Trigonometry

Chance favors only the prepared mind

Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895)

Trigonometry
1.1 Plane Angle & Angle Measurements 1.2 Solution to Right Triangles 1.3 The Six Trigonometric Functions 1.4 Solution to Oblique Triangles 1.5 Area of Triangles 1.6 Trigonometric Identities 1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 1.8 Spherical Trigonometry

PLANE ANGLE & ANGLE MEASUREMENTS

A plane angle is determined by rotating a ray (half-line) about its endpoint called vertex.

Terminal Side ANGLE

Conversion Factors: 1 revolution = 360 degrees = 2 radians = 400 gradians

VERTEX

Initial Side

= 6400 mils

Types of Angles

Q-1 The measure counterclockwise is A. -835 B. 805

Conversion Factors: 1 revolution

of

2.25

revolutions

C. -810 D. 810
= 360 degrees = 2 radians = 400 gradians = 6400 mils

Q-2 4800 mils __________degrees. A. 135 B. 270

Conversion Factors: 1 revolution

is

equivalent

to

C. 235 D. 142
= 360 degrees = 2 radians = 400 gradians = 6400 mils

Q-3 An angular unit equivalent to 1/400 of the circumference of a circle is called: A. degree B. mil
Conversion Factors: 1 revolution = 360 degrees = 2 radians = 400 gradians = 6400 mils

C. radian D. grad

Angle Pairs
Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles Explementary Angles

A + B = 90 A + B = 180 A + B = 360

Q-4 Find the complement of the angle whose supplement is 152. A. 28 B. 62 C. 118 D. 38

Q-5 A certain angle has an explement 5 times the supplement. Find the angle. [ECE Board Nov.2002] A. 67.5 degrees B. 108 degrees C. 135 degrees D. 58.5 degrees

TRIANGLES

Right Triangles

The Pythagorean Theorem: In a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs

c2 = a2 + b2

Note: In any triangle, the sum of any two sides must be greater than the third side; otherwise no triangle can be formed.

If,

c 2 = a2 + b2 The triangle is right c 2 > a2 + b2 The triangle is obtuse c 2 < a2 + b2 The triangle is acute

Trigonometric Functions

opposite o = hypotenuse h adjacent a cos = = hypotenuse h opposite o tan = = adjacent a sin =

adjacent a = opposite o hypotenuse h sec = = adjacent a hypotenuse h csc = = opposite o c ot =

SOH-CAHSOH-CAH-TOA

Q-6 The sides of a triangular lot are130 m, 180 m and 190 m. This lot is to be divided by a line bisecting the longest side and drawn from the opposite vertex. Find the length of this line.
median = 1 2 side 2 + 2 side 2 opposite 2 2

A. 120 m B. 130 m

C. 122 m D. 135 m

ALtitude perpendicular to opposite side (Intersection: ORTHOCENTER) Angle Bisector bisects angle (Intersection: INCENTER)

Median vertex to midpoint of opposite side (Intersection: CENTROID)

Q-7 The angle of elevation of the top of the tower from a point 40 m. from its base is the complement of the angle of elevation of the same tower at a point 120 m. from it. What is the height of the tower? A. 59.7 B. 28.5 C. 69.3 D. 47.6

Q-8 One leg of a right triangle is 20 cm and the hypotenuse is 10 cm longer that the other leg. Find the length of the hypotenuse.

A. 10 B. 15

C. 25 D. 20

Q-9 A man finds the angle of elevation of the top of a tower to be 30 degrees. He walks 85 m nearer the tower and finds its angle of elevation to be 60 degrees. What is the height of the tower ? [ECE Board Apr. 1998] A. 76.31 m B. 73.31 m C. 73.16 m D. 73.61 m

Oblique Triangles
The Sine Law

a b c = = sin A sinB sinC

When to use Sine Law: Given two angles and any side. Given two sides and an angle opposite one of them .

The Cosine Law

S tandard Form : a = b + c 2bc CosA
2 2 2

Alternative Form : b2 + c 2 a2 cos A = 2bc a 2 + c 2 b2 cosB = 2ac a2 + b2 c 2 cosC = 2ab

b2 = a2 + c 2 2ac CosB c 2 = a2 + b2 2abcosC

Use the Laws of Cosine if: Given three sides Given two sides and their included angle

Q-10 In a triangle, find the side c if angle C = 100 , side b = 20 and side a = 15

A. 28 B. 27

C. 29 D. 26

Q-11 Points A and B 1000 m apart are plotted on a straight highway running east and west. From A , the bearing of a tower C is 32 degrees W of N and from B the bearing of C is 26 degrees N of E . Approximate the shortest distance of tower C to the highway. [ECE Board Apr. 1998:]

A. 364 m B. 374 m

C. 394 m D. 384 m

Q-12 A PLDT tower and a monument stand on a level plane . The angles of depression of the top and bottom of the monument viewed from the top of the PLDT tower are 13 and 35 respectively. The height of the tower is 50 m. Find the height of the monument. A. 33.51 m B. 7.58 m C. 47.30 m D. 30.57 m

Area of Triangles

Q-13 Given a right triangle ABC. Angle C is the right angle. BC = 4 and the altitude to the hypotenuse is 1 unit. Find the area of the triangle. ECE Board Apr.2001:

A. 2.0654 sq. u. B. 3.0654 sq. u.

C.1.0654 sq. u. D.4.0654 sq. u.

Q-14 In a given triangle ABC, the angle C is 34, side a is 29 cm, and side b is 40 cm. Solve for the area of the triangle. A. 324.332 cm2 B. 344.146 cm2 C. 317.15 cm2 D. 343.44 cm2

Q-15 A right triangle is inscribed in a circle such that one side of the triangle is the diameter of a circle. If one of the acute angles of the triangle measures 60 degrees and the side opposite that angle has length 15, what is the area of the circle? ECE Board Nov. 2002 A. 175.15 B. 223.73 C. 235.62 D. 228.61

Q-16 The sides of a triangle are 8 cm , 10 cm, and 14 cm. Determine the radius of the inscribed and circumscribing circle.

A. 3.45, 7.14 B. 2.45, 7.14

C. 2.45, 8.14 D. 3.45, 8.14

Q-17 Two triangles have equal bases. The altitude of one triangle is 3 cm more than its base while the altitude of the other is 3 cm less than its base. Find the length of the longer altitude if the areas of the triangle differ by 21 square centimeters. A. 10 B. 20 C. 14 D. 15

R e c ip r o c a l r e la t io n : 1 s in u = csc u Q u o t ie n t r e la t io n ta n u =

Trigonometric Identities
s in u co s u

co s u =

1 se c u

ta n u =

1 co tu

P y t h a g o r e a n r e la t io n s in A d d it io n &
2

u + co s

u = 1

s u b t r a c t io n f o r m u la s in co ta n

(u v ) = s i n u c o s v s (u v ) = c o s u c o s (u
v

c o s u s in v v m s in u s in v

ta n u ta n v 1 m ta n u ta n v

D o u b le A n g le f o r m u la : s in 2 u = 2 s in u c o s u co s 2u = 2 co s2 u 1 2 ta n u ta n 2 u = 1 ta n 2 u

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The Inverse Sine Function y = arc sin x iff sin y = x The Inverse Cosine Function y = arc cos x iff cos y = x The Inverse Tangent Function y = arc tan x iff tan y = x

Q-18 If sec (2x-3) = 1 / sin (5x-9), determine the angle x in degrees

A. 12.56 deg B. 14.57deg

C. 18.57 deg D. 10.18 deg

COFUNCTION RELATIONS

SOLUTION:

sin = cos ( 90o ) cos = sin(90o )

o

sec = csc ( 90 )

tan = cot ( 90o )

1 sec 2 A = sin13 A 1 1 = cos 2 A sin13 A sin13 A = cos 2 A cofunction sin13 A = sin ( 90 2 A ) 13 A = 90 2 A A=6

csc = sec ( 90o )

Q-19 ECE Board Nov.2003 Simplify the expression 4 cos y sin y (1 2 sin2y).

A. sec 2y B. cos 2y

C. tan 4y D. sin 4y

sin 2 = 2sin cos 2 tan tan 2 = 1 tan 2 cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 = 1 2sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1
4 cos y sin y (1 2sin 2 y ) = 2sin 2 y cos 2 y = sin 4 y

= 2 ( 2sin y cos y ) (1 2sin 2 y )

Q-20 ECE Board Nov. 1996: If sin A = 2.511x , cos A = 3.06x and sin 2A = 3.939x , find the value of x?

A. 0.265 B. 0.256

C. 0.562 D. 0.625

Q-21 Solve for x if tan 3x = 5 tanx

A. 20.705 B. 30.705

C. 15.705 D. 35.705

3 tan tan 3 tan 3 = 1 3 tan 2 tan 3x = 5 tan x 3 tan x tan 3 x = 5 tan x 2 1 3 tan x 3 tan x tan 3 x = 5 tan x 15 tan 3 x 14 tan 2 x = 2 tan x 2 2 tan x = 14 x = 20.705

Q-22 If arctan2x + arctan3x = 45 degrees, what is the value of x? ECE Nov. 2003

A. 1/6 B. 1/3

C.1/5 D.1/4

arctan 2 x + arctan 3 x = 45 let , tan A = 2 x ; tan B = 3 x SUBSTITUTE arctan ( tan A ) + arctan ( tan B ) = 45 A + B = 45 tan ( A + B = 45 ) tan ( A + B ) = tan 45 tan A + tan B = tan 45 1 tan A tan B SUBSTITUTE 2 x + 3x =1 1 ( 2 x )( 3 x ) 6x2 + 5x 1 = 0 x = 0.1666 & 1

Spherical Trigonometry
The study of properties of spherical triangles and their measurements.
Conversion Factors
1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile 1 nautical mile = 6080 ft. 1 nautical mile = 1.1516 statue mile 1 statue mile = 5280 ft. 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour

The Terrestrial Sphere

Spherical Triangle
A spherical triangle is the triangle enclosed by arcs of three great circles of a sphere.
Sum of Three vertex angle : A + B + C > 180 A + B + C < 540 Sum of any two sides : b+c >a a+c >b a+b >c Sum of three sides : 0 < a + b + c < 360 Spherical Excess : Spherical Defect : E = ( A + B + C ) 180 D = 360 ( a + b + c )

SPHERICAL TRIANGLES:

Law of sines:

sin a sin b sin c = = sin A sin B sin C

Law of cosines (FOR SIDES):

cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C

Q-23 A spherical triangle ABC has sides a = 50, c = 80, and an angle C = 90. Find the third side b of the triangle in degrees. A. 75.33 degrees B. 77.25 degrees C. 74.33 degrees D. 73.44 degrees

cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C cos ( 80 ) = cos ( 50 ) cos b + sin ( 50 ) sin b cos ( 90 ) 0.1736 = 0.6428cos b + 0 b = 74.33 74.33

Q-24 Given an isosceles triangle with angle A=B=64 degrees, and side b=81 degrees . What is the value of angle C?

A. 144

26 '

C. 120 15' D. 150

o

B. 135 10 '

25'

COSINE LAW FOR ANGLES:

cos A = cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a cos B = cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b cos C = cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c

Q-24 Given an isosceles triangle with angle A=B=64 degrees, and side b=81 degrees . What is the value of angle C?

A. 144

26 '

C. 120 15' D. 150

o

B. 135 10 '

25'

COSINE LAW FOR ANGLES:

cos A = cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a cos B = cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b cos C = cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
cos B = cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b cos 64 = cos(64) cos C + sin 64sin C cos81 0.4384 = 0.4384 cos C + 0.1406sin C SUBSTITUTE 0.4384 = 0.4384 cos(144o 26 ') + 0.1406sin (144o 26 ') 0.4384 = 0.4384

POP QUIZ

1. Three circles of radii 3,4, and 5 inches, respectively are tangent to each other extremely. Find the largest angle of a triangle formed by joining the centers. 72.6 deg 75.1 deg 73.4 deg 73.3 deg

A. B. C. D.

2. If sinA = 4/5 and sinB = 7/25, what is sin(A+B) if A is in the 3rd quadrant and B is in the 2nd quadrant? -3/5 4/5 3/5 2/5

A. B. C. D.

3. Find the value of (1 + i)12 . 64 -64 64i -64i

A. B. C. D.

4. The altitude of the sides of a triangle intersect at the point known as Incenter Circumcenter Orthocenter Centroid

A. B. C. D.

5. A triangle inscribed in a given triangle whose vertices are the feet of the three perpendiculars to the sides from the same point inside the given triangle. Pedal triangle Scalene triangle Escribed triangle Egyptian triangle

A. B. C. D.

6. The angle of inclination of ascend of a road having 8.25 % grade is ____ degrees. 4.72 4.27 5.12 1.86

A. B. C. D.

7. The sides of a triangle are 8, 10, and 14. Determine the radius of the inscribed circle. 18.9 19.8 17.9 16.9

A. B. C. D.

8. From the top of the 100-ft-tall building a man observes a car moving toward the building. If the angle of depression of the car changes from 22 to 46 during the period of observation, how far does the car travel? A. 120 B. 151 C. 171 D. 180

9. Calculate the angle of elevation of the line of sight of a person whose eye is 1.7 m above the ground, and is looking at the top of a tree which is 27.5 m away on level ground and 18.6 m high. A. 30 degrees B. 12 degrees C. 25 degrees D. 32 degrees

10. If z varies directly as x and inversely as y, find the percentage change in z if x increases by 20% and y increases by 25%. A. z decreases by 5% B. z decreases by 80% C. z decreases by 4% D. z decreases by 6.25%

Check Time!!!

1. Three circles of radii 3,4, and 5 inches, respectively are tangent to each other extremely. Find the largest angle of a triangle formed by joining the centers. 72.6 deg 75.1 deg 73.4 deg 73.3 deg

A. B. C. D.

2. If sinA = 4/5 and sinB = 7/25, what is sin(A+B) if A is in the 3rd quadrant and B is in the 2nd quadrant? -3/5 4/5 3/5 2/5

A. B. C. D.

5. A triangle inscribed in a given triangle whose vertices are the feet of the three perpendiculars to the sides from the same point inside the given triangle. Pedal triangle Scalene triangle Escribed triangle Egyptian triangle

A. B. C. D.

6. The angle of inclination of ascend of a road having 8.25 % grade is ____ degrees. 4.72 4.27 5.12 1.86

A. B. C. D.

7. The sides of a triangle are 8, 10, and 14. Determine the radius of the inscribed circle. 18.9 19.8 17.9 16.9

A. B. C. D.

8. From the top of the 100-ft-tall building a man observes a car moving toward the building. If the angle of depression of the car changes from 22 to 46 during the period of observation, how far does the car travel? A. 120 B. 151 C. 171 D. 180

9. Calculate the angle of elevation of the line of sight of a person whose eye is 1.7 m above the ground, and is looking at the top of a tree which is 27.5 m away on level ground and 18.6 m high. A. 30 degrees B. 12 degrees C. 25 degrees D. 32 degrees

10. If z varies directly as x and inversely as y, find the percentage change in z if x increases by 20% and y increases by 25%. A. z decreases by 5% B. z decreases by 80% C. z decreases by 4% D. z decreases by 6.25%