OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals

ISSUE 3.2

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Name the frequency spectrum used in GSM Name the concept of frequency reused. Name the two different cell types and understand why and when each would be used.

Internal Use

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900

Total bandwidth: Bandwidth/channel: Channel availability:

Internal Use

25MHz 200KHz 124 ARFCN (1-124)

4

The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800
95MHz spacing

Base Station Receive

1710

Base Station Transmit

1785 1805 1880MHz

Total bandwidth: Bandwidth/channel: Channel availability:

Internal Use

75MHz 200KHz 374 ARFCN (512-885)

5

New standard

RGSM EGSM

GSM 900

RGSM EGSM

GSM 900

876 880

890

915 921

925

935

960

EGSM Extra 10MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 174. RGSM Extra 15MHz, therefore total available ARFCN become 199.

Internal Use

Calculation of Carrier Frequencies

GSM900 Fuplink (n) = 890 + (0.2 x n) MHz Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 45MHz Where, 1 < n < 124 GSM1800 Fuplink (n) = 1710.2 + (0.2 x (n-512)) MHz Fdownlink (n) = Fuplink (n) + 95MHz Where, 512 < n < 885

Internal Use

Frequency spectrum
dB

Wanted signal

Noise floor f1 f2 Frequency

-Bandwidth is from f1 to f2 -Clean signal can be obtained if only one user using this spectrum and the signal energy must higher than the noise floor.

Internal Use

Frequency spectrum
dB 20dB Interfering signal Wanted signal

10dB

Noise floor f1 f2 -Interference occur when two signal are transmitting at the same frequency spectrum. -Signal with higher energy will win.

Internal Use

How to maximize the spectrum utilization

Adopt multiple access techniques Adopt frequency reuse

Internal Use

10

GSM Multiple Access Methods

Time

Time

f
Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access

GSM system
Internal Use
11

GSM Multiple Access Method

dB ARFCN 1 ARFCN 2 7 6 5 8 Users/ timeslots 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 frequency

200kHz 200kHz Note: Max number of users can only support up to 8Ts x 124ARFCN=(992 users). [for GSM900]

Internal Use

12

Frequency Re-Use

Why need Frequency Re-Use?

Frequency resources are very expensive. Frequency resources are very limited. However maintain the quality of service.

Internal Use

13

Frequency Re-Use

How can we reuse frequency?

2

7(Site)X 1(Cell) Re-use

7 1 6 5

3 2

Internal Use

14

Frequency Reuse

How can we reuse frequency?

1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 k=3 1 4 3 1 1 2 4 4 3 1 3 2 2 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 k=4

Larger cluster size Longer distance between interferers

2 3 7 2 3 7 1 6 4 1 6 5 4 2 5 3 7 1 6 4 2 5 3 7 1 k=7 6 4 5

7 8 6 2 3 7 9 1 6 4 7 5 8 9 6 2 3 7 9 1 6 4 5 9 k=9

2 1 5 2 1 5

8 3 4 8 3 4

Less interference BUT 9 9 8 8 10 10 2 11 2 11 Reduced capacity 3 3 7 7

6 12 12 1 1 6 4 4 9 5 5 8 10 2 11 3 7 12 1 6 4 5 k=12
15

Internal Use

Controlling Co-channel interference

Carried-to-co-channel interference ratio C/I = 1.5(k2) Where, k = Cluster size e.g. k=3, C/I = 1.5(3)2 = 11.3 dB k=4, C/I = 1.5(4)2 = 13.8 dB

Note: - GSM standard required C/I > 9 dB. Thats mean minimum number of reuse pattern is k=3.

Internal Use

16

Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)

dB 9dB Interfering signal/Cochannel Signal

Wanted signal

Noise floor f1 Note: In practical C/I should be greater than 12 dB Frequency

Internal Use

17

Frequency Re-Use

4(Site)X 3(Cell) Re-use

3 5 1 9 11 4 1 7

5 9 2 8 12 3 10 1 9 5 11 10 7 6

6
2

Internal Use

18

CELL

Omni-Directional Cells Omni-Directional Cells

Omni

1 1
120 degree

120 Degree Sectors 120 Degree Sectors

3
Internal Use
19

Comparison between Omni / Sectorised Cells

Omni cells

1 1 1 1 1 1

4 2 4 2
1 1

1 1
First tier

3
1

3 2 4 2
1

120 deg. Directional Antennas

4
First tier

2 4 2 Ex. 3x4

1
Second tier

for first tier KI = 6 (theoretically)

for first tier KI = 2 - 3 narrow beam antennas (e.g. 60) better than wide beam antennas (e.g. 120)

Internal Use

20

Controlling Co-channel interference

Hence, C/I = 1.5 (K2) x S Where, S = sectorization

5 1 9

e.g. for 3 Sectorization (4x3) C/I = 1.5k2 x 3 = 4.5 K2 = 1.5x (4)2 x 3 = 10 log 72 = 18.6 dB

Internal Use

21

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

22

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Draw the structure of GSM Identify the functions of each component

Internal Use

23

GSM Network Components

NSS OSS
OMC OMC

AUC AUC HLR HLR EIR EIR MSC/VLR MSC/VLR PSTN

ME ME

SIM SIM

MS

BTS BTS

BSC BSC

BSS
24

Internal Use

Mobile StationMS

MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Equipment

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Subscriber Identity Module

Internal Use
25

Subscriber Identity Module SIM

Internal Use

M G S
26

International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) (IMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) (TMSI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Location Area Identity (LAI) Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki) Subscriber Authentication Key Mobile Station International Standard Mobile Data Network (MSISDN), Data Network (MSISDN), it is optional. it

Authentication

MS MS
Ki RAND

Um interface

Network Network
RAND Ki

A3 A3
SRES

A3 A3
SRES

= = ? ?
Accept / reject?
27

Ki = authentication key RAND = random number SRES = Signal Response

Internal Use

Base Station Subsystem BSS

MSC The Base Station Controller BSC The Base Transceiver Station BTS The Trans-coder TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)

BSS TC/SM TC/SM

BSC BSC BTS BTS

Internal Use

28

The Network Switching System

NSS
OMC

AUC AUC HLR HLR EIR EIR MSC/VLR MSC/VLR

EC EC IWF IWF

PSTN

Mobile Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Inter-Working Function Echo Cancellor
Internal Use

MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC IWF EC

BSS

29

Mobile Service Switching Center MSC

Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support Inter-network & Inter-working Billing

Internal Use

30

Home Location Register HLR

Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Subscriber (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information Supplementary service information Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Authentication key and AuC functionality Authentication key and AuC functionality

Internal Use

31

Visitor Location Register VLR

Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached) Mobile Status(IMSI detached/ attached) Location Area Identity(LAI) Location Area Identity(LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI) Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN) Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN)

Internal Use

32

Equipment Identity Register EIR

White List Black List Grey List

IMEI Is Checked against White List If NOT found, checked against Grey/Black List

If NOT found, checked against White List indications If found, returns a Black or Grey List indicator
Internal Use

IMEI Is Checked against Black/Grey List

33

Inter-Working Function IWF

Rate Conversion Protocol Adaptation

MSC MSC

PSTN

EC EC

IWF

Internal Use

34

Operation and Maintenance Sub System

OSS(NMC)

M2000

M2000

M2000

Region2

Region 3 Region 1

Internal Use

35

Operation and Maintenance Center OMC

OMC/iManager M2000: OMC assigned specifically for GSM, CDMA & WCDMA NEs.

Internal Use

36

OMC Functional Architecture

Event/Alarm Management

Security Management

MMI OS
Fault Management Performance Management

DB
Configuration Management

Internal Use

37

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

38

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Identify the protocols used on the terrestrial interfaces between the GSM system entities

Internal Use

39

GSM Interface

D VLR B MSC E EC EC A TC MS
Internal Use

VLR C

HLR H AUC F EIR

MSC

IWF

IWF

Um

BTS

Abis

BSC
40

GSM Protocol

MS CM MM L3

BTS

BSC

MSC CM MM

RR RR RR L2 L1 LAPDm SigL1 BTSM BTSM LAPD SigL1

BSSMAP

BSSMAP

SCCP MTP

SCCP MTP

LAPDm LAPD SigL1 SigL1

Um

Abis

Internal Use

41

SigL1: 2MBps Trunks

IWF MSC/VLR

OMC

HLR AUC EIR MSC/VLR EC

EC TC BSC BTS BTS

Internal Use

PSTN
BTS
42

2MBps Trunks

Typical Configuration TS 0 TS 1-15 TS16 TS 17-31

TS = Time slot TS# 0 1-15 16 Traffic CCS7 Signaling (Other TS may also the used) Used for Frame Alignment /Error Checking /Signaling

17-31 Traffic
Internal Use
43

Abis (LAPD) Interfaces

Flag

Frame check Sequence

Information

Control

Address

Flag

last bit

first bit

Internal Use

44

ITU Signaling System CCS7

CCS7 Levels
OSI Layers 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport 3. Network 2. Link 1 Physical MTP Level 1

MAP TUP ISUP TCAP BSSAP

(DTAP+BSSMAP)

SCCP
MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 2 Mb/s Trunk
45

Internal Use

Abbreviation of CCS7

MTP MTP TCAP TCAP SCCP SCCP TUP TUP ISUP ISUP MAP MAP BSSAP BSSAP BSSMAP BSSMAP DTAP DTAP

Message Transfer Part Message Transfer Part Transaction Capabilities Application Part Transaction Capabilities Application Part Signaling Connection Control Part Signaling Control Telephone User Part Telephone User Part ISDN User Part User Part Mobile Application Part Mobile Application Part Base Station System Application Part Station System Application Part BSS Management Application Part Management Application Part Direct Transfer Application Part

Internal Use

46

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

47

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Identify the number

system

identification

Identify the of mobile identification number Identify number the cell identification

Internal Use

48

Service Area

System area
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area... Location area... Base station area...

PLMN service area

MSC service area... Location area... Base station area...

......

Radio cell

Radio cell

......

......

Internal Use

49

MSC/VLR Number

CC

NDC
MSC/VLR number

LSP

The format is CC+NDC+LSP CC Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of 139 138 137 136 135. China Mobile is

LSP(locally significant part): is defined by Telecom operator. For example: 86-139-00311

Internal Use
50

HLR Number

The format is CC+NDC+H0 H1 H2 H3 0000. CC Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Mobile is 139 138 137 136 135. H0H1H2H3 is defined by Telecom operator. For example: 86-139-0666-0000.

Internal Use

51

LAI

MCC

MNC
Location Area Identification

LAC

The LAI is the international code for a location area. MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC Location Area Code It is a two bytes BCD code(hex). The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
Internal Use
52

CGI

CGI: Cell Global Identification

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes BCD code(hex) to identify the radio cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001

Internal Use

53

BSIC

BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)

NCC
BSIC

BCC

NCC PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows distinction between different radio frequency channels using the same frequency in neighboring cells.
Internal Use
54

MSISDN

CC

NDC

SN

National (significant) Mobile number Mobile station international ISDN number

CC

Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
Internal Use
55

IMSI

Not more than 15 digits 3 digits 2 digits

MCC

MNC
NMSI IMSI

MSIN

MCC Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Internal Use
56

TMSI

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication. The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR. TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept secret. The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the telecom operator.
Internal Use
57

IMEI

IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification

TAC

FAC

SNR

SP

IMEI
TAC Type approval code. It is administered by the type approval center. FAC Final assembly code.It is administered by the manufacturer. SNR Serial number.It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP Not used.
Internal Use
58

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

59

Objectives

Upon completion this course, you will be able to:

Identify the types of physical channels and logical channels Name the 4 most commonly used channel combinations Understand the structure of frames multi

Internal Use

60

Physical and Logical Channels

The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried The logical channels consist of the information carried over the physical channel TDMA FRAME

1
Timeslot

6 0

The information carried in one time The information carried in one time slot is called a burst slot is called a burst
Internal Use
61

Burst Mapping on physical channel

0 f TDMA frame = 4.615 ms 7 0 s 0 s 7

Burst (148 bits) Burst (148 bits)

577s (156.25 bits)

Guard Guard Interval Interval (8.25 bits) (8.25 bits)

Internal Use

62

BURST
Random Access burst (RACH): Used in MS initial access
Tail bit Data 41 synchronous bits 36 encrypted bits Tail bit Guard interval

8bit

3bit

68.25bit

Frequency correction burst (FCH): Used in frequency synchronization between MS and BTS
Tail bit Data Tail bit Guard interval

3bit

142bit

3bit

8.25bit

Synchronous burst (SCH): Used in timing synchronization between MS and BTS

Tail bit Data 39 encrypted bits 64 synchronous bits Data 39 encrypted bits Tail bit Guard interval

3bit
Internal Use

3bit 8.25bit
63

Burst

Normal burst (TCH): Used to carry the information of the traffic channel and the control channel.
Tail bit Data 57 encrypted bits Training sequence Data 57 encrypted bits Tail bit Guard interval

3bit

1 26bit 1
Frame stealing flag

3bit

8.25bit

Dummy burst (BCH): Used in transmission of filling frames by BTS at timeslots when there is no information delivered
Tail bit Tail bit 142 modulation bits Guard interval

3bit

3bit

8.25bit

Internal Use

64

Logical Channel Type

GSM900 and DCS1800 have the same logical channel category

Logical channel

Common channel (CCH)

Dedicated channel (DCH)

Broadcast control channel Common control channel (BCCH) (CCCH)

Control channel

Voice channel (TCH)

FCH

SCH BCCH PCH (system information)

AGCH

RACH

SDCCH

FACCH

TCH/F

TCH/H

SACCH

TCH/9.6F TCH/ 4.8F, H TCH/ 2.4F, H

Internal Use

65

Traffic Channel

TCH Traffic Channels

Normal Burst

Speech TCH/FS TCH/HS

Data

TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Internal Use

TCH/9.6

TCH/2.4

TCH/4.8
66

Control Channel

CCH Control Channels

DCCH SDCCH ACCH BCCH

BCCH CCCH SCH

Synch. CH.

FACCH

SACCH

FCCH

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH CBCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH PCH/AGCH
Internal Use
67

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the mobile periodically when it is switched on and not in a call BCCH:Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Channel Correction

CCH BCCH downlink only

BCCH

Synch. Channels

SCH: Synchronization Channel SCH

Internal Use

FCCH
68

Common Control Channel CCCH

The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the BTS. RACH: Random Access Control Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Grant Control Channel CBCH:Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink

CCH

CCCH

CBCH downlink

PCH/AGCH downlink
69

Internal Use

Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single mobile connection for call setup or for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH:Fast Associated Control Channel

CCH DCCH

SDCCH

ACCH

FACCH

SACCH

Internal Use

70

How to use these channel?

Power-off state

Search for frequency correction pulse Search for synchronous pulse Unscramble system information
Idle state

FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH FACCH TCH FACCH

Snoop into paging message Send access pulse Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode

Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation Release the call
Idle state

Internal Use

71

Call Setup Flow

MS
Channel_req

BTS
Channel_Required Channel_Active Channel_Active_Ack

BSC

MSC

SABM: Set asynchronous balanced mode command-Initial access frame UA: Unnumbered acknowledgement response

IMMEDIATE ASSIGN COMMAND First SABM Establish_IND(CM Service Req) CR(Complete_L3_information) CC CM Service Accepted Setup Call Processing Assignment_Req Channel_Active Channel_Active_Ack ASSIGNMENT COMMAND First SABM Establish_IND ASSIGNMENT CMP Assignment_CMP Alerting Connect Connect Ack

Conversation
Disconnect Release Release Complete Clear_CMD Clear_CMP

Internal Use

72

GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames 0
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

46 47 48 49 50

51 Frame Multiframes (235.3ms)

CONTROL CHANNELS
Internal Use
73

GSM Logical Channel

Channel Combination
BCH combination BCCH + CCCH DCH combination SDCCH8 + SACCH8 Combined Channel Combination BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH4 + SACCH4 TCH combination TCH8/FACCH + SACCH

Internal Use

74

BCCH/CCCH Multiframe

Downlink
B F S B B B C C C C F I

S C C .. F S C C .. F S C C ..

10

20

30

40

50

F = FCCH (Frequency) S = SCH (Sync.) C = CCCH (Common) I = Idle R = RACH (Random)

Uplink
R R R R R R R R R R R

R R R .. R R R ..R R R ..

0
Internal Use

10

20

30

40

50
75

SDCCH Multiframe

Downlink D0 D1 D0 D1
0 7

D6 D7 A0 D6 D7 A4
24 32

A3 I I I A7 I I I
44 50

Uplink

D = SDCCH/8 (Dedicated) A = SACCH/C8 (Associated) I = Idle

A5 A6 A7 I I I D0 A1 A2 A3 I I I D0
0
Internal Use

D7 A0 D7 A4
44 50
76

12

15

Timeslots and TDMA Frames

Higher Capacity Cell 0 1 2 3 4

Traffic

6 0 6 0

Broadcast Dedicated

3
Traffic

Low Capacity Cell 0

Combined
Internal Use

2
Traffic

6 0

7
77

Combined Multiframe

Downlink FS B FS B 0 2 6 C FS C C FS C 10 C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A0 A1 I C F S D0 D1 F S D2 D3 F S A2 A3 I 20 30 40 50

R = RACH (Random) F = FCCH (Frequency) C = CCCH (Common) A = SACCH/4 (Associated)

B = BCCH (Broadcast) S = SCH (Sync.) D = SDCCH/4 (Dedicated) I = Idle

Uplink D3 R R A2 A3 R R D3 R R A2 A3 R R
0 4 6 10 20 30
Internal Use

R R D0 D1 R R D2 R R D0 D1 R R D2
40 50
78

GSM Multiframe

TDMA Frames 0
0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21 22 23 24 25

26 Frame Multiframe (120ms)

TRAFFIC CHANNELS
Internal Use
79

TCH Multiframe

Downlink This is used to transmit a Traffic Channel Combination (TCH/ SACCH/FACCH). The FACCH is not showed in the diagram as it does not receive its own time allocation. The FACCH steals a time period from the TCH is required. The 13th frame is used by the SACCH which carriers link control information to and from the mobile and BTS. The 26th frame is idle.
Internal Use

Uplink
25
IDLE

25

IDLE

12

SACCH

12

SACCH

0
80

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

81

Objectives

On completion of this section you will be able to know about the following radio technologies :

GMSK Modulation Techniques Power Control VAD, DTX, DRX Diversity Frequency Hopping

Internal Use

82

Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

phase modulation can be implemented easily for digital signals, this is the method which is used for the GSM air interfaces. Phase Modulation is known as Phase Shift Keying when applied to digital signals

Internal Use

83

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) Gaussian Digital Filter GMSK Modulator

1 0 0 1 1

Internal Use

84

Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!!

Note: Max TA = 2t = 1/2*3.7s/bit*63bit*C=35km, Not Applicable to RACH Bursts.

TX RX

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 01 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 burst delay t (e.g. PCH) 0

TA

burst delay t e.g (RACH) Total delay for round trip is t + t = 2t

Internal Use

85

Battery Life

Power Control Power Control

Voice Activity Detection VAD Discontinuous Transmission DTX Discontinuous Reception DRX

Internal Use

86

Power Control

Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.

8W

0.8W 5W
Saves radio battery power Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference

Internal Use

87

VAD & DTX

Without DTX
Encoding the speech silences at a rate of 500 bit/s rather than the full 13Kb/s. If the mobile does not transmit during silence there is a reduction in the overall power output requirement

With DTX

Comfort Noise
Internal Use
88

DTX

DTX: Discontinuous Transmission Shut off the transmission when no speech detected; Only transmit SID frames The transcoder at the RX terminal produces comfortable noise based on SID background noise. Improvement on the C/I ratio. VAD: Voice Activity Detection Implemented in the transcoder.

Prolong battery life and reduce interference

Internal Use

Note: DTX is not used on a BCCH carrier and measurements must based no Sub value.

89

DRX

DRX allows the mobile station to effectively switch off during times when reception is deemed unnecessary.

BCCH Multiframe PPPPPP

P = Paging Channel BCCH PP

MS Being MS in paged listen mode

Internal Use

MS receive System information

MS in listen mode
90

DRX example

Internal Use

91

Multipath Fading

Diversity Frequency Hopping

Time Dispersion
Internal Use
92

Diversity
Approx. 10 wavelengths
When diversity is implemented two antennas are situated at the receiver. These antennas are placed several wavelengths apart to ensure minimum correlation between the two receive paths. Compare or add signals

The two signals are then combined, this ensures that a low signal strength is less likely to occur.

Resultant Signal
Internal Use

93

Frequency Hopping

Each time the BTS or mobile transmits a burst, it does so on a different RF carrier frequency.
Synthesizer Hopping:each timeslot on a given transceiver can transmit at a different frequency Baseband Hopping: each transceiver stays at the same frequency and the data is switched to the appropriate transceiver.

frequency

time
Internal Use
94

Frequency Hopping

F1

F1

Vs
F1 F1 F2 F3

Without FH
Internal Use

With FH
95

Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Cellular Mobile System Chapter 2 GSM Network Components Chapter 3 Terrestrial Interface Chapter 4 Service Area And Number Planning Chapter 5 Channels On Air Interface Chapter 6 Radio Technologies Chapter 7 The Future Development

Internal Use

96

Objectives

On completion of this section you will be able to know : State the future development of digital cellular mobile system

Internal Use

97

GSM User World Wide

GSM will stay in the Lead, all professional Market Forecasts say
30 0 20 5 20 0 10 5 10 0 5 0 0 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01

GSM users world wide in millions

Internal Use
98

Voice and Data Service

Service amout

Data

Voice

Today

2000

Time
99

Internal Use

Mobile Communication and Internet

700 600 500 400 300 200 100

million

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mobile
Internal Use

Internet
100

GSM Develop Path

3G 2.5G 2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD 115 kbps GPRS 2Mbps 384kbps EDGE IMT-2000

1999

2000

2001

Internal Use

101

Summary

Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile System GSM Network Components Summary Terrestrial Interface Service Area and Number Planning Channels on The Air Interface Radio Technologies The Future Development

Internal Use

102

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved