“Foot & Shell in

Mollusca”
A presentation compiled
from various sources by
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA,
Zoology Dept. Bhavan’s College, Andheri.

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

Sites from which presentations have been downloaded and later editted.
I am indeed thankful to them for their kindness and support :
http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/org/organelles.html
http://faculty.pnc.edu/jcamp/parasit/parasit.html
http://www.amnh.org/rose/hope/creatinghope/
http://www.biology.eku.edu/SCHUSTER/bio%20141/POWERPOINT
%20NOTES/Intro%20to%20Protozoa_files/fullscreen.htm
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~zoology/eeob405/
http://www.tulane.edu/~wiser/protozoology/pwpt/
http://www.iep.water.ca.gov/suisun/photos/wildlife.html
http://www.uta.edu/biology/marshall/2343/
http://www.uta.edu/biology/faculty/faculty.html
http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Zoology/PowerPoint.htm
http://bio.fsu.edu/
http://www.aw-bc.com/
http://www.nhm.org/
http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/education/course/descr/EAS302/presentations/

It is very easy to find mistakes in these presentations…..I request you to kindly

rectify them and supply me the modifications needed at parvishpandya@yahoo.com
Thanks a lot and have fun in teaching & learning Zoology….
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
Phylum Mollusca

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

Phylum
Mollusca

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

 Phylum Mollusca (mollis, soft)
• Body usually an anterior head, ventral foot and
a dorsal visceral mass.
• Covered by a fleshy outgrowth of the body wall
called a mantle.
– Shell if present is secreted by the mantle
• Radula- a tongue-like structure bearing
transvers rows of minute chitinous teeth.
• Good phylum for demonstrating Adaptative
Radiation.
• With the exception of Monoplacophora, the
phylum is unsegmented.
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
 Systems
• Skeletal-
Skeletal Mantle may secretes a shell. Use
hydrostatic pressure for ventral muscular foot.
• Muscles -Ventral muscular foot and other
muscles present.
• Digestive-
Digestive complete complex with salivary
glands, digestive gland and Rasping tongue
(Radula).
• Circulatory - Open except for Cephalopoda.
Dorsal heart, usually in a pericardial cavity.
• Respiratory - Ctenidia (gills) in mantle cavity,
respiratory pigment is copper.
Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation
 Systems
• Excretory-
Excretory by nephridia usually connecting to the
pericardial cavity,
– the coelom is usually reduced to the cavities of the nephridia,
gonads and pericardium.
• Nervous - Nerve ring with various pairs of ganglia—two
pairs of nerve cords, one innervating the foot, the other
the visceral mass (modified ventral ladder-like system)
• Integumentary - Mantle
• Endocrine - nervous systems produces hormones.
• Reproductive - varied- monoecious, protandric, or
dioecious. Larva in marine = trochophore and veliger,
in freshwater clam is glochidium.

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

 Molluscs
• 50,000 -100,000 living
species
• 35,000 extinct species
• Largest = 1000 pounds
• 80% less than 5 cm
• Soft body
• Most have a shell
• Most marine
• Snails terrestrial
– Most habitat

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Numbers of species
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Chordata
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Porifera
Echinodermata
Other
Sarcomastigophora
Apicomplex
Ciliophora

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Economics

• Pearls
• Burrowing shipworms
• Snails & slugs
– Garden pests
– Food
– Intermediate hosts for
parasites

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Phylum Mollusca
• Ventral Foot
– Locomotion
• Mantle
– Encloses mantle cavity
• Shell
• Radula
• Coelom
• Metanephridia
• Open circulatory
system
– Closed in cephalopods

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

Trochophore Larva
• Same type as Phylum
Annelida

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 Echinodermata Uniramia
Vertebrata Lophophores Chelicerata
Other Chordata Crustacea
Hemichordata
Arthropoda Annelida
Mollusca
Other
pseudocoelomates Nemertea
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Mesozoa
Placozoa
Sarcomastigophora
Ciliophora Porifera
Apicomplexa
Microspora Myxozoa

Dr. PARVISH PANDYA’s presentation

 Body Plan
Pericardial cavity Metanephridium
Mantle cavity
Gonad
Ctenidium
Radula

Stomach and digestive gland Foot

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Dorsal mantle covers the
visceral mass.

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Secretes the shell

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Ctenidium (Respiration)

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Complete digestive system

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Paired ventral nerve cords

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 Radula

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Radular Structure

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Coelom - metanephridia

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 Class Scaphopoda

• Tooth shells (or

Tusk shells)
– Shell and mantle
slender, tubular, and
slightly curved. It is
open at both ends

Dentalium

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Class Scaphopoda

• Tooth shells
• Shell opens on both
ends
• Burrow into mud
• No gills
– Mantle for gas
exchange
• Feed on detritus and
protozoa

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Class Scaphododa

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Class Polyplacophora
Chitons

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 Class Polyplacophora
• Eight dorsal plates
• Reduced head
• Radula reinforced
with iron
– Scrape algae from
rocks

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Class Polyplacophora

Mouth Mantle cavity

Ctenidium

Foot

Anus

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 Class Polyplacophora
Stomach Gonad
Digestive Pericardial cavity
gland
Mouth
Nephridium

Anus

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 Class Bivalvia
Clams, Oysters, Shipworms

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 Class Bivalvia

• Two shells
• Most are filter feeders
• No head or radula
• Burrow
– Sand, wood, rocks

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Giant Clam & Burrowing Clam

Siphon

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Locomotion with Foot

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Zebra Mussel

• Environmental Pest
• Ballast water of ships
from Europe in 1986
• Attach be secreting
adhesive byssal
threads
– Each other
– Other mussels
– Man made objects
• Pipes, plumbing

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Zebra Mussel

• Live in high densities

• Feed on
phytoplankton
• Reproduce rapidly

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 Bivalve structures
Hinge

Labial palp
Ctenidium

Excurrent
siphon

Foot Incurrent
siphon

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 Clam anatomy
Pericardial cavity
Metanephridium
Heart

Intestine

Excurrent
Stomach Incurrent

Intestine Gonad

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 Clam anatomy

Digestive
gland

Excurrent
Stomach
Incurrent

Intestine Gonad

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Clam anatomy
Pericardial cavity

Heart

Intestine

Excurrent

Incurrent

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 Clam anatomy
Metanephridium Pericardial cavity

Heart

Intestine

Excurrent

Incurrent

Gonad

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 Oysters

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 Pearl formation

Shell

Developing pearl

Epithelium

Irritant lodged between shell and mantle

Layers of nacre secreted around foreign material

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 Scallops

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 Oyster and Scallop

Scallop shells

Oyster cluster Oyster shells

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Shipworms

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 Teredo (shipworm)
and the Rock boring worm

Teredo Teredo in wood

Rock boring clam

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 Class Gastropoda
Snails, Slugs, Conchs, Limpets

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 Class Gastropoda

• One shell (if present)

• Torsion of body

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Torsion in
Gastropods

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 Snail

• Terrestrail
• Mantle cavity
functions as lung

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 Snail
Pneumostome
Shell Tentacle
(Eye stalks)
Anus Tentacle

Foot
Mouth

Genital pore

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 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Internal Structure of a Generalized Gastropod

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 Busycon (Whelk)

Busycon (shell removed)

Busycon shells

Busycon eggs
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 Other Gastropods

Abalone shells

Conch

Examples of gastropoda
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 Abalone

• Several holes in top of shell

– Excrete waste
• Food for man
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 Nudibranch

• No shell
• Dorsal projections
– Gills
– Nematocyst discharge
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 Slug

• No shell
• Garden pests

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 Limpet

• Herbivores
• Cling to rocks or other surfaces

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 Conch

• Large shell
• Marine
• Many are predators

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 Class Cephalopoda
Squids, Octopuses, Nautiluses

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Class Cephalopoda

• Shell in squid and

octopus absent or
vestigial
• Jet propulsion
• Ink sac
• Food modified into
arms and tentacles
• Marine
• All predators

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 Squid
Posterior surface

Right

Ventral
Dorsal

Left

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 Squid
Tentacle
Arm
Funnel (siphon)

Collar Fin
Eye

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 Squid
Shell (Pen)

Systemic
heart
Branchial heart
Ctenidium
Funnel

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 Squid Male
Testis
Penis

Hectocotylous arm

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 Squid Female
Ovary with eggs
Oviducal gland
Nidamental glands

Oviducal opening

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 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cephalopod Eye

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 Octopus

• Eight arms with

suckers
• Crawl or eject water
from siphon
• Change skin color
• Most intelligent
invertebrate

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 Octopus • Eight arms

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 Nautilus

• Up to 94 tentacles
– No suckers
• Shell with many
chambers
– Lives in outermost

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 Nautilus

• (South Pacific and Indian Ocean)

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Ammonoids

• Extinct
• Devonian to
Cretaceous
– 400 to 65 MYA
• Died out with
dinosaurs

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The End
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