:o* - .

2 a- -
$
, 1
1
-
L !> '
,52 \--J: fL; %
:a LW ;>,A & L l b6% J& J> db
12 2 2 ,L L 6 2 0 _ A& jL, I.LAcF'> J L I &->,iu

&
.I
!A2 '
oJ.2 5- .2
. -,
FG ! ~ ? . . i j l b -6
- >-L
"
&-

G,L J > K
-*j ,'
. ,
d>,J -.
,
LC-c ;>
+

-Lu i36d14,- LA- uis .+IJ. L+ L$L ;<,+.> O L < ~ ?

s,+
Y;: --
h,L+ -. >22 1-G
,
2LcL&,d
. 2 3 b
l,& ldSIG" > j J ;+;

i.-
~5~
y-
;lSdc4,- -,>
&- 2
i. cp;?p _
2,- A l j
LpL45 >I*\ ,LJ
-
-4 A& ; -&
i

[ll.~,v J K L;,!A
y- d l ,~+., 2 1 2 ?+>,
-.
-L -LK;-- -, / I

k- >bJ ' ;,I a

* iyL$ oGJ 03% J L >I2> 4
,.

.-\ 0- $ 223 J ~ LJ ~b<J>. ;G J ~ QJ>~L

2A 0-

I - Ide:~l r r c l i n ~ c ~elfic~ency
l 2 - SOCIAIwelfare 3 - O p i ~ ~ l ~Power
al Flow
w&L c,loss , &I,> -;2; . , I ;\ 4 s
, l ~ - ; .~L > L A ~ 2 1 2b i: + 6 -i S!L;>+

1 L-: ;>2s2*;>:;J+ -k;; .-"A-1 "-.

'- e,G d>bl - J , ~ , Lkk 2 .

P - 9 : . . ,
-2 J .
A C,lo" = C,~O"-
loss
 I J JCLSO - ~ L
GL dl9. ~rl9 I&9-r-Y-Y
-
. . , , t

a-2; J21d1jlA" .A ;3& j j 2_:;

- 2 3 5 "I!&\ Gg;; -2sJu-2 a .
-\ , . J d - L - l i.
- A
- .
2 - - , ~ ; ~ u - ~ ~ > b ~ > i . - J!>
a - d
L
- /. ~L
. ~ --,
,~J>. ~
2

L
~~,
iA
;L
,--
L ,.,i, .+
i
: ,\',
-2
L
-- -!- J
-2 ;3 2r.
2
.

p,, pi!"""
-
5 1 . 1' C
L \l G .\
-D : 2 Lz i
. . J

, . . . l1la.Y

u
+-#
8 ,

>. -/L, .4LJiz\i\Jc

-,Ls+"Jo22.;,-2&a-j2i Qij eC -2 ' "-'
+
 c*
Demand

P31 "In 5 P,, s Pgln'" i=l to N,

zrj -1 ., r
2 Js- EMS J2 L' p;+;uL, j jb\&i rkd i - &J2
 .y
C,,, = 50 iP g 1 + 0.01P:,:
;id> + ~~~~&
2>- F
L
G 3 l~;~;{;j-LL ,A -J
- ,
, d,LdJ \&
u \;
2
.> ,

C,.,-= 100 + PgZ + o.Oo?jP,,'

C, = 300 iP, + 0.002P,?

P,; * P,,

P,..
-. = 100
=

S(
P,

P,,,
= 3-
409
:-;I:
Q(
3

PL1
= 500
-C2j C L L L J
. I

-=.i; (\ r j _1 ( \ T ! L:IfJ
j;:--! - (\Y)

('3)

:;
4 -
I. -
. ,3- 5
!
-_.,
-
.
,J
LF
-
.
1
-i.
, - I

-
-

2
'
C + ; a 3 2 5
J e
01- .Lid A
-
I --2"e
.- ?>

.
:w,..>( 7 ) &ij2 J
& . +,
A L-~L cG 3 2
(,yL;;r! A
d
a

-
,-,
e ' b )L-+
.; = 1 - = 1 - 0.005 P,,
+ (1.02P;,, , & P,, + P,,,= P,,= 500 (.\ v )
3-

+
-A '2--'2 >;
. ,. - ,
2 4d ' 0 < ' ,- 2-
. . .
-ad- 1:
ud-\-LJy
,
Y > Q
-\-
, -
,-
d .
a
d
Y J 2 ;k >I2?
",
, 4

:-;J, 2
3

. ,
f',,=-lOO * ;.=l.h & P,,=YO & PJ7=33O
- & C,,= 1.94 S: C,,,= 1144 2 3 3
(-,

C,,=920
cU: S.W. =-2555 (\q)
 ,-
I- ~ ~ z "+
- 2 ;
'a
- 21fLL~',L- j ?.I> s \ ++-
,>3- o-,k -
L : >> d &As- /,i
.< fl
Ad>?
8
a ~ d & ~ 2 ~ &
-J-
- &-&.-L5&&iiL-\~<
J ? , ; ,~~ ~ ' ; ;~2 & L~- . l ~
L
4 ~ ~ ~ ~

~ I - S >&I i.+> L-, s 2, A ;<,

1- LJ;! 2 4L=+l*19 , 1 2,
i:
WL- c'
*, - ,1- L b ;dl,- ;<'+. i '--4T& L' d - l ; 2 3 I
-,k &-122

,&j; ,*-,,: + - . 1-i . ,L&/ EMS ; ' e l J > I

&&IY -;A
.
.-
.r-Y-
.< - .I - . -
'"L 32;21 ;L.&/
CL
_ - +
.
'I
>, ! - ."
.i-4 .iz.5SP
-, i . s~
l& i ) > 4 ~ - 24>
t
.I
c;140 A-;>-:w

J
>
,
/ .
-
.

4
$
'

-& ' L - . ! o L &$ -

-
'.u-
j,A 2
I
&I

.
' I, . IL+L.s - + : " -L',
Ii
.i
,
a" I &
--
I.., .
v';k +&5C4* -1 0 - G -&.-.&
:>,-A L L 4 - A+; A;,@. k-I: >a2-, ,.-L
CJ
B:(P,)= E,(P,) . P,- C,(P!) <L_- = L , 2 - -22) <Y 0 ;

L,AE,(P,)>P,L!; .,;>L
, ;i, -, 4 i;.;dC,(P,) . G g , ; ~ l + P i ,his ,> ?Bi .LC
.. 2 2,,& ;I-& k,~ ~ C L ; LJ;\J&
~ - .i-7 j &j\.AT - 4 -4 40 ~ 2

..-I ,L!A > > \&,I * .<\ L L

. . 4 02'- d L -,\-- L
,
J V 4.
 -P
[I] X. S. Liul "Structural modeling and hierarchical control of large scale electric
power systems", Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T.. M a y 1994
[Thesis advisor: hl. Ilicj

.
2-<;
.
--.-d.
',.
- ,
-
,--2 -, >,'2 2 -
.
--
4 - aL 5rn-2; ,, .e2:,
.s>12 2 +.- -09. 2- - 4,<- ~
-2
- .[?I
\ ?\; \ 2'3 >\ %-, \ F .-&! > <;?- yJ&&
A : .A. - L i
4
2 .
2
j:s ; ! 2 -
*. 9
... .- i
4 . 2

./:><i , ! L \ 2 -*;,
/
5 - 2 2
. I
:-
Q.L,,>
-, f;>
. .
-'; . ,' -
',
\- -5)
4
,, 8
~ ' 2 ; b ' - .I&;
.
-
4 . ~
- L
PIb

, . ,..
,\,r'l'l ./+A :-rG2

--
L 3 ] . Z. Bicki, "Xlov~nginto pole position". Power Engineering International. pp.
34-36. May 1998.
'[h]. C. Dieter. "Europe beginsthe slow creep towzrds deregulation", Power
Engineerine Internatjonal, pp. 23-24: >lay 1998.
IT].
-. ",Africa derelrulatlon". Power reports. Power Engineering International,

Vlar.->lay 1999.