Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
. "".
'Vi 'W1
')J
'ir1'W'Vl 2
I '"
1
4
5 8 10
12
15
17 17
26
56 56
U'W1'Vll'l nWIJlj WJ 'W1'Vl ';il"len m:lJ'4
Q.I Q.I
at.<:::).
..
57
58
'l1 rlfl rn j
Q,I
Q.J
cI
Q.J
58
61
'~2.)
}'
./.::j
.:;
~'l4
, .J,
"~.
i.fl" r
t.:::;:
1""
tot ii,'
_,i.:j
';;j ~
a'
J"lVIIJ
.lmfli:lrU~tll'Wqllt!·.1\i1n"11l11JnnHm'IJHltln'tm'JI;;HVl1J111~lffj('j (CELL)
.:j
t,
t;,
".~,_
,,
_I,
'
"J
!CJf~~ !~!!fl !tIfl'I'p,HGJ1~~cell membrane)!tImP.HCJf~~'jJ'l5fl!'Wfl !~'I1m{jfl{jl\j !'l5'W ( VWlbWl !'jJ'jJ!1J'J'W (plasma membrane) !CJf'Vl'Wm't'l'ilfl !'jJ1H1J'J'W l (cytoplasmic hh~'Wlh~'jJ1ruffl{j~~ membrane) !~m1'jJ!CJf~rl'ijfl11'jJ'I1'Wllh~'jJ1ru 40 fl1'J!~{j\j~1't1fl\j hh~'W
if l.IJ 9J
9J
if
9J
dc:!
dt
l.IJ
9J
f'
75 : B\j't'l'mfl'JJ lh~flfl1J~1{j
60 il-w~ lh~'jJ1ru~fl{j~~
fl1'J!~u\j~11'WftflfJru~!i'Wih~Utl11
"
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytosol
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cytosol
i\ uclear
CIl\L:!°Pl:
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Goigi
Peroxisome
apparatus
1\ Iitochondrinn
Vesicles
9J
d'.d
9J.d
ct
'fI
B
~
1'V'l1" 1'Vl'V'lmqf~~B~.ul~
1'Wvh 1'I1~G}fb'l~t!I'ib'l~~G}fm~UCJf)BBmlltl'W
membrane)
O)f'l'il~UUUellJ ~'I1ffl"J'Ul'l9fU~H'VllUU'VIN1U!'lJlelelf)
9 :v
A'
d•
:v
tIJ
:v ~ • !~ 0)f'lf11"JN1U
fll"J!i 'l'l11ml~fll"J
Ln~1J~mulLfllifllU
1ULG}fCl~irU"l
~I:V ""
"
'"
?I
'I'
:v
QI
",.,j:v
dAd:V
""
lJClf)'I:ltl.l~!1JUf)BU'VI'U ih!fl~Uff
QI
!O)fCl~'Wl"Jlli!G]fUlJ 2 ih!fl~Uff li
mrl U ~B~'lJB'lb1'1"J~U
'lJB'l !O)fCl~1:~uYll'llU
~h DNA LelCl
RNA
tJ l)~tJ~vh
1. Bl'l1TWrJ~
5.
ms l)~fll'J
Q..<
fl'lJ'fldllH'fl'JtJ~
Q..<
<:1
tJ I) ~tJ~yh
111'~n~~rJtJm'W'VeJ~1:1\pr5
1. j)tJ'Ii'J'JlJ'b'l~
2. mm'J
4. U'l1rJ~'VleJ~
,<:1
5. ff.fll'WU1~HH)'JJ
!J.I
11~ ~V~t11
'l ,rLn\Pl~'W.fll'W'lJeJ'rWGJ1
4. tJ~'JJ1U!UfJ~GJ1iJ\Pl'lJeJ~Lf1~eJLdh.jll1
"
1fl'j ~ft~l~
?I
"
~1'W1'W'JJl f1'JJlV'JJ'Hlfl'lfJ'JJleJ~1
'"
1'JJ fl'W
!1J'W'j~ 1111!'W eJWeJUfJ~ eJ1cn~ 19l1~'1 9f~f1l'j'Vll~l'W 'lJeJ~!9ffJftI9l1~ '1 f1l9leJ~mfl'tJft.fll'W U1\Plft eJ'JJ'Vl'JJfl11'JJ m'JJ1~ft'JJl9leJ!9fftft\Pl1V ffl'j~l~
Q.I
e:A
QJ
..:k
t:I ,
9J
QJ
9J
d.:::t
tI 9J
. 1m~ft'jlnl~f1lV'lJeJ~ff~'JJGJ1119l
9J'
..:=::..
.c1d,.o::).
.dl
~~ ~1!1J'W19leJ~'JJ'j~lll1f1l'jm£ll~ftWll'W'lJeJ~ 1'f1!'J'j~1111
Q.I..::l
9J
do
QJ
'1 !~eJ'if1vmll'fJ'JJtJ~'JJlU!
0'
ffl'jl'il\l
at
m'j'jf1£ll!fJfJV.fll'W
"
"
1. fll'jrf1£ll~t'lf.J.fIl'Y'lJ1Ht'I:r;H-i1il"l1'WYhr
I',
9J
f
WGJ1!~l..Ii1\llJ;119ll1~1'j\l;1I9leJ~'l'Wi1\lU1\Pl~eJ'JJ
1\PlVmrtm!1jjlIiUfJ~th~1f1i1\lU1\Pl~eJ'JJ
!~l..I1I9lQ~11'll..l
w,
'I1fflm'j
flmmtJ\l'Wl
od
W 0
~lmlf1wGJ11tJ~ri1l..1veJ\Pll~
LW~~~ 'l~b11'l1~11~f1£llfl11'JJff'JJ~fJ'lJeJ\l'j~1111I'il\l
"
"
'1 1l..1~l..IWGJ1
11
:II,
l..IeJf1~1f1l11Jl\lri1l..1eJl~~tyLirtJeJeJf11tJ'Vll~~b
,'JJ
111 ri1l..1'lJeJ~th~'Wl1L~mWm~eJeieJl..I
,'JJ
~l..I~GJ1~~1J\PltJlf1'lu~eJMlf1l'jflltJiJl
!9fClrl'l9il~ 'JtllJ!9fClrl'fJlJ'O~ "l U'jAj1 !'1i'l~!9fClrl'fJlJvb hr!9fClrl'fJlJ!I9i~!Utl~'01f)ihJ1lJltlJU nnn ~~Vl'1tltlf)~~ 'l~ N'I!~~hu~'I1Ul~tl~'mCJf)tltlf)
, 'j/ 'j/
"
N'I!~'lltl~!9fClrl'fJlJ
ul9it U mill Vitmlu.w"lf'lllI'1UflClU U 1 Ul '01m9fClrl'fJlJ'O~ U'jAj1 tltlf)~!9fClrl'l9il~ "l Yitl~'Jtl1J!9fClrl'fJlJ!9fClrl' fllJ~~'I1I'1~l hhnlll'Jt1~~N'I!~riluYi'l1Ul!Wf)tltlf)1l1f)nU
L~ri~NClt~Ulf)
, ~ ~
tlJUI'1Cl~ Utlf)'Olf)i1~~'jAjlJ':h
n
"
mr~
fJtlJ'I1.QlJ!m~Uf)ffm'JlJtlU
'"
""
<I
II]
II]
<I
oj
~I
..,
al""
'I
9J
,..,
2. fll'jrf)1l1VJ~£Jm'vnhH~~!!';1il"l1'W~"d
ffI9l1ul9i~~"lfUI'1 'O~lif)ClLf)m'J1 f)Ellq~CJfll'jAj'lltl~Ul tU~l~m(J
"
mlJl~ fflJ I9itl 'J~l'J ~9f119l iJtl~ '01mil t U 11.:1 m ! mCJ'lltl~~ ~1i9f119l 1imllJfflJ~u.fi 'O~
• 'j/ 'j/
!V
U~~ ffl'J I9i "l YiCl~ l~ mCJtl ~t U Ul ~~'I! U m'J1 f)Ellq ~ (Jfll'jAj'lltl~l'ht U ~1~m(J~~lifll1lJ!n(Jl'1i'tl q~(Jfll'jAj'lltl~!f)1itl!!~ U~~ffl'Jl9il~ "l tU11~m(J~lm'1fUnU rm !u~(JuuUm'lltl~U1lJltlJ 'lltl~mfiWl!W~ffl'J19l1~"l
'V
~f1lJm'J1 f)Ell
."
''l',J
'I
""
'I
~U'J~l'1lJ
..,
!9f~rl'~1(J 1'l~'I!u f1l'J1'mnl'1~ (Jfll'jAj'lltl~'Wl!W~L!11i119l t l-.!1~r~JJ;1\9l ~~1imllJfflf1UH1Jumh~~~ • • U 'lJl~"lfUl'1tll'O'O~1i'J~lJlJ f1l'J1f)EJlq~ CJfll'jAj'lltl~ihu~~ U~1il~ 'lu~l~mCJViu\9l f)l9il~nu 1) ~-:jij~1~!CU~ti!A£J1
,
t 1'1J1Uff\9l ( 1
v
"
L~ ~~f1
i1
ih ~l'1m'J~~
•
mCJ'lltl~!nCJu~~
v
U"ltltlf)~fllCJUtl
m9f~rl'~lCJ1i f1ljth!~CJ~UlJlJ
t1
1f)EJlI'1~CJfll'jAj'lltl~U1L
~L~ U~~~~!1lumj91'"w1Jtl~nu
2) ~~Wf)
Lli1~L9f~rl'!I9i~Vl~tllJllJlJlf)'i)U!nu
"
LU
'J~ u u m 'J1 mnl'1 ~ CJfll'W'lltl~Ul~ lCJf1l'J'lllJ tl o f)t U 'Juri ffffll~ U tl f)'i)lf)i1~~'jAjlJl1U f)'Vl~ mYiflU.w"lf'l1~ ~\9l1 tl .,
"
".
fflJq~b'1fUf1 ~~lll
"
7
v
,'iI $I
r
3)
r;f(?'rJlIf) i1{Pl1lJf)~~1~-rlJih~1f)fll'J$i'jJt'h
'j/ • 'j) 'j/
Url~~1f)ih~dJ'Wri'J'tah~f)BlJlwenI11'J
'j)
b'lf'W1'WVl"l5Nf)
~·mlJJ' (PlrlB~ ~'Wih~BQ1 'Wb11Bi11'11~1~ "l 'WBf)~lf)ile;~ l~-rlJih I'IrlB~ ~'WtIl'J bN1NmqJbI'l'JBl'l11'J l.lJ'UB~m~B
~I ,,;
IJj
~1f)m~lJ1'W
fll'J~B(J{1'm(JbI'l'JBl'I11'J
'I11f)11~tIl(J l~-rlJll~:tJlru
~
"
1'W
't'l
'I
~~(J'.IJ~l'Ib1J'Wm(J1~'I1rlf)'VJ'VIl'l1'Wl'VJf11lJf.l'.IJbI''jJ~rl
0::
""
""do
9Jd
'UB~'I11 bm~bb11ilI'l1'W11~m(J
q
q,I'
"
<JI
4)
r;f(?11111!fhJ ~~lj1limjf11lJf.l'.IJ{1''jJ~rl'l11bm~U11i119J
il~m(JtllJbI'.f)l'V'l rl~"I5U~~~ljf)rllf)
U1~~B'.IJljf111'jJbI''.IJ~rl tl'W~~
1'Wf1l'J-rf1'l:Il~rl(Jjll'V'l~bb{Plf)~1~tl'W ~~il
hin rm
""
"
"
<J}
'j/
m~ bbmilB~ 1 'Wll~'.IJlru1:J'~ ~'Wljf111'jJb'li''jJ'li''W 1f)~b~(J~tllJ'I11'VJ~ m ~~ lliijf1l'J-rlJ'I11b~'.IJ'I11B1:J'qJbff(J'I1111l1~(J lli~lbll'W ri1'W 1'Wllmm~~f)U ~~ ~~ljbf1~~ I'Il'.IJth~1
CU
"
CU
QJ<f:~
Q..I
Q.ld:~.:::i
QlrI:~
Qlo":
iI
B f)11~ m (Jtil:tJlHl
l'11tY~-q~~v
1~tl'lJV~L'j1
Ih~tlV'lJ~
.. ltI 'j~'lJ'lJUnfl''lJU1~L~tlmnl'J ;
"l 'j~'lJ'lJ~~
(Biosphere)
-ff~U1~~mJ'VIl~tlltlm'W
L<JfU ~'W
ill
"
ubI'~bI";h~ mrns
"
rm
Ubl~ rm Lt1~ I'J1-!U ilbl~ 'lJtl~ ~ ~1J;'1191 ~ 1J~ri~ m~ 'VI'lJ tl ~ ,m 1~~VlJ L91U tlU J ~'lJ'lJunfl'~1J Ylbl ~ bl'lJ~m~'I1';h~~
Q"I Q"I
, , J "" """""" '1J fI 1 nm'),J'W l.!jj 'lJiNIl-.3'),J ')j'1V1f)'U1l-.3 !!1\?l~ n1-.3f) 1£1il1'W u'),J
Q"I ""
~U1~~tllJUbl~~
..
U 'fi'jJlJ9f1~
m~-i'lJbI''lJV~~UUbl~U1
A:
"
m:;;UbI'bllJ m~UbI'U1
1J~lJfl11lJ
J~'lJ'lJunfl'
""
~~U
Q/ '"
"
UbI'~bI'11~ Ubi'~ 'il1tl~1.;JVl'Yl \9l6i~U'Wt1~~lU ~1iB'VI ~'WbllPi ~ .;J1J;1\91'VJtl9fU~'lJU lbl V UlPibl:;;ii'l1.;J'il~ U\9ltlIPi1.;JtluYh lrr~.;J1i;1\9l1uulPibl~m1.;Jul91tlIPi1.;JtlU
n tJ~lJlUAUbI' ~1 U 'fi'jJlJ9f1~
UbI'.;Jil1tlm.;J '
1il vh~tl.;JtllJ
b(1'jm'l11Jb(~
fl11lJI91V.;Jfll'j
fld1lJ U\9lfllPi1.;JtlU
'Vh 1rr~9f~1J
r
0
Uell'J ~91U~bl~9fU~~el.;Jfll'jUb(.;JlutJ~lJlUAU\9ltl~l.;JtlU UbI'.;J J~lJel'VI'fi'Wbl 9Ielfll'J~l'j .;J9f1\9l'lJel.;Jb(\9l1~1m9fU nu bI'\9l1'lJl.;J91U~l91el.;J Ub(.;JUell'J lJtlmfl'tlel 1 ( rns
.:::::l
0:::::1. A CiA QI'
Q,I
0' 9J
,QI
if
9J
9J
Q,I
QI
luilJi.;J1'l11V
lu~1J~
i1\9l1'il~
~ ~Jj;ll'l iJ'Jg;mW
'11 m mg; 'fflJ f1'lJI'l':lbB~ hwiJ fl~B W'11 j)iJ j)iJ~ mmg; 'fflJ
~
i1~Jj;11'l'lJU~u~uJjfll'JiJ1'lJ1'l1
10- 30 B~fl'W'lH1LGlf(m~W'I1iJiJ'lJ'W~u~h-!
"
"
. 'ilg;Jjfll'JLiJ~m.miJmmflfl':h
hall
"
~~vh 11' 1
mn
1Umn£J~flI:lWg;
LGJ1U fll'JB'Vw'I'mU'I1U11~B~U
flUl~m)U
iJ'Jg; L'Vl fl'llUlJl'l11flU 1uiJ~g; L'Vl n£J fl'1 114GJ11~~'I1 1411 ms ~1j51~'UB~ nu L~B'I1U.fBU 'I1~B'I1U '1114 q 11
9.1
t:1d~
UI'lfll'll~
~
nu 'W'j1I'lB~fll'JBB
QI
C:t
9J
.t:::I,
Q.I
tI
0'",
11J
,"I
"I
'JJ
0'
11J
LflBBfl LGJffltl~flJlftI'l1L'WBUl
11J
0'
0' ~
l1J
LlJ
1'1 'JJ
b'j1
11411'l'JL'ilUl'lBftl'lB1ft
l'WU'Vlft!Glf£JlJ ~lL1:IU~B
uiJ~mW~Ul'lfl~l~f1U
~
1U~U'il~Jjui'fillOJ~
q
ft~ !!~~iJ~lJlW
'UB~Lr:i'Jill'l~~fl~11 'il~
cr~Jj;ll'l rrurnru
mfl-L'lJft
~I
'UB~~uu~~l'hVimm~ftll
c:.
1"
C!~
'11] '31
Cl.
fl1111LlJU mfl-t'lJft'UB~flUU~~U
't.1,
iJ~mW'UB~U1'fill'l~~~m£JiJ~iJuB~
<u
'j)
u~mw
'UB~1ml1ViB~lumfllfl'
'il~LiJ~£JUUiJ~~ 1 iJl'llll~uVi
q~fll~
LGJ1U luL'UI'l.fBuiJ~mw
lf1£JI'l~~~B'fflJfI~'UB~l'h
q
"
luil~fll£J'UB~cr~n9}ll'l
vhl11'iJ~mw
'j1\JfI U~~fll'Jm~
'i)l£J'UB~
,9J
fnllJL~lJ~B~~Uu~~ih
L1:IutI'il.u£J'Vll~flltlm'WVinN~~BflwihH9}11'l'UB~i1~Jj9}11'l 'il~L'il~tyL~'lJ1I'l1~lu~U!~lJu~'lJl~'l:f\Jflftlm'Jm'il~tyL~'lJ
'l<1~~'j1U~~ 1I'l1~~
'VllUlm
'31
q
fll'J'VllUlm~B
'j)
'j)
'UB~
10
, 9J
,,'J}
t11GJfH(I~en'l11'JYi(l~mCJ'I1~erm)(J'e)~hn.'h
•
'VH1~mnJ
v
~1'W1'W'iJmi1~ii;~FJ\91Yi'e)~1lumri~ih
•
m1lJ
'e)(I'e)@~1'Wih
'VH1~m'JlJ
~1'W1'W'iJ'e)~i1~ii9fl\91'e)~1 'Wtmri~
ihu ~tt(l~il1l
m~ttff(llJ
".
'11(1'iJ~tt\91f1~l~ fl'W
m~ ttf1'(llJ'iJ~iim1lJrl1flqJ~'e)f11'J
tm~ f11'J
i1~ii9fl\91'11mCJ9fu~
rl1fl qJ~'l!~
"
!'1f'Wf11'J
9m~i1~ii;l\91
,.
'j/
tt(l~ iif)11lJiYlJ~'W
i'tf)m.v'e)~
fl'W .y]~1'Wi1f11:JW~
i'n'W 'e)~l~'I1mf1'11mCJ
!'J1tt1i~9fU~f)11lJfflJ~'W
i''iJeJ~~ ~ii;1\911'W'J~'lJ'lJunrrl~
~lltt'lJ'lJ~~i1
f)'e) ff ~lJ9f1\91'Vlfflm'J tlff'Jl~fll'l11'J !9f'W f1~lJ'W9f fflm'Jtlff'J1~fll'l11'J 1.2 ~'lJ'J ~flf) (consumer) ~'e) ~~ii;1\91~ff11~fll'l11'Jw~hjl~
, '" a',
'J}
dod.~
9J
tJ] 9J
9l.d
9J
G)
'''l
'J}
11]
~~t'e)~ ~~CJm~'lJ1'Wf11'Jff~!f)j1~'I1
l'
'"
a'
""1'
~~ii;1\91'W1f1rl'iJ~fl'W~~ii;1\91~'W"l
~I
'''l
'J}
ttl'Wfll'l11'J
11]
ttl'W~'lJnflf)iY'WW~
'J} 'J} 'J}
di
""1'
"l
~I
t95'W tffeJ
i1~1\91m'tim
~~ttf111
'J}
''''
""1'
~ «')(1«')N'lJ11flf).y]~.w9ftt(l~ff\911!1l'Wm'l11'J
"
"
"
1.3 ~CJ'e)CJ'e)'W'Vl'JCJm'J decomposer) ( ttl'W ~ ~ii9fl\91~ff11~m'l11'J m~ hjl~ 'il~'lJnflf)'e) 1'l11'J 1~lJf11'J~'e)CJffmCJ~ ~ii;l\91'Vl f19fU~~\911CJ(I~ t1J'Wm'l11'J
9J
c:!
d'
ff~lJ'lf1\91 f)'e)
ct.d..c::t.
C:i
9J ,
d tq
9JQJ
q"
1.c:1'.d
1"
W9f'W
d'
t'1f'Wi1~1\91ri1
11
3. ~11~i¥~~'W:fi~l'WY-lfl'l.h~
1£J"lf11'
3.1 m1~lhi1\9l
(parasitism)
L~~1Jlh~
~ 0' '" •
b~'W~11~i¥~~'W:fi'lJtl~~~1i9fl\91~~hmrd~ 'il~mfWtl~
OJ
''I
'JJ '"
,
A
1£J"lfU ~f1~lmt1(J'Lh'~
,
"''''A '"
1£J"lfU
'"
W"lf'W b1(Jfnlfl'~~"lf1\9lVl
Ii] 'JJOJ
E ~1i9fl\9l~bt1(J1l1~ b"lf'Wrnmnuuau
'JJ
~I
Ii] 'JJ
~~fllVllflb1J'W1J1fl'\9l
~
~I
~ I ""
~\9Ij'l.Jm'l11j'illf1\9l'W
'JJ
Ii]
~~Vltl~mfW
'JJd
OJ!I
Vll(J\9l'W~~'il~bfl'£J1Jj~
'JJ
Ii] 'JJ
at
~I
~(J"lf'Wb'V'ljl~
0'
Qflbb~~eJl'I11j
'hl
(commensalism)
'" 0'
3.2 m1~V~tllft(J
~ '"
d ",,,,A d~1 .J Ii] 'JJ~ 1 ~ 0' ,at ~I .J at ~ 1 ~ 0', :;;10' 'JJ Ii] 'JJ b1J'W~11~fl'~'V'l'W1i'lJtl~fl'~~"lf1\9lVlVll(J'I1'W~ ~\9I]Jj~ W"lf'W bb\9ltlflVll(J'I1'W~bfl'£J]Jj~ ~(J"lf'Wb"lf'Wb1"l1'Wf1f1J(J ~~ 'V'lfl
\9Il~ Vlbf1l~1J'Wb1JfleJf1\9l'W ~~ 'il~ ~"lf\9l'W ~~b1J'Wbmfl~VleJ~bbfl~ bfI(J 3.3 rmerm '~llj~ 1(1"lfui1~n'W
at
~ I"!
'JJ
Ii] 'JJ
'JJ 'JJ
Ii] 'JJ ~
at.
."
'I
m~11~"lf'W
'JJ
"!
~\9I(J~~b'l.J(Jm'l.J(J'Wm'l11j'illf1\9l'W
Ii].
at
at
'JJ
Ii] 'JJ
'"
~~
(protocooperation)
2 "lfU\9I~tllft(Jtl~i1~n'W\9l1~~1(JL~llj~
j) j)
b1J'W~11~i¥~~'W:fi'lJtl~~~1i9fl\9l
1(J"lfui1~n'W 'Wm~£J~1J'Wmr~~11(J
bb~brleJbb(Jf1eJtlfl'illf1n'W
j)
~\9I~ln'l.Jb'V'l~(J
9f
3.4
fIIJ~li~'Wlflii
.J
OJ
(mutualism)
~l<l~l(l~l~ L~~1J'l.h~ 1(J"lfl1'i1~n'W
b~'Wml~i¥~~'W:fi'lJeJ<lE~1i9fl\9l~vf<lfl'eJ~~l(l~1<l~,:j'vnmft(JeJ~~1(Jn'W
tl~11 <l9fl\9leJ~'~
'"
bGJ5'W bb1J~Vh1 (J
h1GJfbU(I~~eJlftt.m~~llm
'"
lflvt"lf\9l1~ f1f151
Q.I
91
99'
~'I1'fl111J"lf'Wnu
Q.I
d:i
9J
3.5 m1~1Jfll1(1tltlfl'm(J
d
Q.I QJ
at
(saprophuistm)
d..::::i~ A ~
bll 'Wm 11Jfl'1J'V'l'W VI fl' <l~"lf1\9l"lf'W\9I'I1'W ~\91 1J1l 1~ ~tl"lf'W flGJflrru eJ<lfl'~1J"lfJ\9IeJfl"lf'W\9I'I1'W ~\91 n VfI 'WVI 1 tl 'Ii <l 1 'ill <l u
dd~ d A I A
t1'd d
11] 9JQ.I
,.
ct
.J
lJt
9J
.as. d
E<lbn\9l~tl1J
(environment) $IeJE<l~1<l"l~eJ~1tl1J~1b11
'I11eJE<l1i9fl\9l l~bbn 'I11tlE<lL1i1i9fl\9l
,
1. E<lbn\9l~tl1JVll~9f1m'V'l
2. E<lbn\9l~tl1JVll~flltlm'V'l
,
ll'tf1:l6
vt"lf
j)
bbfl~E<l1i9fl\9lbftf1"l
2.1 i1<lbn~~tl1JVll~fll(lm'V'lVi1itl~1'W'fi111J"lfl~
ill
ellfllrr
bbfl'<lbb\9l~ui'Iil\O.l bll'WI'1'W
12
d
'jJ
2.2 ft~bnflr:ltl'JJ'Vl'JJ'4fJ(Jft'n:j'lJ'W
0'
'J}
lI)'3J
'J}
d:t
'Jfl ~l~bl(J'W
Q.f
<r
.c:t
9J
ci
1flU'l1ri ~'l1iJ~~~ij
<V
dQ.J
Q.I
<V
QJ
"
QJ
d:t
3J
'U
2. 'fl'J111ff'JJ-Yr'W ~1~'l1i1~ f)~'JJ~ ~ij;11'lf11J~ ~'W 'Ill tllf11ft U'.i1i11'l Uft~ fti1~ 'fl'J1'JJft'JJ'W'W1i'Vl~ r:lf)fJW~fl~f)m'J 2 !m~f1U ~~ij;11'l itift1'JJlltltl~
'" '" ",::' '" ""
~bnfl~tl'JJ'lJtl~U'l1ri~~tl~
~~b1J'W~~U'Jfl~tl'JJ'Vl1~f11(Jm'W
"
i ~uri
~ '"
&
'J}
'I
c,
'J}
'"
tl~l~ lflfl!~(JJ
i~'l11f)~~H'Jfl~tl'JJtl~1~
1fltl~l~'l1iJ~\lm1Jm'W~'i)~
ri~Ntl
lr:lm1J'Wl~1J'l.Junft~1m1i~b!'fl
!~(Jf)i11r:lf)'lJtl~~~ij9f11'l
'l1~tl;'Jm'fl
(biosphere) Ur:l~~~
Ur:l~ ftm'W
ritl111'!nm~1J1Junft~'l1mf)'l1m(JUI'lf)~l~f1'W
'lJU1fl1mu1!l~ u
!~ f)1!1~ijm1'JJft1:\1J9f1Jctitl'WUI'l f)~1~ fl'W'hl ~~bd1b1'l'JJld tl ~lH'W m~ 1J1JUb'Jfttltlm1J 'W2 d~1J1J 1my $ltl
1. d~1J1JUnftl'll'JJ1idd'JJ"J.n~
"
'W'!ild'JJ"l51~ i~uri
13
'j~'lJ'lJ'iH1fl''WlLfl'.IJ
.<::::).
r;::S
~
II}
'.IJ'I1lb1''.IJ'Vl'jdJ'WI9l'W
q
1J}
'j~'lJ'lJiJnfl''i(h~~ 'j~'lJ'lJ'Wnfl''lJ'W'lJf1
A.::::i
thmw~'I1'WeN lj~L~'W~'W
'jJ' 'jJ
a.
n'l
b'.IJ'V.l~'I1qjl 'Vl~m'Vl'jl(J
,
A.::::I. •
L1J'WI9l'W
'J} t A.::!:I,
::'l
'jJ
,
q
2. 'j~'lJ'lJ'Wnfl''Vl'.IJ'W1:Wml~'\J'W
rl9l.t::Sl
'j~'lJ'lJ'Wnfl'
Hm;~Lf1'EJI9l'j 'j~'lJ'lJiJnfl'umke.lI9lb1'l'l1m'j'.IJ
2.
<9
'j~'lJ'lJ'Wnfl'L'.IJel~H~~'e.lI9lb1'l'l1m'j'.IJ
v
.::!:I,
~.d,~
dl
QI
QI
!"l5el!'W~~
d
d'lIJ 9J
'"
3.
Q./.d
AJ
1'I1ti
rI
lJ]
iu 119l'j!'il'W fll'j'lJel'W
rI
lJ]
1.1]
if:
dJ'WI9l'W
9J
2.
ff1'UlJ'j~
9J
'nl
,d",,,,,,,
UmelDf1
II}
b~!lJ'U
A
'jJ?1
2.1
~
~ N~ I9l producer) (
lfJ91'
0<::),
nu ltD
0 I
cI
cI
lI)9J
lCi.:::let
Cf
.d.c.i
Ih~f1el'lJ'Vi
14
jJ
~~
?I
QI
ctdll) 9Jw
11
QJ
"1b1"1
v
Q.J QJ
~I
QJ
ddA
<I
ct
OJ
etA
Q.I
d'
unn 'ill fl
if ii~1~Hri~~iJ951~~t)
~1 'W'j~fl'lJ~'W f)l'jn'W~~f!~
~~'HlJl(J~~i1~l~
hit;]
fl'W1~(ji1~1~'W'l
!'If'WlJ'I-fI:J6
2.3 ~~t)(jb1'm(j
(decomposers) !~'W'Wlf)~hib1'11J1'jflll~~mm'j1~H~'il~n'Wm'Hl'j
111ri'j~'lJ'lJUL1ft 'U
i.
2.
QJ
d'
Q.I
ell
d.d
'.<::1li]
9J
!~'W'Wft~~l'W~!l1~tI'W1J1'illfl'Wft~~l'Wf1mJ
1.
"'l
1CJfm'Hl'jflfln'W
• '"
'H'jt)CJ,jlfl'W 2. 1CJfm'Hl'jll'jir~
i1~11 'Ht"lirit)'WU~l~t)
~
i1'W 3.
U~l
15
i1'i1~tI~ii~t1vieJfll1vll1
il'W1'Wf)~'JJ~~1i9f1\91t~fJ1il'W
OJ
OJ
OJ
<!I
tGJf'Wfll~f)~~1'JJil'Wtl1'Wf)~'JJ
~~ 1'1l{l~ tGJf'W~l~
!>1
OJ
OJ
0'
rm ~~~~ uumu
v'h111'tn~fll~u.u~.u'W1'W~1'Wmm~
'"
OJ
~I
d d. "''''''''
""
OJ'
1~fJW1~NlfJ~ 1~~uLl~~
d
91
L1mfll{~'Wilutm'Wi'i1'JJii
A I
Q.J
1.2 m1~'Vl\91fN'V'l~'V'l1(Mutualism+I+)
tlJ'Wfl11'JJ'ff'JJ'V'l'W'Ii''Il'e)~'ff~'JJ9f1\91 9f'W~'e)fJ~1'JJf)'W 2
tI
dd~
'"
~~Wl~NlfJnWl~
1~~uLl~~ ~
1fJ'ifU
UW~f)~mfffJ'e)~~1fJil'W\91{lf)~9f1\91
6'ltWf)'e)'e)f)'i)1f)il'W~~1i9f1\91rf~ 1\91m11~mmHlf)
9fU~
'i)~~'e)~¢il~~;1\911:J1~ ffl'l111fJ~1~ml'JJ91'W
L1mfl1:J'fflm~tl~'e)fJffmmGJf{l{l1{lff'i)lfl1~~L1mflntH'li'11
'"
LI ri1'W 1L1~1\91CJ111'W~11trLlmfl~~mfffJ
1.3 m1~1i
~ rm tfl'e)f){l'l1~'e)~~mfffJ
1~
'"
(Commensalism
'"
mu
u
16
mj'il1JtJfl~hCl'l1'W\lfl'WmmjOJf\lrHJml
Q.lQ,.cko::::::..
~t:::l,
"f>lm" ~
911
QJ~.:=l
dt
QJ
d.,::9
'V'l flil'W m1J '11 tJClU \I~lj fl flfjtlJ~ L'1111 tJ'W ~ fl ~1Jfl'W LtrtJ 'l ri ~1J 1 llj n1J
1.5 fIl1~'JJlhbl'\9l (Parasitism
.ct
C4
i¥~1~L~ flflilfl'W
.c::::..
dJ'Wm'l11j
d
.:::1d.A •
QJ
QJ
dd. ~
.:::1d..t::::I.
..J.
tll'l11jL1Clflil
••
1.6 fIl1~nmjbb~\I'Ii''W
(Competition
'lh~ 1Cl"15t1tJl'il~tJ'Wmju~~'Ii''Wn'W1'W#\llj;1\91''15U\91~~mn'W
"
~ln~
'I11tJnmj
U~\I'Ii''W ti'W1'WiY~n;l~
"
1~'I11mllmCl~l\l(
Antibiosis
"
'lfU\91
U1J1Ji¥'W~1\91ClhjljN1Cl
2. if'il~f1'Y1Hfllflill'V'l(Physical ~ljf>lfl~tJmj~lj~~;l\91~tJ~#~lj;l~
1'W~mri~~tJQtJlrYCl
2.3 ill~ULfl~ml'JJ~'W
(Water
17
2.7
m~Ubn(hUCl~fl11lJl9l'W
fl11lJ't'i(,'Jlf)'t'i(,'Jl[J'f1H~hfll'W
1f1'W
L1i11'O~L1J'W.wGjj"'I1~tl
fflP11 fl11lJ'I1mfl'l1mCJI9l-Jfl~11UU-JtltlmrJ'W
"
Yi:itJ~~'fliJ:i~ iJ1'lJlh
q
.c:t
<I
_ _,
tWiJ'YII'ltrl'.lJ'UtNt1
__ _
_d
-J.w'W'lr.w'lJ'Lm~fflP11 t.wtlt~lJINClINi11P1
q
..
\j'.lJ"lrJl9J'Vl 'fl'J"'lJmCl'Vltl'fl'JJl'Olfl'lJ'J"'J'V'l'lHfl t
ddQ
d.lJ)
'jJO.J
'O~lJ'lJ'J"~ W'lJ''WlJlflb1'l'l1'J"'lJfl1'J
.d.
rI
O.J
3. fl11lJ't'i(,'Jlf)'I1(,'Jl[J'lle>..:j'tfUt?l'WU~
~l-J
Q..I
c!
.::;g.
ddQ
~m~'OlCl\911lJbhw~1~
1 'lJeJ~ Inn
"
"
~~Lf)'flm'lJ~
f1'lJ1!] ~m
18
Photosynthesis
Copynrytll
Inc . IKIDl,sIling
as Be<Jjam'n Cummings
1 'Ii' vm
VJ~ I'H1:lh!f1l111J
tljeJiifll'J'111CJl
eJeJmr1J'J'JCJltllf1'B
'"
tlfl'r ~ Lt~';h
1h!1J'J'J CJltllf1''i)~ii
fllCJ1f1l11JeJh! L~eJeJfl
LCJ1~t.wCJ~
0.03%
Lt~tll'J1:Y ~t'fI'Jl~"j'fi";lCJ
19l"eJ~nm
'1'
!h!Ul9lm; t)1PJ nn lJ'JJJ1W tllCJ1f1l'J1JeJh! L~eJeJ n LCJ1~ !h!1J'J'J CJltllf1''.lJ rru nm CJh!UlJmm r
n
I'"
c~
0'
II)
II)
0''1
c<
Id
nu eJCJtllCJ1
'J} ~
0'
II)
II)
o'c<
, 'J} 'J}
0
c<
'1'
'J}
'1
c<
'1
!h!'l51~t)IPJ'I1m1
'
<;J
<lI
nsu
c<
i1
ibfl~~
N1J11.f)fl'J~ ~1J~1~<»
'" I
lGJfeJ1'111'J 'i)lfl~N~19l
L 'll~
"
1'Ii'
19
tl n fl fl'WUblg;b'1J'W'Vi m ~
1J1J
'"
1~~ , ~!Jlm1fl1J1JeJ'W'VleJ~
c'
"I
~'W!'WeJ 1JCJf\l1Jfll11JfI\l'Vl'W
,J
1~di
e!
n~6~fI\l
?I
'
'"
"i:;"1'l
~'Wm1~~1JfllJ,\!~
e!
fllJ!N1
1 (combusion) 'Vi1J
IJ}
~d.
1'3J'
~,.
c:i
.d
0'
,~~
t;Y
fl1{1JeJ'W 1~eJeJfl1CJf~1'W1JJJl'Jlfllfl'1~eJV1\lJ1~!~1mfl
c' ~~b1'1'Vi flJJ1J!!bI~ mflJtll'J'W~ell~'Vll
OJ
0
1~"I'" 'Vi1JJma!
at
t;Y '" ~,J "'''' t;Y di ... fllCJf"lf'W~'W 'W1J1Jl'Jlfllfl'!'V'I1Jll\l'tJ'W 1JJ1J1a! fllCJfCJf\lJrnn
-1,
•
1 J\j\l1'W
OJ
'3J
HbI~'Vl1 In!l~flJ
1~'" ...
111
1JJJl'Jlfllfl'bI~ml'J'W1'ViJeJ\lfl"lf~m\l~11'J~'W
"i
!!bI~flmmU'WflJ~fIlJ1JeJ'Wfl
ol
c'
'"
"i
flJ~dbl'lmJtlYiTu~fl~l'Jltl1J!!~;'1'W~'W'Vi~eJ!!flm;l'J1JfIl{1JeJ!'W19l
v ..
mfl1JlI'J'l'Wtl11~mU'V'l1g;·1'W1J'Vllb1'l.j'VlJ!n~!u'W11JfIl{1JeJ!'W19l
c' "i c' "i 1 1~1 c' 1~'i' fIlJ1JeJ!'W19l (carbonate 'ViJeJ CO 32 - ) !!'V'IbI\lfll9leJ'W'V'I"lf 'W'Vl~m b1'11J1Jtl ''If 1JfIlJ1JeJ!'W19l ~ b~I'JI9lJ\l!!bI~
c'
...
t;Y
c'
m~'W'W flI9l11J1J'Vllbl'l.j'Vl1
t~
t;Y
1')).::g
...
...
fl1{1JeJ'W 1~eJeJfl1CJf~1'W1JJJl'Jlfllfl'1
..
1!l<ilmtl1HbI~1Q 'i'
L~I'J'Vl1
.;., 1
11 0 2
cl
G}
G}
de!
20
1. f1l~~~bml~'l1~Jmb~~
dJh!m~1JJh!f)l'Hll(jI'Jh!<vHNnim~~blh.rVH'l~~lh!b'fl~
d
...
a'3-/
d...
d...
'"
.J
~'t
d.d
"'''''''
6]
~.J
6] ~
'I
iu
llan~l'Jlu(j~1r1C02~~tYh!llan~!'Jlf1lnnI'J1'il~~!1l'Wllan~!'JlN\Jf)i:11J'tJv~llan~l'Jlfl1~i¥~!ml~M~JI'JU~~
+
glucose
+
oxygen carbon dioxide +
6H,O
water
+
+ energy
21
"'UTl'ni;afl'~ N2
1uum lni\')
fl'lfii'lfHHnU
(1I\Jflllt~mm:::':i 1)
!!UfIll!':ltJ
.....
Ammnniflcurinn
Nitrification
lotlL'W 1\9l'H\l'WL~1'W
2lll
f1emmJ hnUeJ'lJ
Hl:'l~H~';hl'W'1JjjCllfllf1\l~llj~f1tl1J~';ltlL'W b1'l:lJlHl'I.'h:lJllotlL~
L'W1\01jL\l'Wb1'l:lJljm'1J'1~1tJ
2 'Vmf1tl
flljL\ljqjL~1J
~
1\01hwllililjCJlLLtlb1'9f1Jm~'W
lJ}
(assimilation)
..J
.c1 t::l d.c:t A
f ~
91(f')
l1J
<y
l'Wi1~1J9fl\01 !9f'W
h1CJfL1JCl'lJl'Wllmlf1t11
" "
'"
,
m'hm
'"
'"
Ul:'l~H1J'flYl!~Cll'W!VJ'Wt11'Wlmm'WLL\9l~
q q
( Azolla ) 'Wtlf1\llm!'W~~1J
H1J'flYl!~Clff!~CllLLf1'lJt11!~'W 1 'Wt111Jl~"lfiJ\9l 1 'W1l\l mJ'W f1lj H~\01i1ClL'W1\01j! \l'W1 ~1 'WLf1EJ\01j j'lJ~!1J'W!mri~ m L'W1\01j !\l'Wb11flru~L~'lJ L'W1\01j!\l'Wbh~1J1JiJnf1
u '"
22
'I d "''''''' 'I 91 Q.I?I 'I '" .J "! iu'I L~l'm)'W L'Wrr~lJ"If1\91mf)~'lJLlJ'WUeJlJ blJL'Wl'JlJO)f~'t'l"lfrrllJl'Hl
bHnl'J't'l1mlWl~LL'lJ'fl'VH'HJff1lJl'HHJeJl'Jrrml'J ihml~'1~~l'Wm~'lJ1'Wm'J~L~I'Jf)';h
'"
'"
II)
UeJlJ 1lJU~L'fli'W
(ammonification)
."
ul 1
,
Vl"lf'lJl~'b'u~nm'JiJ~mu~m"! '1~1 'W~'W~'Ul~1ill9JeJl'l1l'JbYlfltyeJ~l~
'I
'hnJ1jfJlfllft
I3JN~~ I ...
...
1\91
m 'WiJ1~
b'Wm1~f)1l'lJrr\911mLlJ'WeJl'l1l'J
Q.lQ.IQ.I<I?I·
L'b''Wm'lJ11eJI'JU'fl'J~ 11l'Jl~'Wl'fll~
U~~11lJeJ'Ul111lJeJUf)~~~
9191
91
'"
11lJeJ'Ul111lJeJ
9191
91
Uf)~~~nrid'W
nUl111l'WrimLlJm
"
'UeJ~1m1l11U'l~LiJ~I'J'W
rnul 'WnmlJ
. . '1O)f~ LVleJb(ml'Jir~n;l\91Lll'Wff1'JB'W'Vl~
"
"
23
\9l'W semme
'J/
'I1'jfJ'I1tJl\9l'Wlfll-:J
"!
"
'J/
fl,q
I I •
.LJ
1'VI£)~III<Zl",.q
I
I VVOOII
d ...
'fnllH'lJl!'il
q
'J/
'1 '1
!'Wl{J'ilm
<V
<V
lIJ
'J/
lIJ
'J/
0':1
"" 1~
1\9ltJfll'j!1l~tJ'WtllGJf1 'W1\9l'j!'il'Wl'WfJlfllftlJl!ll'WUfJ:IJ
'J/
0
Llnummn
+
d""
!lJ!'WCJ'Vll9llJl'Vll!lI'W~tJ!'W !
d oJ
0
oJ
lIJ
1\9l'j!'il'W
'J/<v
<V
lIJ
m !'I1!'lJl !\9l'J''lJ'Jl-:Jlrl
'1
'J/
lIJ
l'W!'lJrlftl'lJl!'fln
24
Uaf)1CJ1~1~
Fe 2 0 3 ml~ 30 4 !rJ'W;)';H~'lUaf)1CJ1J)lCJ1~fllJ~~tu11JJiJ~'lO'l Fe
400 - 600
C ~ 200
"
!"If'W m{':l.Je)'W tl tl fl91!~'W!!(l~ 1 'W1\9l~!~'W~tl ~~ 1:U'W'lJvJtlfl'vJtl~fI'1 'W'lJ~~Clltllfl' riJ'W 111tY~~ tl~1 'Wtu'Utl'l'Utl'lU ~'l'Utl\jfl'l~U~~ tltl'lJvJtl\9l!vJ\9l!fltl'lJ
~J 1u hh11~tl'Wf1'lJl!1.um~mhJm
""
!"If'W DNA
(deoxyribonucleic
acid)
(ribonucleic
acid) ~\jrhm!l~'fn'lJfl:IJm~'lJJ'Wtll~!:IJ\9l1'lJtlilGli:IJtm~
ms rilCJYJtllPlvr'Wtln:IJ'U 'q
tl'l t9l'm) 'W fl ~lfliW'l trJ'Wtl\jrlU~~ fltl'lJVi'tllr1 qJ'tll11~'lJffl~ 111''W~'l'l1'W~ 'l 1'W tl
"
vJtlfl'vJtl~fI'\9l1:IJ1i~~:IJ"I51~riJ'W111qJtl~1'WtuvJtlmvJ\9l
j,I •
) l1\jYhrJ'WfI'l~a'WYJ~6
,
"
i1
'j}
~~y'ht1'1illPJvJtlfl'vJtl~ff 1
~ll1!m~
"
ms !W:IJ~1'WJ'WU~~"I51m'W tl fl'OlflU'Wtll'OU1'fnl:IJfl
"
25
11
afl~
~1J'Wm::;1J1'Wfll'J'Vlb1'-J1J"lf119l~11mJl.J'VHl-J\j1'W'Vlb1'::;~nJfl1CJ CJ1!W::;
.d d
.::idA
QJ.d
111'C02~ -JU"'W11
+
+
afl~
CJl fll'J'111CJ
1'il~-J ~1I'W11
afl~ mr
CJ1?l'W
QJ
9J
afl~
Gjf-Jb"lf 0 2 ru
'J}
G)
11~1CJHb1'-J
C,.H12(JI, ducose
6026C02
!)~'Tgl'ncarbon dioxide
+ +
61i,O water
+ +-
6
e.nergy
26
~ ~ v 'J:6'J'JlJ 'H1Vl!!t'I ~t'I' -:j H1At'lel lJ
'fI 'J1UIlfl
'VI'J'V'l{'nm1i'J'J1J"lfl\9l (Natural resources) 'I1m(Jtl~ff~'VIlhlf){Jel~\9l11J1i'J'J1J"lf1\9l'l1'Jel~H'VI~'WW~ lh~ 1(J"lfuurim~£j6m1~1i'J'J1J"lfl~~1(Jfl'Wm~ ('VI1 'Vlel~ff';h~ U~~~fl'U6 'Vlel~bI'11~,2523:4)
Q.I
~ ~ .d
dJ'
t1'li1~U'WiJ~ tli1'l1'
ell'W1(J
"
(tf1£j1J ~'W'Vl1uti\2525:4)
~~,f'W~~nm':i
~~'lJ':ig;tJl'Vl
"n1'VWlf111in~'iJ1Pl" U~g;rh:h
31
"if-:.i!nVlti'el~" 1Jl~fl1'l~1,*ell'il'ilg;tn~ml1J~lHl''Wlli
31
"
1':i 1 'W!1el~U
I
rl9J
lJi91
~~!ff'Wel n~~'W
liJ9JQ.lod.
"
1. fl111Jfl~1t1fl~'l
"
"
'Vl1'WIJlm'fi':i':J1J"lf1~u~g;if~tn~~el1J~1~!1J'Wif~~1'l1''lJ':ig; 'I-(h'Vl1'W(Jlmjj':J':i1J"lfl~m1,*
QI ..::::..
!mg;1J'4£j6ell~IJel~1'W'Vl1'Wl'Jlmjj':i':J1J"lf1~~1~
d~ ..::.t
A
'Vl':J'WlJlm'fi':i':i1J"lfl\9l U~11J'4£jtlm':itltlff~\9l1~
9J
Q.I
"
'1 n''l1'!n~m':i!'lJ~CJ'Wu'lJ~'l
fl111Jflmtlflmtl'W'Uel~fll11
'31 ~
Q.J
9J
0'
'Vl1'W n ':J'fi':J':J1J"lfl~!W g;if ~U1~ ~ el1Jel~~ 11'Vl1'WIJ1 m jj'J ':i1J"lfl~ t1J'Wri1'W '11 ~ ~ 'Uel~if'l U1~ ~ el1J til
..
"
jjn1J"lfl~
'I1ltlm~
27
U 'il~~'W'Vl'Wln'W 1'W!1el~~el~fl'W
1'Wel~I9l~N1WJ11lf1Jm!~el~
'j}.
iJWJllJ~lJ~'W£n1J
i1~!n\9l-t1'el:I,mcil~h
l\9luYi 111qJ1'W
fl11lJ~lJ~(j6~el~
1i'j'jlJ'l51~n1Jfl'W~~
hiiJ flwh'W
'JJ
fI11~lJ(j~I:J'Vll~!fffJtm~t111lf1J111'Vl1'WfJlf)'j
1i'j'jlJ'l51~ !iYellJ~mfJ
11 t'lJ111fll'j~~
'JJ
'JJ
~'W!Yl'W!!(j~"JtlJ'l5'W ~~tr'W
" nn !!1i~'11'j~Ul'Vl~eJ~'Vl1'WfJlf)'j 1i'j'jlJ'l51~iJ rm !!1i~n'Wl1mfJft f)I:Jru~ !!~1 'WYiu !!1i~ 1 fJHhf)rucn~eJ~ \9l
f)1'jt111J11~ u1i~elelmrJ'W 4 '11'j~!J)'Vl
•
Q.I ""~
" ~~u
iii' "".
w
'V
'V
natural resources)
d
I
!1J'W
0
'Vl'j'WfJ1m 1i'j'jlJ'lfll9l'Vl !f)\9l~'Wnsu 'Vlil~lJlJ'4I:JfJ !lJeJ:IJ:IJ'4I:JfJtf)\9l ' ~'W:IJl~ ~!l1m'W f):lJfl11:IJ 'ill!1J'W19lelfll'j \9l1'j~'lf119l~el~:IJ'4I:JfJ muuruuu
o "'''' 0'
0
~d ~
if
.J
Ci
if
c:,.
ddd
~I
2 lJ'j~Ul'Vl !\9l!!f)
0
\Jj 'J/
1.1 '111~!iI't'l~n:millW!~hJ'~!'11~EJ'W!!'l1(j~
ellf)1fl' ~'W !!~f)1m1m'il~Yh'W
(lmmutuable)
i'11'Wl'W!'Vh1\9ln\9l1:IJi1~!l1ril'wn~~fl~iJ
."
1.2 'l1'j~!iI't'l~ijf)1'j!'l1~EJ'WH'l1ll~
,
(M utuable)
rm !'11~fJ'W!!tlm~!f)\9]~'W!~
I
tl'j~ 1fJ'lfUel~1~~\9l11i !"If'Wf)1'j l~Yi~'W f)1'jl ~'Wl1\9]fJ11if)1'jYi hjQf)~D~ 'Vll~\9]1'W fllfJfI1'W !m~\9l1'Wflrum'W 2. 't'l~Wf.Jlf)'jIi'j1lJ'tfl~m~ml1't'lVl!!'t'l'W'v1
'V 'V
vi11t1!f)\9]f)1'j !tl~fJ'W!!tl[m1~
(renewable
natural resources)
!rJ'W'Vl1'WfJ1m1in:IJ'lf1~~
28
1~mlTfflmJtrth
111mJn111 <u
'J}
'J}
'VI1'WfJlm1iJJ:IJ"lfl~l1J~LfI'VIil1~!!fi
111~l4tJl\91JL~CJ:IJ nlll]f1iJJ:IJ"lfl~
Lm~rill4Ml4
L1Jl4~l4
'J}
um;l1m111!~:IJ
i1Ul4
fldl:IJ~B~f1lJLfl1eJ'l'!J~'I1:IJfl
q
!~:IJ~U~d(J
f1'111eJ!i(J'lffWJ !.yteJf1lJYi1!fl~eJ'l~~ri:IJ!B'l
f1lJb1'11~~eJ~m~(J'UB~"lfU!vh~1~
,
YJeJ ~U:IJ 1L1JUeJ~fl11J~ nn 1J'11~f1114 ms rieJb1'11~-vleJ~e:J1~(J~U:IJ 1 191d eJ~1~ !'lf14 1UL'U19l'VI~ 'VI 1CJ-vl!!1''l u~ 'l ~ mJ t
m-rmn
if Q,..f ~ ,
hA 19l'lU~bl'~(J l1JJ1t1.!:lJu£j61~mhw"lfbl':lJu
q <u
'J}
1'WJ:IJl1~1uf1lJff1£J1
q
hA
!'lfU nu 1 'VI(J1~
.yj1'VI~m(J1'ilJff1£j11JA'I11~
'I1eJ1J
_.
i1~ 'I1d1'W~
c:t
t
'J}
'J}
'J}
2. m11'1.:jt1'W:21'WUtl~m1lJ1~ntl'lJtll'lf'V'l
~I
cv
at
9J
G)
'Jl
QI
rI
l't
rl91
Q,/
a'
t:::.i
'U
'J}
""
'"
!lJU \9114
~I!lI
29
f) 'il f) 11'JJ 'Ilel~ 'JJ~'l:l[JVI(f -3~(;If)~::::V11JPl -3&!1Pl(;lel'JJ m::::V1 el(f & ~'Wmf) 1. fl'i)f)'.)'JlJ'Vll'l~l'W'Q(9)b1'l1m'JlJ
4s:::1
OJ
sn~~~'tflPl
oC:I.
lIJ
~~ u f) 1~'Vlr~tI1m1l'J'JlJ0Jr1~ ntl1ft~fl~t1ru11l
9J
1~tl1~iim'Jfll'w'l~'1~'1H1~~tllJ L'lf'Wtl(9)b1'111f)'.)'JlJmlitl,mi
q
iimn'h
snrnne
H~~ntl1
ft~fl~lJ~.w£l
~tl~'1H1~~tllJ
iim'J~11~l1U1~'W ntl1
m'JOJr~~l'1 .yr'l'Vlmtl'lltl'l~'W
"" ~m~t1rul1l'lhVl'l
u
'i)1f)mlitl'l~'1rium1'1t'h ~
"
" ft~fl~~~.w£l'Vll,rW1
..... 1
.
,
fJ}.r:::I.
"'1ilfl'lltl'llJ'4£ltl
0'.
!V
'l!V
""
qll
j}
1!1 qlJ~~tltl
'Il1~fl1'J'fl1'W'ItW
<OJ
<!I
v•
iY'IH1~~tllJ
ntllft~fl~t1qJ111
iY'IU1~~tllJ(9)llJm
Li'W 1l1mw'lltl~.yjmf)~'W
tl~1'11~~lJ~1
'i)lf)m'J'lJnilfl'lltl'l~HW
ilimf) ~~
~'W~'1t11f)~tlfl1'Jfh~~
Q~C\tJl--=:'O
1~mfl~'i)1fl1'J1~'Vlr~tl1m
vh1ftll~lJ1W'Vlr~tl1m1lnlJ0Jr1~
h!(J(HI\I
~JJ h!\91 h!
.~L•.
r..
(fl!,}wlVl~~£lmn1Jl[J(f-3H1Pl(;lel~lJl1~1t1b1'1~111'J~'1'W
..
Go
9J.:1
Qlt::!
"
1. m~!~'JJ'Ilel-3'l.h::::'tflm
'Vl1'1~TWfllm~'Vl6 'Iltl'l~b1'tlmf)'Il'W
fl1'J~~lJ'Iltl'lll'J~OJrlm l~tlfll'J
Inn
."
~~'W11ltl~1'l'J1~~~1
!'dtl'l'i)lf)mllJ~'i)~qJ
'lf1t1~~~(9)'Jlfll~(9)1t1
~.wlJll'J~OJrlmU
ntl1ft~fl~fll'J'lJn.flfl'Vlr~tI1mmf)~'W
"
ii
'"
-%
'1411~'Vlr~tI1m lJ'4£ltl!D'I
0'
"
".
ri 'I N~m~'Vl'lJ~tl
iY'I~b1~~tllJH~~
~1
3. ft11'JJ l(;J.fl'llel-3'JJ'W'l:lrJl~tI'Wl'V1r~tllm1l'J'JlJOJrl~
iim1lJb1'~ ~'l~n~KtllJ
~1f)b1''lJltl
iimllJ~t1'WHn~1
'lJ1~b1'~ti'l~~
"
~'1iY'1U1~~tllJ
~m~~'1H1~KtllJm
el\J 'i)~~~'WN~ri
4. ft11'JJ'~f
U~~1l'J'JlJOJrl~ t11mtl~'lU1\9l~tllJ
urns 1 ~'Vlr~tl1m1l'jjlJOJrl~
VJ~~'i)~tfl~(9)llJm
ii~~~f)nlJfllj'lJn.flfl
'i)~ri'lN~lft~fl\9ltlqJ11l~'l
"
30
"
b1'lJ'W mtJ~rn 'W flU~1!m1'Vltl~~1 'W flfl'J~ !'JtJ'W!!lJ1mtJ'I1'Wtltl'W b1'lJ!b1''J !fl~'I1lJtl !m~I"l~'W'I1'Jtl'l1~'Wl ~
,v "
I •
.d.
9J
9J
9J
9J
9J
d::I
't
2. tf~11h~tJfl~f)~ fll'Jfh11!m~ril!~tlfll'Jfhn
!iI'Wff~1.yjVl~l1fl~11iutJlJ 1.n~!iI'Wm'l1l'J!m~
1~!iI'W-eJl'l11'JVl~.yj 1ihhhrYitl 1
~llJ~flt:lfl'J~'Vl'J1~!fl'l:J~'JU~~b1''I1fl'Jwfil'l1'W~ 1 ~
1]11~ tJlJ ~ 1J 11i!n 'W iJ'W 'Vl qml'~ ~1'11~ 11 ff'l1 1Jl '11 i''IJ
, I
SI
Q.I
~.c:i
QJ
1~1~'Wl'w 'Vl~l"ltJlm1i'J'JlJ"lfl~.yjil,:r'W
'W~1~
"
"
l~wi
31
U li~'W 'I'1-r'VWlm
9J,
"
ewYi t1'fl
iiJ~ im
tJ1JiYitJ1J
"
i~'W~~fhh:;;
f)~1JYinlflt)j
1"1 11ltflflty 1
'UeJ.:J'YI 'J'Wfll
0
OJ
QJ
n ';i'Wl
"'''l'
"
0
1. t"lft1'l'l1'J1Jf1l'J1J'J tflf1im:;;~lJ
2. 1 ~nl'l1-rUf1l'J
.& <k
G)'JJ~
G) 'JJ
"I"l''&
tflf1 i~~fllJf)'W
'J}
.& '"
"I
lJ'J:;;f)~1Jm'l11'J
'JJ.
"lfl'J:;;'Jl~mtJ
0'
'I'111"1111Jt1':;;mfl d)"d)
'JJ
" 'I
'"
'JJ
""
<!I
OJ
im:;;'J:;;mvml1J'JeJ'W
'JJ
4. f)WVIl'W lifl"eJ
<!I
"l'
" " ""1 'JJ , <!I tfl Vf1l'J'J:;; m V'W lLf1lJ 'ill f)'V}:;; 'I1'J~'J:;; L'I1 'W m V 1'1'1 ''If'':;; mmf)"
0 ~ 0
<!I
eJt1''WL1i11
'"
<I
5. U1L~'WLmri~~~~~1'W1'Wm'J
. 6. L~'Wi'ff'W'I'll~f1lJ'Wlf11JYinlflt)j
7. dJ'Wt1'm'W~yjeJ~i~V1
"
1>l~\9lm:;;u'i1'hNh iiliUl
"
tllf1"eJ~
"
U1L~'Wimri~fhrWfl;1\9l'UeJ~1:Y\9l1Lm:;;~"lff1'Wi'Jlii;1\9leJ~lflV'UlflU11~1liin'W ~li~'Wi~
v
"
""
31'W im:;;UleJ~iimllJ
1'WfIlf1if)EJ \9l'Jm'JlJim:;;
~\9lffl'l1 m'JlJ
~~iif111lJnlflt)jtl~1~~~
'UeJ~Ul
1~wi
~li1J'W~i'Jll~~l'l1~1Jm'J~1Jn'W f1l'JtJ'J:;;f)~1Jm'l1l'J GJ11'Jdl~f1lV
d)"d)
- Jli~'W~~
- JliimllJ~1!~'W~1'l1~1Jf1l'Ji~1:;;tJ"miv~1:Y\9l1 ~ f1'Wi'Jll~i1J'Wm'l1l'l
imri~Jli1J'W~eJ~mffv'U~~tJmim:;;1:Y\9l1Jl~'W ~
"l ~~
32 ~
- '1:h~tI'Wu'I1ri~'W~~~l'W
- uli 'tAl ill fl CI el~ 'Yl~ ~CI lJ 'I1l bl'lJ 'Yl~ ~tI 'W!'ff'W'Yll~ fllJ 'W1fllJ 'lJ'Wri~ til fl ill 'Vi ...
~.
't11~~el'WVlil\9lm~ ubI'hJvh
- 't1fl'U!'Jill'W
tV,
1~
'lJfl~~lJ r:J~'Yl~m UCl~ Ul'Vi 1bl'bI'~m~ ~tI'Wu '11 ri~ 'Vi l~ ~'Vi f !'J1'lJfl ~lJ'4 EJ6
if tlJ'Hl n-Ywtllfl'nh
Cl
"
'Vibllfl qJ 1i~ ~ i1
1. L~1J1J~1Jlrufl'dllJ~el~fll~1~Jl1'W1l'ilVu'W'Welf)'illf)fll~1~J1L~elfll~1JnmlcH~~~dJ~'Wun'd ~
I
<it
').i 'l').io ,
9J
2. fll~mg.;'ill'WU1111~ri'd'W~1~
1JlW~fl'W
9J
d::t
\9If)'I1Uf)
ltJ,.c::!
'1
oC:l<r
'il~mY1AqJ 1 'Wfll':i~lH;1\91'lJel~ff~1i;1\91~~'I1m!'J':i'dlJ~~
1~!'Jfll':il1riel!'JU1~iY!'J \9I'W
').i
fl':ll1JUll1'W
'illmjl'W~~fl'W
Is ~~l'Wel\9lbl'l'l1m':llJ
"l
~
- LtI'W~mri~u'W~':l~1Jl~'lJfl~~9ffl hfl ~GJf'W fl'M'dl\9lf) hfl1J~ hfl~l~
v
r1fl~~iY!'J
"l ~
I
~i'W f)il'Wm~'W'lJel~ullb1'lmf)
11 ,'31
I
Ul UClg.;mfllff
- 't11111~il~fll':i~qJ~iY!'J~fl'i1!'Jm'W
~il~bI'm'W'Vi1li'l.h~
~GJf'W bl'm'Wul'Vi1iiY~lflth111~'d!'J'lJ!'Jg.;
~mg.;ff~l1~
33
- vh 'lrr~f1~f1l'J'QfY~iY(I'Vl1~~rt'J - vh 1rr~f1~f1l'J
~1'W1'Wi¥\911J1Cl~m
~ll~(I'WullCl~'J:t'lJ'lJUnrtt'W
uil ')fI'ill'Vm1t]"~m(l~1'lJtl~ii
,<J}
'WU11i1\91
Q ,
UCl:ttJ 'W'Vl fJ1\91 NfI':lJfI ~ mfl rn f)'W\911:IJ 'J tJ 'Ii'J'):IJ"lf1\91') :IJf)'W~u'W"lf'W 1 1J1~ "l ~:lJtl:IJ'W 1UCl:t m m rt'Vlm1J1:t fI':IJf) 'iJ~ 'I'll
at
Q..I ~
r/Q.I
3J
Q..I.;:'I
1I
OJ
Ci
at
.ci
trrvh~'iJ~tu~~'lJ ~
~
1\91UCldf~9h~tJ~1~ ~
Q.I
"
Q.I
,~
CI
'3J
,91
9J
~fl'fl'iJ1f)f1l'Jffm(l~1'lJtJ~ii'Wvh1J'Wm'fl
~~U'W~'W~~ljfl11:IJ~'fl:IJff:IJ\l')ci'
~'J~wCl1Cl-'WtJ~ 19filf) (Red-yellow Podzolic Soils) ~'W"lfU'flrl' ljt'W~'lJ\91.tJ~'lJ1~~1J'Wm'fllh'Wt'W~'lJ\91~ljii'W~'W ~GJf'W 'lJ~ntlHYitlm'lJ1t'W~'lJ\91e'h~iltl~:lJN1~ 1l1tYn'lJUfl1U 'lJtJ~ff1'J'li1tJ tl(l'iJ~~1J'W'W1m)'fl-'lJ'J11~ ~~'lil'fl\911f) ~m:t'lJ~nrullmmYitJm'lJ1f.)'W'W'Ii~i(l)~rd1~U~'W1um ~B'Vl (Red-Brown earth)
v
qJ
uun 'iJ1f)u'W~~lj~'Wvhfl'fl
"
"
•
'iJ1f)f)1'Jffm(l~1
34
ihurrnreW
"
!'U~B1UleJft~'U(l~ll1
•
'ilTU
d~h.!~h!
'i 111l1~lJlru
'l11eJ lJfl'W
at
d~
~f)1l1lf){J';h~'WYimlJl~
I , .... 1
~hf1~1Jm11l1J
~I
f)~"lf!
Q..I
mu: 5%
0
'Vlm(leJ 70 % !'m'l1lJl~Uf)m1!'Vll~1J(lfl
.::::t
lI]
-u
!'Vl1l~!1J'W 'Vlmfl"lf'WlJlfl
, d
n nlJ(J1AflJ
o
Q..I
Q.I
.c::::t,
~'Wlllh~
"I ¥iC)
!fl'l:l~1mjlJ 90 %
,
eJl'l1ljYilJ'4'l:l
1.
'l~'l
!1J'WU'l1mN(l~eJl'l1lj'UeJ~lJ'4'l:ltl
~I
""
0'
"
'illflmj!fl'l:l~j
I
fljjlJ~~
2.
1ii'Wrm
'.V
&~tI~ff~l
~"lfU(l~ 'l1tY1Yi~'WeJ~1J'W~'W!ll'W!mri~eJl'l1ljE~l
35
'J}
'J}
Dl'W!~eJ'W rhl~!n~r!\PJj'W'!ijj:U
!w~mjCJ
eN
AJ:::it
r;j
d:&.
~m.'hM~'W
'J}
'J}
I'
'J}
ulmrilUll%fieJCJ
~lflrJeJ~
'vh 111!jlnUll
'J}
~\9lrJeJfltJ
j)
'J}
'iJeJ~:U'WE:!61'W~'W1l~nfl'W'VI~U1\9lflUrJ~ '!il\9lm'l11jj1:u't1~U1Vi
q q q
~l!1:l'W~eJfllj!
" fl'W!jl'lJ11J1fll'W'YJfl1'Wu:JJl1l1flfllj
'J}
!flE:!\9ljfljj:U ~~ 90%
'J}, 'J} ,
2. fllj!~
QJ
fl.w"lfUrJ%'I1tY1Vi~m)~
'iJfl~b1'\9l1'lJl~"lf'W~ !''If'W~ U:UrJ~ u m "'!rJci] , ," 3. !1:l'Wumi~VieJcimI'1CJ uv1'W~'W!1:l'WVi~~'iJeJ~!ijeJ~ Dl'W!~eJ'W rll 1 ~!nfll\PJj'W '!ijj:uurJ%mjrJ'!ijj:U'iJeJ~ <U
t/
"
rWeJ~'Wll~nbh'W'l.Jj~fleJ'lJfflrlqJ
C:i :
"
flj1~
'VIjlCJ
dt
rq
cl
9J
oct,
G1 I
flll%flbllCJdJ'W'W1ClJf:U
-::!
;;=:.:
.:;$
'J}
'J}
eJ~~eJull~~'W
Ul!'l1rilUll~fieJCJ
eJ'W.fllfl'iJeJ~~'W 1l~j1:U~1tl'W!<D'1!n~H1:l'Wdj~~'W
q
eJ'W.fllfl!'l1rilUll~li'tl'Wl~
q
"
hiL'viltl'W
'tI'Wl~!~flVib1'~~eJ
q
eJ'4.fllfl~'W!'I1UCJ1 'i)~neJ'4.fllfl't1~
""
, 3 fl~:uilrJb1':un'WeJ~1'WE~bh'WVihj!'viltl'Wr111~!n~~mjru~'\Jfl~~'W
3.
~hdTW!1:l1-i~'WVin!i'1eJ~'WfieJ'W<D'l~rJ%!aCJ~~:ulleJ
"
1J~'I1~'W !;]Ul~
nfllj
j~1JlCJUl
!~~'l.Jl'W flbll~
36
"
'Vll ~mjl
0
9 '))
11)'
'l ')), 1
'i'
'"
'"
'"
'"
flljblqJ!ffV
'"
GJ
m'.lJfllj !'Wl~ll'[l~fl
~Q
&
~d ~
&. ~
0'
9J,
!''If'Wfll'J'\9l~\9l'Wb'.lJ'Vllmvih
Q.I
9J
lfI '3J
rmmms
0
tl~!CJfl~~fflriqJ~~'Wl'f)l1mf1~'W
2. n -rHl"Il~tJ~mm~!(?J~fJ~~h.wdHlhl\lfl1ii
1Jl'l"lfU~ 'U~'I111t1'~'W!~B'.lJ!~J
'U~ri~ 111'!f)~ml'.lJ!ff(J'I11(Jtl1J~'W
rrn!vnih
"
~'lU
"
1. lhdmn.!'t11-J(?J'j-J
'.lJ11£J(J4 IJj~fll'J'
o
"
'"
,1
11) '))
~~Uf)
')) '))
1. 'Wl'.lJlff'J'l'lBlmj1Jl'W!jB'W!m~y.j'[ll'lflillCJlll'Il'l 2. 1~!1J'WBl'l1lj
CI
'"
<V
",.
001
'" '"
'"
11)
~'.lJ'lJ~ rn TI'W!IJ'WI'I'W
'))<=!
11)
001 :'C!I
.?I
'))
"
!'Wjl~I'i''W L~~l'WJ'Wmf)
"""
"
9J~
.c::::.
37
'j) r ,'j)
i1
CJJ
<J}
'"
hi
'J}
1i11:lJ"lf1~h1:lJ.yr'li¥19l1iJ1~'l
<V
"
!tJ'W!!'I1ft'l'WflNB'W'I1VB'W '1'ill~~
'I
'J}
" un fl'il1flt!'WiJ1l~if'l!tJ'WYi11:lJ'lJB'l~'WiVi"lf!m~
:l'
0'
<V
0'
""~"
0'1!J
'J}~
rvi1f111:lJ1'WU 1 'l'lJeN~:lJ'V'll~!!~~i1B'ltl'Wf,!'Vlfli)Cl
Q.I •
1 f1Cl~1Cl~f1f111:lJ!~ 1'lJB'l~:lJ'V'l1~~
9.J
Q.I
\J}
9J~
lIJ ~,
!:lJUI9l~~"lf'Wf1'il'l"lf1fJ'1'11Ul'W!:lJB'l1Bf1'V'l'W'il1mwlJ)Cllf1
4,
9J 9J.at
9J ~
GJmD'W
}.j
<V
,:,
':
I!J ''I
.1,
c.l
?J
'Wf,!'Vl n fJ n
<V
fll1tlf1!GJf1~!m~'Wf1'V'l1'l1U1~'W
<V?J
'il1m'hN'W!m~~:lJ'V'l1~
,
"
''1'J},':O
l!J"r"",,J,,,l'
iu 1'1'W!'lJ'W'lJ'WBfl'fjJClun fl'il1fl'W
iJ1l~ 'il~!1I'W!1:'I'lJ 'W!f1~B'l nf1 'lJ11'l1'11:lJ1i11:lJ"lf1~ ~'lU 'lJ';illi1l1 ~ 1fJ"lfu'l 'W'Vl1'l~'Vl1ifl'11:'l'1'1 m~'W tl'W B {~1 6. GjhCl'l'l1'!ilf11{J~m'lJB'lUl ~m'lJB'll'W
"
(Water
Cycling) l{J~m'lJB'lBBfloJ1!'il'W
l{J~m'lJB'lf1l{'lJB'W
!!~~1{J
11'11!'il'W'1'W!'lJl'1lJnfl'(Ecosphere) 7. ~1Clf1f1i''lJ:lJ~Vlll'lJB~Blfllfl'
'"
th~!J)'Vl'lJeNiJ1l~
31
,~
'J/
'il~Hl'1fl~l'ltl'W 11l~'WB~tl1Jfll1m~
" l11'1'11'ih!!~~~!!ri'llif111:U~:lJ91'W~1~tl'W
fl. iJl1l1~!J)'Vl~hiN~f1'1'lJ 'lJ. iJl'tl'J~m'Vl~N~f1'1'lJ
'"
1:'I'l:lJl1f)~1!!'Wflll'l!1I'W
"l $it)
(Evergreen) (Deciduous)
38
ill'l.h~!i1'YlfilhJf-.I~Vl1u (Evergreen)
ihll~~ !Jl'VlUlJfl~~!~~19ftilJl9l(lfl~1J
'U q
9J,
9J
Q.I
.J
Q.I
'Gf
.... f
;t l1J
'jl
'U mu 1
ih~~~'U~ijfl~tt1t ij NU
U'VJflfl1fl'tJfl~l1~~!'Vlf(U~~ij1J1fl~tr~
!i.I
t¢luri fl1fl1~!m~fl1fll9ld'um)fl1u
,<j}
9J
191 fl1J1mm~ijfl1llJtJ5UlJl
n'l U t1'fl~Yifl1flflU
~
r'
"l
~~u
0.'"
~~H~fl1llJ~~
IiJ
9/0.-
"
600 !lJl9l~mm~~'UU1'Vl~m
IiJ
9/ , 0
~.
"'I
1~Yithf1ty~~B
"'I
t~I9l~~fJM1~~1~
~l~!ff~U
rhu
"e::;
d4
.<::::i
0.-
'l
"'I
01
'l
~U'I"IU'Vl~~
"'I
'"
cl
200-300 !lJl9l~~lm~~'UU1'Vl~m1'Wmfll9l~1'WDDm~~~1~
!i.I
iJlbl''W!'tJlij~fl'l:lru~!1I'WiJ1111'i~ 9fiJ~~'W'it~Yi
, ,Y
rllrlru'tJB~iJl9fiJ~U~D u
rhu t~9fiJ~fl'W
Yi~'WD~¢lJ~t¢luri~u
'U
~t~iJl~'U!'Ul
q
!95U
~
'J} jI
~
.J
v
'Ul~Yi!~~f)11 "iJlm'WU1!~lJ"
'JJ,
11~BiJlmu
ijl91U i~~U11U1UilUU~(l~'lfiJ~ihlflfllEJU!m~
rin
'j) ,
39
f
.fl1flll9i'iJ el~lPlllJ'lfltJN~'VI~m~~
v
f1.yjbl~~ 111 nw el
lllm~hnl1
"" c'1i] 9Jd J'
I
ffl'WmmlJ'W'W'W~
, ,
'
~I
""
c'1i] 91
'I 91n 1
l'
c'
""
~I
Ii] 9J
blJ
91
Insrns
1l1~iff1
il1'Ull
il1'11l11l1~
"1rt"1 ril'Wl~.w'W
ril~~mtJ'W'Wlf1llH'VI:;;mm~elf1llmtJ'I1lJelllel'VI:;;m
4. 1Jl'W1't'i'H)1Jlll..:j'k!1~(?I
0
n'l
"I
_'I
"'i
"
"I
(Swamp Forest)
, v
G'"J 9J
ih'lfu~U~f11l1lf1t11
1'_1'
'Wll1nw.yjl':h~1~~'VillJmf1
, "" '''' '1 b'lf'Wfl1flb'VIV'W ff'4'W
~'W1:;;1Jlm.ch 1~~ill'Wl1'Wfllflf1m~
91 :: 1'nl'
0
blJHUrt~lJlPl'W
""91
1i]9JJ'
blJ'U'Wel~'I1l~
"
l'
'I
fllflll9i'ilTw
'" ~ d
IPlrtel~iJ~'W1Jl'Wl~iJdfel~mf1~
OJ
bl~el~l
Ii] 9i
OJ
~'Wb1J'W'W'VI ]$~blJWlflf1'W'lfl1ffmtJ'VIlltllJf1'W C
d :. 9J
fJ}
b1J'Wnm'Wl'WlJl'WlUll~elelf1
r
n'l
b~ 2 rtf1'hlW~ flellPlllJll1nwC]$~
t
"".J
cd
.J,
G'"J
.dd
9J
'I11U ill
mf1'lfu~~'Wll~ll'Wfl'W
<J} 'J} <J} I
"
l~url
91
fl'W'VIUrt Ul'l1~l
;f11fff1Ul
'"
m~'Vim'hJl'Wbmll~~~'Wfl~~~'I1'W q
, "I
1~
'nl
91
Urt~'I1mfl'lf'W~B'W
"1
5. ih1l1£i'iili>i
(Beach Forest)
b1J'Wil111l~ ~ 1~ N~~ 111~'WB ~lPlllJll1 nw 'I11~'lf1tJ'VI~ brt ,1'1 hj'VillJlPlllJ~~~'WUrt~'lf1m'U11lJ'VI~m 1Pl'W blJfflflUJ'VI'U'W BtJlPllJJ'I11~'lf1tJ'VI~m
U '"
91
Ii]
91
OJ
dJ'
91
"I
OJ
OJ
Ii]
91
'OJ
91
'I
~lll~'
<te:f
"
~dd
e::itQ..l'd9J
911
G'"J
& r 'U'WD~
\9l1lJN~~Wm:;;'lflm'U1
imn
Urt:;;1~'I1'W1lJ'lfU~
ih1l1~bfl'VI~N~~
40
'i)1'W1f)~1;'I~ hm'l'l1J'I'I.:Jftu
QI
z.
1 U tl~NU1J1'tJ'j~tfI'I'IU
e1
'i)~lJ~.:J~t'tlCJ1"lf~lJ'W~
ct'
~~tl~u~~l91u
~U
91
1~
l'tJi~9ju
"
tmdrf)'i)~tfl~
liJ 91 d
"'1" 1
!UlJ'j~tfI'I'IU
-1liJ
!~Uf)
91
1. illnJty~~~~W
1J1~~~ 11J~ftlJ m~ 'i)lCJ~1
hJ~u~~uiJ
~u i1U'tJU'l'l'JltJ
fl'j~1JfltJ'JJMm~~~~'I1'1~f)1tlJ'Ilu'l.i11umflf)m~1umfl~~1U~~m~(l-:l!'l1Umm~mfl~~1u~~f)
iJ1b!'Wg; iJ11flf)
~f)'hlW~Vll1'tJ!~uiJ11'tJ~-:I 'I1~~ml~
9J
'jJ
."
~l'JJViuiJliJf)'Il~:ul'1l~
191u
1;'If)~-:I'W1J~~ttl1'tJ'lu~'j11J!!1;'I~~m'tl11u cu cu cu
q
QI
,Cf
J,
dClQ
191 U!mg;
.d.
,Cf.d.
d:i
j-:li1mf)Vib!'~
'I1~~iJ1!~-:lj-:l
'"
3. ilmtY1
(Savannas Forest)
, ,
Vl 11;'1CJ'lJ~! lW 1
91 ~
A
9J
9J
Q nn tJ~.y;-:I
'"
"
91
III ".1111
9 91 91
III 91"
nw 'tIl':)!fl CJ'lCllJ19l1(l'WU'Vl
91 91 ~ 91 ~
'})
'"
91
"
'"
iJ I'll tlJl 'il-:ltJCJ1CJ'JJl ' f)'tJU 'l'Jf)1] 'W"lf'Vl'W'lJ'JJl b!'~ ! iJl'l1 tlJl f)fltJ '11tlJ1fll '11tlJl'tlU 19l1'l51':)11tlJl !'tJ'JJ'l '11tlJ 1!'Wf) rm U ' U1;'I~~'JJ !!m
91 III 91
t ~~
-1
'" '"
'l'
91 ~'"
91
91
Add .J, 9J : lJ] $'od d &. , 'lJj nw 'Vl'WeJil~'JJfll1:lJ'l5U tJ~'lJl-:l !!Clg;f)1j jg;'lJlCJ'Wl !~~f)lJf) 'ilg;'W'lJ'W'l!mg; U'tJ:lJ'tJUeJ~ !!Clg; tJ1 'il '
QI
1110.1&
"
41
n'l
lJ 1 blJlJlJj~ btl'lfWlJlfllJltllPleJfllj~lj
lJ} !Ii-=< n 1
'1
'"
'l9fll9l'Utl'llJ'lfl::ltI'Vl'l'Vll'lI9lHtm~'Vll'leJtllJ b~UfI.
-=<A
'"
v
OJ
!Ii
lJ}!Ii'
'l.h~ If.J'lf'lhll-JVl'j.;l
(Direct Benefits)
11i'wi 1J'il~tl41lj~fIlj
1. 'illflflljU11~lJlff1l'ltJlfllj.ultJ!1mmf1~Nill9l.nru~l"il'l
2. b9ftlJUtll'l1lj'illflfflUl9ll'l
"l!li
!Ii
"l
!Ii~1
"
~ 'Utl'l'V'l9fUf1~Nf1
lJ}!Ii
OJ '" OJ ~
"I
'I
dlJ}!Ii
nl<!l
.<i
""I
.<i
'l1j~If.J'lf'11'Yll-Jtrfl'J,J
~ ~lJ~'lJ~N
,
(Indirect Benefits)
!'V'ljl~~U 1~~lU1UlJlfll 'il~1'Yif1~1JlJlmltl!itl'll11H:JJl
q
1. il11~t1~lu!tluum1'lfh!'w~~Uththlllj
lu~u
lJ}!Ii
0
flf1lmtluJll~~u~'l
!Ii A ,
2. ill b1J m
1 mfl~'fI1llJ9flJ9fUHbl~'fI1'lJfl1Jff
q
)f
.fl11~tJlfllfl'
lJ}
di
di
~'WeJ~lJlfllJltll 'WillYill11tJlfllfl'mutlillijmllJ4u
mnmtl'WtlJ CJJu~1f1mmrJu~'W IPlmNlJl Yill11'lJ~ nru Yin~uil11~nmllJ~lJ'jf'W fl~fJ lf1iif1~ 11ibf)\91rr III !!11'lUt1'l J 3. il11~!tluuml'l.wflNeJUUbl~ ~fI'hJlmllJi' 'lJ~nruill
"
"
eJ~mlJtl ~Ul9lfl~tl'llPlllJ
"
"
i~'il~ijiJilllj~
snrnnnn
o
dl
'il'l!lJUU'Yibl'lb'YilJ'4'hJtI ~l'1f1m'YilmllJ~ b
q q
~I
• 'I
!Ii
"'lJ} !Ii~
!Ii
4. il 1i~'lflt1'lJj j !'VllmllJjUU
iI
'J}
fIljiltl 'l nW!bl~ 'fIl'lJ fJlJU ll9lllJ u:J U1 :Jl11 ~ 'l ~UlJ lj 1~ t~1~ 'W flbllmtlu ~'Vl lil tI N'l f 5. il11~'lflt1i1eJ'l
')I
<J}
nu ms
5J
'J}
!~tJU'Utl'l~U ~'l !fl~~'WUtltl !m~~'l!tl'W fIl'j'lflt1111U:JUlilllll'j ttlu m1J eJ'W!'fI tl 'l fi~'Ull'l IPlllJll'j 'j lJ9fl ~ ~'lt! 'lJilijll'j ~
i~'il~
42
'))
"I
11
"I
11
1~ 'If ~'Ufll'J!f)lImm'J~
l!J
9J
!m'B~!'J'B'UU&'l~m'U
d~ ..A
11
"I
'1
'Ufll'J'I1~\9l~ !lJ'U\9l'U
.d.
')) ~I
l!J 9.1
'))
d.
~~!'Y'Im'Ulm'B'Um'B~'Vl~'U
0 ~
ci
9J
Q.J
.d~
&.
19)
!~m.h~'lflm!'Y'I~q~'U'U
91
& .J
.d,
fll1~\9l'B~fll'J
9J
YJJ
19J~ ~ ~ 'If'Y'l'U~'U!'Y'IB
,
tq
QJ
<I_,
"
'f
~~ bbNlfnn_h
,
'I1'HHvn1.h
.:!i
,
,
rr~iJ:;;mr~
"1 Vi.w'UViiJl'Ul~U'I1~hj
51 ,
mm:;;bY~'Vl1):;;'Ulm
dOL
'If 'Ufll'J!flll\9l'J
v
I
'))1
4. fll'Jtll'11'U~U'Ul!'U\9l.w'UViiJlm:;;t11
'J}
hj91~!'il'U 'I1~'Bhjm:;;t11mCJ1'UmnCJ
I ,
ml~E'UbY'U-vl~
t111rr!n~fll1.w'Y'l1'Vl1'U!~'B~Vi~'Ut11n'U!m:;;Vi~'UiJ11JJB~\9l&'lB~nm
!m:;;iT mn~fll'Jf
'"
5. fll'J~~bYfl~bYl1i1tlJ.iJ1flfl'UB~i';J
!~'U'Vll~fl~'Ulfl~
fll1bYfl~!~B'U'Ul1~ihul
~lCJBBflm
1li-vl'U 1):;;tJflulyjl~V'U
!.wBi1'Ufl&'lB~'Y'I'J:;;HbY ~er'U!1J'UbYl'Ul
'UB~HliJl'Y'l~~l~-\9lli.J q 1 i ~Bm~~bn~t1t1JrnUl!t111 6.
Ii]
t11111'thvh~'U1muiJl~~~'U~~1i~'Ui'1JJ'I1'U1Ht1'Ui1\9l1'Ul'Ul'lfi1~t!'U~'U~!1J'UHbY'U q
v ""
'I1&'lm~lUTV~~~l~
"
'"
df
'I'
'))
'))
'))
'"
'Vl~b~CJ1i'J'J~'lfl\9lH&'l~1)lflfll'Jm:;;'Vll
,
'J}
~ '1
""
'UB~~'4l1MiBlmrfl&'lB'U!vniJl'l11mN&'lB
~~ 1vJYl~ 111~mu'Y'l1:;;
1'UiJlrt~~
1'U 1vJiJl!flmn~~'U
'il:;;vh 111'bn~
43
Q..I
Q.I
t!.... '1
f111lJtilftt\!'tlel-JN~1iJ1
1. AnUff1'lI~n'll
liJ!II'l!ll<Vnl
.:;g
flljfi'lif~1iJl'f11flGJfltl'lJtNif~11h
"'''' '" 'lnl
1~m'in'l1~11U'Iftm~trHl1Jlh
0
hi1J11d'l
!II '"
"l yh
jltl !.~ b'I1tl1J1Jj~ b'Vlft'U(l~lJb'l'W'VJ'W11~'Wntl'W.tl1tl !.W1Jj~ b'Vlft''ill'W1'W!.lJ'W fJill f11'Vl1'1~1'Wbft'j'lJ~ tl 'ilfl1 'il'il~ ' fltl j1lJtl'ljltl
1.1]
liJ'!II
fJ}
,d
G}
(lJ
at 9J
I'll
mllJ\jllJb1J'W
~ \j~lJ'4'lJ6rJjlj
nu 1
hiii1fl j tl~lrJ~b(l'1Irh9l'WbeJ\j
L1i'lfeJ1J
ulPi~m.l'WeJ'W~b1~~eJ 'VJlfl'Wn t
m llJ b11 j 'I tl'W1'Wb~eJ\jf1 'W~ 11lJ'I11 btl~ tl~ 'lJeJ'I 11 jj lJ'lfl~ ~ ~ \j~b'n(l'llJ1j
q ~
b'V1eJ{Ub'ileJ{jlfllU'V'l\j 111\j1JTwiib'lJltlJl\j
'I11ifI9l1iJlrJj~l'l1Jfl~19l1lJVh~"u\j
, • iI ,
~tl\ji'1J U'lJtl 111'I13'1 'Wnm; (l'lJifI9l1(l'19l1'V1'il1\jtl~~fr \jm~lUb~lJmllJ\11lJ mllJ\j llJ 19l1lJ jj lJ'lfl ~ 11mtlfl 'Well 'ilfl~ 11 191'WbeJ\jrrum 11
<u
!.W1J1tl(llJ tl(l'W nu 'jjj jlJ'lfll9l 1J'il'il1J'Wbj1 !. 'V'ltlltlllJ Utltll9l1beJ\j eJeJtl 'ill tl1l jjlJ'lfl~ ' ~
Q..J ~
Q,I
,..'1
11)
31
t::S
9J
Gj91cl
,.c;.c;jQJ
~Q.I~'
'3J
,31
G}Q.J
!.'W1'W
!V,
(l'~ifrJ~lrft1'lih1mU(l~
q
1eJfllmjln'il~
1rJ'lfltl'Vl~m
1rJb'lJl111ruu 1rJ~~1~fl ~
m~lud~J'Wfr\j~951
~b11'W11fl'Wbjl
44
..
"
1~1tltl';h
Aesthetic value
v
3. v1ni1't'ltllftl(;lVl4
fll1ftm:n
w,'1:;;fll1H'Vi't'lF1-ff~lih
i:Jl<Jflit~~flw~ll'Wu~
q
m'V'l'UB~lJ'4'hl~l'WlI'il~u'W~'WB~n'lJ-ff~lih11mEJ"lfu~ fJW~1-ffWJihl'WbL~ih1EJf111
lflqf'W~~jll%Q~
llB~n'W 1jfl~1~
"
hflm~fl'W
"lfU~r1~-ff~l~~ft~VJ"lfyb 1'11'Niche 'UB~"lf:U"lf'W ~~lJilEJ1t1f1lj1%'V'Ir:r~~1'W~~'W i11B~l~iJ'l.h~ft'Vl1jm'V'l ~~~llJm~B ~{1'~EJj 'V'l'UB~Yi~'WbLft~ab'l1~~l'i'WUl f1lj B'4 -rmr-ff~lih m
"
yb 1t1~fl~mllJ11mEJ11mEJ"lfit~
(Diversity) bL~ft~
."
I'mYi
"l1lJ"lf'WjllJ'Vl~"lfl~lJ'4~EJ~lEJ
d~
tl31
4. (?l1'Wtll'l1l1H~:;;tll
~ all) 9J
Q.f ~
91
Q.I
d;f
ltJ
A
~11 ff~lill11mEJ"lf'W~~l:Ulljj:U"lfl~fl'W
9J ~:
QI
rI,
f1EJ~'WEJlJ ~"lf~'Wm1J'W
'3J
Q.I Q.I
QI
G]
9J ~
~f1~ rms
9J d
rt.
5. (?l1'W!f1'U),H'tf1J1:;;(?l'U'WBf1'illm'WB'UB~ff~l1JlbLft~ffl'W~l~
bL~l B1EJ1~'lJl~Bcil~'UB~E~lih~iJ~
91
"'I
G) 9Jn I
<v
.el
"
'"
"'n'l
"
"'n'l
'1
')J
~I
jB~~~l
'"
~I
n
~fljB~'4~11lJ
d\
"
')J
'1
')J
~I
d\
'"
'"
"'''
')J 0
')J
.d
d\.el.el
11jBUf1~{1'ftm1J'Wt1J
~l~ "l ~~'WI9i''W 6. !1J'W~1f11'UfJlJ~-Jij:tnVl ~lEJf)'WLB~ ft~1ill'l!'lJi~11 ~~'W~lflTlJfJ:u~~lj;l~g'W "l 1~m~'V'I1~ Bcil~t~ft~1 ~<Jf'W rl'l~ml fl'W~~lJft~ 'Wn ~mm~ "l19l~f1~llU~lfl'W
~'Vll~'lJl'lJl~ft~
itJi:JlJlf1fh!BEJ
"
~ft~fl'Wmi~l~
fhu~f¥~ t-n~'Vll~
~ j ~~m~
'Vll~eJ'BlJ
.fij~ 1111~
9 nu bh'W 1mylJB~~11'Wfll1lJ-fflJ.yr'W
~~'WI9i''Wil illi~r111t1-ff~lihn~B~Blf¥EJ
llB~n'W
mr f)~~GJil~ 'UB~Ul
" i11ft~ftB~1J
Q.I
Q.I
Ul1{1'ft~Bl~tJjlft''illf1~~f1B'W
"
illl~<JflEJyh
Blf1lft'i:JrB'Wl:J11'Wl1
d
ihi~~~'W~b'l1~~ft~fflJU'iTil\9l
.c:..Jt d
d
'Ul~illi~'Vl-r'V'lEJlf1jTij'JlJ"lfl~g'W
Q.J
Yh'WB~
OJ
~~
rI.J
Q.I
QJ
Q.I
d III 9J~
mbL~l
r1~i1EJm1'W-ff~lill
fl'W~'Jl~f1'\l~lJB~~11'WilI'iB~Blf¥EJ'Vl-r'V'lmf1jTijjlJ"lfl~~'W
"l ~'Vh'l!'Wu~1'W
.umV1'\l'\l1~u~1
-ff~1illniJVjft~B'Vl-r'V'lEJlf1jTijjlJ"lfl~g'W
- ilEJr11mEJf¥~jilll~ <u
45
lJmwIHt1~Nt1f)1~'YI1J
~_'I itty'tYl'YI1'Wmf)1lJVl11J1
Q.I Q.I
Gh'!'J~CJ~fhi1J~~hw:lJl
1I'il~1J'W
i¥\911iJ 1~~1
1!~CJfl'WUf)~~~i1
~ ~~ 1:Ufl'W fl'J Lll'W
lfI 91 9J
~
t1J~Yh 1trLf)~fl11:U'l1m
~~ih il~f)1'J 1
Val
QI
1! ~CJfl'W~ ~~i1ff\911iJ1Lll'W
~ ~ ~
b1':U1J~'U~~'VJnnu fl'Wri1'W:U1f)~~i11:Jm
Cl ~
L 'il161m~b1'\9111J1f)1'Jm'Vllmm'YWfl11:Ub1''4
d',..'1
m'V'l(j~L'V'l(j'W'il~!1J'WL'J~~l1'J'J:U~l'U~~~:U~'W
.Jt
~!Vd
ci1i¥\911iJ1L~~1J~1.f)flLm~ri~\91(j1~!~~'U1CJ~li'J1CJ1~:IJlf)
f)1'J~~ 1~YhmCJiJ1Lm~f)1'J'UCJ1CJ~1'U~~dJ~~fili
ri1'W~~1~:U1f)~GJ51CJYl1(jlCJ~~~~1r1mm~~'I1(jt:Jr1\91~'U~~i¥\911iJl
SI
,t
'"
m~li~~'W
i1'V1 ~ 'U~~ 19l'W fl11:UL~11 'ilN~ iili:lJl'W 1'WU~1 " fl11:U~~U\91 f)'VI~~ 1 '!.lfJ~~'tJ mil f)~flm f)i'W
'"
~ lii¥19l1iJ l~~fi
'"
1 'il~un1 'U
'U
\911yJ'I1~Bt'!.l~~t:J'W'I1~~~'!.l1l'W 1'Wyj'V'll1 ru n
"
. 1 '!.l1~t:J 1:Jli'l1~~~U(j~GJf1f)
"
'W'!.l'J~~'VIfl'~fh~~~WJ'Wli¥\911iJ1'l1mt:J"lfU~"J:t1J~'W
'"
flf)'I1cnFl'1f'U~m'l1fltll'W1'L
"'I
G]
, lJlm~ilih1'11ilVl1iJltJtyW'W~ 1, \If)~ln~nt)~emlfJ
Q
"
"
~1l'WL'I1\911 tra\911iJ1~~~\911CJ(1'1'!.lmlJ~'JCJB\91'J1~'J
i'W
U~1a\911f)'W'I1t1j'lfi~~B1r1(J~u
2. 1hftf)fJfll'W~1
. "'W1:J 1~
1 'U1J~~'WtJu(j~~~f)
OJ
"
'Wm~fl(jyJ~1~u(Jfl~'W~~111~
_1
OJ
"
1 yJ~~rYhu'W
~_ 1
20 \911~1J'W\911~:UCJ
i¥\9111Jl~"lfU~ f)'Wm'l11'J ~Q'V'll~1Jl~~ ~l~rYhu ~l'il'W'W 'il~~l~"l$U~ fl'W ~l"l$U~'I1rl~li
'9 '" d?f
~I
'J5 'Wf)
1fi''I1 f)'W'I1~mVl(J~"l$U~~~(J1
"
4. m1\lf)f)~'W'YIl,JW'W1,if)11'JJ
'" ~ ~ '" 0
~1'W1'W
VJ _
9i
ck
9i
VJ _
l1J
46
IJ)
9J
""
'I
c\
d'1J)9J
''''
'l'.J
'"
9J
'l'
~~fJ
lJ'4£lVl~~ 5. m'jfll~Wl1!tUJ,J
.J
QJ Q.I
gJ
QJ
c! ~
~ 9J dd ~ d.c:9 'Jl'W'fll'ff19l1ml'N!1J'W'Vl~-:j~~
QI
GJ
GJ
iJ9'
Q.I
liJ 9J
ad
lfJ
dl
'1
QJ
d.
QJ
Q.I
d~
C:t
1H,lJ'l"l"lfU()~ 'ff19l1!()fJ-:j
~ ad.
'fl'W!'Jl~1~19l1~lm'l1l9J
"
8. mWlfmfll'il~ff~l'W'lf
A
~v
Q.I
QJ
ffl'J!'fllJ'Vlff-:j!'fl'Jl~'I1'lJ'W
9J9J ""
.:::t
QJ
cI&
G)
b"lffll'il~ff\9lt'l"l"lf!'l"leH'l"llJYl()Yl()\9llJfllJN() I9lfl'fll\lfll
9J
QJ
Q.I
.::!:I
dt
QJ
d.
9J
9J
'l' '
d'd
&
'"
'l' '
d-%
~19l1VmlfJ"lfU~ hh11~fJ'W'l"lt]Am'JlJ!~lJ
'I 9J
'l1-:j.yji1-:j!n~~BlJ!11~fJ'W 111
'I 9J
IJ)
IQJ
QJ
b'I1B~ ~'W'J~1J1J'Wnff'VllJ'4£lfJff'Jl-:j'U'W!1J'Wm\9l
''I
,~
A '"
"9J
""?I
!'I1~t1J'l"l'W~
QJ"
1. m'j{,'l~~1'W1'W~fl'l1{,'11'W fJ"lfL!()~EI9l1.yjflT~'-:j 'il~ ~t1J~'W i 'il~!n~lJ11Jlfl{JfllJruVifJ"lfL!()~ 'ffl1Jl'Jfl~ 'il~lJ\jfl'l1m'W 1'WJ~ ~1J11flA~-:j~!'flfJlJB~1 fll'J~fJ"lf!m~ ~
E19l1u'W hi
2. 'j~'lJ'lJnnff'IJ1~{,'I''jJVJ{,'I mllJ'fflJ~()
q
EI9l11 'W'J~1J1Ji1nff1~
ff19l1U'W '1 BlftfJB ~1'W1J~ nUl fl~l-:j~ 'il~V11t 11'fJlfl.yjffI9l1'il~'I11~1JlYl'fflJ~'W 4. ~fl'rll{,'llfJ l~fJ1i'j'jlJ(ln~
3. m'j'IJ1~tiN{,'I''jJ.yr'W~
!rlBEI9l1"lfi1~ t~
'1 m~BB~~1'Wl'WUBfJ'il~V11t11'~'W'Ul~~~'il~N'fflJ~'Wi
!m~t-:j
"
47
b9f'WSJb'iJlhh::;ru~
i-hvil1J
"
f111vr~:IJ-w'W~n'W1::;vr:h~UJ1~~t!B~~tf1~;~n'W\9l1:IJb1'1m~B~'il::;yh u
q
t,r~mml'W~bn~:IJlt'l1lihju~~U1~'VlBlj1Bfn~~'il::;B~1B~UBCJ
QJ
A11lJtllAty'UeJ~H11il~
QJ
1. ~1'WA11:IJ~'WA~U~::;~~~~'tm~'ll1::;
t'llbil'WH~Hi1\9ll9il~
9J
b'Vlfl"ll1::;b'Vlfl"~ljuifjl\9ll9il~ '
"l 1J1f1:IJ1CJU~::;ffl:IJ1H1Ul
i'llt ~u'll'j
"l ~~l'll'j::;
d,
2. ~1'WA111Jb~'WB~'UB~1J'ifl:JCJ
• 'I 31
~~:lJf111'Wlmfjl\9l\9l1~
31
g/.d.
0'
q 'JJ
tI
9J
&
d.
•
'I
31
'"
IJj
n.Ul1
n
31
9.1
1'I11J'.i::;'b'l'b''W:lJ'.ilCJ~~'illf1f11'.i'1J~m 3I I ""
n
IJj
9.1
• IJj
~1J'il'Wtl\IbL1J'.it1J~1J'W
n n
dl
I ~I
"
"lljl1illff:IJ'JJ'~~l~n'W
Ul1J1~l
1vJ~1 t~'WB\9lffl'l1::;m1:IJ~A~eJ'm({1
Ui'Vlm~Ul:lJl1~~1~1~:IJ.w'l1'l!~i1eJ
u'U\9l~\9leJ~-r\9l'W
it
"'i'
9.1
~I
"!
"
uiYiihAUJ
~I'
C]f~1J1::;nnu
n
dI
IJj
~ 1J~lCJ 'I1'WUfl'.i'W\9l'I1'W1J'W ~
n A A "" n
I 9.1
1~mi
1. ~1Jfl ~flbn'flil:IJtl'Uui'l1~m\9l'W
q
"
~eJ
e)l~i)B'VleJ~fllSJn 'll'.i::;'ill'Um.jJ'W~
~~'I11~f11qJ'il'W1J~
fll'fl\9ld''W\9lflt!'U~1J'Wfll'fl~ljf11'.iHi1m~i~1Jfl
:IJlflbil'WB'W~'U~ffB~
49
bI'.flTYH'l11lJbbl'eJlJ bYljlJ'lJeJ~bI'm1~
51 iI
l'
H1~H''tfllJfI'TU
9J
G)
k 'HOI
u
flljJf1illl
lI131t.c:t
.::::,.
3J
1~'V'l~.:J.:J W'IJeJ.:JlJ'W T El6u Yl'lJ.y].:Jff'W~.:Jir 'Wf)lj bb1'l~UbI'l.:J'H1Yl ~ 'V'l!'Jl 'V'l~.:J.:Jl'WlJl bVleJ au bI''W m I'l eJ.:J'i'l11lJ eJ.:J m r
q
Jl
;f
dt.c:S
Q.J
l.:Jbbf1~'V'l1)ljru 1 b'HjeJ'lJlleJ'lJ
Q.I
..:::::.
991
G)9JQ.ld
9J
t119J'
b~f)f1l1tN
c2
Nflm~
nu 1l1flf)lj
o
1~Yl~'V'l!'Jlm'V'l~~.:Jl'W ~.:Jil
Gj 9J ~
"
1. m bmfl~mjb1l'lJ1JltJ
2.
d....'1
fllJl'lltJ 1ijjlJ"b'l~bf1'tJ'HltJ
9J
4. bf)~ml~lJfl~ElYl.:JYll.:J~'W
'Wl bbfl~mf1lf(
"
~eJbI'm'V'lmllJb~lJ
hJ~Yl~
'"
bf1'V'l1eJlJ"1 tl'lJf)ljifl'W
'I 0I
')J
lVl'Wbbvl'W~'W 111~fl~1\911lJfl~'
'"
"
"
ill'W'Vl~bf1~~ir'lJ
')J
b~'W
1J'jlmj~l'Wbb'Jm~ t'W
'Hl1.:J'lJf)f)'lJYl~ bf1 b~tJ1l~ 1J'j~ f)eJ'lJ~ltJ'V'l'W ~ blJ bl'1'l1'WTW1"b''W~\91fleJ~1l'W bl'm'V'lUl~fleJlJ ~'Wbf1'W~ljD'WYl1tJbI'l'jb~'W~1'Wl'Wmf) "lfl"l eJ~'jllJtl'Wb~'W'j~'lJ'lJ
c'\Jj
')J
'"
c'
""
"1 b9f'Wf)l'j~'WM'lJeJ.:JJ1Yl~bf1
50
ullft
lJ] t .J ~~ d: ;( n ~ 'Ulf1ft' "lfl'.IJ'V'I"lfiJl1Jf1 'Vl"l'l.H'V'I'J~ tJ 'VI1'i'V'lft nn f1'ilW~ 'UtJ"l'fl'W ml'.IJ !fl'.IJ'UtJ"l'W 1'V1~ mUft~ ms 'U'Wft"l 11 1 '01
Q.I ~,
QI
1 ~url
tf)~f)l~ ~"llmf1l~11J!~mm~
lf1~f11~11J1mli
'O~~'WtJ~'I1'Wlu'l1'W1J'W~'W~1f1~"l'VI~m
''lYmYllHa~tJ'j~i¥f) 'O~tJ~il'fl'Olm!'Wl!'U'fl'UtJ"llmf1l~
iii
Allfl~,\!'W'O~tJ~ftm'Ul
,dj
!II
'J}
II)
~1J'Olf)!!'Wl!'U'fl'UtJ"l
n
II)
~'.IJ!!ft''.IJUft~1J'J~ft'f)
n
'J}
<V
?l
""
..
<V
oj,
,J d""
d II)
,oj
<V
""
(/
,dj
"" II)
-1
"
~ & 'J} .J ~ J d d dct : d All!tI'llVl 'O~'lJ'WtJ ~U 'WlL'lJ\9l-q'fl'VI1Cl GJ1~LlI'W'V'I'W 'VIm'Wu 'lJ~'VI'.IJ'W 1'VI~m'VI1'.IJtl"l!1I'Wfl'J
f ~
~fl'Jll
~. :'
L'.IJtJ
W
QI 0
'J ~ 'fl1J'W 1'V1~ m 'lJ'W'Q~ -q'fl! 'VI1'W'WW:l~U'W1! 'lJ'fl'Wtl tJ11L'lJ'WU 'W1'fl'fl 'fl'El'J ~ 'I111~'lJl"lflCl m 'Wf11JiJl1J
QJ r(
iI .d
'J}
C4.
.~...
~!
!!'
ril'l1:r'lJ'V'rJfnh~
'O~'V'I1Jytl "111l1'WiJl"lflCJ!ft'U
!!~'O~~'UtJcil~'I1'U1U'l1'U1'U~'U~Qf1m~
iJ 1 "lfl mrt 'Ulj ml'.IJ tYlf1 ty Urt~ ljll 'J~ 1Cl"lft1'El(h~ '.IJ'I11fl'lrt ~ 'El'.IJ4 'il 6r1~'VI1~ tll'W!ft''J 'il;J f1'0 bY fl'.IJUrt~ ' ~ 'VI1"l'fll'W'Wnft'1'V1Cll 'fl"l'U 1.
o II)
'J}
9J
C).
Q,.I
o:::t
'I
'J}n
'l'
"
II)
'J}d II)
'J}
n'1
'U'Elf1'01f1'Ul'.lJ1 b"lf!'V'I'Elf1l'JLl>jlm'UumCl~ft'l'.lJ1'Jtl
'I
'J}
.ei
,'J}
<v
1~!'~'El!1)'W1:U'fj'W
2. !1)'U ~lltJ"ln'W"lflCl'VI~
Q.I , ~
hi111'!f1'fl
'El'U\9l'J1Cl'fl'El'.IJ'4'ilCJ!m~'J~1J1J'Wnft''El'U 3. Y11'l1Ul~!1)'WUm1~nf1\9l~
4. GJflCl111'ljf1l'J ~'Elf1~l'lJ'El~UN'U~'U
U'WliJl"lflCJ!ft'U
Y111~ m~ bLft''flUlft'flfll1'.IJ!~lft''l
5. Unft'l'V1ClliJl"lflCJ!rt'W
!1)'W'Jg;1J1JUnft'~m'.lJ1g;ft''.IJn1Jf1l'J11~1~
f1l'J11lm11l'J
Uftg;f1l'JL'O~ty!~1J
1\9l
'lJtJ~bY\9l1Ul!ft''J'il;J
6. !1)'WUl1~"l~f)N'El'Ul1citJ'U
1'0 ml'.IJft'lCl"ll'U
51
-'I
lI'U~1J'UiJl'jflm~'U'lJ~\llh~~'Vlf1L'VW
,'J} ,
~\l~'U~~1911'JJ'lJ~nw"lhCJ~\l'Vl~m~~fl'U
,
~.:JI~'JJ~~n'lJu:Jihth'lil':i
<J}
1 'U'lJ~ nw 'jflCJN\l'lJ~\lehlL
I ,
'JJ
fllfl119i' ,:r'lJU~'il~~fl.w'Ui1~wi't~\l'illf)f1'Um'J'JJ~l\l
')"
"l i11~lh~
,1
1CJ'jfU.w'Ui1iJl'jflm~'U
'U'Urh 111'~f1flfll1'JJ~tt~'JJ
_'I
di
liJ
')J '"
11'JJ1CJ~\l rr\lm':il'11L~i1'JJ1J'Vl1'U
"
11~m~CJ\lL:Jl'111911'JJ'li'~fil11'Ufl'lJ~\lf~
':il'JJrr\lm':i1Jf)~f)l'11mCJiJ11flt'J~flVJ'U
"
1911'JJ11jf)l'Ji1f~fil11'Uflm':il'11iJ1L~'U~'lJI91i1'JJ1J'Vl1'U
d't
o.
Q.I
rI:
L~~.wml1'JJ11~lh~
d.
QI
U~
1t'J'jfU
o'Q,1
rI't
"
"
31
'-=1
..::!::I.
. "
rp
,t
ct
b1'~'V'll'UlJm
.... 1
9. m':i'l.lfl~af)'i~\lUl
"
1. f--.ltlfl1'~'f)'lJ'f)NmtJfI1'Y'lL~~~fi
mm':i
cl '"
f)1':i~U~CJ'UUU~\l'lJ~\l':i~'lJ'lJUnf1iJl'jflm~'U
_
~a ~W11.fJiJU~'JJ1W'lill'.l
')J
lJ':i'JJ1W'JJ~'V'l'l:Jb'U'U1!lJ'UI91'U f)1':i~flm':itt'lJ~'UiI911'JJ'Ii':i':i'JJ'jfl~
I'"
'"
'I
"
~I
..
mnmn
52
n1m'H1~1'111'W~'W~eJi1:lJ~dcie),w~:lJH~'l-n.Hlfl
"
~lH9h'l
(Solitary) 'I1~m)~'id:lJtl'W
,j),
j)
"
1J~nwYintll'Vl~tblYinQW'l1iJii~'ml9i ttbl~nfldl:lJ'UeJ~tll
'111hj~'W
""hhfl'W
50 !:lJ\91'J ~um.nl1~ ~
fl1~ ~'iJ~!'iJ~t1Jt~1J1\91trndjeJ~m'Wl~Ul'wtllt'U\91eJ1J~'W'UeJ~
"
"l ~rieJ~~eJ!'Jmtl1J
53
Urt~ ~ihme
11f
sunuusmu
Q.I Q.I ~
.J
9J
9J
QJ
.J.
9J
')"
~'fl'j\j'ff'jl\l
9J
~ttJ'W11'W~'WritJ1YlJ~l
HUrt~ 'UCJ1CJtJ!~mJ"l
".
.yjmffCJtJ~l'Wu'WltJ'j~
fl1~\l5
1~uri ttJ'Wm'\11'jl11'till~\lij*ll91~'W
1. ~l'H~lmC)fm~Ul
!"If'W~ltJ'j~fl1~\I
ij'fll1lJfflfltylJlm'W'jl~Yil'l1U'1~ttJ'W~Hill91
Urt~H'Wrt\lnl91tJ'W~tJ 1tJ
V
2. myl'fl~A~
31"''131 W?I
'jlfl'UtJ\I'Vl~m'il~CJ(fWl~fltJ'W'I1'WW1'Wm'WCJlt'Ul~lCJfl'W
'01
L:9
9J~
'fJJ9J
fJJ.c9.
'il\I'lflCJ1JtJ\lfl'Wfl1'jfl~tGJfl~
~~
QJ
QI
'I1'Wl~'W ~191'Vl~mHrt~CJ\lt1J'Wm'\11'j'UtJ\ltI911'Vl~trt 3.
'"
ij~fl'iltU~ttJ'il\lHrtdri¥'WfflCJ\lllJttl91fl~l\lti'W
"
QJ
tJ~ fl1'j\jtJ'j~til'Vl'W
OJ IJ}
QJ
let
9J
Ad.
9J
''JJ'
OJ
ml
1J}01
~1JlJlI911lJm~U'ff'Wl
1J}3101
~~ 1J~fl1'j\ltJtJ'W'W'il~lJbl'ff'W'fflCJ\lllJ
OJ'
"';::\OJ
lJ'Vl\lt1J'WI91'W t1J'W
"'OJ
?I
31
?I
tJ1'il!'J11~\lU~
"
2-3
" iil
"
1tJ'il'W~\lttJ'WtlJl91'j
tJ~~l'Wll'W
~lltJm
~tJfl 1~'Vl~mijti'fflCJ\lllJlJ1fl~\lU~ti
"
1~'Vl~mij'l1'Wl~~ijt~lJ~'il
'"
U~ 'il~ijtJm'lfiJ~'I1~\I~tJ1ffCJtJ~1'W~\I ...
,d
01
di
"l 'VlmrttJ'illfl~tJfl
"I
1J}31
~lJ'Vl~m
7. 'H'Wtl'W'YI:;::A~ 'il~BlffCJtJ~1 'WU'W ltJ~ fl1~\l1911lJGJftJfl'l1~1l 'I11tJ 1911mtJ CJUl91fl'UtJ\l11'W ijttJ~l\l tiiY'W'fflCJ\lllJlJ1fl 'I1'W tJ'W'Vl~tbHtJ'Wril'W '11~ \I~'I11111'tJ'j~ fl1~ \IVJfl~tJ'Wmnm1J'W'Vl'jlm'W 'jl~ fll'j
'i!~! 'W'j\I
tJ~ fll~\I!tJ'W~tJ~mffCJ
8. iY~?d6'W
QI
9 .yjtJ1ffCJ1'Wu'WltJ~fl1~\I
"A
1~uri
'I1tJCJ'lfiJ~~l\l"l
9J
"
LS
9J
llmfll'j~'W
tJmLfll
'WtJfl'illfl'W'W flCJ\llJ
dQl.d.
'I1tJm~'W ~ll'Vl~m
54
fI
GU'f)~f1{l'!.! rneumn
,.
~flfJlW:i m ~lJlJUU1lJg;mj ~
9J lfI
1c:.t
....
'J} ClI
at
~I
I.
tlfl !(;lng;
V
QI
O.
~1ff!1~'VIjl(J1'l1'tl'U"lf1(J'H1fl
!'Wjl~iJ~~1~tl~1'Wu'W1tl~fl1f~1llf)lllm"lf'W
'"
tlm'l11Jf)
'I1BfJ
1'V1~m 1 uuu
B~ fl'W~1m~tf'W
ffl111jtl'thlllfftlfl1
~l11(J1
3J
c:l
~I
3J
ltf)1:lW~'\IO-3u~fl1j-3 tl~fl1f~
OJ
_I
OJ
!1l'W-&~1~1'W1f) l1iiJm~flf)-&'Wmr~
'I1~m)~'.i1lJtl'W!~'W <u
mflfJ'f)~1'W lf1j~ff~l~i1'Wtl'W
1~ 1'Wtll~fl'il~iJ~fl'hlw::all'WA'B'WGU'Wlfll1i
"
'"
iJ~fl'hlru~fl1j¢)lj~;'W
2 uuu
1 '11 ill ri1'Wtl:::: fl1f~~! 'i)~UJ!~'U 1\9lbb'U'Uj1'.IJ !1l'Wflri'.IJ'i)::::!flm~'Wbb 1tl::::mf ~GU'Wlfl1 'W u u
q
mu tl~ mf
u
q
~bb~{l~ ~1~
v
'I1-lUGU'Wtl'UlI 'i)~fJffm'W!nfltiB'.IJ.yj~lrlUJ
C).
"-1
.:::id.
G'j fllj
v
QJ
"
u
t
'jI
d.
"" B-lfl'WlfmGJWff
tl~ fllf -l!1l'W '11 ri~'I'lf'W tn m 1i j j'.IJ"lfl~ ~ ~lrl UJ'U~! 1W"lfl (J~-l 'VI m !~'W~B ~B lfl(JGU u ~ B-l~"lfbb{l~-&\9l1 ~1'W1'Winn
v •
u '"
B fl'l1-l!~'W!mri-lm'l11j
!~Bfllj!
55
1~'lJ'lJiklf('Vl1..J'Vl~m
mnh~'lJ..J
~mdjriTW9f';wi'mnffm'V'lf1''lJ~H'l'Ii1'J'lJ''lf1~'lJe:J..J''lf1(f~..J q
, v
"lh(frl~f111'lJ'J'WU'J\j q
•
'IJ e:J..Jf1~'W~m ~ nu~e:J"lf1(f~..J f111'lJf1'1(f..Jl'lJ 'IJ e:J..J 'W1JJ~ mi'..J "lh(f 1 U 'W<f11'Wi n ~e:J'W11cje:J'W '\lUrI~ ~~'W ~~~..J~~ 1
itfl'Vie:J..J~yj(f1i<f1e:Jci1..J~ f1'1'lJl'J
"1 '\llfllJ~m1..J
~I
QI QI 0' "'I
t11hn(f
''I
~f11J~1..J
0
""
QI
"'I
~I
'l"
QI
'I
'JIQI
'1
~"lfe:J(f1\j\1m'Iif11'J
'JI'
" QI
_91
QI
liJ ''I
'JI ""
~'V'le:J'\l~L~'J'lJlJ'J~
"'I
liJ
'JIOJ
'l"
~(f"lf'W'\llfl
0'
"lf1"lf'W 'W'" e:J..J 'W '\l~ f1'1'lJl'J t11Jri1'W ~ 1'lJ fl'lJ ri1'W 'J1"lff11'J 1 ~
fll1'!~Cl:lJ
1'Yl1':lJVll:lJ1i1'1':lJ'lfl~
'lJCl..J:lJ'lftj~
~
1. fll'Jbfl'lJJJ~f11'J..J~ll'W'Vl'J~r1fl
f1''J1..J'W1'W'W'lJ 1 e:Juu
'JI OJ 'JI
QI~d
JJ~fll1..J
QI
1 fl..J'Vl\1fl11f1bfl'lJ LJJ~1J'W'lJe:J..J'Vl'J~r1fl'W'W~e:J..Jl"lfnm
~d
Qldlfj
.cQ~91
9J
';;'1
2. rm Yi..Jf1''lJtlL~ tlLm~ t1e:J'Wf1''lJe:J 'WU'W1JJ~ flli' ..Jt1:l'W fll'J Yl1m(fU 'W1JJ~ flli'..J yj 1 'WU'J..Jyj b[~ ~'V'l'J1~
"
56
~
3. flTJtJ~mJ'{ht~hJ'lllfll"J t1J'Wt'HI9l!,rtJ~fll~\l19l1CJ
Q
~
\I\I1'W~19lb1'l'l1m"JlJtt~~"ltlJ'IJ"'W~lJ'Vl~m 1-11!,r'W1'Vl~ m~'W 1li!ritY~tn~
rns t~lJtJ1~'IJ"lflH)f.i1\l11~t~1
9J
1inlJ'IJ"l~lJ1!
~
A 0
~tYW)\lm1lJ
d
0
GI
o.:::t~
d,J
di
9J
hjtY1lJ1'jtltfleJtJ"J~
~ltfl'WeJf.i1\l~'rVi 'll~~eJ\I'I111~fll1
. . 1 'Vl1lJ ieJCJ'I11eJ'I11eJtn~
1 il~\I fll1fll'lJf.llJ'U'W
d'd
9J
Q.I
~~
m1lJ t'HlJ1~ tYlJfl'lJ'Vl1'WCJ1m 'UeJ\I ~~ n 'Utu~ t~CJ1fl'W fll9leJ\leJ'4 1 fl'fltY eu 1~~ eJlJm'lJfJ, ~lJ~lCJ
Cl
Q.I
<r
d9J
'l1J,..I9J
0'
<JJ
,.
1-11!t1'mlJ11tl!~tJ1~
lCJ'IJ"'W1~I9l~eJ~1tJ.yJ\I~1'W1l1lJ1tutt~~f.ltum'W
ri1'W'Vl~'WCJlm1i11lJ'IJ"1~tJ1~til'VlVi
!!'W1i'lt'lfll'j'Wrol'W1H'lJ'lJf.mJ'W
t:!I,
Q.J
Q.I
(Sustainable Development-S.D.)
U'lJ'JJ
fJ\I~'WHi1
CJl~fl'fll hfl
~eJ~tn~CJ
~
'UeJ\lfl'Wi'W~eJ 1tJ~eJ\ltffCJ1tJ
~~\I!t1'!n~ ~\lUl~~eJlJ
!'Wfll1m~'lllCJfll1lJ~\I~\I
57
Hl.!1
n1-3 n1 j'WWll.!l'Yl
Q..I
QJ
d~A
..
9J
"'?i
II)
'J}OJ
el'W!'Wel'lm'illf)f)1j!'llfltl'WU1Jm
'J}
OJ
"j
I
0
-"l
'J}
'J}
c:l
II)
'J}.
~I
sm
Q
Ufl~f11')b'~mJ~'JJ1W
A ~
fllj'lJ1ifl'fl'Vl1'Wtllm
'Uel'l'JJ'4'l:l6!m l~tI*tlm~fl'lJm\9lj~l'W
Q.I ~
Ufl~'JJf11j~fl\9l!'fljel'le.J'll ~'1U1fl~el'JJ111tl'lijj'JJ'lfl~
<}
.J.:::1
9 91
L'lf
&.
'9
HL~
e)'W'il~ri'l~fll91el'JJ'4'l:l6Ufl~
~ 'J}
Ian 1'W~~~
d "" ,J
d'
c:l
II)
'J} •
""
'J}
'J}
'I
c:l
""
Ufl~'lijj'JJ"lfl~
d
0'
'Ul~'fl1l'JJi'fl1l'JJ!.ij'11'il1'W'fl11'JJ!~'W'il~'1'Utl'l9f1\9l
c:l?i' ~
'Uel'l'fl11'JJ
'J}'1
!u'W'JJ'4'l:ltll~tI'Vl'JJ'4'l:lmtl'l m'll1'lJ'll1'1
f1tlJ'Wbl'1'W11'W'I'Utl'lbl''1U1~fltl'JJ Ufl~'lijj'JJ"lfl\9l ~'1'W'Wf11j'Wl'fl11'JJ'i 'fl11'JJ!'Ul L'il 'Uel'l'JJ'4'l:l6111'f1fl'JJf1il'W n'lJ~'1U1~~el'JJ ~'1t11'il~!1j'W m\9ljlf1lj~~~~~ Ufl~bl'l'JJljflf1fl'JJf)il'W 1'W n'lJ
'J}
'J}
~~'Wlf11j~lj'l9f1\9l
mj~'il~Yhl11''JJ'4'l:l6
""
b!'lmjfl~'il~~lj'l9f1\9leldL~
OJ
el~l'li1'W'fl'l ij'fl11'JJbl'el~'fl~el'l
'J}
II)'J}OJ'I~
"
1.
f1lj!'t'if1ljflf11:1l!f1f.11f1'Ut'f..J!!1Vl't1el'JJ
G} 91
ct
Q..I
2J
l'
9J
GJ
9J9J..::::t
b] 9J9IQ..I
d'
QJ
d.
Ur1'O~'1 iflCJ'l11'ijf11jfff1'l:llt1'1
'il~'11'Wf11j~1j.,:j9f1\9l111'~bl''JJf)fl'JJf1fl'W 111''fl'Wij9f1\9l'fl11'JJ!1j'Weldel~1'l!~tI'lJ~ltl
•
"l ~eld1'W'lijj'JJ"lfl~~1CJn'W
'fl11'JJ
CJel'JJ1'lJ'fl11'JJ!~'W'il~'1 'Uel'l'lijj'JJ'lfl~
v
I
el~l'lft'W!'llilel'lt! l'Wf11j-W~'Wl
Q,.I
Wtl'lf11j 'Utl'li1'1'fl'JJ!m~'llj~rYlft'''lfl~
9J
A
0
2. f1ljt'fjniWlt'Jll.!f1H'H'lf1ljell.!jf11:1t'f..JH1Vl't1el'JJ
•
al'
c!~
9J?1
!1J'W rmm
9
"
9J
d,
3J
bl'fl'l'fl1l'JJi~f1
.. !fitl1n'lJft'l!nfl~tl'JJ
f11j!'ll~tI'Wu'llrl'l
"
j~11':il'l~'1U1~~tl'JJ
!!'[j~f1lj-W~'W1 f11jbl'fl'l ;19I1:hWf1 lflCJf11j 111'flljfff1'l:l1 'Utl'l'l.J'fl'flrl !m~tl'lij~'[j~tl 'Wq~mj'JJ 'Utl'l'l.J'fl'flfl l11'ij
bl'tl~'fl~tl'lf1'[j'JJf1ft'W n'lJ'lijj'JJ'lfl~
l~w 1,.r!~el~el~'l!!1Vl~O'JJ
~!gel~eJ~'l!!1~~tl'JJrl
'il~!~\'!~'l~!n~\9l1'JJm
58
fl11~'I1~lUH(;1:t:fl11~(;1'lflty'Uf)-3flljf)~jfl'l:l'YIj'Vmlflj1ijj~')j'lfl
oQ..l
QJclcv
J1lJYl~ rm
OJ ""'" •
"
,I "" 1JJlllJ~~'lJe:l~tbW'I1UlfW'UlJl
l~o
'"
191
ddt
.J' 9J
9l
~1'
0'
'We:l(J'Vl~fl tt(;1~'U~\9le:l~m~'Ul(Jfll,)Gjf1J')~ b(JGjfUfl(J'Vl1f1~flUfl1(J(~J.fl bJ'UUellJmU'W'Vl, 2526: 9) b 'Ulfl'fl1llJ'I1lJl(J~~ flri11'lJe:l~fll,)e:l'41fl£l'VI1'Y'1mm'liJ JlJ"Ifl~ 'U~lJ~mJW~'lJe:l~ s ~fl rm loH' m 'Vl1'Y'1mm 'liJJlJ"Ifl~bt~(;1~l1J~ t.fl'VIt) il~'Qmfl 'VI1'Y'1mm JlJ"Ifl~"IfUfl1fl'l1le:l(Jlfl 'I1~t)(;1fl lU1U'!!e:l(J(;1~til c 'liJ ~ thlJl1 oH'lh~1(J"Ifuell 'Uyh1Mbflfl r-mbn(J'I1l(J ~ 1U ff.fll'Y'lt! 'U~ 1 ~t)~111'l1~fl'lJe:l~ Jff~1ulJl1 m
.d
1~, 1
"',
.;,<!l
OJ
""
'"
'"
"
1. fllJe:l'41fl£ltm~fllJ
~flfll'J'Vlf'Y'lmm'liJJlJ"Ifl~
~e:l~fhW~f)~'Vl1'Y'1mm'fi,),)lJ"lfl~tU'fl1'U~f)U 111
b'Y'l11~ f'V'lrn m 1l1,)lJ"lfl~ ~ l~ ~lJ'fl11lJ b~(J1.ue:l~ 'VI i¥lJ'WU1fU(;1~i~ r I'm~ tlf)Utl 2. fllJ11~UNUfllJ ~flfll,)'Vl1'Y'1(Jlflj'liJJlJ"Ifl~e:lcil~"lflty'Qmfl
(h~bWfl1:J1~
59
3. flTJeJ'l-frfl~'Vli'V'W1m'li'j'jlJ'lf1~
~eJ,ri'J:lJiJeJfl\.fVJfl~lCJ
Vl~lh:;::'lf1'lf'WhHiJeJ~
"
1'W'lf'W1J'VlU[l:;:: 1mH~lJ~'W~\9I'Wm~
"
"
4. 'fld1lJ ~1~~ 'j)'IJeJ~fll'j'W 1'lJ'W 'j:;::m fl'~'WeJ~tl1J'fl11lJ 'e,]\91 nl mW\! 'j w~m:;:: 'fld1lJ'll[leJ~.n
'Vli''jAj m 'Iis 'jlJ'lf1~ CJ1 ~~ir 'Wfll'j~
CJ'lJeJ~
"
snn
'J}
'J}
"'I
"I
!II)I!
'1"
"I
~'W1J'J:;::~'Vlfl''IJ-e:J~\9I'W \9I~'W'W1J'j:;::~'Vlfl''Vlfll[l~'jAj1'lJ'W1'Vl~'I1fllCJ'j)~\9I-e:J~
"I
"" 0
'"'
'"'
'"'
dl
!II
'lbCJtl'Wtl-e:J~ f)'Wrm U'ff1~'I11~m'll'j:;:: 1CJ'lfU 'IJ-e:J~'ll'j:;:: ~'Vlfl'lJ'I11~1'W1 'j) 6. lJ'W'l:JV'ff1lJlHlt'h~'Vl'fl1'W , 1[lV~1~ "llJl'lhCJ1'Wfll'j.ij\9lfll'j'Vli''jAjCJ1m'li'j'jlJ'lf1~1~ ~~~fll'j.ij~fll'jir'W
"
'Vli''jAjCJ1m'linlJ'lf1~~
fll'J~qj~'llriT5'W
1~ 'jAjfeJlJVJ~l.h:;:: 1CJ'lf'l1~w:;::fll'j~l
rrn 19i
'JJ
'JJ
,<j}
9. ~eJ~i' f)'l:J1'Vli''jAjCJlm~'Vl\9lU'Vl'W1~ 1~CJ1 'I1'ih)'\9I'j1fll'j ~i1 \9I~'Vi1tl1JeJ\9I'j fll'j 19i'l11eJeJ\9I'j1fll'j 1 eJ\9I'j1fll'J \9I1mtl'Wmh~u eJCJ 1 mj "l 1 'Wrm ~i1\91 ~m:;::fll'j 19i'Vli''jAjCJlm 'Ii'j 'jlJ'lf1~eJci1~li'll'j:;::
~fl\9l!'Vi1tl1J
ff'Vl~.fll'jAj
B fl
~1'l1i'1J1~fll'j1'Wfll'jeJ'4i'f)~'Vli''jAjCJlm'li'j'jlJ'lf1~ir'W
"
~1'jAj'j\91 ~[lff'Vlf
"
1 'I1'lieJci'W1'Wl1'ff~ 1~ CJ'jAjCJlCJ1lJ ~,
60
b1''Jl-JLmtl\l'Umfl~
91
ci
01
LfI'Jtl-JCl'U1'l'I1'Jtlf;!Umilll'll-J
ci
0'''1
0'.
dJ
'191
')'
0'.
0'
d&
4. f)1'j'W1l1l1tj'h,n,i ml1J'lJl'l1~tl1J
m1J'mU'Jb1'm'W~1'l1~1J
'I1~tl'l11~lClfll1
in ~'Vl~U'Vl'U 'UeJ-J
~l'J'J'ULmri-Jull1'U
1~u'J~
lClGJfu
'l1-J1'U'J~Cl~ff'ULL~~ 1'U'J~Cl~cn'J
""
9. f)1'j~I'I~~(,lmfl~
"
'lu