Strength of Materials

Handout No.5

Torsion of circular cross-section

Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen Technical College- Baghdad Dies and Tools Eng. Dept.
E-mail:haniazizameen@yahoo.com www.mediafire.com/haniazizameen

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-1 Introduction
Torsion is produced by a couple which consists of two forces equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and lies in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft as shown in fig (5-1)

Fig(5-1) Torque may by found in many applications like (1)In power station (all rotating shafts ) (2) According to the action of twisting , shearing force will appear in each cross section of the shaft. The force are represented by stresses called torsion stress (shearing stress ) . The shearing stress is indicated on small element (complementary shear stress) as shown in Fig (5-2)

Fig(5-2)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-2

Derivation of Torsion Formulae for Circular Cross-Section

In torsion derivation many assumptions are used : Circular section remains circular after the torque application . The material must be homogenous . The plane cross-section remains as it is after the torque application law

1234-

G )

shear stress G ............ (5-1) shear strain where G .....Modulus of rigidity Let us taken a bar subjected to torque, shown in Fig.(5-3)

Fig(5-3) From Fig(5-3) , it can be deduced that : Arc ( AA )=R Arc ( AA )=L OAA BAA ............. (5-2) ............. (5-3)

From eqs (5-1), (5-2)&(5-3) , yields R G ........................ (5-4) L For a certain value of torque , = constant , L & G are constants , Hence , eq(5-4) , will be KR ................................ (5-5)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

G L From eq (5-5)the distribution of shear stress through the cross section of the beam . where K=

- aFig(5-4)

-b-

Mo1
R

o2

0
...... (5-6)

T
0

2 r dr r 0

From similar triangles(Fig(5-4b)) , we have .................... (5-7) r R From eq(5-6)&eq(5-7) , we have

R 1

T
0

2 r 2 R
4 R

r rdr 0 R r 3 dr
0

T T

2 R 0 ...................(5-8) R 4 T.R T Form eq(5-8)and eq(5-4) ,gives T.L G J where J is the polar moment of inertia

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

J= J=

D4 (for solid circular shaft) 32 32 D4 d4 for hollow circular shaft

5-3 Representation of Torque on Shaft

There are many symbols to represent torque on the shaft as shown in Fig(5-5)

The start of the arrow + The end of the arrow Fig(5-5)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-4

Torque Diagram
To study the shaft which is subjected to the load shown in the Fig(5-6)

Fig(5-6) We must draw the torque diagram . Firstly identified the direction of the input torque i.e. ( ) as a clockwise direction and then the output torque ( ) as a counter clockwise direction as shown in Fig(5-6 b) . Secondly we draw a diagram with the specific scale as shown in Fig(5-6 c) .

5-5 Power Transmission by Shafts

Rotating shaft are widely used for transmitting power . Power is defined as the work done per unit time. Work done by a torque acting on rotating shaft (Fig(5-7)) is equal to W=T. W T. P T. t t where..... t angular velocity

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

In shaft has N r.p.m 2 N N 60 30 N hence, P T * 30 30 P watt N.m Thus , T N r.p.m 30 P kW * 1000 T N.m N rpm P T N.m. 9550 N

kW rpm

.. (5-9)

The unit commonly used for the power is horsepower hp ,which is equivalent to 1hp = 745.7 Watt P hp . T N.m 7120 . (5-10) N rpm

5-6

Calculation of Shaft Diameter

The shaft diameter can be found either from max .shear stress or from max . angle of twist. (a) maximum shear stress condition . 9550P from eq(5-9) , T N.m N T.r 16T. max = w J D3 16T D 3
w

16 * 9550 P N. w P N. w m . (5-11)

D 36.53

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

b) Angle of twist condition T.L max , rad G.J 32TL , max G D4 32T.L D 4 G max 180 32TL
4

,J

D4 32

, 4.924 T.L G. max ,

180 T

We have from eq(5-9) D

4 2

9550P N 32 * 180 * 9550P.L

. .G.N P.L D 49.094 m GN

(5-12)

5 7 Composite Shafts
( a ) Series connection If two or more shafts of different materials diameters are connected together and each of them carries the same torque then the shafts are said

to be connected in series, see Fig.(5-8) Fig(5-8) In such case the composite shaft is treated by considering each component separately, applying the torsion theory to each in turn T G1 J 1 L1
1

G2J 2 L2

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i.e. T T1 T2 &

(b) Parallel Connection If two or more materials are rigidly fixed together such that the applied torque is shared between them, the composite shaft so formed is said to be connected in parallel (see Fig.(5-9)).

Fig(5-9) i.e. T TA TB , A B In this case the angle of twist of each part is equal to each other and TA .L1 TB .L 2 & T=TA+TB G.J 2 G.J1

5-8

Plane Bolt Coupling

A common connection for two shafts is the flange bolt coupling. Each flange is connected to the end of the shaft and both flanges connected to each other by means of bolts. The transmitted torque occurs, in the bolts and will create a shearing force in each bolt. This connection can be clarified as shown in Fig.(5-10)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-0)

M0 0 F.R.n = T .................... (5-13) where n .. is the number of bolt

Another equation can be obtained from the definition of stress F A FRn =T ARn =T (5-14) In many cases, more than one bolt circles are used as shown in Fig(5-11) .

Fig(5-11)

M0 0 T n F1R1 n F r = 0

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

From triangular geometry F1 F R1 R & Or

1

R1 F1

R R1 A1 ................ (5-15) R

Eqs (5-15) & (5-10) gives : T FRn T

2 R1 A1 n , putting F R 2 R1 An R R

A and if A1 .. (5-16)

A2

5 9 Springs
abThe springs are used in many applications like to absorb the energy to return the part of machine to its original position in the case of reciprocating motion. There are several types of springs, according to the type of loading , springs are classified as :1 Tension spring 2 Compression spring 3 Torsion spring According to the nature of spring , the springs are classified as 1 Helical spring 2 Heal spring Helical spring also can be classified :Closed coil helical spring. Open coil helical spring. 5.9.1 Close Coiled Helical Springs For close coiled springs as in Fig(5-12) ... helix angle is small and it may be neglected

ab-

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i.e. each turn may be considered to lie in a horizontal plane if the central axis of the spring is vertical.

Fig(5-12) Every cross section will be subjected to a torque F R tending to twist the section, so T.r F.r.R max J r4 2 .. (5-17) r3 5.9.2 Deflection of Spring Practically the deflection of spring is measured along longitudinal axis to determine the spring deflection, considering spring subject to either tensile or compression as shown in Fig(5-13) , for one cross section.
max

2FR

T.L GJ F.R. R 2FR 2 r4 Gr 4 G 2 2FR 3 R (for small G r4

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-13) Total deflection n G r4 where n ... is the number of coils 2n 4FR 3

5 10 Stress Concentrations in Torsion

If the diameter of the shaft changes suddenly as in Fig(5-14) , a high stress concentration is developed at the transition point of the shaft. For circular cross section. T.r Kt max J where Kt is the stress concentration factor .

Fig(5-14)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-11 Longitudinal Shearing Stresses

If the shaft is subjected to external torque the shearing forces will be induced through any transverse cross section as shown in Fig(5-15)

Fig(5-15) Mo 0 (rdx ) rd

( rrd )dx

It follows from the conditions of static equilibrium that the shearing stresses acting on longitudinal sections are of the same distribution and intensity as the shearing stress acting on transverse sections .

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

5-12 Examples
The following examples explain the differences ideas of the torsion of circular cross section problems. Example (5-1) Fig.(5-16) shows a solid steel shaft 40 mm in diameter is subjected to the torsional load , find the max. shear stress in the shaft

Fig(5-16) Solution T=F*d T = 2* 0.5 = 1 kN.m T.r 1 * 16 79.6 MPa max J * (0.04) 3 Example (5-2) Fig(5-17) shows a 50 mm diameter solid steel line shaft is used for power transmission purposes in a manufacturing plant. A motor inputs 100 hp to a pulley at A , which is transmitted by the shaft to pulleys at B and C and D . The output horsepower from pulleys located at B,C, & D is 45 hp , 25 hp and 30 hp respectively . (a) Plot the torque diagram of the shaft (b) Find the max. shear stress in the shaft .

Fig(5-17)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution

The torque exerted on each gear is determined TA= 7120 * (100/300) = 2373.33 N.m TB = 7120 * (45/300) = 1068 N.m TC = 7120 * (25/300) = 593.33 N.m TD = 7120 * (30/300) = 712 N.m (b) Since the shaft is of uniform cross stress occurs in segment AC , thus , T.r J 16T D
3

section the maximum shear

16 * 1305.33 (0.05) 3

max

53.18MPa

Example (5-3) Fig(5-18) shows the hydraulic turbine, generates P = 30000 kW of electric power when rotating at N= 250 rpm .Find the maximum shear stress in the tubular generator shaft with outside and inside diameter s indicated as shown .

Fig(5-18)

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Solution T 9550 J r P 30000 9550 114600N.m N 250 (0.55) 4 (0.3) 4 0.0297m 3 16 0.55

T.r 1146000 38.5MPa J 0.0297 Example (5-4) What must be the length of a 5 mm diameter aluminum wire so that it can be twisted through one complete revolution without exceeding a shearing stress of 42 MPa , take E= 27 GPa Solution. Torque transmitted by the wire
max

T J

16

D3

42 * 106 * 32 (0.005) 4

16

* (0.005) 3 1.031N.m
11

32 We know that , T G J L

* D4

6.136 * 10 27 * 109 * 2 L

m4

1.031 6.136 *10

11

L 10.096m

Example (5-5) A solid steel shaft has to transmit 75 kW at 200 rpm ,taking allowable shear stress as 70 MN/m2 . Find suitable diameter for the shaft, if the maximum torque transmitted on each revolution exceeds the mean by 30% . Solution Tmax.=1.3Tmean 2 NT 2 * 200 * T P 75 T Tmean 3581Nm 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 Tmax.= 1.3 * 3581 =4655.3 Nm Also, D4 d4 Tmax . 16 D 4655.3 = 70 * 106/(16*D3) D3= ( 4655.3*16) /(70*106* ) = 338.7 *10 6 D = 0.069 m

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-6) A solid circular shaft transmits 75 kW power at N= 200 rpm . Find the shaft diameter, if the twist in the shaft is not to exceed 1 in 2 meters length of shaft and shear stress is limited to 50 MPa. Take G= 100 GN/m2 Solution P 2 NT 60 * 1000 75 2 * 200 * T 60 * 1000 T 75 * 60 * 1000 3581N.m 2 * 200

First case : considering allowable shear stress ( 50 MPa) , T * 16 * D3 3581 50 * 106 * /(16 * D3 )

D= 0.0714 m = 71. 4 mm Second case : considering angle of twist ( 1) , T TP G L 3581 /(32 * D 4 ) 100 * 109 * 1 * / 180 2

D = 0.0804 m = 80.4 mm From the two cases we find that suitable diameter for the shaft is 80.4 mm or say 80 mm ( i.e. greater of the two value) Example (5-7) A hollow shaft of diameter ratio 3/8 is required to transmit 600 kW at 110 rpm the maximum torque being 20% greater than the mean . The shear stress is not to exceed 63 MPa and the twist in a length of 3m not to exceed 1.4 degree , find the maximum external diameter satisfying these conditions . Take G = 84 GPa , d = 0.375 D ; Tmax= 1.2 Tmean Solution P 2 NT 60 * 1000 600 2 * 110 * T 60 * 1000 T 52087N.m

T = Tmean = 52087 N.m Tmax = 1.27 Tmean = 1.2*52087=62504 N.m

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

First case : When shear stress is not to exceed 63 MPa T J 2 D (D

4

2 T J. D

32

2 d ) D
4

or T

D4 16 D

d4

62504 = 63*106* ( /16)*(((D4 (0.375D)4)/D) D3 = (62504* 16) / (63*106* *0.9802)=5.155*10 D = 0.1727 m or 172.7 mm .................... (i) Second case : When angle of twist is not to exceed 1.4 T J G L G T J* L (D
4
3

32

84 * 109 * 1.4 * d )* 3 * 180

4

62504 = ( /32) * ( D4 (0.375D)4 ) * ((84*104*1.4* )/(3*180)) D = 0.1755 m ............... (ii) From eq(i) and eq(ii) we take a great of the two value D= 175.5 mm

i) ii)

Example (5-8) A circular bar made of cast iron is to resist an occasional torque of 2.2 kN.m acting in transverse plane. If the allowable stresses in compression , tension and shear are 100 MPa , 35 MPa and 50 MPa respectively, find : Diameter of the bar Angle of twist under the applied torque permeter length of bar Take G = 40 GPa ; T= 2.2 kN.m , 50 MPa , t 35 MPa c 100MPa

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i)

ii)

Solution Diameter of the bar Since cast iron is weakest in tension , it will fail due to tensile principle stress . Due to the tensile stress t , the maximum shear stress is also equal to t ( max ) allowable ( t ) allowable T max J R 2.2 * 1000 35 * 106 i.e. ( D / 2) ( / 32) * D 4 2.2 * 1000 * 16 D3 * 35 * 106 D = 0.0684 m Angle of twist , G GR max 1.46 max R L L Example(5-9) A hollow circular shaft 20mm thick transmits 294 kW at 200 rpm .Find the diameter of the shaft if shear strain due to torsion is not to exceed 8.6*10-4 . Take modulus of rigidity 80 GN/m2 Solution DH

dH = 2 t = 0.04m or d H DH - 0.04 m 2 NT 2 * 200 * T 294 T 14037Nm P= 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 D 14037 * H T TR 71489.8D H 2 or * 10 4 R R J 4 4 D H D H 0.04 4 DH d H 32 * G 8.6 *10 4 * 80 *109 *10 6 68.8MN / m2 71489.8D H * 10 6 68.8 D H 0.108m 108mm 4 4 D H D H 0.04 d H 108 2 * 20 68mm

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i) ii) iii)

Example(5-10) A solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque of 45 kN.m . If the angle of twist is 0.5 per meter length of the shaft and the shear is not to be allowed to exceed 90MN/m2 Find :. Suitable diameter for the shaft Final maximum shear and angle of twist and Maximum shear in the shaft. Take G= 80GN/m2 Solution rad 0.008727rad 180 i)Diameter of the shaft ,D : T G TL 45 *103 * L J 6.445 *10 J L G 80 *109 * 0.008727 32 T J D
4

0.5

0.5 *

6.445 * 10 T 16T J*
1/ 3

D T

6.445 * 10 D3
1/ 3

* 32

1/ 4

0.16m

16

ii)

16 * 45 *103 D 0.1365m 136.5mm * 90 * 106 Diameter of the shaft =160mm Final maximum shear stress and angle of twist. Since the diameter is given by the angle of twist, the final angle of twist is 0.5 per meter length, the maximum shear stress will be less than the given value of 90 MPa ,the final maximum shear stress is given by, T TR 0.16 / 2 * 0.008727 6.88 * 10 4 MPa J R J 1 Example(5-11) Two shafts of the same material and same length are subjected to the same torque. If the first shaft is of a solid circular section and the second shaft is of a hollow circular section ,whose internal diameter is 2/3 of the outside diameter and the maximum shear stress developed in each shaft is the same , compare the weights of the two shafts. Solution Ds = diameter of the solid shaft DH = external diameter of the hollow shaft dH = internal diameter of the hollow shaft = 2/3 DH

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

The torque transmitted by the solid shaft Ts . ..................( i) 16D3 s The torque transmitted by the hollow shaft D4 d4 H H . 16 DH D4 H . 16 2 DH 3 DH
4

TH

65 3 D H ...(ii) 16 81 *

Since both the torques are equal , equate eq(i) and eq(ii) Ts = TH 65 3 . D3 DH D 3 1.246D 3 D H 1.08DS s H s 16 16 81 Ws A s * Ls * s As weigh of the solid shaft weigh of the hollow shaft WH A H * L H * H A H where :. Weight density Ls = LH s= H 2 2 2 Ds Ds 4 Ds
4

D2 H

d2 H

D2 H

2 / 3 * DH

5 9

* 1.08D s

1.543

i) ii)

Example (5-12) A solid cylindrical shaft is to transmit 30 kW at 100 rpm If the shear stress is not to exceed 80 MPa , find its diameter. What percentage saving in weight would be obtained if this shaft is replaced by a hollow one whose internal diameter equals o.6 of the external diameter, the length material and maximum shear stress being the same ? Solution Diameter of solid shaft, Ds : 2 NT 2 * 100 * T P 300 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 T 16

i)

28648 Nm

D3 ( Assuming T (Tmean) = Tmax ) s D3 s 0.122m or 122mm

28648 = 80*106 * ii)

Ds 16 Percentage saving in weight

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

D4 d 4 H H . 16 DH D 3 1 0.1296 H

16

D3 s

or
3

D4 1 H

0.6D H DH

D3 s

1.824 * 10

D H 0.128 m d H 0.6DH d H WH Ws AH LH A s Ls = 0.704

H s

0.6 * 0.128 0.0768 AH AS

4

D2 H
2 4 Ds

d2 H

0.1282 0.07682 0.1221

Percentage saving in weight = 1

H s

* 100

1 0.704 * 100 29.6

Example (5-13) A hollow steel shaft is made to replace a solid wrought iron shaft of the same external diameter, being 35 percent stronger than the iron , find what fraction of the outside diameter the internal diameter may be. Also, neglecting the coupling, find the percentage saving in weight by the substitution. Assuming that steel is 2 percent heavier than wrought iron. Solution Ratio of internal diameter to external diameter of hollow shaft, Since the torque transmitted will be equal Ts = TH D4 d4 H . D 3 1.35 . 16 H s 16 DH D3 H 1.35 D4 d 4 H H DH D4 d 4 H H DH Ds DH d4 H dH DH

D 4 1.35 * H 1.35d 4 H

D 4 1.35 D 4 H H
1

dH 0.35 4 dH 0.714 DH 1.35 DH Percentage saving in weight Area of cross section of the steel shaft d2 H D2 d 2 D2 1 D 2 1 0.7142 D 2 * 0.49 H H H H H 2 4 4 4 4 DH 0.35D 4 H

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Let be the weight of unit volume of wrought iron. Then 1.02 w is the weight of unit volume steel. Weight of unit length of iron shaft = D 4 * w H 4 Weight of unit length of steel shaft = D 4 * 0.49 * 1.02w H 4 4 Weight of steel shaft 4 D H * 0.49 * 1.02w = 0.5 Weight of iron shaft D2 * w H 4 Hence saving in weight = 1 0.5 *100 50% Example(5-14) A solid shaft of mild steel 200mm in diameter is to be replaced by hollow shaft of alloy steel for which the allowable shear stress is 22 percent greater. If the power to be transmitted is to be increased by 20 percent and the speeds of rotation increased by 6 percent , find the maximum internal diameter of the hollow shaft. The external diameter of the hollow shaft is to be 200mm. Solution We have : H 1.22 s , PH 1.2Ps , N H 1.06Ns Maximum internal diameter of hollow shaft, dH : 2 N s Ts 2 NT 2 N H TH P kW Ps kW & PH 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 2 N s Ts 2 N H TH 1.2 * 1.06 * N H * TH 1.2 N s Ts But PH 1.2Ps 60 * 1000 60 * 1000 TH = 1.132 Ts Ts T s ...( i) 0.2 J R Js 2 and TH JH
H 0 .2 2

... ii

Dividing eq(i) and eq(ii) we get Ts * 32 D 4 d 4 Ts * J H H H s TH * J s

d4 H 0.2
4

4 1.32Ts * 32 D s

1.22

0.8196
s
4

0 .2 1.132

d4 H 0.2
4

0.8196*1.132* 0.2 4

1.1554*10

dH

0.1037m 103.7mm

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example (5-15) Fig(5-19) shows the stepped steel shaft is subjected to a torque T at the free end and a torque of 2T in the opposite direction at the junction of two sizes . Find the total angle of twist at the free end, if the maximum shear stress in the shaft is limited to 70 MN/m2 , assume the modulus of rigidity to be 84 GN/m2 .

Fig(5-19) Solution The torque 2T at B is equivalent to two torques each of value T . Then BC is subject to a torque T at C and an opposite torque T at B while AB is also subjected to equal and opposite torque T at A and B For the length BC ; Torque T = T , L = 1.8 m , J = ( /32)*(0.05)4= 6.136*10 7 m4 1= angle of twist of C relative to B = (TL)/(GJ) = ( T*1.8)/(84*105*6.136*10 7) . (i) For the length AB Torque , T = T , L = 1.2 , J = ( /32)*(0.1)4= 9.817 * 10 6 9 6 . (ii) 2 = (T*1.2)/(84*10 *9.817*10 ) where 2 angle of twist of B relative to A 1 and 2 are in opposite direction. Hence c is the total angle of twist at C c = 1 2 The maximum shear stress occurs in BC and its value is 70 MPa (given) T/J = /R , T = J/R , T = (70*106*6.136*10 7)/0.025 = 1718.1 Nm From eq(i) : 1 = (1718.1 * 1.8) / (84*109*6.136*10 7) = 0.06 rad From eq(ii) : 2 = (1718.1 * 1.2) / (84*109*9.817*10 6) = 0.0025 rad = 3.29 c = 1 2

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Example(5-16) Fig.(5-20) shows a steel shaft LMNP . If equal opposite torques are applied at the end of the shaft find the maximum permissible value of d 1 for the maximum shearing stress in LM is not to exceed that in NP . If torque is 10 kN.m what is the total angles of twist ? Take : G = 80 GN/m2

Fig(5-20) Solution For the shaft LM : T T * 0.1 * 16 4 (0.14 d1 )

3 4 4 D1 d1 1* 16 D1 4 0.14 d1 1* 16 0.1

1.6 * T 4 (0.14 d1 ) * 16 D3 3
3

for the shaft NP : T 16 * T

3

16

(0.0875) 3

* (0.0875) 3
3

but

1.6 (0.1
4 4 d1 )

16T * (0.0875) 3

4 5 4 3.3 *10 5 d1 0.1 6.7 *10 d1 = 0.0758 m Total angle of twist TL T L GJ G J = (T/G) *[ (L1/J1)+(L2/J2)+(L3/J3)] 10 * 103 0.36 0.45 0.72 9 4 4 4 80 * 10 ( / 32) * (0.1 0.0758 ) ( / 32) * 0.1 ( / 32) * 0.08754 = (1/(8*106)) [ 54740.4 + 45836.6 + 125112.4]* (180/ ) degree = 1.616 or 1 37

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

i) ii)

Example(5-17) Fig(5-21) shows a solid phosphor bronze shaft of 80 mm diameter is coupled to a hollow steel shaft of 80 mm outside diameter . The torque applied to the compound shaft develops a maximum shear stress of 40 MPa in the bronze shaft and a maximum shear stress of 72 MN/m2 in steel shaft . the length of steel shaft is 1 m and of bronze shaft is 1.2 m . Angle of twist for the steel shaft is not to exceed 1 , If Gsteel = 80 GN/m2 and Gbronze = 40 GN/m2 Find : Internal diameter of the steel shaft Total angle of twist for whole of the shaft

Fig(5-21) Solution
s

i)

1 1 * /180 0.01745 rad Internal diameter of steel shaft , ds :

b

Torque transmitted by the phosphor bronze shaft Tb D3 . b

b

16 16 Torque transmitted , T = Tb = Ts = 4.02 kN m Internal diameter of the steel shaft on the basis of shear stress Ts
4 Ds ds * 16 Ds 4

* (0.08) 3 * 40 * 106 * (10 3 ) 4.02kNm

0.084 (d s ) 4 4.02 * 10 * 72 * 106 16 0.08 4 4 or (0.08) (ds) = (4.02*103*16*0.08)/( *72*106) = 2.2748*10 or (ds)4 = (0.08)4 2.2748*10 5 = 1.826*10 5 ds = 0.06537 m
3

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Internal diameter of the steel shaft on the basis of angle of twist : = (Ts Ls)/(GsJs) 0.01745 = (4.02*103*1) / [80*109*( /32)* (0.084 (ds)4)] (0.084 (ds)4) = ( 4.02*103*1*32) / (0.01745*80*109* ) (ds)4=1.166*10 5 ds=58.43 mm
s

ii)

Total angle of twist = s+ b = [(TsLs)/(GsJs)] + [(TbLb)/(GbJb)] = T [(Ls)/(GsJs)] + [(Lb)/(GbJb)] , since ( T = Ts = Tb ) 1 1.2 4.02 * 103 80 * 109 * ( / 32){0.084 0.058434 } 40 * 109 * ( / 32) * 0.084 = 4.02*103[4.3449*10 6 + 7.46*10 6] = 0.0474 rad = 2.719

Example(5-18) A solid alloy shaft of 50 mm diameter is to be coupled in series with a hollow steel shaft of the same external diameter . If the angle of twist per unit length of the steel shaft is to be 70 percent of that of the alloy shaft, find the internal diameter of the steel shaft . Also find the speed at which the shaft should be driven to transmit 20 kW, if the allowable shearing stresses in alloy and steel are 56 MP a and 80MPa respectively . Take Gsteel = Galloy*2.25 Solution i) Internal diameter of the hollow steel shaft , ds : angle of twist per unit length of a shaft is given by T GJ

Ts / (GsJs) = 0.7 * [ Ta/(GaJa)]

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

(Ja/Js) = 0.7* (Gs/Ga) [( /32) 0.054] / ( /32)(0.054 (ds)4)] = 0.7 * 2.25 0.054 (ds)4= (0.054)/(0.7*2.25) = 3.968*10 (ds)4=0.054 3.968*10 6=2.282*10 ds = 0.03887 m Speed , N : G L for steel shaft :
a s
6 6

Rs

Gs s Ls

.............(i)

and for alloy shaft :

Ra

Ga a ............(ii) La

Dividing eq(i) by eq(ii) , we get

s a

Gs R s L * * s * a Ga Ra Ls a 1.575
a

= 2.25*1*0.7 = 1.575

s
s

80 MN/m 2
a

80 /1.575 50.78MPa

Torque : Ta

* ( /16) D3 = 50.78*( /16)*(0.05)3*106=1246 Nm a

Power transmitted , P=(2 NT)/(60*1000) 20 = (2 N * 1246) / (60*1000) N = (20*60*1000)/ (2* *1246) =153.3 rpm

Example(5-19) Fig(5-22) shows a solid steel shaft 6 m long is securely fixed at each end. A torque of 1250 N.m , is applied to the shaft at a section 2.4 m from one end. find the fixing torques set up at the ends of the shaft . If the diameter of the shaft is 40mm what are the maximum shear stresses in the two portions? Find also the angle of twist for the section where the torque is applied . Modulus of rigidity = 84 GPa

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-22) Solution Angle of twist In this case 1=

(T1L1)/(GJ) = (T2L2)/(GJ) ............ (i) T1+T2 = 1250 ........... (ii) From eq(i) T2=(T1L1)/L2 = (T1*2.4)/3.6

T1 + (T1*2.4)/3.6 = 1250 T1 (1+0.667) = 1250 T1= 749.8 Nm T2 = 1250 749.8 = 500.2 Nm = 1= 2= (749.8*2.4)/ (84*109*( /32)(0.04)4)=0.0852 rad = 4.88 degree Max. shear stress in the two portions ;
1

16T1 D 16T2
3 3

= ( 16*749.8)*10 6 / ( *0.043) = 59.66 MPa = ( 16*500.2)*10 6 / ( *0.043) = 39.8 MPa

D Example(5-20) Fig(5-23) shows a hollow shaft is 1 m long and has external diameter of 50 mm . It has 20 mm internal diameter for a part of length and 30mm internal diameter for the rest of the length . If the maximum shear stress is not to exceed 80 MPa , find the maximum power transmitted by it at a speed of 300 rpm if the twists produced in the two portions of the shaft are equal . Find the lengths of the two portions .

Strength of materials- Handout No. 5 - Torsion of circular cross-section- Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen

Fig(5-23) Solution To find the maximum power transmitted , P Torque for part ( 1 ) T1 0.054 16 5 0.034 80 * 106 * 0.054 0.034 0.05 16 1709Nm

Torque for part ( 2 ) 0.054 0.024 T2 80 * 10 * 1913Nm 16 0.05 The safe torque which the shaft can transmit = 1709 Nm thus, power transmitted
6

P = ( 2 N T ) / ( 60* 1000 ) = ( 2* =53.7kW Length of two portion , L1, L2 T/J = G / L , = TL / GJ

* 300 * 1709) / (60*1000)

As per given condition is same for both parts T1L1/G1J1 = T2 L2 / G2 J2 L1 J2 = L2J1 Since T and G are same for both the part L1 * /32 [ (0.05)4 (0.02)4]=L2* /32 [ (0.05)4 (0.03)4] L1*6.09*10 9 = L2*5.44*10 6 L1+L2 = 1 L2 = 1 L1 6.09*10 6*L1=5.44*10 6(1 L1) L1 = 5.44 / 11.53 = 0.472 m L2= 1 0.472 = 0.528 m