BHAI KISHAN SINGH .G.H.

SANDHWAN ( FARIDKOT)
 INTRODUCTION
APPLICABLE TO CLASSES VI TO X
BASIC UNIT OF ALL LIVING
ORGANISMS.
NOT SEEN BY NAKED EYE.
MAKES THE TOPIC INTERESTING.
HELPS IN BIOLOGICAL STUDIES.
 WHAT IS CELL ?
• CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL AND
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ALL LIFE
FORMS.
 DISCOVERIES
• DISCOVERED BY ROBERT HOOKE IN 1665.
• ROBERT BROWN DISCOVERED
NUCLEUS IN 1831.
• J.E. PURKINJE GAVE THE TERM
PROTOPLASM IN 1839.
• VIRCHOW GIVE CELL THEORY IN 1855
• DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE IN 1940,HELPS IN CELL
STUDY
OLD MICROSCOPE
WHAT IS A CELL MADE UP
OF
• IT IS MADE OF LIFE GIVING
SUBSTANCE CALLED PROTOPLASM .
• IT CONTAIN-
• PROTEIN
• CARBOHYDRATES
• FATS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS.
 CELL FUNCTION
1. MOVEMENT
2. NUTRITION
3. ENERGY
4. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
5. CELL DIVISION
CELL MOVEMENT
CELL NUTRITION
 ORIGIN OF CELL
• SCIENTISTS STUDY FOSSILS TO
TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE
FROM SIMPLE CELL TO COMPLEX
ORGANISMS. IT IS BELIEVED THAT
FIRST CELL IS ORIGINATED IN SEA.
ORIGIN OF CELL
 TYPE OF CELL
• PLANT CELL
• ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
 STRUCTURE OF CELL
• CELLS HAVE THREE MAJOR
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS –
• 1.PLASMA MEMBRANE.
• 2.NUCLEUS.
• 3.CYTOPLASM.
MITOCHONDRIA
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
 CELL DIVISION
• DIVISION OF PARENT CELL INTO
DAUGHTER CELL.
• IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE
CONTINUITY OF RACE BECAUSE IT
HELPS IN GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT
AND REPRODUCTION.
• TYPES :- MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
 MITOSIS
• CALLED EQUATIONAL OR SOMATIC
DIVISION.
• HELPS IN GENETIC
HOMOGENEITY,GROWTH,REPAIR AND
REGENERATION, AND ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION.
STAGES OF MITOSIS
• KARYOKINESIS :- PROPHASE
• METAPHASE
• ANAPHASE
• TELOPHASE
• CYTOKINESIS.
 MEIOSIS
• CALLED GERMINAL DIVISION AS IT
OCCURS IN ONLY GERM CELLS.
• CALLED REDUCTIONAL DIVISION AS
THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES IS
REDUCED TO HALF.
• HAVE TWO DIVISION :-
• MEIOSIS I
• MEIOSIS II
 MEIOSIS I
• CHROMOSOME NUMBER GETS
REDUCED TO HALF SO IT IS
REDUCTIONAL DIVISION.
• IT OCCURS IN FOUR PHASES :-
• PROPHASE I
• METAPHASE I
• ANAPHASE I
• TELOPHASE I
 DIFFERENCE
• MITOSIS • MEIOSIS
• OCCURS IN • OCCURS INGERM
SOMATIC CELL. CELL.
• HAPLOID OR • IN DIPLOID CELL
DIPLOID CELL. ONLY.
• FORM TWO • FORM FOUR
DAUGHTER CELL. DAUGHTER CELL.
• EQUATIONAL • REDUCTIONAL
DIVISION DIVISION
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
• GROWTH.
• REPAIR.
• HEALING.
• VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS
SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
 PREPARED BY
• BEANT KAUR ( Sci Teacher)

• HELPED BY :
• AMANDEEP KAUR ( Comp. Faculty)