Topic 5 / Unit 19 —————— [ Suggested answers to in-text activities | Check Your Understanding (page 143) X is a salt bridge. It serves two important functions: + Iteompletes the + Itprovides ions that charged ions in the circuit by allowing ions to move towards one half-cell from the other 1n move into the half-cells to prevent the build-up of excess positively or negativ ould cause the reaction to stop, solutions which v Inthe first ZniFe and Mg/Fe calls), electrons f Ww from the zine and magnesium electrades to the iron electrode in the external circuit. This is because zinc and magnesium form ions more readily than iron. Inthe CulFe cell, elec rons flow from the iron electrode to the copper electrade in the external circuit, This, is beca iron forms ions more readily than copper [ Suggested answers to exercise | imple chemical cell l | [ive secroae Beare % ye i3 a) b) 4B 5D 6c 70 8B oA 1A it a) ) fons ii) half-cetts ii) ions ‘The farther apart the two metals are in the electrochemical serias, the higher is the voltage of the cell and the brightness of the bulb. Magnesium and copper are the farthest apart in the series among the others. Option A~ Electrons flow from metal X to metal Y in the external circuit. Option B ~ Atoms of metal X lose electrons and form ions. These ions go into the electrolyte. Therefore the mass of metal X decreases. Option C — Chemical energy Is changed into electrical energy. Option A The half-equation for the reaction occurred at the magnesium electrode is Mg(s) —> Mg"(aq) + 26° Option 8 ~ Copper't!) ions migrate towards the copper electrode, Option D — Electrons tlow from magnesium electrode to copper electrode in the external circuit. “The porous pot acts as a salt bridge. It completes the circuit by allowing ions to move between the two solutions through its small holes. A glass cylinder cannot serve this purpose. (1) Electrons tlow from the electrode made of metal X to the silver electrode in the extemal circuit. This is because metal X is at a higher position in the electrochemical series than silver, Metal X loses electrons more readily than silver. (3) The mass of the silver electrode increases. (1) The zine atoms lose electrons and form zinc ions. These ions go into the zine nitrate solution. (2) The mass of the lead electrode increases. This is because lead) ions near to the lead electrode gain electrons and form atoms. As a result, a deposit of lead forms on the lead electrode. (3) The salt bridge allows ions to move towards one haif-cell from the other. ightal mutimeter (as voltmeter) __ deh [~~ ] copper strip magnesium stip — L (postive electrode) (negative electrode) copper) sulphate solution 12 13 14 18Mo{s) + Cu**(aq) —> Mg*(aq) + Cu(s) ©). There is a direct transfer of ele rom the magnesium electrode to the copper(I) ions in the solution, AAs a result, fewer and fewer electrons flow along the conducting wires. The voltage of the cell falls quite quickly, a) Mois) +x" > Mg"*(aq) + X(s) From mag p to strip made of X. Direction of electron flow ii) X(s) + Cu"(aq) —> x" (aq) + Culs) is opposite to that in (bp. a) From the zine strip to the copper con Cu (aq) —» 2n*(aq) + Culs) °) es the it by allowing ions to move between the two solutions through its small holes, ion of electron flow in the ext ) Aluminium is nal circuit ange. he electrochemical series. Aluminium at higher than zine i ms lose electrons m readily than zinc atoms, Therefor ult electrons tlow from the aluminium can to the zine strip in the external Soak a pie filter pape of filter paper with sodium chloride solution. Place the filter paper on a magnesium strip, Put the and magnesium strip on a piece of plastic sheet. Connect the magnesium strip to the negative terminal of the digital multimeter. Place the copper strip on the filter paper. Connect the copper strip to the tive terminal of the digital multimeter. Record the voltage. Repeat the experiment with silver and zinc replacing magnesium in tur. Voltages of the Mg/Cu and ZnCu cells have a positive sign. This shows that copper is the positive electrode. In these cells, electrons flow from the magnesium and zinc electrodes to the copper electrode in the external cuit, This Is be Ise magnesium and zinc form ions more readily than copper. while the zine Among these two metal couples, the magnesium-copper couple gives a higher voltag copper couple gives a lower voltage. Therefore magne more readily than zinc. jum forms jo The voltage of the Ag/Cu cell has Ag/Cu cell, electror \egative sign. This shows that copper is the negative electrode. In the rode in the external circuit. This is flow from the copper electrode to the silver e! ily than silver, because copper forms ions more Therefore the rel yer and s} tendency of the metals in forming ions in descending orde! Inesium, zine 123