8/5/2011

Extrusion
The extrusion process is like squeezing toothpaste out of a tube.

Extrusion
BySKMondal
CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

1Extrusion 2Diebacker 3Die 4Billet 5Dummyblock 6Pressingstem 7Containerliner 8Containerbody

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DirectExtrusion
A solid ram drives the entire billet to and through a stationary die and must provide additional power to overcome the frictional resistance between the surface of the moving billet and the confining chamber.

IndirectExtrusion
A hollow ram drives the die back through a stationary, confined billet.

Since no relative motion, friction between the billet and the chamber is eliminated.
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ImpactExtrusion

Thebasicprinciplesofforwardandbackward coldextrusionusingopenandcloseddies.
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CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

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Coldextrusionforging

HookerMethodContd..

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HydrostaticExtrusionContd.
Thus products can be made that could not otherwise be produced, and materials can be considered that would have been rejected because of their limited ductility at room temperature and atmospheric pressure.

WireDrawingContd.

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WireDrawingContd.

RodandTubeDrawingContd

TubeSinking

FixedPlugDrawing

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FloatingplugDrawing CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

MovingMandrel

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SwagingorkneadingContd

ExtrusionLoad
Approximatemethod(Uniformdeformation,nofriction) work formula

A P = Ao ln o A f
Forrealconditions

A P = KAo ln o A f
K=extrusionconstant.
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ForcerequiredinWireorTubedrawing
Approximatemethod(Uniformdeformation,nofriction) work formula

WireDrawing

A P = Af ln o A f

Example
Calculate the drawing load required to obtain 30% reduction in area on a 12 mm diameter copper wire. The following data is given Calculate the power of the electric motor if the C l l t th f th l t i t th drawing speed is 2.3 m/s. Take efficiency of motor is 98%.

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CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

8/5/2011

JWM2010
Assertion (A) : Extrusion speed depends on work material. Reason (R) : High extrusion speed causes cracks in the material. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (a)
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GATE2006
In a wire drawing operation, diameter of a steel wire is reduced from 10 mm to 8 mm. The mean flow stress of the material is 400 MPa. The ideal force required for drawing (ignoring friction and redundant work) is (a) 4.48 kN (b) 8.97 kN (c) 20.11 kN (d) 31.41 kN Ans. (b)

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GATE2001
For rigid perfectlyplastic work material, negligible interface friction and no redundant work, the theoretically maximum possible reduction in the wire drawing operation is (a) 0.36 0 36 (b) 0.63 0 63 (c) 1.00 (d) 2.72 Ans. (b)

GATE2003
A brass billet is to be extruded from its initial diameter of 100 mm to a final diameter of 50 mm. The working temperature of 700C and the extrusion constant is 250 MPa. The force required for extrusion is (a) 5.44 MN (b) 2.72 MN (c) 1.36 MN (d) 0.36 MN Ans. (b)

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GATE1996
A wire of 0.1 mm diameter is drawn from a rod of 15 mm diameter. Dies giving reductions of 20%, 40% and 80% are available. For minimum error in the final size, the number of stages and reduction at each stage respectively would be (a) 3 stages and 80% reduction for all three stages (b) 4 stages and 80% reduction for first three stages followed by a finishing stage of 20% reduction (c) 5 stages and reduction of 80%, 80%.40%, 40%, 20% in a sequence (d) none of the above Ans. (b)
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GATE1994
The process of hot extrusion is used to produce (a) Curtain rods made of aluminium (b) Steel pipes/or domestic water supply (c) Stainless steel tubes used in furniture (d) Large she pipes used in city water mains Ans. (a)

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IES 2007
Which one of the following is the correct statement? (a) Extrusion is used for the manufacture of seamless tubes. ( ) Extrusion is used for reducing the diameter of round g (b) bars and tubes by rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work? (c) Extrusion is used to improve fatigue resistance of the metal by setting up compressive stresses on its surface (d) Extrusion comprises pressing the metal inside a chamber to force it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide the desired from of the finished part. CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy Ans. (d)

IES 2007
Assertion (A): Greater force on the plunger is required in case of direct extrusion than indirect one. Reason (R): In case of direct extrusion, the direction of the force applied on the plunger and the direction of the movement of the extruded metal are the same. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (b) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

IES 1993
Assertion (A): Direct extrusion requires larger force than indirect extrusion. Reason (R): In indirect extrusion of cold steel, zinc phosphate coating is used. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the ( ) B th d i di id ll t d i th correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (b) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

IES 1994
Metal extrusion process is generally used for producing (a) Uniform solid sections (b) Uniform hollow sections (c) Uniform solid and hollow sections (d) Varying solid and hollow sections. Ans. (c)

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IES 2009
Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) In extrusion process, thicker walls can be obtained by increasing the forming pressure (b) Extrusion is an ideal process for obtaining rods from metal having poor density t lh i d it (c) As compared to roll forming, extruding speed is high (d) Impact extrusion is quite similar to Hooker's process including the flow of metal being in the same direction Ans. ( c)
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IES 1999
Which one of the following is the correct temperature range for hot extrusion of aluminium? (a) 300340C (b) 350400C (c) 430480C (d) 550650C Ans. (c)

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IES 2000
Consider the following statements: In forward extrusion process 1. The ram and the extruded product travel in the same direction. pp 2. The ram and the extruded p product travel in the opposite direction. 3. The speed of travel of the extruded product is same as that of the ram. 4. The speed of travel of the extruded product is greater than that of the ram. Which of these Statements are correct? (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 4 Ans. (c) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

IES 2009
What is the major problem in hot extrusion? (a) Design of punch (b) Design of die (c) Wear and tear of die (d) Wear of punch Ans. (b)

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IES 2008
Which one of the following methods is used for the manufacture of collapsible toothpaste tubes? (a) Impact extrusion (b) Direct extrusion (c) Deep drawing (d) Piercing Ans. (a)

IES 2003
The extrusion process (s) used for the production of toothpaste tube is/are 1. Tube extrusion 2. Forward extrusion 3. Impact extrusion Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 3 only Ans. (d)
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IES 2001
Which of the following statements are the salient features of hydrostatic extrusion? 1. It is suitable for soft and ductile material. 2. It is suitable for highstrength superalloys. 3.The billet is inserted into the extrusion chamber and p pressure is applied by a ram to extrude the billet through the die. 4. The billet is inserted into the extrusion chamber where it is surrounded by a suitable liquid. The billet is extruded through the die by applying pressure to the liquid. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Codes: (a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 2 and 4 Ans. (d) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

IES 2006
What does hydrostatic pressure in extrusion process improve? (a) Ductility (b) Compressive strength (c) Brittleness (d) Tensile strength Ans. (a)

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IES2010
Assertion(A):Picklingandwashingofrolledrods iscarriedoutbeforewiredrawing. Reason(R):Theylubricatethesurfacetoreduce frictionwhiledrawingwires. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (b)
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IES 2009
Which one of the following stress is involved in the wire drawing process? (a) Compressive (b) Tensile (c) Shear (d) Hydrostatic stress Ans. (b)

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IES 2000
Match List I (Components of a table fan) with List II (Manufacturing processes) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List I List II A. Base with stand 1. Stamping and p g pressing B. Blade 2. Wire drawing C. Armature coil wire 3. Turning D. Armature shaft 4. Casting [ Ans. (d)] Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 1 4 3 (c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 1 2 3 CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

IES 1999
Match ListI with ListII and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: ListI ListII A. Drawing 1. Soap solution B. B Rolling 2. 2 Camber C. Wire drawing 3. Pilots D. Sheet metal operations using 4. Crater progressive dies 5. Ironing Ans. (d) Code:A B C D A B C D (a) 2 5 1 4 (b) 4 1 5 3 (c) 5 2 3 4 (d) 5 2 1 3
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IES 1996
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer List I (Metal/forming process) List II (Associated force)

IES 1996
In wire drawing process, the bright shining surface on the wire is obtained if one (a) does not use a lubricant (b) uses solid powdery lubricant. (c) uses thick paste lubricant (d) uses thin film lubricant Ans. (d)

A. Wire drawing B. Extrusion C. Blanking D. Bending Codes:A B C (a) 4 2 1 (c) 2 3 1 Ans. (c)

1. 2. 3. 4. D 3 4 (b) (d)

Shear force Tensile force Compressive force Spring back force A B C D 2 1 3 4 4 3 2 1

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IES 1994
MatchListIwithListIIandselectthecorrectanswer usingthecodesgivenbelowtheLists:
ListI(Metalfarmingprocess)ListII(Asimilarprocess)

IES 1993
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List I (Mechanical property) List II (Related to) A. Malleability 1. Wire drawing B. 2. B Hardness 2 Impact loads C. Resilience 3. Cold rolling D. Isotropy 4. Indentation 5. Direction [Ans. (b)] Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 4 2 1 3 (b) 3 4 2 5 (c) 5 4 2 3 (d) 3 2 1 5
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A. B. B C. D.

Blanking Coining C i i Extrusion Cupdrawing B 3 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Codes:A (a) 2 (c) 3

C D 4 1 (b) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy 1 5 (d)

Wiredrawing Piercing Pi i Embossing Rolling Bending [Ans.(d)] A B C D 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 5

IES 2007
Which metal forming process manufacture of long steel wire? (a) Deep drawing (b) Forging (c) Drawing (d) Extrusion Ans. (c) is used for

IES 2005
Which of the following types of stresses is/are involved in the wiredrawing operation? (a) Tensile only (b) Compressive only (c) A combination of tensile and compressive stresses (d) A combination of tensile, compressive and shear stresses Ans. (a)

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IES 2000
Which one of the following lubricants is most suitable for drawing mild steel wires? (a) Sodium stearate (b) Water (c) Limewater (d) Kerosene Ans. (c)

IES 1998
Assertion (A): The first draw in deep drawing operation can have up to 60% reduction, the second draw up to 40% reduction and, the third draw of about 30% only. Reason (R): Due to strain hardening, the subsequent draws in a deep drawing operation have reduced p g p percentages. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (a)
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IES 1993
A moving mandrel is used in (a) Wire drawing (b) Tube drawing (c) Metal cutting (d) Forging
List I (Parts)

IES 2002
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer:
List II (Manufacturing processes)

Ans. (b)

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A. Seamless tubes 1. Roll forming B. Accurate and smooth tubes 2. Shot B A d h b Sh peening i C. Surfaces having higher 3. Forging hardness and fatigue strength4. Cold forming Codes: A B C A B C (a) 1 4 2 (b) 2 3 1 (c) 1 3 2 (d) 2 4 1 CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy Ans. (a)

IAS 2004
Assertion (A): Indirect extrusion operation can be performed either by moving ram or by moving the container. Reason (R): Advantage in indirect extrusion is less quantity of scrap compared to direct extrusion. extrusion (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (d)
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IAS 1995
The following operations are performed while preparing the billets for extrusion process: 1. Alkaline cleaning 2. Phosphate coating 3. Pickling 4. Lubricating with reactive soap. The correct sequence of these operations is (a) 3, 1, 4, 2 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4 (c) 1, 3. 4, 2 (d) 3, 1, 2, 4 Ans. (d)
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IAS 2001
Match List I (Products) with List II (Suitable processes) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists: List I List II A. Connecting rods A C ti d 1. Welding W ldi B. Pressure vessels 2. Extrusion C. Machine tool beds 3. Forging D. Collapsible tubes 4. Casting Ans. (a) Codes:A B C D A B C D (a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 4 1 3 2 CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy (c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 4 2 3 1

IAS 1997
Extrusion force DOES NOT depend upon the (a) Extrusion ratio (b) Type of extrusion process (c) Material of the die (d) Working temperature Ans. (c)

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IAS 2000
Assertion (A): Brittle materials such as grey cast iron cannot be extruded by hydrostatic extrusion. Reason(R): In hydrostatic extrusion, billet is uniformly compressed from all sides by the liquid. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the ( ) B th d i di id ll t d i th correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (d)
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IAS 2002
Assertion (A): In wiredrawing process, the rod crosssection is reduced gradually by drawing it several times in successively reduced diameter dies. Reason (R): Since each drawing reduces ductility of the wire, so after final drawing the wire is normalized. (a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Ans. (b)
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IES2011
MatchListIwithListIIandselectthecorrectanswerusing thecodegivenbelowthelists:

ListI A.Connectingrods B.Pressurevessels C.Machinetoolbeds

Codes A (a) 2 (c) 2

ListII 1.Welding 2.Extrusion 3.Forming 4.Casting[Ans.(b)]

A 3 3 B 1 4 C 4 1 D 2 2

D.Collapsibletubes
B 1 4

C D 4 3 (b) 1 3 (d) CompiledBy:SKMondalMadeEasy

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10

Analysis of Extrusion

For Tube

1 + B h1 1 d = 0 B h0 1 + 2 But B= tan tan In the case of moving mandrel 1 2 B= tan tan Maximum reduction possible B 1 + B h1 1 = 1 B h 0 max if 1 = 2 = 0.05, = 150 , = 0
B

h then 1 = 0.4275 43% h0 max 0 (1 + B ) r0 1 B rf Extrusion pressure (pt) = xo + p f

Extrusion xo = Extension load = pt r02
A Real condition P = k.A o ln o Af where k = extrusion constant
2B

D r r2 r2 Reduction in Area (RA) = 0 2 1 = 1 1 = 1 1 r0 r1 D0

Analysis of wire/Rod Drawing

dx dx x r 2 + x cos 2r + Px .sin 2r cos = 0 cos 2 or x 2rdr + dx r + 2rx dx + Px .2rdx tan = 0 dx or = cot , and devide both by r 2dr dr d x 2 2 or + ( x + Px ) + x cot = 0 dr r r Vertical component of Px Px and that of x can be neglected due to small half die angles. There fore only

( x + dx ) ( r + dr )

two principal stress x and Px Trescas condition x + Px = 0

x = Px = ( 0 x )

Therefore

dx 20 2 + + ( 0 x ) cot = 0 dr r r Taking cot = B dx 2 + Bx (1 + B ) 0 dr r

d x 2 = dr Bx (1 + B ) 0 r Integration both side log e Bx (1 + B ) 0 = 2 log rC e B

Or or or at

log e Bx (1 + B ) 0 = log e ( rC )
B x (1 + B ) 0 = ( rC )
2B

2B

where,C = integretion constant

r = r0 , x = b

B b (1 + B ) 0 = ( r0C )

2B

or or

( B (1 + B ) ) C=
x 0

1 2B

r0

or

r Bx (1 + B ) 0 = B b (1 + B ) 0 r0 2B 2B 0 (1 + B ) r r 1 + b x = B r0 r0

2B

Drawing stress, d = Now

2B 2B 0 (1 + B ) r r1 1 + . b B r0 r0 d > 0 (in ideal case), therefore, maximum reduction can be found out,

Die Pressure
(1 + B ) h1 1 d = 0 B h0 A P = A1 ln 0 A1
B

h B + 1 . b h0

Maximum Reduction or Draft per pass

d =1 0

For zero back stress, the condition will be

(1 + B ) 1
B

(1 RA )

=1

In wire and rod drawing, co-efficient of friction of the order 0.1 are usually obtained (by the use of proper lubrication) Now B = cot
= 0.1 and = 6 B = 0.1 9.515 = 0.9515 From hence, we will get the limited maximum reduction RA=50.5%
Example: Calculate the drawing load required to obtain 30% reduction in area on a 12 mm diameter copper wire. The following data is given 0 =240 N/mm2, 2 =120, =0.10 Calculate the power of the electric motor if the drawing speed is 2.3 m/s. Take efficient of motor is 98%. Solution: RA = 0.30 B = cot = 0.1 cot = 0.95

d =

0 (1 + B ) r1 1 B r0

2B

r RA = 1 1 r0
2

r 1 = 0.7 or r1 = 0.7 6 = 5.02 mm r0 1.95 0.95 d = 0 1 ( 0.7 ) = 141.60 N / mm2 0.95 2 Drawing load = 141.60 r1 =11.21 kN 11.21 2.3 25.78 Power = kW = 26.31kW = 0.98