BRENCO-NBC

ROLLER BEARING MANUAL

CARTRIDGE TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

NATIONAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES LTD. JAIPUR (INDIA)

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INDEX
1. Introduction 2. General Information Basic Bearing Assembly Nomenclature and Description of Bearing Parts Application Parts Packing 3. Bearing Installation and Removal General Precautions Axle Preparation Mounting Lubricants Equipment for Bearing Installation and Removal Bearing Installation Checking Bearing Installation Lubrication Bearing Removal 4. Maintenance and Repair of Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings 3 4 5 6 9 9 10 11 12 13 18 19 21 22 23 25

Mandatory Instructions and Recommended Practices as Per A.A.R. Manual of Standards 26 Specifications for BRENCO Roller Bearing Maintenance 31 Inspecting Bearing in the Field 32 Inspection of Adapters 34 Reconditioning of CTRBs 36 Bearing Disassembly 37 Inspection of Bearing Components 38 Bearing Damages 42 Service and Maintenance Facility, Offered by N.E.I. 48 Handling of Mounted Wheelsets, During Transit 48

5.

General Arrangement Drawings of Cartridge Bearing Assembly 6 x 11 Class E 2

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INTRODUCTION
The first ball and roller bearing manufacturing industry of South Asia was established in India in 1947 at Jaipur under the name of National Bearing C ompany Ltd., and manufactured the first bearing in 1950 under the trademark NBC. With everincreasing activities and the working of the factory being diversified to other vital industrial products, the company changed its name to National Engineering Industries Ltd., in 1958, but the product trade-mark NBC remained unchanged. National Engineering Industries Ltd. has been pioneer in India for the manufacture of ball and roller bearings, steel balls and roller bearing axle boxes to international standards. The first roller 1952. NBC bearing are exported to Europe, Egypt and Iran. The Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings are manufactured under Technical collaboration and Licence of BRENCO INC., Petersburg, Virginia, USA who are considered as the world leader for this product. The company has been manufacturing Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearing for the Indian Railway since 1980. Any specific problem on bearing mounting and maintenance can be referred to the manufacturer. An expert cell of engineers in this field is always at the disposal of our customers.

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GENERAL INFORMATION
BASIC BEARING ASSEMBLY NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF BEARING PARTS APPLICATION PARTS PACKING

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GENERAL INFORMATION
BASIC BEARING ASSEMBLY

Fig. 1a : Bearing Assembly with Narrow Jaw Adapter

Fig. 1b : Exploded View of Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearing

The BRENCO-NBC Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearing is a selfcon-tained, pre-assembled, pre-adjusted, pre-lubricated, completely sealed unit, and is applied to or removed from the axle without exposing the bearing elements, seals or lubricants to contamination or damage. The Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings are manufactured in different sizes to fit on axles for all types of new and existing wagons.

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NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF BEARING PARTS 1. Cone Assembly
The cone, rollers and cage assembly is perfectly matched to ensure even wear and long service life. Assembly configuration is similar to standard single row tapered roller bearings. Both cone and rollers are manufactured from bearing quality case hardened steel.

2. Cup
The forged and rolled double cup is machined from bearing quality case hardened steel. It has seal grooves located at each end, precision machined to effect a leak- proof fit to provide positive locking for the grease seals.

3. Spacer
The spacer width is precision ground and selected at the factory to achieve proper axial clearance in an assembled bearing. Subsequent adjustment or interchange at the time of installation should not be done.

4. Wear Ring
The wear ring is a steel ring, precision ground on the OD to provide a smooth, concentric mating surface for the grease seal. The bore diameter of the wear ring has an interference fit with the axle.

5. Grease Seal
The seal is made of special synthetic rubber of superior oil resistance quality, vulcanised with metal casing in a special hot process. The primary function of the roller bearing seal is to keep vital lubricating grease inside the bearing and avoid ingress of water and foreign particles. This sounds relatively simple. But the basic fact is that the seal is crucial for the performance of the bearing, which has to operate throughout the span of Bearing periodic inspection without relubrication in the field.

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Primarily the seal is required to perform three functions. Firstly, it should be held firmly by itself to the counter bore of the bearing (a press-fit). Secondly, rubber lip of the seal must retain its interference fit with the rotating wear ring over a life of several hundred thousand kilometers of operation, despite heat, friction and dirt, And, thirdly, the seal has to do all this with the least expenditure of energy which directly affects the fuel consumption. As the seal rubs on the wear ring, friction or drag is developed, which the locomotive must overcome. In an era of rising fuel costs it is essential to reduce this loss. It is, therefore, necessary to apply a light film of grease by finger on the half moon grooves formed on the inside of the rubber seals, a speciality of Brenco seal design, before mounting the bearing. The BRENCO-NBC Cartridge Roller Bearing are fixed with the best seal available in the world for reducing fuel consumption and increasing bearing performance. 6. End Cap The end cap is affixed to the axle by three cap screws and is designed for sufficient rigidity to maintain proper cap screw tension, even after years of service. The wear ring should seat properly inside the recess of end cap to prevent ingress of water. 7. Axle Cap Screws The Axle Cap Screws affix the axle end cap with axle to provide sufficient clamping of the bearing on the journal . 8. Locking Plate The locking plate provides tabs which are bent against the flats of the tightened cap screws, thus preventing their undesired turning and subsequent loss of bearing lateral clamp. Two tabs provided for each cap screw must be bent against the flats of the screw heads for proper locking of the cap screws. 7

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NOMENCLATURE
1. CONE ASSY (CONE CAGE & ROLLERS) 2. CUP 3. SPACER 4.WEAR RING 5.GREASE SEAL 6. END CAP 7. AXLE CAP SCREW 8. LOCKING PLATE 9.BACKING RING

Fig. 2 : NBC Cartridge Bearing Shown in Section

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9. Backing Ring
The Backing Ring positions the bearing, provides a firm base and helps prevent intrusion of dirt, water and other foreign substances. The backing ring collar must have an interference fit on the axle shoulder and should not rotate by hand-pressure after bearing installation.

APPLICATION PARTS
All the parts to be applied to the axle assembly are shown in Fig. 2. The Bearing Assembly is pressed on the axle as a completely sealed unit. The axle end cap, cap screws and locking plate are applied as an assembled unit on the axle journal already fitted with complete bearing assembly.

PACKING
Special attention has been given to protective packing. Bearing assembly is wrapped in polythene sheet and grease-proof brown paper. A cardboard packing tube (triangular) is also inserted inside the bearing to keep the spacer aligned with the cone assemblies. Each bearing assembly is packed in a corrugated box and each wooden box contains two cartons of bearing assemblie s. The Axle end cap & Locking plate, axle cap screws, side frame key, bolt & nut with spring washer & adapter are packed in separate corrugated boxes, each wooden box contains parts for four bearing assemblies. Bearing should not be removed from this packing until required for actual installation. Packed bearings should be stored in a dry place which is well protected from heat, dust & moisture. A periodic inspection of stored bearings should be made and corrective measures should be taken if any undersirable condition is observed. 9

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BEARING INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS AXLE PREPARATION MOUNTING LUBRICANTS EQUIPMENTS FOR BEARING INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL BEARING INSTALLATION CHECKING BEARING INSTALLATION LUBRICATION BEARING REMOVAL

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BEARING INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings and all other components are manufactured with high degree of accuracies and require utmost care in handling. Without careful handling, the bearing may fail to fulfill its designed performance even if it is of highest possible precision grade. The following are some important cautions that must be borne in mind in installation work to prevent damage before and during mounting: 1 Installation of bearings on the wheel sets should be done inside a separate dust proof shed. 2. The installation shop must be clean. 3. The bearing assemblies should be stored in a clean and dry place and should be protected from heat, dust and moisture until they are installed on the axle. 4. Bearing assemblies should not be removed from the package and the protective wrapping should also not be removed until the time of application. 5. Use older stock first. 6. Pick up/take out the cartons of assembled bearings, wear rings, backing ring, axle end cap, cap screws and locking plate. 7. Remove the bearing assemblies from the carton and place them on a clean bench adjacent to the wheel and axle assembly. 8. Do not remove the cardboard triangular packing from the bore of the bearing assembly. This cardboard tube is required to hold the conespacer in alignment with the bearing cones till installation of the bearing assembly on the axle. Removal of this tube can cause the conespacer to slide down and allow the precisely measured quantity of grease to leak out.

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9. Bearings and all spare parts must be handled with utmost care and by all means prevented from being hit or dropped. 10. Check threads for damage and wear, reject for burrs extending beyond the washer face on the underside of the cap screw head as these will damage the locking plate. 11. All the tools required must be ready and conveniently located.

AXLE PREPARATION
It is of paramount importance that the axles offered for mounting BRENCO-NBC Bearings are thoroughly inspected before mounting the bearings. The following procedure should be employed to ensure optimum mounting conditions: 1. Ensure that the axle journal is free from sharp edges,burrs, scratches or high spots and rust spots. Axle and tapped holes should be cleaned. The thread size of the tapped holes must also be checked with a master plug gauge to ensure proper locking. 2. Measure the journal at three points along the length and diameter to ensure that it is within the allowable tolerance range (Refer Sheet No. 1). Three readings should be noted to arrive at the mean reading. 3. Check axles on shoulders and radii with proper gauge to determine that finished axle dimensions are within prescribed tolerance to obtain proper fit on axle assembly (Refer Sheet No. 2) . 4. To ensure proper seating of the backing ring, the fillet should be checked with a fillet gauge (Refer Sheet No.3). In caseof excessive fretting of the fillet the axle will have to be machined or scrapped as specified by the dimensional allowances. 5. It may be noted that the bearing cones, wear rings and backing ring have got an interference fit with the axle journal. 12

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6. Although the wear ring is rotated with the axle, yet over a period, the in-board wear ring seating wears off a groove on the axle due to flexing of the axle. If the depth of this groove is up to 0.002, then the groove can be polished with the fine emery paper to ensure that all sharp corners or edges are removed (Refer Sheet No. 1).

Fig. 3

MOUNTING LUBRICANTS
Before mounting the bearing, axle must be coated as below: (a) Journal fillet and portion of axle between wheel hubs and fillet should be coated with quick drying anti-rust compound (lead-free). (b) The bearing seat of the axle

Fig. 4

should be coated with castor oil, heavy mineral oil (SAE 40 or SAE
50) or a molybdenum disulphide mixture before mounting. White lead is not to be used as it may be detrimental to lubrication grease by acting as an oxidation catalyst. Mounting lubricants must be kept free from contaminants. The treatment not only prevent the axle from rusting but also allows the bearing assembly an easy push on or pull off during mounting and dismounting operation without scratching the axle surface. 13

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Sheet - 1

METHOD OF MEASURING ROLLER BEARING JOURNALS Bearing Seat Areas

Dial or Digital snap gauge must be used for checking journal diameter accurately. Rotate the snap gauge around the journal diameter by 180 degrees within the bearing seat locations to obtain the maximum and Fig. 5 minimum journal diameters. The average diameter of each BEARING SEATS be a r i n g s eat must be within tolerances. Care must be taken when using temperature compensating sp a n g a u g e t h a t r o t a t i o n speed does not cr eate sufficient heat, due to friction to effect the readings.There Fig. 5a shall be no abrupt changes or steps over the length of the journals, including tapered end, except journal grooving from inboard seal wear ring is permissible when repaired as specified below.
JOURNAL ACCEPTABLE TOLERANCES CLASS( Size) FOR JOURNAL DIAMETER MAXIMUM
E(6x11) 5.6915 (144.564 mm)

BEARING SEAT LOCATIONS A

2.88

MINIMUM
5.6905

B
5.20

6.56 9.37 ( (144.539 mm) (73.0 mm) (132.2mm) 166.7mm) (236.5mm)

Sheet - 1

BRENCO-NBC NBC

Journal Grooving from Inboard Seal Wear Ring

As described earlier in this manual, the inboard wear ring cause a groove on the journal due to axle flexure. Refer GROOVE CAUSED BY adjacent sketch (Fig.5b) and SEAL WEAR RING table showing location of the groove. If the groove in the axle is not deeper than 0.002 (0.05 mm), it can be repaired by polishing with an abrasive cloth (80 grit or finer). No abrupt changes or sharp Fig. 5b edges are permissible.

Measuring for Upset Journal Ends journal occurs. Dial or digital

The adjustment sketch (Fig. 5c) shows area where upsetting of the snap gauge must be rotated by 180 degrees around the area where upsets occur. In order for a journal to be acceptable, the diameter in the area where upsets occur must never exceed 0.003 (0.080 mm) above maximum tolerance in the adjoining table, but may be below the minimum tolerance. Upset ends over 0.003(0.080 mm) may be corrected.

AREA WHERE UPSETS OCCUR

Fig. 5c

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ROLLER BESRING SEAT LOCATION GAUGE

Sheet - 2

Note : When reclaiming Journals by plating, plating must not extend into 2 marked area.

FRIEGHT CAR AXLES DIMENSIONS

A
JOURNAL CLASS
(Size) E (6x11) 2.88 (73.0 mm)

B
5.20 (132.2 mm)

C
6.56 (166.7 mm)

D
9.31 (236.5 mm)

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BRENCO-NBC NBC

GAUGE FOR CHECKING AXLE FILLET OF ROLLER BEARING AXLES

Note: The journal fillet area of a roller bearing axle is critical. To insure proper fit and proper seating of the backing ring on the axle fillet,the journal fillet gauge must be used to check the fillet radius. If a 0.005 feeler gauge can be inserted more than 3/8down from the dust guard seat,at all points around the axle periphery, the axle fillet must be corrected.

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EQUIPMENTS FOR BEARING INSTALLATION AND REMOV AL Bearing Mounting
The bearings are mounted on the axle journal with aid of a P u l l e r / Inst a l l e r S e r v i c e E q u i p ment, as shown: The Puller/installer is a selfco n t a i n e d p o r t a b l e f i x t u r e equipped with a pump for installing or removing roller bearings.

Fig. 6

The Puller/ Installer Service Equipment have the following toolings: Guide Tube Cap Screws Installing Adapter Connecting Pin Piston Rod Coupling Installing Tube- Adapter Ring Installing Tube Installing Tube Cradles

Toolings used for installation the bearing on axle journal.

Pulling Shoe Guide TubeSame as above Cap Screws Toolings used for installing Installing-Adapter as above the bearing from axle Connecting Pin as above journal . Piston Rod Coupling as above

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BEARING INSTALLATION
After coating the axle as mentioned, the bearing is slipped over the guide tube, automatically ejecting the cardboard insert. As the cardboard insert is e.jected the wear ring should be held in place by hand so that it will not be pushed from the seal.
Fig. 7

If the wear ring slips out of the assembly it must be inserted into the enclosure seal correctly and carefully pushing chamfered end first. Do not insert any tool or other instrument between the seal element lips and wear ring. This may damage the seal element lips or scratch the wear ring resulting in bearing lubricant leakage. PRESSING BEARING ASSEMBLIES ON AXLE When the bearing is ready for mounting, care should be taken to align the bearing, axle and the mounting press on the same centerline. Failure to do this could result in damage to the

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

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bearing or axle. The entire bearing (except end cap, locking plate &cap screws) should be mounted all at one time. During installation of the bearing, press force is applied on the out board wear ring face only. The bearing will require approximately 10 to 16 tons to be pressed in t o the place due to interference fits between journal and bearing compone nts. The press force should be allowed to climb to Seating Pressure of 50 + 5 tons and held for 5 seconds to fully seat the bearing. This seatin g pressure e n sure that the bearing is fully s e a t ed against the axle fillet.

Fig. 10

Fig. 11

After the mounting procedure is complete, bearing assembly must be rotated by hand to ensure freedom for movement. The bearing will turn freely feeling the grip of the rubber seals. If the bearing fails to rotate by hand it is to be removed from the axle for re-inspection to determine the cause. Apply the end cap, locking plate and cap screws. The cap screws should rotate freely into the threads until they are snug a g a i n s t l o c k i n g p l a t e . Ti g h t e n t h e c a p s c r e w s t o t h e recommended torque. Repeat the torque wrench passes until no further screw movement is detected. A minimum of 2 passes is recommended. Bend the tabs of the locking plate against

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sides of the bolt head using adjustable rib joint pliers as shown (Refer Fig.9, 10 & 11). New recommended values of various mounting parameters for

Cartridge Tapered Roller Brg 6 x 11Class E are as below:

Final Seating Pressure (Hold for 5 seconds) Cap Screw size Cap Screw Torque (Minimum 2 passes are recommended ) Torque Wrench Accuracy 505 tons 1-8 UNC 40 Kg-m (290 foot-pound) _ + 4% 0.001 to 0.015 (0.03 mm to 0.38 mm)

Mounted bearing lateral play (Apply hand pressure only)

CHECKING BEARING INSTALLATION

Rotate the bearing assembly by hand to make sure that it will turn freely feeling the grip of the rubber seals. New bearing assemblies are preadjusted at the factory. No adjustment is necessary at installation to check lateral end play. In case of brgs.a and /or old journals it is essential to check lateral play in all assemblies. Apply a dial indicator gauge having a V-shaped magnetic base to the outside diameter of the bearing and position the feeler against the wheel hub face. Push the bearing in the direction of wheel hub and pull it in the opposite direction to measure the bearing lateral play which should be between 0.001 and 0.015(0.03 mm & 0.38 mm ). Note: If a brg. rotates freely by hand but indicates less than 0.001 Lateral on Dial indicator, the application is satisfactory for service

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LUBRICATION
All BRENCO-NBC Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings are prelubricated at the factory. No additional lubricant is to be added after the bearing is applied to the axle. Only approved grease and the correct calibrated quantity must be used when greasing bearing assemblies. Excessive quantity of grease in a bearing assembly will increase the churning action and cause a rise in temperature. This will result i n thinning of the grease and consequent leakage and may be confused with symptoms of a worn-out element. It is essential that the seal element lips are lubricated before the seal wear rings are placed in position, but care should be exercised not to apply more than a film of grease to the element lips. Type of grease recommended :ARAPAN RB-320(imported), servo Grease RBI (IOC) & Balmerol Multigrease RB (Balmer Lawrie) Quantity of grease per bearing Assembly as below. (Size 6 x 11 Class E) Distribution of grease inside the bearing assembly is as below : Grease Quantity applied to Single Cone Assembly Grease Quantity between Cone Assemblies (around spacer) Total Grease Quantity per Bearing 4 oz. (115 Grams Approx.) 8 oz. (225 Grams Approx.) _ 16 oz. + 1 oz. (453.6 Grams )

The measured quantity of grease is filled by a special greasing fixture. In the workshop the same can be checked by weighing the grease-filled bearing on an accurate dial type weighing machine.

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BEARING REMOVAL
The procedure is reverse of bearing mounting. Bearing are normally withdrawn from the axle only when wheels are removed or during POH of wagons. In order to remove BRENCO-NBC Tapered Roller Bearing, first remove the side frame key from the pedestal opening and lift the adapter assembly off the axles. The bearing assemly emoved by the portable Rail-Road Axle Journal Roller Bearing Puller-Fig. 6. Bearings should never be dropped on the floor. Slide off on a supporting stand of suitable height. After the bogie frame and adapter have been removed, thoroughly clean the outside of bearing assembly. Bend the tabs the locking plate away from the flat of the cap screw heads. Unscrew the axle cap screws, remove the axle end cap, axle cap screws and locking plate. It may be necessary to tap end cap lightly for removal. When the bearing assembly is removed from the guide tube, a tube similar to the cardboard packing tube should be insertedn bore of bearing assembly to hold the internal bearing parts in place. Particular attention should be given to keep the wear rings in position inside the grease seals.

BEARING REMOVAL USING PORTABLE ROLLER

BEARING PULLER When bearing Assembly is to be removed, the g u i d e tube is to be fastened to the end of the axle (Fig.12).

Insert the guide tube adapter in the threaded hole in the guide tube (Fig. 13). This adapter is retained by a spring-loaded ball and is not threaded.
Selected the pulling shoe adapter insert for the size of the bearing (6x11 Class E) to be removed and fasten it to the pulling shoe (Fig. 14). 23

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Fig. 12

Fig. 15

Fig. 13

Fig. 16

Place the forcing plug adapter in the ram head as show n i n Fig.15. Position the bearing removal fixture on the bearing assembly to be removed b y tilting the pulling fra m e as shown in Fig.16. Fig. 14 Make sure that the fixture is in alignment with the axle and hold the pulling shoe down in position behind the backing ring until initial pressure has been applied, extend the ram to remove the bearing from the axle. 24

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MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF CARTRIDGE TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

MA N D AT O RY I N S T R U C T I O N S A N D MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS R E C O M M E N D E DAND R A C T I C E PER E R A . A . R . P RECOMMENDED P A.A.R. MANUAL OF STANDARDS MANUAL OF STANDARDS
SPECIFICATIONS FOR BRENCO ROLLER BEARING MAINTENANCE

S P E C I F I C AT I O N S F O R B R E N C O R O L L E R BEARING MAINTENANCE
INSPECTING BEARING IN THE FIELD INSPECTION OF ADAPTERS RECONDITIONING OF BEARING INSPECTING CTRB BEARING DISASSEMBLY

IN THE FIELD

INSPECTION OF ADAPTERS INSPECTION OF BEARING COMPONENTS

BEARING DAMAGES SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE FACILITIES OFFERED BY N.E.I.

RECONDITIONING OF CTRB

BEARING DISASSEMBLY INSPECTION OF BEARING COMPONENTS BEARING DAMAGES SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE FACILITIES OFFERED BY N.E.I. HANDLING OF MOUNTED WHEELSETS DURING TRANSIT
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MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AS PER A.A.R. MANUAL OF STANDARDS RULES
1.1 To insure trouble free operation, interchange railways cars equipped with roller bearings must be maintained in accordance with A.A.R. Manual of Standards Sec. H-Part II except where otherwise authorised by the A.A.R. Inspection and servicing at terminals and all repair tracks as well as in the roller bearing shops are necessary and must be performed by qualified personnal. 1.2 All shops performing repairs to roller bearings for interchange operations must meet the requirements totally as per A.A.R. 1.3 Roller bearing adapters are designed to properly distribute the load on the bearing. They must be maintained to ensure roller bearing operating life and eliminate possibility of failures. Inspection procedures and wear limits for roller bearing adapters are covered in Field Manual Rule 37. 1.4 New roller bearing must conform to the latest revised A.A.R. specification M-934. 1.5 New roller bearing adapters must conform to the latest revised A.A.R. Specification M-924. 1.6 Due to the numerous design of Housing Type Roller Bearings, maintenance requirements should be made in accordance with instructions from roller bearing manufacturers. 1.7 Where q u e s t i ons arise in connection with failures or other conditions, manufacturers representative should be consulted with respect to his product. 1.8 When cars equipped with roller bearing units are involved in fire, high water and other similar incidents that could possibly damage roller bearings, the following applies: The wheel assemblies must be removed from the car or cars, assemblies inspected in accordance with the Wheel and Axle 26

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Manual, and the roller bearings dismantled and examined for defects in accordance with the Roller Baring Manual. 1.8.1 When cars equipped with roller bearing units are involved in a fire, the heat may be sufficient to temper the bearing ring and / or destroy the lubricant and / or seals. Special examination is required in such instances. Similar damage may also occur in car thawing operations, particularly where open flames are employed. Wheel assemblies a re to be inspected in accordance with Wheel and Axle Manual and roller bearings dismantled and examined for defects in accordance with Roller Bearing Manual with special attention being given to determine if excessive heat has affected any of the bearing parts. 1.8.2 Roller bearings used in interchange service are vulnerable to water in that it affects the efficiency of the lubricant, and also results in water etching of the bearing parts. Therefore, when roller bearing are operated in high water condition that results in water churning up around the seal, or are standing in high waters where the bearing are partially or completely submerged, moisture will enter the interior of the bearing. When this occurs, wheels are to be removed as soon as possible. Wheel assemblies are to be inspected in accordance with Wheel and Axle Manual and roller bearings dismantled and examined for defects in accordance with Roller Bearing Manual. 1.8.3 When cleaning cars or trucks equipped with roller bearings care should be exercised not to direct steam jet or water jet spray toward seal or vents of roller bearings. 1.8.4 Electrical current must never be passed through roller bearings as it may cause arcing within the bearing causing damage. All welding shall be done with ground cable attached so that the circuit formed shall not allow electrical current to flow through roller bearings. 1.8.5 Heating or cutting torch when used around roller bearings must never have heat directed on any portion of the roller bearing assembly. Care should be taken that cutting fragments are not directed towards the roller bearing assembly. Heating torch must never be used to heat lubricant fitting or plug for removal. 27

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1.8.6 When bearing failure occurs due to overheating, the outers cup must be painted with a two-inch stripe of white paint. The complete roller wheel assembly, with adapter at over-heated bearing, must be properly identified giving car number and initial, date and location failed, lubrication date, detector millimeter reading if available, and shipped to the point desig nated by the respective railroad to determine cause of failure. Adapter should be marked to indicate which end was inboard. Manufacturer must be requested to send a service representative to make a joint inspection with railroad representative to determine cause of failure. A roller bearing failure report ( as required by the A.A.R.) must be used to record this joint inspection. Plating, metal spray, welding or any other methods of building up bearing parts is prohibited, except plating is permissible by bearing manufacturers on all surface except raceway and roller surfaces and the seal wear ring outer diameter. Abrasive cleaning materials (sandblasting, grit blasting etc.) must never be used to clean outer rings, rollers, inner rings, thrust carrying end caps and backing rings and seals. However, external surfaces of outer rings and other parts subject to corrosion and paint accumulation may be cleaned by use of abrasive materials to expose possible damage. All parts treated in this manner must be cleaned before reuse. Bearing parts of different roller bearing manufacturers must never be mixed nor interchanged in the same assembly, except as designated by the A.A.R. in Section 7 of A.A.R. Manual of Standards sec. H-Part II. This restriction also applies to bearing made by the same bearing manufacturer which have different A.A.R. approval numbers (see manufacturers specification sheet).

1.8.7

1.8.8

1.8.9

1.8.10 Waste must not be used to clean roller bearings. Clean towels free from lint must be used. 1.9 If a wheelset is derailed, refer to Field Manual Rule 36, Section A, for handling instructions. 28

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RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
The following are the recommended practices for long life and trouble-free operation of Cartidge Tapered Roller bearings: 1. It is of utmost importance that the repairs or rebuilding of cone assembly be performed only by the manufacturers themselves on their own bearings. This is because of the fact that the basic design of Ta p e r e d Roller Bearing warrants the conicities of all tapered components to meet at one poin t , k n o w n a s A p e x point. In case the geometric accuracy is not achieved, the bearing will fail prematurely. This is all the more important in a compound bearing like Cartridge Assembly with a double track cup. Further the rollers, cones and cups always have matched angles keeping the Apex Point in consideration. There can be No interchangeability of parts or races or assembly possible with different makes of bearings. 2 The assembly of the cartridge tapered roller bea r i n g s also requires very careful calculations so that the bench lateral play in each bearing is controlled within a t o l e r a n c e of 0.020 to 0.026 in unmounted condition. This necessitates the use of lateral play checking fixtures and precision graded spacers. Heating or cutting torch when used for repair of wagons around the roller bearings must never have heat directed on any portion of the roller bearing assembly. Care should be taken that cutting fragment are not directed towards the roller bearing assembly. While repairing the wagons by electric arc welding, the earthing cable must be connected near the portion being welded. This is necessary to avoid passing of electric current through the roller bearing and its possible damage (Electric Corrosion).

3 .

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4. Whenever bearings are pulled out for inspection at the time of POH or during the time of wheel-changing, the grease seals have to be replaced. The mounting of grease seals requires the pressing fixture for properly mounting the seals. It is important that specified amount of grease is filled in the bearings for which special greasing fixture is recommended. Excess amount of grease may result in failure of bearings due to generation of excessive heat or pressure that can pop out of the grease seals. It is, therefore,. recommended that unless a complete facility for cleaning, re-greasing and reassembly of the cartridge bearing is installed, repairs cannot be undertaken at railway workshops. Therefore, the bearings must be returned to the manufacturer for inspection and repairs.

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Specifications for BRENCO Roller Bearing Maintenance

BEARING CLASS (SIZE) CONE PART NO

B(41\4 x 8)
HM 120848

C (5 x 9)
HM 124626

D(51/2 x 10)
HM 127446

E(6 x 11)
HM 129848

F(61/2 x 12)
HM 133444

G(7 x 12)
HM 136948

MAX BORE OUT-OF-ROUND A AVG ID NOT TO EXCEED 4.0010

003 FOR ALL SIZE BUT AVERAGEMUST EXCEED A LIMIT 4.6885 5.1885 5.6885 6.1885 7.0010

CAGE INSPECTION
B POCKET SIDE CLEARANCE

PLACE CONE ASSEMBLY ON BACK FACE AND USE FILLER GAGES LESS THEN 060 BETWEEN ROLLER AND CAGE BRIDGE

CUP PART NO. C MINIMUM O.D.

MAX CBORE OUT-OF-RND D CBORE NOT TO EXCEED D CBORE MINIMUM

HM 120817XD 6.4900

HM 124618XD 7.6775

HM 127415XD 8.175

HM 129814XD 8.675

HM 133416XD 9.925

HM 136916XD 10.863

005 FOR ALL SIZES BUT AVERAGE MUST MEET D LIMITS 6.0665 6.0600 7.1915 7.1850 7.754 7.745 8.254 8.245 9.379 9.370 10.279 10.270

GREASE SEAL PART NO.

807

907

1007

1107

1207

1307

REPLACE WITH NEW AAR APPROVED INTERCHANGE SEALS

CONE SPACER

PART NO.

HM 120848XA

HM 124646XA

HM 127446XA

HM 129848

HM 133444XA

HM 136948XA

E WIDTH SELECTION MUST PROVIDE

.018 to .024 Hand Lateral or .021 to .027 Power Lateral

.020 to .026 Hand Lateral or .023 to .029 Power Lateral

WEAR RING

PART NO.

806

906

1006

1106

1206

1306

F WEAR LIMIT

SEAL LIP CONTECT PATH LESS THAN 005 DEEP

BACKING RING
H I

PART NO. G COUNTERBORE FILLET CONTACT VENT FITTING

815N

915N

1015N 1115 PROVIDE TIGHT FIGHT ON WEAR RING

1215

1315F

AREA NOT GALLED OR PITTED USE RADIUS GAGE AS SPECIFIED IN RBM IF PRESENT,REPLACE VENT WITH PLUG OR SEALANT N.A. 811 N.A. N.A. 1011 7.030 7.530 7.998

J I.D.MAX.AVG.(FITTED)

END CAP

PART NO. INSPECTION

911

1111

1211

1311

NO CRACKS,BREAKAGE,WEAR,OR DISTORTION IF PRESENT,REPLACE WITH NON -REMOVABLE PLUG

K LUBE FITTING

GREASE WEIGHT
SPACER

OZ 2 4 8

NOTE RBM FIG 3.14 FOR FLOW THRU GREASING FROM BOTH SIDES 3 6 12 4 8 16 4. 8 16 6 12 24 8 16 32

EACH CONE ASSEMBLY

TOTAL + 1 OUNCE -

ALL PARTS OF BRENCO ROLLER BEARINGS ARE TO BE MAINTAINED INACCORDANCE WITH ABOVE SPECIFICATIONS,ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN RAILROADS (AAR)REQUIREMENTS IN AAR ROLLER BEARING MANUAL(RBM) AND AAR MANUAL OF STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES. BASE PART NO SHOWN ONLY. SEE INTERCHANGE LISTING FOR A COMPLETE LIST. *INTERCHANGEABLE WITH AAR APPROVAL NO 26 BEARING PART DO NOT INTERCHANGE WITH AAR APPROVAL NO 13 BEARING PART

BRANCO, INC. P.O. BOX 389, PETERSBURG, VIRGINIA 23804

ENGINEERING DWG NO. CP- 200 040

REV. M.,7-13-94

31

BRENCO-NBC NBC
INSPECTING BEARING IN THE FIELD
While inspecting the bearing in service, extreme care must be exercised to avoid serious consequences. Bearing must be checked for the followings:

(a) Abnormal Noise

When the bearing rotates try to listen for any unusual/ abnormal noise or grinding.

(b)Running Temperature
Check operating temperature of the bearing by touching the adapter or underside of the bearing cup with bare hands immediately after the vehicle is halted. If it is found impossible to hold the hand for a few seconds on the adapter or the cup it means that the bearing is running hot. Cross check the bearing temperature with temperature indicating crayons suitable for 90 degree centigrade. Any alternate meth od can also be used to find out bearing temperature. If bearing temperature is more than 90 degree centigrades the bearings should be removed from the service.

(c) Visible Damages

Visually inspect the bearing for defects like broken cup, loose or damaged grease seals, broken adapters, missing cap screws, broken /distorted end cap, broken locking plate. Check for loose backing rings, missing side frame key. Any of these conditions are reasons for bearing removal.

(D) Displaced Adapters

Inspect bearing for displaced adapters. Displaced adapter cause non-uniform loading of the bearing and result into premature bearing failure due to pinching/point loading of the cup. Adapter displacement can result from severe vehicle abuse, wagon tripling, lack of care at the time of bogie assembly, high speed impact coupling with side frame key absent. If an adapter is found 32

BRENCO-NBC NBC
displaced the bearing must be removed from the service immediately and inspected thoroughly.

(e) Grease Leakage

During service, some grease leakage is normal and comes from the purging of seal pre-lube and the relieving of internal bearing pressures. This should NOT be wiped away. This will set up and stop further leakage. The apparent amount of grease may be fairly large, but this is usually only a small amount of grease mixed with contaminants. If the purging continues to the point of coating a significant amount of the surrounding areas, then bearing manufacturers should be contact.

33

BRENCO-NBC NBC
INSPECTION OF ADAPTERS
Adapter provides a means to properly distribute the load from the Side frame on to the bearing cup exterior. Top of the adapter has a crown running fore-aft which allows misalignment between journal and side frame. Some of this misalignment may occur when axle deflects under load. It also has a groove running inboard to outboard which helps to distribute the load over as much of the cup exterior as possible. One unique feature of the adapter is that it allows the cup to creep. As track imperfections are crossed the load between cup and adapter may briefly disappear due to system dynamics. This will allow the cup to turn in the adapter a little bit called creep. Over the bearings life it may make several complete revolutions in the adapters. This allows the fatigue wear to be spread over the entire cup instead of being isolated to one particular area. Due to the above important function, it is very essential that adapters are checked thoroughly using specified gauges at the time of inspection before they are put back to service. Refer AAR Specification M-924 for detailed information on gauges, acceptable limits and method of measurements.

Broken or cracked adapters must be scrapped. Repairing of

adapters by welding / brazing is not permitted. Warped, distorted or twisted adapters must be scrapped. To check distortions, place the adapters on cup and it must seat firmly on the cup without rocking or pinching when hand pressure is applied. When adapters are worn to such an external that ridges or grooves prevent proper seating in side frame on the adapter or proper seating on cup , adapters must be scrapped. If the crown portion of the adapters has fully worn (up to the crown relief groove) adapters must be replaced by new adapters.

34

Thrust shoulders of the adapters may show wear due to contact with ends of the cup. When such groove exceeds 0.7 mm in depth at any point the adapters must be scrapped. Adapter machined relief must have 1/32 (0.8 mm) or greater depth. Check full bearing s e a t s of the adapter for wear by gauge. Excessively worn out adapters must be scrapped. Adapters which are worn on one side between thrust lugs due to braking reaction, but otherwise satisfactory must be reversed in direction when reapplied into the pedestal frame. When both sides shows wear more than 1/8 (3 mm) do not reuse the adapters. Adapters must be checked for proper fit on the cup and in the pedestal before placing in the truck frame.

BRENCO-NBC NBC

35

BRENCO-NBC NBC
RECONDITIONING OF CARTRIDGE TAPERED ROLLER BEARING
Whenever Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearing that has been in service is removed from the axle it must be reconditioned before reapplication. Reconditioning process includes bearing disassembly, cleaning, inspection and repair if necessary and reassembly of roller bearing. Roller bearing reconditioning should be confined in a separate shop or enclosure within a building. Tools , devices and cleaning facilities must be used which will rehabilitate roller bearings to serviceable standards. Following are the mandatory requirements for bearing reconditioning shopRoller bearing reconditioning shop should be cleaned at all times. All work areas, benches, tools and gauges must be kept clean. Roller bearing parts that are not used immediately must be protected from corrosion and dirt. It is also important that all tools, gauges, masters and torque wrenches must be calibrated regularly.

36

BRENCO-NBC NBC
BEARING DISASSEMBLY
For disassembly of the Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearing steps to be followed are listed below1. Remove backing ring, wear rings and excess grease from the bearing and take the bearing for disassembly bench work. 2. Remove the grease seals from the cup using suitable tools(pry bar or with the help of seal dismounting jig). Care must be taken to prevent unnecessary damage to the bearing while removing seals. Used grease seals must be scrapped. 3. Remove both cone-assemblies and spacer from the cup. 4. All parts disassembled from he bearing must be pre-cleaned by removing residual grease as much as possible before wash cleaning. 5. Wash the bearing with the help of suitable media to remove all lubricants and dirt. Bearing washing may be accomplish through automatic cleaners, washers, agitators or spray systems. The cleaning media must not be harmful to roller bearing parts. Washing media must be filtered before reuse. 6. Backing ring and end cap must be cleaned separately. 7. Take bearing parts for visual and dimensional inspection. 8. Do not intermix roller bearing parts of different make.

37

BRENCO-NBC NBC
After through cleaning take bearing parts to the inspection area. The inspection area must be well lighted and clean. Use bearing manufacturers specification for sizes and wear limits for all bearing assembly component parts during inspection End Cap Inspect the end cap for surface damage, cracks, breakage, wear or distortion. Any other condition that would affect proper seating of the end cap on wear ring face must be corrected if possible otherwise defective end cap is to be rejected. Backing Ring Check the backing ring visually for crack, distortion, excessive corrosion, wear and heavy pitting and scrap backing rings having such defects. Ensure that counter bore of the backing ring must provide a press fit on wear ring. Breakout diameter of the backing ring shall not exceed the limit specified in Specifications for Brenco Roller Bearing Maintenance attached in this manual. Check backing ring fillet radius with 1.5 (38.1 mm) radius gauge. It must be noted that old design backing ring with vent hole must not be allowed for further service without plugging the vent hole. From Aug.1992 onwards vent hole was eliminated because the vent hole was found as a potential reason for ingress of water and corrosion of journal. Vent hole and vent

INSPECTION OF BEARING COMPONENTS

plug have now been eliminated.

Cap Screws Check cap screw thread for damage and wear. Check cap screw body for elongation. Reject cap screws having burrs extending

38

BRENCO-NBC NBC
beyond washer face on the under side of cap screw head as this will damage the locking plate. Screw threads must be in clean condition. If any defect is found cap screw must be rejected. Cap screws must be lubricated before reapplication. Grease Seals Used grease seals must be scrapped and must be replaced with new grease seals only. Every time bearings are opened for inspection new grease seals must be used while re-assembly of the bearing. Spacer Spacers must be visually examined for cracks, nicks and burrs. Cracked spacer must be scrapped. Nicks and burrs on the end faces of spacers must be stone smooth. Grade all spacers for width size as width selection of the spacer is done to provide bench lateral play 0.020 (0.51 mm) to 0.026 (0.66 mm) Refer Specifications for Brenco Roller Bearing Maintenance attached in this manual for further information. Cone Assembly Inspect the raceways visually for staining , acid etching, corrosion, pitting, heat discoloration, false brinelling and spalling (Flaking). Cone assembly should also be checked for indentation, electric burns, crack. Use suitable well lit stand for the inspection of the cone assembly and turn cage and rollers while examination of cone assembly. A feeler gauge probe can also be used to feel surface roughness of the rolling surface of cone. In addition to the above all cone assemblies must be checked for following dimensions as specified in Specifications for Brenco Roller Bearing MaintenanceCone bore diameter and bore out of roundness on both sides at a distance of 10 to 13 mm from each face and it must be within 39

BRENCO-NBC NBC
specified limit. It is recommended that a dial type indicator is used for measuring cone bore diameter. Measure the gap between small flange of cone and cage inside diameter at two diametrically opposite locations using two feeler gauges. The sum of two readings should not exceed 0.090 (2.3 mm). Check cage pocket clearance with feeler gauge and it should be within 0.060 (1.5 mm) Scrap cone assembly that does not conform to the dimension / defects discussed above. Refer Manufacturers specification for further information. Cup All cups should be checked for wear patterns seen on the cup out side diameter not only because of its importance on the life of the bearing but also as it reveals excessive wear of the adapter. The fig. 17 shows normal wear bands present on cup OD generated from a serviceable adapter. Wear bands formed due to excessively worn out adapter are illustrated in the Fig 18. In case of fully worn out adapter the cup starts contacting the adapter at the ends also. Worn out adapters
Normal wear bands Deep relief

Chamfer

Fig. 17

40

BRENCO-NBC NBC
Normal wear band width Contact due to excessive wear of adapter

Abnormal extension of wear band

Indication of contact with shoulder

Fig. 18

must be scrapped. Displaced adapters also form two distinguished marks on the cup out side diameters. And such cups must be examined carefully for spalls being generated on raceways under the adapter contact areas. Visually examine cup raceways for staining, acid etching, corrosion, pitting, heat discoloration, false brinelling and spalling (Flaking) , fragment indentation, electric burns, crack etc. Following dimensional checks are applicable for cartridge bearing cup. Measure cup outside diameter and out of roundness at adapter contact areas. Cups having outside diameter below the specified limits and out of roundness more than the specified limits must be rejected. . Check cup counter bore diameters and out of roundness on both ends using dial indicator. For additional information refer sheet showing Specifications for Roller Bearing Maintenance in this manual. Note In case bearing components requires regrinding of operating surfaces, it must be done by original bearing manufacture only. Parts must be returned to the bearing manufacturer.

41

BRENCO-NBC NBC
BEARING DAMAGES Following are some of the most common damages found in cartridge tapered roller bearing at the time of reconditioning and inspection in bearing shop. If a bearing has failed it is recommended that the reason for bearing failure should be investigated so that corrective actions may be taken. The examples shown in this section are intended as visual guides for better explanation only and are NOT to be referred as substitute to the rules specified by the AAR (Association of American Railroad). For further detail please see AAR roller bearing manual Section H Part-II. FLAKING / SPALLING Minute surface cracks are the first visible indication that flaking on the rolling surface has started. It spreads up due to increase in stresses at edges of the spall. Metal fragments those separated from the spalled area are carried in lubricant and causing increase in size of the flaked area. There are so many reasons for flaking e.g. metal fatigue, abnormal loading conditions, displaced adapters, grease contamination, lack of lubricant, impact load on the bearing etc. Flaked / Spalled Cone Assembly If the raceway of cone or a roller surface is spalled, the complete cone assembly should be scrapped. However small pinhead size spalls on the cone raceway 3/32 x 3/32 (2.4 mm x 2.4 mm) are acceptable as exception for further service. Flaked / Spalled Cup As specified in AAR Roller Bearing Manual, incipient spalls on cup or cone can be repaired using pencil grinder and fine abrasive wheel to grind away loose material and to remove sharp edges of the 42

BRENCO-NBC NBC
spall. It is recommended to Use spall limit gauge to de t e r m i n e maximum Repairable spall size. Not more than two spalls of ma x i m u m s i z e 3 / 8 x 3 / 8 (10 mm x 10 mm) should be repaired in a 2 (50 mm) Fig. 19 Incipient spall acceptable after repair circumferential section of the raceway and not more than four spalls 1/16 x 1/16 (1.5 mm x 1.5 mm) or less in an equally large section. A bridge of 3/16 (5 mm) must be left between two spalls after grinding, except where the spalls can be run t o g ether Fig. 20 wit h i n t h e m a x i m u m Incipient spall acceptable after repair dimension if one spall 3/8 x 3/8 (10 mm x 10 mm). The maximum acceptable depth for spall is 1/ 8 ( 3 m m ) . I f t h e spall size is more than 3/8 x 3/8 (10 mm x 10 mm) the cup must be rejected.
Fig. 21 Large Spall (Rejectable)

43

BRENCO-NBC NBC
BRINELLING Brinelling are the surface indentation marks in raceways made by roller under impact load. In other words, when rollers are forced into surface of either raceway while the bearing was subjected to heavy impact loading beyond its capacity. If the length of a faint brinell mark is less than half the width of raceway and if its width at the widest point does not exceed 5/32 (4 m m ) t h e p a r t i s acceptable for service. If the length of the faint brinell mark is more than half the width of raceway and its width at widest point does not exceed 3/32 (2.4 mm) the part is satisfactory for further service. Any number of brinell marks is permissible. Is the brinell mark exceed either of the limitations the cup must be rejected. Also if the part has heavy brinell marks having length more than half raceway Width the ring must be rejected.

Fig. 22 : Acceptable Brinelling

Fig. 23 : Acceptable Brinelling

Fig. 24 : Acceptable Brinelling

Fig. 25 : Brinelling not Acceptable

It is recommended to use Brinell width and Spall Limit Gauge to check width of the brinell mark. 44

BRENCO-NBC NBC
SMEARING & PEELING Smearing is transfer of metal from one surface to another as a result of galling. This may be due to sliding of rollers on raceways due to adverse lubricating condition. If the cup, cone or rollers has very shallow smearing less than 0.001 ( 0 . 02 5 m m ) d e p t h i t m a y b e returned to service after polishing. Peeling is the condition caused by minute particles of metal peeling away from original metal surface. Cup, cone & rollers having very shallow peeling depth 0.001 ( 0 . 0 2 5 m m ) or less on rolling surface may be returned to service.

Fig. 26 : Smearing-Acceptable after Polishing

STAIN DISCOLORATION, CORROSION PITTING & RUST The adjacent figures shows surface corrosion damage on raceways and Fig. 27 : Peeling-Acceptable rollers, of three different intensities. Stain discoloration are caused by etching due to moisture or acidity in the lubricant. Superficial stains & discoloration having no depth and which can be remo v e d b y 180 grit abrasive or finer or wire brush are acceptable after polishing. Care should be taken that metal is not removed from rolling surfaces. Corrosion pitting or rusting(black corrosion lines or pit marks) which has advanced to severe pitting must be repaired by polishing raceways and rollers.Slight pitting after polishing is acceptable. 45

BRENCO-NBC NBC

Fig. 28 Stains & discoloration having no depth

Fig. 29 Superficial water or acid etching

Fig. 30 Severe corrosion pitting

The cup or cone assembly which can not be repaired satisfactorily by polishing must be rejected.

HEAT DISCOLORATION
Color from faint straw to dark blue may be indication of overheating of bearing. Heat discoloration should not be confused with lubricant stains or phosphate coating. If there is evidence of overheating, parts must be rejected.

FRAGMENT INDENTATIONS
Fragment indentations in the bearing may be caused due to lubricant contamination e.g. dirt, dirt and spalling debris passing over rolling surfaces. Bearing parts sh o u l d n o t b e r e j e c t e d f o r indentation marks present on raceways unless the damage is Such that roughness can be detected when the bearing can be rotated by hand.

Fig. 31

46

BRENCO-NBC NBC
ELECTRIC BURNS
Surface damage from passage of electric current through bearing cause electric burns. These are localized craters, pits, fluting or corrugations. Electric burns may occur at several places simultaneously or any or all of the bearings of the vehicle. Affected bearing parts must be rejected. It is important that at the time of welding, ground cable must be attached in such a way that current will not flow through the bearing.

Fig. 32

NICKS
Nicks are surface damages caused due to rough handling of bearing Fig. 33 parts. Parts must be stone smooth if repairable and does not affect the proper functioning of the part.

CRACKS & FRACTURE

A crack of any size /length is found on any roller, cage or cup, the comonent should be scrapped.

47

BRENCO-NBC NBC
SERVICE & MAINTENANCE FACILITIES, OFFERED BY N.E.I. The maintenance of cartridge bearings requires sophisticated technical competence and has to be done by established manufacturers, of cartridge bearings,only. Normally such establishments have to obtain A.A.R. approval and are subjected to periodic inspection. N.E.I. has imported complete maintenance and re-manufacturing line from its collaborator M/s. BRENCO. This facility has been inspected and approved by BRENCO, the Railway Board and the RDSO.
N.E.I. Engineers have received extensive training in servicing and maintaining the cartridge bearings at BRENCO. Specially trained mounting teams to handle cartidge bearings have been stationed at different locations all over India, to offer the best services at all times. backed by trained Service Engineers.

HANDLING OF MOUNTED WHEEL SETS, DURING TRANSIT 1. It is very important that the wheel sets are handled carefully during transportation before and after mounting the cartridge bearings. RDSO has designed suitable lifting tackles for loading and unloading of the wheels sets, from the ships and the railway wagons and yards.

2. RDSO has also issued a drawing of the loading arrangement

of the axles in the wagons. The above instructions must followed at all stages of transhipment.

48