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RCOOK+
R: containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms. It can be saturated or unsaturated. [please refer to fatty acids in carbon compound] The history of soap manufacturing
Soaps can be prepared through saponification. What is saponification? The saponification process is the process of hydroliyzing fats or oil under alkaline conditions.
Therefore, The saponification process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and the sodium salts of fatty acids or soaps. General equation
soap + glycerol
Fats/oils are natural ester that produce by combination of fatty acid with glycerol. What happen to the fat during saponification? Fats/oils undergoes hydrolysis in alkali condition and then break up to fatty acid and glycerol. Then, fatty acid will react with alkali to form sodium salts of fatty acid (soap). Consider this reaction;
Alkaline hydrolysis
is poured into a beaker, heated, stirred until it boiling [the layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled.
Glass rod Beaker Palm oil Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution Wire gauze Bunsen burner
Tripod stand
boiled again and cooled. White precipitate is formed and floats on the surface of the mixture.
Spatula Sodium chloride Precipitation of soap is float
Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of soap in water, therefore soap is easily to precipitate and floats.
3
Mixture of fatty acids, salts and water Filter funnel Conical flask
Filtrate
Residue (soap)
Distilled water
Filtrate
Procedure: 1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm-3 measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured in the beaker. 3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. [white precipitate is formed and floats]. 5. The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water. Example:
Palm oil + sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate + glycerol
Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium.
DETERGENT
What is detergent? Detergent is sodium salt for sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon per molecule. Two common detergent; i. Sodium alkyl sulphate R O
O S O O Na+
Sodium alkyl sulphate & Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate are anionic detergent. PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATE Step 1: Sulphonation
Step 2: Neutralization The alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide
Alkyl benzene
Step 3: Neutralization
+ NaOH
Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate [D]
Na+
Water
End