ENGINEERING SURVEY (CC201)

TOPIC 4 CURVE RANGING

OBJECTIVE
At the end of the unit you should be able to : Explain the basic concept of curves. To identify the terminologies of curves. To differentiate between circular curves, transition curves and vertical curves. Explain the methods of setting out circular curves. Calculate setting out of circular curves. Apply the method of setting out of a circular curves.

INTRODUCTION

In the geometric design of roads, railways and pipelines, the design and setting out of curves is an important aspect of an engineers work. Curve ranging is a design of 2 straight ways with a curve. In the design of roads or railways, the parts of straight line/ways connected with a curve whose its radius is constant or variables.

Curve

Radius

PURPOSES

i) To connected 2 straight ways with curve through a deflection angle. ii) To allow the slowly movement on straight ways and curve in horizontal and vertical direction.

REASON OF CURVE RANGING

i) The physical conditions of earth surface is hilly land and swampy. ii) To avoid from fixed items such as building mosques, cemeteries and so on.

TYPE OF CURVE
1. HORIZONTAL CURVE i) Circular Curve ii) Transition Curve iii) Combined Curve 2. VERTICAL CURVE

HORIZONTAL CURVE Circular Curve

i)

Curve that have same radius. Type of circular curve

Simple curve (mudah) Same radius ii) Compound curve (berbagai) 2 and more circular curve Different circular curve and radius. iii) Reverse curve (songsang) Same radius 2 inverse curve

HORIZONTAL CURVE Circular Curve

Reverse Curve

Compound Curve

HORIZONTAL CURVE Transition Curve

Transition Curve

Transition Curve

HORIZONTAL CURVE Transition Curve

The radius is vary from one point to another. The purpose of this circular is to maintain comfortable and safety while the driver through on the straight line to the curve. A vehicle moving from the straight with no centrifugal force acting upon it, into a curve would suddenly receive the maximum amount of centrifugal force for that radius of curve. To prevent this sudden lateral shock on passengers in the vehicle, a transition curve is inserted between the straight circular curve

HORIZONTAL CURVE Combined Curve

Combined curve is a combination of circular curve and transition curve. Usually there are two transition curves, in beginning and ending, while circular curve is in the center.

Circular Curve

Transition Curve

Transition Curve

CIRCULAR CURVE TERMINOLOGIES

TERMINOLOGIES AND ITS FORMULA : Tangent Line/Subtangent (T) = R Tan /2 Long Chord (BC EC) = 2 R Sin /2 Mid-Ordinate (M) = R(1 - Cos /2 )
Tangent

Curves Length (L) = R

= curve deflection angle Sub Chord

/ 180

External (E) = R (sec /2 1) Curve Deflection Angle ( ) = 1718.9 (Sub Chord / R)

CALCULATION FOR SETTING OUT CIRCULAR CURVE

Type of setting out curve : 1. Setting Out With Curve Deflection Angle 2. Setting Out Offset From Tangent Line 3. Setting Out Offset From Long-Chords 4. Setting Out Offset From Chord Produced

Setting Out With Deflection Angle

1 A T1 B

2 C T2

Setting Out With Deflection Angle

Example : The centre-line of two straights is projected forward to meet at I, the tangent deflection angle being 30. If the straight ways are to be connected by a circular curve of radius 200 m, tabulate all the setting-out data, assuming 20m chords on a through chainage basis, the chainage of I being 2259.59 m. I
2259.59m = 30

1 A T1 B

2 C T2

Setting Out By Offsets With Deflection Angle

Solution : 1. Tangent length = R (tan /2) = 200 tan 15 = 53.59 m 2. Chainage of T1 = Chainage of I Tangent Length = 2255.59 - 53.59 = 2202 m

3. Length of circular arc (L)= R /180 = 200( )(30)/180 = 104.72 m 4. Chainage of T2 = Chainage of T1 + Length of circular arc = 2202 m + 104.72 m = 2306.72 m

Setting Out With Curve Deflection Angle

Solution : 5. Table of tabulation setting out data
Chord number Chord length (c ) Chainage (m) Curve Deflection angle o, Setting-out angle o, Remarks

1718.9 (c/R) / 60

T1 A B C D E T2

0 18 20 20 20 20 6.72

2202. 00 2220.00 2240.00 2260.00 2280.00 2300.00 2306.72

0 00 00 2 34 42 2 51 53 2 51 53 2 51 53 2 51 53 0 57 45

+ = + =

0 00 00 2 34 42 5 26 35 8 17 58 11 09 51 14 01 44 14 59 29

T1 peg 1 peg 2 peg 3 peg 4 peg 5 T2

Check: Last data of setting out angle = /2 = 14 59' 29}15

Setting Out Offset From Tangent Line

Setting Out Offset From Tangent Line

Example : The tabulation of data required to setting out curve. Radius of circular curve is 600m length whose 2 straight ways connected with its tangent deflection angle is 18r24d00t. The chainage of I being 2140.00m .

Solution : 1. Tangent length = R (tan /2) = 600 tan 18r24d/2 = 97.20m Syarat yang dikenakan iaitu panjang bagi garis rentas pendek hendaklah lebih kecil daripada R/20, tetapi sekarang R/20 = 30m, di mana sela ini adalah mencukupi untuk tujuan peg spacing. Walau bagaimana pun untuk lebih mudah, garis rentas sepanjang 20m akan digunakan.

Setting Out Offset From Tangent Line

2. Tabulation of data
Point 1 2 3 4 5 Y 20 40 60 80 97.20 X = R - (R2 Y2) 0.333 1.335 3.008 5.357 7.926

Setting Out Offset From Tangent Line (Subtangent)

I
Y2 Y1 X1 A B

X2

T1
Setting Out procedure : 1. Started from T1 and end at I. 2. From T1, Measure Y1 = 20m with measuring tape. From point of 20m, offset X1 = 0.333m. Mark as point A.

T2

3. From T1, measure Y2 = 40. From point 40m, offset X2 = 1.335. Mark as point B. 4. Tabulation of data is only fixing half curve (T1 I). Its will be use for setting out T2 I.

Setting Out Offset From Long Chord

Example : The tabulation of data required to setting out curve. Radius of circular curve is 600m length whose 2 straight ways connected with its tangent deflection angle is 18r24d00t. The chainage of I being 2140.00m .

Solution : 1. Long Chord Length = 2R (Sin /2) = 2(600) (Sin 18r24d00t/2) = 191.857m = 191.857/2 = 95.929 m

2. Therefore ;

Long Chord(LC) / 2

Setting Out Offset From Long Chord

3. Tabulation of data
Point 0 1 2 3 4 5 Y 0 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 95.929 X = [R2 Y2] - [R2 (LC/2)2] 7.718 7.552 6.383 4.711 2.361 0

Setting Out Offset From Long Chord

Setting Out procedure : 1. Started from center of Long Chord (Y0). At Y0, Offset X0 = 7.718m. Mark as an A. 2. From centre, Measure Y1 = 20m with measuring tape. From point of 20m, offset X1 = 7.552m. Mark as point B. 3. Tabulation of data is only fixing half curve (Center LC T1). Its will be use for setting out from Center LC to T2.
B T1
X1= 7.552

B T2

X0 = X1= 7.718 7.552 Y1= 20 Y1= 20

Y2

Y2

Setting Out Offset From Chord Produced(Sub Chord)

Example : The tabulation of data required to setting out curve. Radius of circular curve is 720m length whose 2 straight ways connected with its tangent deflection angle is 12r13d14t. The chainage of I being 855.94m . Subchord = 20m Solution : 1. Tangent length = R (tan /2) = 720 tan 12r13d14t/2 = 77.076m 2. Chainage of T1 = Chainage I Tangent Length = 855.94 77.076 = 778.864m 3. Curve Length = R /180 = 720 v 12r13d14tT/180 =153.568m 4. Chainage of T2 = 778.864 + 153.568 = 932.432m

Setting Out Offset From Chord Produced(Sub Chord)

5. Point Chainage
T1 A B C D E F G H T2 778.864 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 932.432 Sub chord 1.136 (a) 20 (c) 20 (c) 20 (c) 20 (c) 20 (c) 20 (c) 20 (c) Offset 1st Offset = a2 / 2R = 0.001 m 2nd Offset = c( c + a)/ 2R = 0.294 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m Other Offset = c2 / R = 0.556 m

12.432 (b) Last Offset = b (b + c)/2R = 0.280 m

Setting Out Offset From Chord Produced (Sub Chord)

I

20m 1.136m

20m 12.432m

2nd= 0.294

Other Offset= 0.556

T2
Last Offset = 0.280

T1

1st Offset = 0.001

SETTING OUT COMBINED CURVE

Circular Curve

Transition Curve

Transition Curve

SETTING OUT COMBINED CURVE

SETTING OUT COMBINED CURVE