BRAIN MACHINE INTERFACE

Presented by M.BALANANDU M.TECH CSE I Year I Semester Roll No:10E31D5808 Date: 09/02/2011

OUTLINES
              

Introduction What is BMI?Its Purpose. History of BMI Early Works BMI Concepts and Principle Reading Brain Signals Design Approaches Functional Model Of BMI/BCI Components of BMI How BMI Works? Developments and Applications Advantages and Disadvantages Vision and the Future Conclusions References

Introduction
Brain: *The human brain is the center of the human nervous system. *It gives us the power to see, hear, smell, taste, touch, feel, think, plan, speak, imagine..... *Brain is made of approximately 100 billion nerve cells, called neurons. Neuron: *A nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals over long distances within the body. *Neurons have the amazing ability to gather and transmit electrochemical signals to each other. *Neurons are the basic data processing units, the 'chips', of the brain

Introduction
*The brain is a highly complex, nonlinear, and parallel computer (information processing system). *The brain performs much faster computations (e.g., pattern recognition, perception, motor control) than the fastest digital computer in existence today. *Brain is a neural network, is that every computation performed by the brain is a collective computation. *A neural network is a machine that is designed to model the way in which the brain performs a particular task of function of interest. *Neural networks employ a massive interconnections of Simple computing cells referred to as neurons. *The idea of connecting the human brain to a computer or machine directly is not novel and its potential has been explored in science fiction. With the rapid advances in the areas of information technology, miniaturization and neurosciences there has been a surge of interest in turning fiction into reality.

Introduction
*For the past 40 years researchers have been trying to transform thought into action. Recent advances in neuroscience and neurotechnology have initiated a renewed interest in the development of brainmachine interfaces (BMIs) or braincomputer interfaces (BCIs)

Brain Machine Interface(BMI)

What is BMI? Brain machine interfaces (BMIs), allow for activity in the brain to be sent to, or received from, a computer. It is an attempt to mesh our minds with machines. Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI) or Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), also referred to as Neuro-Prostheses, are conceived as technological interfaces between a machine (usually a computer) and the brain of a user. A Brain Computer Interface (BCI), sometimes called a Direct Neural Interface(DNI) or a Brain Machine Interface(BMI) is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain (or brain cell culture) and an external device. Purpose: It is to provide a method for people with damaged sensory and motor functions to use their brain to control artificial devices and restore lost ability via the devices. These are often aimed at assisting, augmenting or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.

Brain Machine Interface(BMI)

History: *Research on BCIs began in the 1970s at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). *The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. *In 1987 Philip Kennedy founded neural signals to develop BMI. Early Works:
Animal BCI research

->Monkey operating a robotic arm with braincomputer interfacing

Brain Machine Interface(BMI)

History: Human BCI research

Jens Naumann, a man with acquired blindness, being interviewed about his vision BCI on CBS's The Early Show

BMI: The Concept

BRAIN MACHINE

INTENT
Command

ACTION

PRECEPT
Coding

STIMULUS

Neural Interface

Physical Interface

BMI:Main Principle
*Main principle behind this interface is the bioelectrical activity of nerves and muscles. We can control the brain function by artificially producing these signals and sending them to respective parts.

In healthy subjects the primary motor area of the brain sends movement commands to the muscles via the spinal cord.

In many paralyzed people this pathway is interrupted, i.e. due to a spinal cord injury.

A new treatment being researched: Electrodes measure activity from the brain. A computer based decoder translates this activity into commands for the control of muscles, a prosthesis or a computer.

BMI: Reading Brain

*Neurons work together in complex logic and produce thought and signals that control our bodies. When the neuron fires, or activates, there is a voltage change across the cell, (~100mv) which can be read through a variety of devices. *By monitoring and analyzing these signals we can understand the working or reading of brain. *Signals are generated on the surface of the brain. These electric signals are different in magnitude and frequency.
Band Delta Theta Alpha Beta Gamma Frequency [Hz] 0.5- 4 4- 8 8- 13 13- 22 22-30

*To employ a BCI/BMI successfully, users must first go through several training sessions to obtain control over their brain potentials (waves) and maximize the classification accuracy of different brain states.

BMI: Reading Brain

*BMI/BCI has been based on two different prototypes: 1.Non-invasive Brain Machine Interfaces, which measure activity from large groups of neurons with electrodes placed on the surface of the scalp (EEG). 2.Invasive Brain Machine Interfaces, which measure activity from single neurons with miniature wires placed inside the brain. *Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method used in measuring the electrical activity of the brain. *Another way to measure brain activity is with a Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI). An MRI machine is a massive, complicated device. It produces very highresolution images of brain activity, but it can't be used as part of a permanent or semipermanent BCI. *Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relatively new procedure that uses MR imaging to measure the tiny metabolic changes that take place in an active part of the brain.

BMI :Design Approaches

*The two different approaches: 1.The pattern recognition approach is based on cognitive mental tasks. ---It produces different EEG patterns. The BMI can then be trained to classify these patterns.

2.An Operant conditioning approach is based on the self-regulation of the EEG response. --- The user has to learn to self-regulate his or her EEG response.

BMI: Functional Model

A BCI comprises of five main parts. First part is an acquisition system, which directly captures EEG or any other signals from the brain. It also performs noise elimination, artifact processing etc. Secondly there is a preprocessing block. The aim of this block is to bring the signals into a suitable form for further processing. Third is the feature extractor, which extracts features from the signals, forming feature vectors, upon which classification can be done. Then comes the classification block, which classifies the signals using their feature vectors. Finally comes the control interface which translates the classification of the previous block into meaningful commands for any device.

BMI: Components
* The four basic Components: **The input, measuring the activity from the human brain. *The signal pre-processing, the first step of acquiring usable signals by amplification, applying filters and reducing noise and artifacts of the input signals. *The translation algorithm, this step compromises --Feature extraction: which extracts themost valuable signals from the processed input. And --Feature classification: which tries to classify the features into usable output for the next step. The output, from the classification is used as a control signal for various applications.

BMI: How It Work?

*BCI research and development is a multidisciplinary effort involving neuroscientists, engineers, applied mathematicians, computer scientists, psychologists, neurologists, and clinical rehabilitation specialists. *While recent developments in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology have given humans the power to mentally control computers or devices.

BMI: Developments

BMI: Developments
BrainGate: Turning Thoughts into Action. *The goals of the BrainGate Company is to create technology that will allow severely disabled individualsincluding those with traumatic spinal cord injury and loss of limbsto communicate and control common every-day functions literally through thought. *A first-generation commercial brain-computer interface (BCI) is being released by Emotiv Systems. *The investigation of innovative Human-Computer Interfaces (HCI) provides a challenge for future interaction research and development. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) exploit the ability of human communication and control bypassing the classical neuromuscular communication channels. I *Brain-based control of conventional keyboards, allowing individuals to type without physically touching the keys, has been demonstrated at the universities of Wisconsin and Michigan. *video-game makers could use BCI to develop gaming systems capable of reading and responding to a player's emotional state. *Automobile manufacturers might use BCI to improve navigation systems.

BMI: Applications
**Medical applications: BCI offers paralyzed patients improved quality of life Personal/self-improvement/meditation ,Therapist-guided relaxation, etc. Peak-performance training, "Brain calisthenics" ,Adjunct to EMG, GRS, etc. Treatment of ADD & other clinical disorders **Computer Control and Communications : "Thought-controlled" cursor, switch ,Brainwave-controlled games ,Entertainment, Multimedia,Virtual Reality ,Control of music, graphics ,Control of VR Displays ,Interface to Light/Sound machines **Education and Research : Labs, experiments, demonstrations ,Monitoring classroom/audience attention , The Mental Typewriter **Military Commercial Screening & evaluating pilots, operators ,EEG-based Cockpit controls, pilot monitoring Assessing consumer reactions

BMI: Advantages
*In this era where drastic diseases are getting common , it is a boon if we can develop it to its full potential. *It provides better living , more features, more advancement in technologies etc. *Linking up in this way would allow for computer intelligence to be hooked more directly into brain. *By this human get gradual co-evolution with computers.

BMI: Disadvantages
*Connecting to the nervous system could lead to permanent brain damage, resulting in the loss of feelings or movement,or continual pain. *Virus attack may occur to brain causing ill effect. *The brain is incredibly complex. *The signal is weak and prone to interference *The equipment is less than portable.

BMI: The Vision And The Future

*It could provide a severely physically disabled person with the means to communicate and, eventually being able to interface to information, to your devices and to other people without having an intermediary device. *The actual application possibilities are endless with such a technology, of course Prosthetics technology will receive an unprecedented boost. People will be able to interact with a device through the power of thought. Cellular phones which call people when user thinks about calling them. Cars which can be driven without steering wheel. The technology is projected to be extremely valuable for defence intelligence. In future , it will be linking people via chip implants to super intelligent machine. In future , the thought communication will replace telephones. By 2050, and likely sooner, you will be able to buy a BCI device that records all your dreams in their entirety. BCI With Artificial Intelligence and Neural networks Brain Backup,Brain-to-Brain (B2B) or Person to Person communication. Mind uploading is the term used for the theoretical transfer of a human mind to an external carrier. Mind uploading can also denote whole brain emulation, electronic transcendence, mind transfer, etc.

Conclusions
*Future plans are to improve the BCI so that users can make perform more complex movements and gestures. *The researchers hope that every thing is mind-controlled in future. *Further research on different components of BCI development is ongoing and challenging. These include explorations of: useful brain signals; signal recording techniques; feature extraction and translation methods; methods for engaging short- and long-term adaptations between user and system so as to optimize performance; appropriate BCI applications; and clinical validation, dissemination, and support.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_computer_interface http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091006102637.html http://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computer-interface.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/22119640/Brain-computer-interface http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface http://neuroscience.stanford.edu/research/programs/necomputer.html http://www.brain.riken.jp/bsi-news/bsinews34/no34/research1e.html http://www.brain-tuning.de/2ndlevel/cellchat/eega2_4_b.htm http://www.futureforall.org/brain/brainmachineinterface.html future.wikia.com/wiki/Brain_Computer_Interface BCI-info.org www.elecdesign.com www.brainlab.org www.howstuffworks.com www.techalone.com www.betterhumans.com

Queries?

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