Growth Factors / Hormones

Insulin Signaling Pathway MAPK Signaling Pathway Amino Acids Cell growth

PIP3

Rapamycin

Regulation of autophagy

Hypoxia Energy stress

mTOR Signaling Pathway

mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appears to play a central role in signaling caused by nutrients and mitogens such as growth factors to regulate translation. The drug rapamycin acts on mammalian cells through the mTOR protein kinase, also known as FRAP. When bound to the immunophilin binding protein FKBP12, rapamycin inhibits mTOR kinase activity and has immunosuppressant activity. Recently, mTOR was also found to act as an ATP sensor to regulate cell growth. Upstream activation of PI3 kinase activity that leads to oncogenic transformation can be blocked by inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin. Growth factor receptors first stimulate PI3 kinase, and through inositol phosphates activate PDK-1 and AKT (protein kinase B). The phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1 by mTOR and the phosphorylation downstream of RPS6 and eIF4B stimulate translational initiation and contribute to cell growth. For more information on all the antibodies featured here or to view our extensive catalog, visit www.ptglab.com