116 Problems in Algebra: Author: Mohammad Jafari

116 Problems in Algebra
Author: Mohammad Jafari Mohamad.jafari66@yahoo.com

Copyright 2011 by Mobtakeran Publications. All rights reserved.
Contents Function Equation Problems3 Inequality Problems.10 Polynomial Problems16 Other Problems19 Solution to the Problems..22
Function Equation Problems
1) Find all functions : such that:
2)
Find all functions : such that for all real numbers , : Find all functions : {1} such that: ( + ) = (). () +
(2010() + 1389) = 1 + 1389 + + 13892010 + ( ).
(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)
3)
() = ()() + () = 2() () = 3()
(, {1}) ( )
5) Find all functions , : such that: 6) Find all functions : such that:
( )
7() = 3() + 2
( )
+ + ( + ) = 2() + 2()
(, )
8) For all functions : such that:
Prove that () is a bijective function.
( + () + ) = + () + 2()
(, ) (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) (, )
( + () + 2) = + () + 2() ( + () + 2) = + () + 2()
(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) (, )
11) For all : such that : ( + () + 2) = + () + 2() Prove that (0) = 0.
(, ) (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)
12) Find all functions : + + such that, for all real numbers > > 0 : 1 ( ) = () (). . + () = + () + ( + ) ( + ()) = 2 + ( + )
14) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that:
(, + {0})
( + () + 2()) = + () + + () 2 + 2() = + () + + ()
(, )
17) Find all functions : such that: 18) Find all functions : such that: i) ii) iii)
(, )
() + 2() = () + + () (, )
19) For all injective functions : such that: + () = 2 ( )
() + () = 0 The number of the elements of the set { () = 0, } is finite. (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)
2 + () = ()2 + ()
(, ) ( + )
Prove that () + is bijective.
+ () + 2() = 2 + + ()
(, )
21) For all functions , , : such that is injective and is bijective satisfying () = () ( ) , prove that () is bijective function. (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)
23) Find all functions : + {0} + such that:

+() 2
(2 + 2()) = + () + 2 + = () +
(, ) (, + {0})

+() 2
25) For all functions : + {0} such that : i) ii)
+ () = () +
(, + {0})
( + ) = () + ()
26) Find all functions : + {0} such that: i) ii) ( + () + 2) = (2) + 2()
Prove that is injective function.
(, + {0}) The number of the elements of the set () = 0, + {0} is finite.
27) Find all functions : such that: i) ii)
(, + {0}) The number of the elements of the set () = 0, + {0} is finite.
(, ) (() + ) = + () + + ; () =
28) Find all functions : {0} such that: i) ii)
29) Find all functions : such that: 30) Find all functions : such that:
+() 2
(, ) (() + ) = + () The set { () = , } has a finite number of elements.

() + () + = + () + () + + (2) = 2 () + () + 2()
(, , )

+() 2
(, , )
32) (IRAN TST 2010) Find all non-decreasing functions : + {0} + {0} such that:
+() 2
+ + (2) = 2 () + () + 2()
(, , + {0})
+ = 2 () + (())
(, + {0})
33) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that: 34) Find all functions : such that:
( + () + 2) = 2 + (2()) ( + () + 2) = 2 + 2(())
(, + {0}) (, )

+() 2
+ + (2) = 2 () + (()) + 2() () = ()2 2() + ()
(, , + {0})
(, )
( )() + () = ( + )() ()
(, )
( )( + ) = ( )(() + ()) ( )( + ) = ( + )( )
(, )
40) Find all non-decreasing functions , : + {0} + {0} such that: prove that and are continues functions. ()2 . ( 2 )2 + (2). () = 2 ()
41) Find all functions : { , > 1 } such that :

2 =1 2
(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) { , > 1}
42) (IRAN TST 2011) Find all bijective functions : such that: 43) Find all functions : + + such that: + () + 2() = (2) + (2) ( + () + ) = (2) + ()
(, )
44) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that: 45) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that: i) + () + (2) = 2() + + () ii) (0) = 0 46) Find all functions : + + such that: ( + + ()) = () 47) Find all functions : such that:
(, + )
+ () + 2() = 2() + + ()
(, + {0})
(, + {0})
(, + , , 2) ( , 2)
(8) (2)
48) Find all functions : { , 1} such that:
( 1) + ( + 1) < 2()
( 2 ) = (4). () +
Inequality Problems:
4
49) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 2 prove that : 50) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 6 prove that :
+ 4 + 4 1 + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + 1
51) For all real numbers , , (2,4) prove that: 2 2 3 2 + + < 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 + + + + + 52) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 4 + 4 + 4 < 4 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 1 3 53) For all real positive numbers , , such that1 + + + < + +
++ 1
3 , , 3 ( + )( + )
<
2 +2 + 2
++
prove that:
54) For all real numbers , , such that 0 and + + < 0 prove that : 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 22 + 2 2 + 2 2 55) For all real numbers 0 < 1 < 2 < < 1390 < 3 1 + 3 2 ++3 1389 + 3 1390 < 695
2
prove that :
10
56) For all 0, ( = 1,2, , ) prove that :

2 =1 =1
57) For all real numbers , , [2,3] prove that: 1 1 1 1 + + (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 9 58) For all real numbers , , [1,2] prove that: 2 2 2 + + 3 (3 ) (3 ) (3 ) 59) For all real positive numbers , , prove that: 3 + + 3 + + 3 + + 3 + + 5 60) For all positive real numbers such that = 1 prove that: 3 + + 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2
min{ 3 . 3 +1 , 3 +1 . 3 } 2
(+1 = 1 )
61) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 1 prove that: 2 2 1 ( + + ) +( + + ) 3 + + + + + + 62) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 1 prove that: 1 1 1 1 + + + + + 2
11
63) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = prove that: 64) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 3prove that: 1 1 1 + + 1 2 2 + + + + + + 2 + 1 + + 1 + + 1 1
2 3
65) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 4 + 2 + 1 4 + 2 + 1 4 + 2 + 1 3 3 3 + 6 + 6 2 + 2 + 2 6 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 + + 1 + + 1 + + 1 66) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 4 + 2 + 1 4 + 2 + 1 4 + 2 + 1 + + 4 6 + 3 + 1 6 + 3 + 1 6 + 3 + 1
67) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 1 + 2 + 4 1 + 2 + 4 1 + 2 + 4 + + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3
68) For all real numbers , , (1,2) prove that: 1 1 1 4 + + 2 2 1 + + 1 + + 2 + + 1 + + ( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1) + + + + 4 4 4

2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
69) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + + + + = 10 prove that:
12
70) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + + + + = 10 prove that: 71) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 2 9 ( )( ) ( + )2 8 + 4 + + + + + 3
1 1 1
72) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: ( + )2 2 2 ( )( ) ( ) ( + )2 +
73) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: 1 3 2 ( 2 )( ) ( 2 )( 2 ) + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 74) For all positive numbers , , prove that : 2( )( 2 ) ( ) ( ) +
75) For all ( = 1,2, , ) such that ,prove that: 1 2 ( + 3) 1 + 1 2 + + 1 2 + + + 2 12 12 22 12 76) For all ( 3) prove that : (1)!
1 1

1 2
+ (2)!
1 2
+ + (1)1 < 2 +
1
+ + 1
13
77) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 1 prove that: 1 3 ( + 2)( + 2) 78) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = 2 prove that: 1 3 1 ( + + 1)(1 + + 3 ) 1 min{ , , } 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 2
1 1 1
79) For all positive real numbers , , such that + + = + + prove that:
1
80) For all positive real numbers , , such that that: min
81) For all positive real numbers , prove that: + + 1 2 + + 1 + 82) For all positive real numbers , , prove that:
20
1 , , 1 + 1 + 1 + 2
= 3 (, ) prove (, )
( )
83) For all positive real numbers , , such that 2 + 2 + 2 = prove that: +4 +4 +4 5 + + < 2.4 + 6 + 6 + 6
1
+
20
21
+ (
21
21
21
+ + 2
14
84) Find minimum real number such that for all real numbers , , :
85) (IRAN TST 2011) Find minimum real number such that for all real numbers , , , : 86) For all positive real numbers , , prove that: ( + )2 + 2 1+ 2 2+ 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 87) For all real numbers 1 , , prove that: ( + )2 + 2 + 2 + (2 + 1)( 2 + 1)( 2 + 1) + 2( + + + + + )
2(2 + 1)( 2 + 1) + 2 +
(Proposed by Dr.Amir Jafari and Mohammad Jafari)
15
Polynomial Problems:
2010 =0
88) Find all polynomials () and () with real coefficients such that: 89) Find all polynomials () and () such that: i) () = () ( ) ii) () , () ( )
[( ). ( 1). ( 3)] (). ( 2010)
( )
90) Find all polynomials () and () such that: i) () > () ii) (). ( 1) = ( 1). () 91) Find all polynomials () and () such that: 2 () + 2 () = (3 3 ). (). ()
4
92) The polynomial () is preserved with real and positive coefficients. If the sum of its coefficient's inverse equals 1, prove that : (1). () ( )4
=0
4
(0, 3)
93) The polynomial () is preserved with real and positive coefficients and with degrees of . If the sum of its coefficient's inverse equals 1 prove that : 94) The polynomial () is increasing and the polynomial ()is decreasing such that: 2() = () + () Show that there is 0 such that: (0 ) = (0 ) = 0
16
(4) + 1 2+1
95) Find all polynomials () such that for the increasing function : + {0} + 2() = () + () , (0) = 0 96) Find all polynomials () such that, for all non zero real numbers x,y,z that
1

1
97) () is an even polynomial (() = ()) such that (0) 0 .If we can write () as a multiplication of two polynomials with nonnegative coefficients, prove that those two polynomials would be even too. 98) Find all polynomials () such that: ( + 2)( 2) + ( 2)( + 2) = 2() ( )
1 1 1 + = () () ()
+ =
1
99) If for polynomials () and () that all their roots are real: () = (()) Prove that there is polynomial () such that()() = ()2 . 100) For polynomials () and () : [( 2 + 1)] = [( 2 + 1)] Prove that: () = ().
101) For polynomials () and () with the degree of more than the degree of the polynomial (), we have : () () ( { () 0, + }) = () () Prove that: () = ().
17
102) The plain and desert which compete for breathing play the following game : The desert choses 3 arbitrary numbers and the plain choses them as he wants as the coefficients of the polynomial (( 2 + + )).If the two roots of this polynomial are irrational, then the desert would be the winner, else the plain is the winner. Which one has the win strategy? 103) The two polynomials () and () have an amount in the interval [ 1, ] ( ) for [0,1].If is non-increasing such that:() = (()) ,prove that there is 0 [0,1] such that ((0 ) = 0 .
18
Other Problems
104) Solve the following system in real numbers : 2 + 2 = 2 1 + 2 = 2 2 = Solve the following system in real numbers : 2 = 1 + 2 2 = 1 + 2 2 = 1 + 2
105)
106)
Solve the following system in positive real numbers : (, ) (2 + )(2 + ) = 9 (2 + )(2 ) = 3 Solve the following system in real numbers : 2 = 4 + 1 2 = 4 + 1 2 = 4 + 1 Solve the following system in real numbers : = 6 + 4 + 2 + 1 3 = 6 + 4 + 2 + 1 5 = 6 + 4 + 2 + 1
107)
108)
19
109)
Solve the following system in real numbers : 2 . 2 + 2 = . 2 . 2 + 2 = . 2 . 2 + 2 = . Solve the following system in real numbers : (2 + 1). ( 2 + 1). ( 2 + 1) = 81 8
110)
(4 + 2 + 1). ( 4 + 2 + 1). ( 4 + 2 + 1) =
111)
Solve the following system in real numbers : 2 + = 2 + 2 + = 2 + 2 + = 2 +
3 81 ()2 8
112)
Solve the following system in positive real numbers : 1 1 1 + + = 2( + ) 1 1 1 + + = 2( + ) 1 1 1 + + = 2( + ) Solve the following equation for (0, ):
2 +
113)
114)
Find all functions , : + + in the following system : (() + 1)(() + 1) = ( + )2 (() + )(() + ) = ( + + 1)( 1)
+ =
+ +
, , + , , +
20
115)
Solve the following system in real positive numbers : 4 + 3 + 2 = + + 4 3 2 4 + 3 + 2 = + + + + = + + 4 + 3 + 2 = + +
116)
Solve the following equation in real numbers : + + =1 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 +
21

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116 Problems in Algebra: Author: Mohammad Jafari

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116 Problems in Algebra

Author: Mohammad Jafari Mohamad.jafari66@yahoo.com

Function Equation Problems

1) Find all functions : such that:

(2010() + 1389) = 1 + 1389 + + 13892010 + ( ).

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

4) Find all functions : such that:

() = ()() + () = 2() () = 3()

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

7) Find all functions : such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

8) For all functions : such that:

9) Find all functions : such that:

Prove that () is a bijective function.

(, ) (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) (, )

10) Find all functions : such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) (, )

11) For all : such that : ( + () + 2) = + () + 2() Prove that (0) = 0.

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(, ) (Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

13) Find all functions : such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari) (, )

14) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

15) Find all functions : such that:

16) Find all functions : such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

19) For all injective functions : such that: + () = 2 ( )

Prove that () + is bijective.

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

20) Find all functions : such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

22) Find all functions : such that:

23) Find all functions : + {0} + such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

24) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that:

25) For all functions : + {0} such that : i) ii)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

Prove that is injective function.

(, + {0}) The number of the elements of the set () = 0, + {0} is finite.

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

27) Find all functions : such that: i) ii)

(, + {0}) The number of the elements of the set () = 0, + {0} is finite.

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

28) Find all functions : {0} such that: i) ii)

(, ) (() + ) = + () The set { () = , } has a finite number of elements.

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

31) Find all functions : + {0} + {0} such that:

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)

(Proposed by Mohammad Jafari)