909?ng b\u7897? \u273?\u7879?m
TLB hay \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 nh\u7901? b\u7843?ng trang. \par\pard\qj \
li540\ri1591\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 a). S\u7921?
tiu ph th\u7901?i gian trung bnh trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh b\u7857?ng bao nhiu, n\u
871?u th\u7901?i gian truy \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex103 c\u7853?p b\u7897? nh\u7
899? l 100ns v th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p b\u7897? \u273?\u7879?m TLB l 10ns ?
Gi\u7843? s\u7917? r\u7857?ng khng c l\u7895?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 trang
xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n. \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0
\expndtw0\charscalex100 b). \u7902? cu (a) cc l\u7895?i trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?

c b\u7887? qua. By gi\u7901?, chng ta mu\u7889?n nghin c\u7913?u tr\u432?\u7901?ng
h\u7907?p \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 \u273?\u417?n gi\u7843?n, m trong \
u273? cc l\u7895?i trang xu\u7845?t hi\u7879?n ch\u7881? khi truy c\u7853?p b\u789
7? nh\u7899? chnh. Gi\u7843? s\u7917? cc b\u7843?ng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal
ex100 trang \u273?\u7873?u \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v khng \u273?\u432
?\u7907?c c\u7845?p pht ! Khi \u273? t\u7847?n su\u7845?t c\u7911?a cc l\u7895?i tr
ang l \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 1:10\ul0\super\cf12\f13\fs25 5\ul0\nosu
persub\cf5\f6\fs26 v m\u7897?t l\u7895?i trang m\u7845?t 100ns. V\u7853?y th\u79
01?i gian truy c\u7853?p trung bnh trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh l nh\u432? \line \up0
\expndtw-3\charscalex100 th\u7871? no? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \u
p0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\u7907?i : B\u7841?n hy p d\u7909?ng bi\u7875?u th\u79
13?c quan h\u7879? sau \u273?y: \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1595\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi3
60 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 Th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p trung bnh = Th\u7
901?i gian g\u7863?p nhau + T\u7927? ph\u7847?n truy c\u7853?p h\u7887?ng x Th\u
7901?i gian \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 truy c\u7853?p h\u7887?ng. \par\pard\q
j \li540\ri1605\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 c). Vi\u7
879?c \u273?i\u7873?u hnh \u273?a ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh gy ra nh\u7919?ng v\u7845?n
\u273?\u7873? g \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i b\u7897? \u273?\u7879?m TLB v \u273?\u78
89?i v\u7899?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache khc ? Tr\u4
32?\u7899?c h\u7871?t, b\u7841?n hy ngh\u297? t\u7899?i \u7903? s\u7921? nh\u7853
?n d\u7841?ng cc kh\u7889?i. \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\
li900\sb24\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf9\f10\
fs24 3.7.3. Cc bi t\u7853?p v\u7873? qu\u7843?n l trang v b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache \
par\pard\ql \li900\sb265\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosup
ersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.5.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7873? cc chu\
u7895?i tham chi\u7871?u \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li5
40\ri1602\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 Cho m\u7897?t c
hu\u7895?i tham chi\u7871?u sau \u273?y: 0 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 5 2 1 3 2 5 6 7 6 5. M\u
7895?i l\u7847?n truy c\u7853?p m\u7897?t \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 trang x\
u7843?y ra trong kho\u7843?ng m\u7897?t \u273?\u417?n v\u7883? th\u7901?i gian.
\par\pard\qj \li540\ri1594\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex10
0 a). H\u7887?i c bao nhiu l\u7895?i trang c\u7911?a t\u7853?p Working set d\u7851
?n ra \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7897?t kch c\u7903? c\u7911?a c\u7917?a s\u7893
? h \line \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 =3 ? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb0\sl-3
00\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 b). N s\u7869? d\u7851?n t\u7899?i
v\u7845?n \u273?\u7873? chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c m\u7903? r\u7897?ng no, khi
m\u7897?t trang m\u7899?i \u273?\u432?\u7907?c n\u7841?p vo trong t\u7853?p \line
\up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 working set? B\u7841?n hy suy ngh\u297?, khi no th c
l\u7907?i \u273?\u7875? thi\u7871?t \u273?\u7863?t m\u7897?t trang c\u7911?a m\u
7897?t t\u7853?p Working
7;32768}}
sb293\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 s
et, v khi no th c l\u7907?i \u273?\u7875? thm vo m\u7897?t trang v \u273?\u7875? tha
u273?\u7893?i kch c\u7903? c\u7917?a s\u7893? h m\u7897?t cch n\u259?ng \up0 \expn
dtw-4\charscalex100 \u273?\u7897?ng; tr\u432?\u7901?ng h\u7907?p kch c\u7903? l\u
7899?n nh\u7845?t c\u7911?a t\u7853?p Working set v\u7851?n ch\u432?a \u273?\u43
2?\u7907?c \u273?nh gi ! \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900

\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24
Bi t\u7853?p 3.6.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7873? cc chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u790
7?c c\u7845?p pht \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri159
9\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 C m\u7897?t my tnh chi\u78
71?m 4 khung trang. T\u7841?i th\u7901?i \u273?i\u7875?m n\u7841?p c\u7911?a l\u
7847?n truy c\u7853?p sau cng, cc gi \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100 tr\u7883? M v R (
Bit) \u273?\u7889?i v\u7899?i m\u7895?i trang \u273?\u432?\u7907?c d\u7851?n ra
nh\u432? sau (th\u7901?i gian tnh b\u7857?ng ti\u7871?ng ku tch t\u7855?c \up0 \exp
ndtw-5\charscalex100 c\u7911?a \u273?\u7891?ng h\u7891?): \par\pard\ql \li900\sb
1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a). Trang no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c
chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c NRU thay th\u7871? ? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\
slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 b). Trang no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chi\u7871
?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO thay th\u7871? ? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0
\up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c). Trang no \u273?\u432?\u7907?c chi\u7871?n l\u43
2?\u7907?c LRU thay th\u7871? ? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\par
d\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11
\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.7.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\u7873? t\u7853?p Workin
g set \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1599\sb1\sl-30
0\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 a). D\u432?\u7899?i khi ni\u7879?m
Working set c\u7911?a m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta hi\u78
75?u ci g ? N c th\u7875? thay \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u7893?i nh\u432?
th\u7871? no ? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1598\sb0\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw
-1\charscalex100 b). Vi\u7879?c gia t\u259?ng s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc khung
trang \u7903? b\u7897? nh\u7899? cng tc c hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? no trong quan \up0 \e
xpndtw-4\charscalex100 h\u7879? v\u7899?i s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc l\u7895?i
trang ? \u272?i\u7873?u \u273? mang l\u7841?i hi\u7879?u qu\u7843? no trn cc b\u7843
?ng trang ? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb281\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex1
00 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.8.\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 V\
u7873? hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng Thrashing \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \pa
r\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 a). Ci g gy nn hi\u
7879?u \u7913?ng thrashing ? \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1602\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360
\up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 b). H\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c th\u7875? pht hi\
u7879?n hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng thrashing nh\u432? th\u7871? no v n lm g \u273?\u7875? c
h\u7889?ng l\u7841?i \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 hi\u7879?u \u7913?ng ny ? \par
\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c). M\u7897?t h
\u7879? th\u7889?ng c nh\u7919?ng thng s\u7889? h\u7879? th\u7889?ng sau \u273?y: \
par\pard\ql \li1404\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 1). s =3; v
= 14/15, \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 0,5; \u96
1?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1/15; \u961?\ul0\sub\cf
12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1/20 \par\pard\ql \li1404\sb1\sl-299
\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 2). s =3; v= 14/15; \u963?\ul0\sub\cf12
\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 0,5; \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1 \u
l0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1/15; \u961?\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 w \ul0\nosupersub
\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1/10 \par\pard\qj \li900\ri4630\sb1\sl-300\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 Khi s\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng cc ti\u7871?n trnh gia t\u259?ng, tnh
ch\u7845?t t\u7843?i nh\u432? th\u7871? no ? \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 T\u78
41?i ch\u7895? no c s\u7921? gia t\u259?ng \u273?\u7897?t bi\u7871?n ? \par\pard\q
l \li900\sb0\sl-299\slmult0 \par\pard\ql\li900\sb2\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw5\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf11\f12\fs24 Bi t\u7853?p 3.9.\ul0\nosupersub\cf
5\f6\fs26 V\u7873? b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmu
lt0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscale
x100 B\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache c th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p 50ns. Trong th\u79
01?i gian ny, b\u7897? vi x\u7917? l c th\u7875? truy c\u7853?p \up0 \expndtw-4\cha
rscalex100 trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache khng c chu trnh ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i v tr
b\u7897? nh\u7899? chnh v\u7899?i 3 chu trnh ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i. T\u7927? \
up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 ph\u7847?n g\u7863?p nhau c\u7911?a vi\u7879?c truy
c\u7853?p trn b\u7897? nh\u7899? Cache l 80%. Th\u7901?i gian c\u7911?a chu trnh h
\u432?\u7899?ng bus \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 c\u7911?a b\u7897? vi x\u7917?
l l 50ns. B\u7841?n hy tnh: \par\pard\ql \li900\sb1\sl-299\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\
charscalex100 a). Th\u7901?i gian truy c\u7853?p trung bnh c\u7911?a ca lm vi\u787
9?c ? \par\pard\ql \li900\sb0\sl-276\slmult0 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 b). S
\u7889? l\u432?\u7907?ng trung bnh cc chu trnh ch\u7901? \u273?\u7907?i c\u7847?n t
hi\u7871?t ?
7;32768}}
}}\par\pard\sect\sectd\fs24}

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{\rtf1{\fonttbl

{\f2 Times New Roman Bold;}

843?ng \u273?\u7841?i\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\ri1599\sb

{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}{\s

?c \u273?i\u7873?n vo danh sch bao g\u7891?m ba ph\u7847?n: \u273?\u7883?a ch\u788

, m\u7895?i khng gian tr\u7889?ng \u273?\u432?\u7907?c vi\u7871?t \u273? ln b\u7903

tr v c\u361?ng t\u7841?i \u273?, ng\u432?\u7901?i ta ng\u7915?ng l\u7841?i. \par\p

00 Bytes, t\u7841?m di\u7877?n gi\u7843?i: \par\pard\ql \li2458\sb11\sl-287\slmu

tw-5\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c cc k\u7871?t qu\u7843? cao h\u417?n. \par

\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Do \u273? s\u7921? che ph\u7911? th\u7

899?n c\u7911?a ti\u7871?n \line \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100 trnh, trong \u273?,

32?\u7899?c \u273?. V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, d\u7851?n t\u7899?i \up0 \exp

g7}{\bkmkend Pg7}\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\s

alex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hnh \u7843?nh mong mu\u7889?n c\u7911?a ng\u4

dtw-2\charscalex100 ng\u7855?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh (\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26

p0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 \u-3913?\ul0\nosupersub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub

c b\u7883? \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 bi\u7871?n \u273?\u7893?i b\u7903?i kho\

\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 T\u432?\u417?ng t\u7921?, m\u

\u7843?o \u7903? Unix v Windows NT\ul0\nosupersub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \l

gi\u7919? c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh cc trang \u7903? trong b\u7897? nh\u7899? \li

par\pard\qj\li540\ri1597\sb1\sl-300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw-1\charscalex100

1?n ra cc tnh ch\u7845?t sau \u273?y: \par\pard\ql \li540\ri1596\sb296\sl-306\slmul

anh sch cn l\u7841?i. C\u417? \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 s\u7903? d\u7919? li\u

c\u7909?c b\u7897? \u7903? trong m\u7897?t ch\u432?\u417?ng trnh, do \u273?, \u273

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

rsub\cf6\f7\fs26 \ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 Chi\u7871?n l\u432?\u7907?c FIFO

\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1596\

\u7841?y nhanh, th d\u7909? b\u7897? \u273?\u7871?m \up0 \expndtw-2\charscalex100

up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 Hnh 3.16------------------\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl

7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh c\u7911?a m\u7897?t \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 trang;

\u273? ta xc \u273?\u7883?nh \u273?\u432?\u7907?c s\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 opt\ul0

{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}{\sp{

do \u273?, W(t,\u8710?t) \u273?\u432?\u7907?c bi\u7875?u th\u7883? l \ul0\nosupers

dtw-5\charscalex100 trnh \u273?ang ng\u7911? tr\u432?\u7899?c khi ti\u7871?n trnh

45?t k\u7923? no \u273?. By gi\u7901?, n\u7871?u chng \line \up0 \expndtw-1\charscal

u7871?u \u273?\u7883?a ch\u7881? \u273?\u7873?u x\u7843?y ra m\u7897?t cch c\u790

26\fs36 \u-3867? \tab \up0 \expndtw-7\charscalex100 \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26

7871?u t\u7899?i t\u7853?p c\u7847?n quan tm M\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\ul0\nosupe

M \ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 = 1-k.m.v/m. I\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 M\ul0\nosu

0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 G\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 =n. B\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 1\u

\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-280\slmult0 \par\

w0\charscalex100 N\u7871?u m\u7897?t h\u7879? th\u7889?ng c \u273?\u7911? ch\u789

483\tx1678\tx1678 \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 G\ul0\sub\cf12\f13\fs26 D \ul0\n

arscalex100 th\u7889?ng. V\u7873? \u273?i\u7873?u \u273?, c nh\u7919?ng bi\u7879?n

w0\charscalex100 \u273?\u432?\u7907?c phn chia, \u273?\u7847?u tin, nhn theo hng, kh

?a h\u7879? th\u7889?ng \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 L(n,t) nh\u432? l m\u7897?t

\ul0\nosupersub\cf7\f8\fs26 working set\ul0\nosupersub\cf5\f6\fs26 . \par\pard\

u7841?nh). Sau \u273?, \up0 \expndtw-5\charscalex100 c m\u7897?t trang \u273?\u432

ub\cf10\f11\fs26 : \par\pard\qj \li540\sb0\sl-300\slmult0 \par\pard\qj\li540\ri1

xpndtw0\charscalex102 trong Unix c thm b\u7897? ch\u7881? th\u7883? th\u7913? hai

32?\u7907?c l\u7841?i, trong h\u7879? \u273?i\u7873?u hnh Windows NT, chi\u7871?n

h\u7881? c m\u7897?t s\u7889? t\u7889?i \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex100 thi\u7

5? c\u7889? \u273?\u7883?nh cc b\u7897? ch\u7881? \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex

{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;12;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;2457

32?\u417?ng trnh t\u7841?o \u273?i\u7873?u ki\u7879?n \u273?\u7875? nh\u7919?ng \

upersub\cf5\f6\fs26 Hnh 3.32***\tab \up0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 *\par\pard\qj \

d\u7909?ng ny khng ph\u7843?i l khng c \u273?i\u7873?u \line \up0 \expndtw0\charscal

9? th\u7889?ng m\u7841?ng my tnh. \u7902? \u273? c r\u7845?t nhi\u7873?u b\u7897? \u

0 \expndtw-3\charscalex100 Ngay c\u7843? vi\u7879?c s\u7917? d\u7909?ng cc b\u789

y \u273?\u7875? thu gom l\u7895?i \up0 \expndtw-4\charscalex100 khi g\u7905? r\u

300\slmult0\fi360 \up0 \expndtw0\charscalex102 M\u7895?i b\u7853?c b\u7843?o v\u

\sn geoRight}{\sv 12239}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 15840}}

\sn geoRight}{\sv 415}}{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 20}}