Topic: INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE The Two General Classifications of Engines:  External Combustion Engine fuel is burned outside

of the engine. Eg. boilers, steam engine Internal Combustion Engine fuel is burned inside the engine Eg. Gasoline engines, Diesel engines

What is the difference between the following? INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE an engine in which the fuel is burned directly within the working cylinder. Both gas and diesel engines are examples of internal combustion engine. EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE is one in which the fuel is burned outside of the power cylinder. For example, in a steam engine the fuel is burned and heats the water in a boiler which produces the steam that is sent into the cylinder. DIESEL ENGINE (low grade) is an engine which uses a low grade oil for fuel and ignite it directly in the cylinder by the heat of air compression. GASOLINE ENGINE (high grade) requires high grade gasoline for fuel which is ignited by an electric spark after the gasoline has been mixed with air in a carburettor, injected into the cylinder, and the mixture compressed. FOUR CYCLE ENGINE four strokes of the piston are required to complete one cycle or series of events which must take place, in regular order, to operate the engine. TWO CYCLE ENGINE two strokes of the piston are required to complete one cycle or series of events must take place, in regular order, to operate the engine. SINGLE-ACTING ENGINE is one in which the pressure produces the power stroke is exerted upon only one side of the piston. DOUBLE-ACTING ENGINE is one which operates similarly to a single-acting engine, except that pressure producing the power strokes is exerted first on one side of the piston, then on the other end, which makes each piston stroke a power stroke. Engine Classification According to Fuel Used: Gasoline Engine it uses gasoline fuel. Fuel is mixed with air in the carburettor to make it in vaporize form before it is admitted to the engine cylinder where it is charged and later on burned at the combustion chamber by means of electric spark from the spark plug. Gasoline engine is a spark plug ignition engine. Diesel Engine it uses diesel fuel oil or crude oil as fuel. Fuel in atomized form is injected to the combustion chamber inside the engine by means of the injection pump and nozzle. Instead of spark plugs, diesel engines are provided with pre heaters called glow plugs.

Basic Classification of Internal Combustion Engine

Type of Engine Fuel Used Method of Ignition Operating Cycle

Gasoline Engine Kerosine Engine Gas Engine Diesel Engine Oil-Diesel Engine

Gasoline Kerosene Gaseous Fuel Diesel Fuel Oils

Spark Spark Spark Heat of Compression Heat of Compression

Otto Otto Otto Diesel Diesel

Other Classification: Number of strokes per cycle: Two-stroke Four-stroke Using other engine Number of cylinders: Single-cylinder Two-cylinder Four-cylinder Six-cylinder Eight-cylinder, etc. Position of cylinders: Vertical Horizontal Incline Arrangements of cylinders: Inline Radial Opposed cylinder Opposed piston Intake pressure naturally aspirated Application: Automotive Marine Industrial Stationary Power Aircraft Number of piston sides working: single-acting double-acting Method of starting: Manual: crank, rope, kick Electric: battery, compressed air

V-type Method of cooling: Air cooled Water cooled

supercharged

Engine Principles of Operation, Definition of Terms

Cycle- a series of events repeated in the same regular order. Events for instance that are completed in a cycle are Intake, Compression, Power, and Exhaust. Stroke is the distance travelled by the piston from top to bottom or bottom to top. Top Dead Center (TDC) it is the top most part reached by the piston during its upward motion. Sometimes called as upper dead center (UDC). Bottom Dead Center(BDC) it is the lower most part reached by piston during its downward motion. Revolution the term refers to one complete rotation of the crankshaft. Four Stroke Engine completes the cycle in 4 strokes of the piston or two revolutions of the crankshaft. This means that the piston has to move four times (two upwards and two downwards) to complete one cycle in one cylinder. If there are more than one cylinder, the same cycle is also completed. Compression Ratio is the ratio of the volume of fuel charge at the beginning of the compression to the volume at the end of the compression. Piston Strokes these are the events performed by the piston during its upward and downward motion. Running mate are two pistons moving at the same time in the same direction but performing different strokes. o In 4 stroke cycle, 4 cylinder engines, the most common running mates are numbers 1 and 4 pistons and nos. 2 and 3.

Firing Order is the sequential firing or combustion of the fuel charge inside the engine in combustion chamber. o In a 4 stroke cycle 4 cylinder engines, the most common firing order is F.O. 1-3-4-2 or F.O. 1-2-4-3

Backlash clearance or play between teeth or meshed gears.

Blow-by refers to the leakage or compression losses between the piston and cylinder wall. Knocking noise created by part movement which are loose or not fully burned fuel particularly at the warming up period of the diesel engine. Carburetor a device in a gasoline engine fuel system which mixes air and gasoline in correct proportion. Detergentors additives used in heavy diesel engines. Scavenging refers to the cleaning or blowing out action in reference to the discharge of exhaust gases. Piston displacement the volume swept or travel by the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center. Compression ratio the ratio of the piston displacement plus the clearance from the clearance volume. Flash point the temperature at which flammable liquid will give off sufficient vapor to support a flash flame but will not support continuous combustion. Specific gravity the weight of the liquid or solid as compared with an equal volume of water at 62 degrees centigrade. Calorific value the highest amount of heat that can be produced from a given quantity of fuel to complete combustion. Viscosity is the internal friction or resistance to flow of a liquid at certain temperature. Volumetric efficiency the ratio of the weight of the air which is trapped in the cylinder at the beginning of the compression stroke and the weight of air could be contained in the cylinder under conditions of atmospheric pressure. Counterweights fitted to the crankshaft of the engine in order to balance the revolving weight of the crankpins, webs and the lower portion of the connecting rod thereby reduce vibration. Jacking gear is an arrangement of gears used to rotate the engine crankshaft. Consist of worm gear which engages a gear tooth flywheel. Shims are pieces of metal or other material use for plating or equal spacing between two connected metal parts like the engine metal frame, bearings and motor basement. Pyrometer is a millivolt calibrated in temperature units, attached through a selector switch to each individual cylinder exhaust thermocouple. Thermocouple is made of 2 rods of different metals that are welded together at one end, when heated at the welded junction, an electromotive force is produced between the terminals. Isochronous governing keeps an engine running at constant speed regardless of load. Speed droop is a decrease in the speed of an engine from no load to full load conditions.

Sensistivity is the change in engine speed before the governor makes its corrective change to the fuel control. Stability is the ability of the governor to settle down to a steady after a change of load. Hunting is the unstable operation of the governor. It will not maintain a steady speed caused by overcorrection. Deadbeat is the inability to change the speed when a new load requires such a change. Oil Mist Detector fitted in the main crankcase, that give a more reliable and quicker warning of oil mist formation, which connected pipe line sample air from each crankcase compartment. The detector will give an alarm at a mist concentration of 2-5% of the inflammable quantity, for safety precaution. Detonation or fuel knock during the ignition delay period injection of the fuel is contained so that there is a greater amount of fuel in the cylinder prior to ignition. When ignition does takes place the whole accumulation burns violently. This rapid burning results in an extremely high pressure in the cylinder accompanied by pressure waves. This rapid increase of pressure and vibrating pressure waves results in a noise known as fuel knock. Crankshaft the main shaft of the engine. Crankcase the lower part of the cylinder block where the crankshaft and camshaft are bolted. Camshaft the shaft provided with cams that operates various intake and exhaust valves. Cam follower also known as valve tappet.

What are the four strokes in the four cycle D.E.? Intake stroke means drawing or supplying air into the cylinder. Compression stroke means compress the air by upward motion of the piston. Power stroke hot air and fuel mixed produce power by the burning gases Exhaust stroke expel or release of product combustion.

Measuring instruments used: Engine indicator traces actual P-V diagram; Planimeter meansures area of P-V diagram Tachometer measures speed

Cycle Analysis of 4-stroke Gasoline Engine: Heat Added, Qa = mCv(T3-T2) Heat Rejected, Qr = mCv(T4-T1) Net Work, Wnet = Qa Qr

Cycle Efficiency = Wnet = (Qa-Qr)/Qa = ((T3-T2)/Qa)-((T4-T1)/(T3-T2)) Cycle Efficiency = 1 1 rk-1 Clearance Volume, Vc = V3 = V2 Compression Radio, rk = V1/V2 = (1+c)/c Clearance ratio, c = V2/VD = V2/(V1-V2) where: VD = piston volume displacement

Cycle Analysis of 4-stroke Diesel Engine (Diesel Cycle) Heat Added, Qa = mCp(T3-T2) Heat Rejected, Qr = mCv(T4-T1) Net Work, Wnet = Qa Qr Cycle Efficiency = 1 (1[rck-1])/(rkk-1)(k(rc-1)) Compression Ratio, rk = V1/V2 = (1+c)/c Cut-off Ratio, rc = V3/V2 Specific Heat Ratio, k = 1.4 for air standard Clearance Ratio, c = V2/VD = V2/(V1-V2)