Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Short Circuit Level Shape of the land Altitude of the land above mean sea level Feeder orientation Safety of Equipment and personnel Possibility of future expansion Cost
3
Single Main Scheme Double Main Scheme Single Main & Transfer Scheme Double Main with by-pass isolator scheme Double Main & Transfer Scheme One & Half Breaker Scheme Double breaker Scheme Ring Bus Scheme
For maintenance & extension of any one of the buses the entire load will be transferred to the other bus.
On load transfer of a circuit from one bus to the other bus is possible through bus isolators provided the bus coupler is closed and thereby two buses are at the same potential.
During the time a circuit is under bypass, the bus coupler will act as the breaker for the bypassed circuit.
Other features are similar to the one described in double bus with by pass arrangement.
9
10
12
No reliability in Single Main, Double Main, Single Main & Transfer Scheme w.r.t bus fault, feeder fault & breaker maintenance Double Main & Transfer Scheme, One & Half Breaker Scheme & Double breaker Scheme are
One & half breaker scheme can be selected for EHV substations due high reliability, operational flexibility, ease of maintenance, ease of expansion, due consideration of cost
13
Short Circuit Level Shape of the land Altitude of the land above mean sea level Feeder orientation Safety of Equipment and personnel Possibility of future expansion Cost
14
Bus Bar Design, Selection of conductor levels & Bay width calculation..
Selection of conductor (AAC, ACSR, Tube) Current Carrying capacity with temperature rise of 35 deg.C over ambient of 50deg.C ambient (IEEE-738) Temperature Rise during short circuit Stresses in tubular bus Cantilever Strength of post insulator Deflection of the tube Natural frequency of tubular bus bar Aeolian Vibration
15
Electrical Clearances (IEC-60071) Corona Electric Field (10kV/m)& Magnetic Field (500T) Short Circuit Forces (IEC-60865) Sag-Tension Calculation Normal Tension (Factor of safety 2.0) and Short Circuit Tension (Factor of Safety 1.5) Height of conductor levels Bay width & Phase to Phase spacing
16
Minimum Clearances for Layout (at altitude <1000m above mean sea level)
Voltage Level (Rated) 765 kV Ph-Ph (m) 7.6 (cond-cond) 9.4 (rod-str) 4 2.1 Ph-E (m) 4.9 (cond-str) 6.4 (rod-str) 3.5 2.1 Sectional Clearance (m) 10.3 BIL (kVp) SIL (kVp)
2100
1550
400 kV
220 kV
6.5
5
1550 1050
1050 650
17
Minimum Clearances for Layout (at altitude <1000m above mean sea level)
Voltage Level (Rated) 132 kV 110 kV Ph-Ph (mm) 1300 1100 Ph-E (mm) 1300 1100 Sectional Clearance (mm) 4000 3800
66 kV 33 kV
630 320
630 320
3500 2800
Altitude corrections w.r.t clearances, insulation levels, creepage and oil temperature rise of the equipment shall be considered for altitudes more than 1000 m above mean sea level.
18
400 kV 220 kV
24m 16m
8m 5.9m
15m 11.7m
22m 16.2m
1550 1050
1050 650
132 kV
66 kV
12m
7.6m
4.6m
4m
8m
6m
12m
9.5m
650
325
NA
NA
19
Type of Isolator
Horizontal Centre Break Isolator (HCB) Horizontal Double Break Isolator (HDB) Pantograph Isolator (Panto) Vertical Break Isolator (VB) Staggered
Type of Structure
Pie () structure Enclosed () structure
20
DSLP Calculation to decide the height of shield wire and/or Height & location of LM
Rolling Sphere Method (IEEE-998) Razevig Method
Control Room Fire fighting pump house (FFPH) DG set LT station placement Roads & rail tracks Switchyard Panel Room Open Store Colony and other infrastructures
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
30
N 4750.0
5400.0 E 5375.0 E 5350.0 E 5325.0 E 5300.0 E 5275.0 E 5250.0 E 5225.0 E 5200.0 E 5175.0 E 5150.0 E 5125.0 E 5100.0 E
N 5100.0
400 kV MA IN B US II US I
5075.0 E 5050.0 E 5025.0 E 5000.0 E 4975.0 E
400 kV MA IN B
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN METRE UNLESS SPECIFIED. 2. LOCATION OF ALL BUILDINGS ARE INDICATIVE. 3. ROUTE OF APPROACH ROAD IS INDICATIVE ONLY. THE SAME SHALL BE DECIDED BY SITE.
33
A.
rx
34
rx Box rx
Fig. 2.(b): Zone of protection for two lightning masts Where R is the circumradius of the triangle formed by a, b & c.
35
DSLP Calculation
Calculation of overlappings (Bx) : Bx=1.5.hox.px( 1-(hx/0.8hox)) Bx=0.75.hox.px.( 1-(hx/hox)) where, h is the height of the lightning mast/tower including peak hox is the maximum hight protected is given by, hox=h-(a/7p) a is the distance Lightning Masts / Tower Peaks hx is the maximum height of the objects to be protected from side strokes px= 5.5/sqrt(hox) if hox>30.0 m px= 1.0 if hox<30.0 m if hx<2/3rd of hox if hx>2/3rd of hox
36
LM1
Bx
a1 D a3 LM2 a2 LM3 rx
37
DSLP Calculation
Zone protected by three(3) lightning masts : The condition that the area among the three (3) lightning masts at a level 'hx' will be protected is given as : D <= 8(h-hx)p where, D is the circumdiameter of the triangle formed by the three lightning masts. D=a1 /sin{arccos((a22+a32-a12)/2a2a3)}
38
0.2h h
2h/3
hx bx
0.6h 1.2h
0.6h 1.2h
2bx
39
DSLP Calculation
The breadth of the protective zone offered by a single shield wire on the ground level in a plane perpendicular to the shield of wire is equal to 1.2 h , where h is the height suspension of the shield wire. Half the breadth of the protective zone "bx" at level hx is given by: bx=1.2 h ( 1-(hx/0.8h)) bx=0.6 h ( 1-(hx/h)) where, h is the height of the tower including peak hx is the height of the objects to be protected from side strokes
40
if hx<2/3rd of h if hx>2/3rd of h
DSLP Calculation
The radius of protective zone offered by a lightning mast at height "hx" from ground level is given by: rx=1.5hp( 1-(hx/0.8h)) if hx<2/3rd of h rx=0.75hp( 1-(hx/h)) if hx>2/3rd of h where, h is the height of the lightning mast/tower including peak hx is the height of the objects to be protected from side strokes p= 5.5/sqrt(h) if h>30.0 m p= 1.0 if h<30.0 m
41
44