BKF2422 HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter 2
Principles of steady-state heat
transfer in conduction
TOPIC OUTCOMES
It is expected that students will be able to:
Solve problems using steady-state conduction
principles for one-dimensional solid conduction
heat transfer in parallel and series
Calculate overall heat transfer coefficient to solve
problems related to combined conduction and
convection heat transfer mechanism.
Solve the problem related to internal heat
generation and determine the critical thickness
and of insulation for a cylinder
Apply shape factor to estimate the
multidimensional heat transfer
CONTENTS
One Dimensional Conduction Heat
Transfer
Conduction Through a Plane Wall
Conduction Through Solids In Series
Conduction Through Solids In Parallel
Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
Conduction Through a Multilayer Cylinders
Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere
Combined Conduction and Convection
and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
CONDUCTION: FOURIERS LAW
Flux of conduction heat transfer can be calculated by
Fouriers Law
Fouriers Law
q
x
: heat-transfer rate in the x direction
(SI: W or J/s; cgs: cal/s; Eng.: btu/h)
A : cross sectional are normal to the heat flow (m
2
)
k : thermal conductivity ( SI: W/m. K; cgs: cal/s. cm. C;
Eng.: btu/h. F. ft )
dT/dx : temperature different in the x direction
The minus sign is required in Fouriers equation because the
heat transfer is positive in the direction from initial point 1 to
the final point 2. Since the T1 > T2 (heat is transport from
high temperature to lower temperature region), minus sign
is needed to make the value of heat rate positive.
dx
dT
k
A
q
x
=
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
For steady state, the equation can be integrated,
This equation is basically a matter of putting in values to
solve.
( )
2 1
1 2
2
1
2
1
T T
x x
k
A
q
dT k dx
A
q
x
T
T
x
x
x

=
=

HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Plane Wall.
The temperature various linearly with distance.
0
x x Distance,x (m)
T
1
T
2
Temperature, (K)
T
2
T
1
q
R
T T
kA x
T T
q
2 1 2 1

=
A

=
EXERCISE 1
Calculate the heat loss per m
2
of surface area for an
insulating wall composed of 25.4 mm thick fiber
insulating board, where the inside temperature is 352.7
K and the outside temperature is 297.1K.
From Table A.3 (pg 599), thermal conductivity for fiber
insulating board is 0.048 W/m.K.
1 2
2 1
2
( ) 0.048
(352.7 297.1)
0.0254
105.1 /
k T T q
A x x
q
W m
A

= =

=
Conduction Through Solids In Series.
T
1
A B C
q T
2
T
3
Dx
A
Dx
B
Dx
C
T
4
The rate of heat transfer,
where,
C
R R R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
q
B A C B A
+ +

=

=
4 1 4 3 3 2 2 1
A k
x
R
A
A
A
A
=
A k
x
R
B
B
B
A
=
A k
x
R
C
C
C
A
=
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
EXERCISE 2
A cold storage room is constructed of an inner layer
of 12.7 mm of pine, a middle layer of 101.6 mm of
cork board and an outer layer of 76.2 concrete. The
wall surface temperature is 255.4 K inside the cold
room and 297.1 K at the outside surface of concrete.
The conductivites for pine, 0.151; cork board,
0.0433; and concrete, 0.762 W/m.K. Calculate the
heat loss in W for 1 m
2
and the temperature at the
interface between wood and cork board.
Answer: (-16.48 W, 256.79 K)
SOLUTION
W
K
A k
x
R
W
K
A k
x
R
W
K
A k
x
R
m x m x m x
k k k
m A K T K T
C
C
C
B
B
B
A
A
A
C B A
C B A
?
?
?
346 . 2
) 1 ( 043 . 0
1016 . 0
0841 . 0
) 1 ( 151 . 0
0127 . 0
0762 . 0 , 1016 . 0 , 0127 . 0
762 . 0 , 043 . 0 , 151 . 0
1 , 1 . 297 , 4 . 255
2
4 1
= =
A
=
= =
A
=
= =
A
=
= A = A = A
= = =
= = =
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Conduction Through Solids In Parallel
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .......
T A B C D E F G
C C A A B B D D
A
A B C D
q q q q q q q q
k A k A k A k A
q T T T T T T T T
x x x x
= = + + = = +
= = + + =
A A A A
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Conduction Through A Hollow Cylinder.
T
2
L
r
2
q
r
1
The cross-sectional area normal to the heat flow
is, A =2trL.
The rate of heat transfer,
dr
dT
k
A
q
=
CONDUCTION THROUGH A HOLLOW CYLINDER

=
=
2
1
2
1
2
r
r
T
T
dT k
r
dr
L
q
dr
dT
k
A
q
t
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
ln
) ( 2
2 2 ln
2 2
ln
r r
r r L
Lr Lr
Lr Lr
A A
A A
A
lm

=
t
t t
t t
1 2
2 1
r r
T T
kA q
lm

=
or
( )
( )
2 1
1 2
ln
2
T T
r r
L
k q =
t
Where:
( )
( )
kL
r r
kA
r r
R
R
T T
kA r r
T T
q
lm
lm
t 2
ln
1 2 1 2
2 1
1 2
2 1
=

=
EXERCISE 3
A thick wall cylindrical tubing of hard rubber having
and
inside radius of 5 mm and an outside radius of 20
mm is
being used as a temporary cooling coil in a bath. Ice
water
is flowing rapidly inside, and the inside wall
temperature is
274.9 K. The outside temperature is at 297.1 K. A
total of
14.65 W must be removed from the bath by the
cooling
coil. How many m tubing are needed?(k=1.15
W/m.K)
1 2
2 1
2
( )
ln( / )
2
0.151 (274.9 297.1)
ln(0.02/ 0.005)
15.2 /
14.65
0.964
15.2 /
L
q k T T
r r
L
q x
q
W m
L
W
length m
W m
t
t
=
=
=
= =
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Multilayer Cylinders.
Example, heat is being transferred through the walls of
an insulated pipe.
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
r
1
r
2
r
3
r
4
q
A
B
C
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
At steady-state, the heat-transfer rate q, be the same for
each layer.
The rate of heat transfer,
where,
C B A C B A
R R R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
q
+ +

=

=
4 1 4 3 3 2 2 1
( )
L k
r r
R
A
A
t 2
ln
1 2
=
( )
L k
r r
R
B
B
t 2
ln
2 3
=
( )
L k
r r
R
C
C
t 2
ln
3 4
=
EXERCISE 4
A thick walled tube of stainless steel (A) having a k =
21.63 W/m.K with dimensions of 0.0254 m ID and
0.0508 m OD is covered with a 0.0254 thick layer of
insulation (B), k = 0.2423 W/m.K. The inside wall
temperature of the pipe is 811 K and the outside is at
310.8 K. For a 0.305 m length pipe, calculate the heat
loss and also the temperature at the interface between
the metal and the insulation.
Answer: (331.7 W, 805.5 K)
SOLUTION
( ) ( )
A
B A
lm A
A
Alm
R
T T
q
W
R R
T T
q
W K
A k
r r
R
m
A A
A A
A
A m Lr A
m r m r
2 1
3 1
1 2
2
1 2
1 2
2
2
1 1
2 1
7 . 331
/ 01673 . 0
) 0351 . 0 ( 63 . 21
0127 . 0
0351 . 0
0243 . 0 / 0487 . 0 ln
0243 . 0 0487 . 0
/ ln
, 0243 . 0 0127 . 0 305 . 0 2 2
...... 0254 . 0
2
0508 . 0
, 0127 . 0
2
0254 . 0

=
=
+

=
= =

=
=

=
= = =
= = = =
t t
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere
T
2
r
2
q r
1
T
1
The cross-sectional area normal to the heat flow
is, A = 4tr
2
.
The rate of heat transfer,
dr
dT
k
A
q
=
( )
R
T T
k
r r
T T
T T
r r
k
q
dT k
r
dr q
r
r
T
T
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
4
1 1
1 1
4
4
2
1
2
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=

t
t
t
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Temperature Profile for Heat Transfer By
Convection From One Fluid To Another.
film
film Metal wall
Warm liquid A
Cold fluid B
T
6
T
5
T
4
T
3
T
2
T
1
q
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Region,
T
1
T
2
: turbulent fluid flow. Mainly convective heat transfer.
T
2
T
3
: velocity gradient very steep. No turbulent flow,
(i.e. only laminar). Mainly conductive heat transfer.
T
3
T
4
: conductive heat transfer.
T
4
T
5
: no turbulent in film, mainly conductive heat transfer
T
5
T
6
: turbulent flow, conductive heat transfer.
T
1
T
2
and T
5
T
6
: different are small.
Convective coefficient for heat transfer through a fluid:
q = hA(T T
w
)
where,
h = convective heat transfer coefficient.
T = average temperature in fluid.
T
w
= temperature of wall in contact.
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Combined Convection and Conduction and
Overall Coefficients.
Heat flow with convective boundaries: plane
wall
( ) ( ) ( )
o A i
o i
o A A i
o i
R R R
T T
A h A k x A h
T T
q
+ +

=
+ A +

=
1 1
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
o i
o A A i
o i
T T UA
h k x h
T T A
q =
+ A +

=
1 1
T
i
T
1
T
2
T
o
q
h
i
h
o
Ax
A
HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION
Heat flow with convective boundaries:
cylindrical wall with insulation.
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
r
O
r
i
r
1
h
o
h
i
A
B
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
o A A o i o i i o
o
o o i A A i i o i
i
o o i i
o o A A i o i i
h A k A r r h A A
U
h A A A k A r r h
U
R
T T
T T A U T T A U q
R
T T
A h A k r r A h
T T
q
lm
lm
lm
1
1
1
1
1 1
4 1
4 1 4 1
4 1 4 1
+ +
=
+ +
=

= = =

=
+ +

=
Similarly,
Overall heat transfer coefficient,
where,
and
HEAT TRANSFER
Other way we can used,
where,
( ) ( )
4 1 4 1
4 1
T T A U T T A U
R R R R
T T
q
o o i i
o B A i
= =
+ + +

=
( )
L k
r r
R
A
i
A
t 2
ln
1
=
( )
L k
r r
R
B
o
B
t 2
ln
1
=
( )
i i i i
i
A h h Lr
R
1
2
1
= =
t ( )
o o o o
o
A h h Lr
R
1
2
1
= =
t
A thick-walled tube of stainless steel (A)
having a k = 21.63
W/m.k with dimensions of 0.0254m ID and
0.0508mOD is
covered with a 0.0254m layer of asbestos (B)
insulation, k =
0.2423 W/m.k. The inside wall temperature of
the pipe is 811K
and the outside surface of the insulation is at
310.8K. For a
0.305m length of pipe, calculate the heat loss
and also the
temperature at the interface between the
metal and the
B A
R R
T T
q
+

=
3 1
The resistances are
K/W 01673 . 0
) 305 . 0 )( 63 . 21 ( 2
)
0127 . 0
0254 . 0
ln(

2
) ln(
2
) ln(
1 / 2 1 / 2
=
=
= =
t
t t L k
d d
L k
r r
R
A A
A
K/W 493 . 1
) 305 . 0 . 0 )( 2423 . 0 ( 2
)
0508 . 0
1016 . 0
ln(

2
) ln(
2
) ln(
1 / 2 1 / 2
=
=
= =
t
t t L k
d d
L k
r r
R
B B
B
The heat transfer rate is
B A
R R
T T
q
+

=
3 1
W 7 . 331
493 . 1 01673 . 0
8 . 310 811
=
+

= q
K 5 . 805
01673 . 0
811
7 . 331
2
2
2 1
=

=
T
T
R
T T
q
A
CRITICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION FOR
A CYLINDER
If outer radius < r
cr
: adding more insulation will
increase heat transfer rate
If outer radius > r
cr
: adding more insulation will
decrease heat transfer rate
h
k
r
cr
= ) (
2
) (
1 2 0
T T A h q =
| |
0 2
1 2
0 1
1 / ln
) ( 2
h r k
r r
T T L
q
+

=
t
With insulation:
EXAMPLE
An electric wire having a diameter of 1.5 mm covered
with a plastic insulation (thickness = 2.5mm) is exposed
to the air at 300K and ho = 20 W/m2.K. It is assumed
that the wire surface temperature is constant at 400K
and is not affected by the covering.
A) calculate the value of the critical radius
B) calculate the heat loss per (m) of wire length with no
insulation
C) repeat (b) for insulation being present
a) 20 mm b) 9.42W c) 32.98 W
Convection: Heat transfer using movement of
fluids.
Heat transfer is considered as convection with the
presence of bulk fluid motion. Fluid motion
enhances heat transfer where the higher the fluid
velocity, the higher the rate of heat transfer.
2 main classification of convective heat transfer;
1. Forced Convection : fluid flow by pressure
differences, a pump, a fan and so on
2. Natural Convection: motion of fluid results from
the density changes in heat transfer
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
The rate of heat transfer :
T
w
= 80
o
C
T
o
= 30
o
C
q

q = Ah(T
w
T
o
)
The convection coefficient is
a measure of how effective
a fluid is at carrying heat to
and away from the surface.
h = heat transfer coefficient
(W/m
2
.K)
A= surface area (m
2
)
Fluid flow
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
Metal wall
Warm fluid A
Cold fluid
B
q
Turbulence absent
T2
T3
Turbulence region
T1
q = hA (T-
Tw)
FKKSA
FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE PIPES
Forced convection fluid forced to flow by pressure differences
Types of fluid, laminar or turbulent
great effect on heat-transfer coefficient
More turbulent greater heat-transfer coefficient
Reynolds number, N
Re


N
Re
=
Dv p
u
where
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
u = viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
p= density of fluid (kg/m
3
)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
FKKSA
FORCED CONVECTION
where
u= viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
p= density of fluid (kg/m
3
)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)
c
P
= heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
.K)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
Prandtl number, N
Pr
Dimensionless numbers:
Nusselt number, N
Nu
k
c
c
k

N
P
P
Pr
= =
k
hD
N
Nu
=
FKKSA
LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE
where
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
L= length of pipe (m)
u
b
= viscosity of fluid at bulk temperature (Pa.s)
u
w
= viscosity of fluid at wall temperature (Pa.s)
h
a
= average heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
.K)


N
Nu
|
\

|
.
|
a
=
h
a
D
k
=1.86 N
Re
N
Pr
D
L
|
\


|
.
|
|
1
3 u
b
u
w
|
\


|
.
|
|
0.14
N
Re
< 2100 & N
Re
N
P r
> 100 :
L
D
All physical properties at except u
w
2
bi
T
bo
T
mean b
T
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
q = h
a
AT
a
where
2
bo
T
w
T
bi
T
w
T
a
T
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

=
100
2100
Pr Re
Re
>
<
L
D
N N
N
Limitations
FKKSA
TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE
where


N
Nu
=
h
L
D
k
=0.027 N
Re
0.8
N
Pr
1
3
u
b
u
w
|
\


|
.
|
|
0.14
N
Re
> 6000 , 0.7 N
P r
16000 & > 60:
D
L
Rate of heat transfer is greater
c
P
= heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)
u
b
= viscosity of fluid at bulk average temperature (Pa.s)
h
L
= heat transfer coefficient based on the log mean driving force
T
lm
(W/m
2
.K)
u
w
= viscosity of fluid at wall temperature (Pa.s)
Many industrial heat transfer processes in the turbulent region
60
16000 7 . 0
6000
Pr
Re
>
s s
>
D
L
L
D
N
N
Limitations
EXAMPLE 4.5-1 Page 262: Heating of Air in
Turbulent Flow
Air at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6 K is being heated as
it flows through a tube of 25.4mm inside diameter at velocity
of 7.62 m/s. The heating medium of 488.7 K steam
condensing on the outside of the tube. Since the heat-transfer
coefficient of condensing steam is several thousand W/m
2
.K
and the resistance of the metal wall is very small, it will be
assumed that the surface wall temperature of the metal in
contact with the air is 488.7 K. Calculate the heat-transfer
coefficient for an L/D > 60 and also the heat-transfer flux
q/A.
bo
T
K 7 . 488 Steam, =
w
T
steam o
h h =
L
mm 5.4 2
air
bi
T
kPa 8 . 206
m/s 62 . 7
K 6 . 477
=
=
=
P
v
T
ave
3
Pr
5
kg/m 74 . 0
W/m 03894 . 0
686 . 0
Pa.s 10 6 . 2
K 477.6 kPa, 101.32 at A.3, Appendix From
=
=
=
=
= = =

p
u
k
N
T T P
b
bm ave
Pa.s 10 64 . 2
K 7 . 88 4 at A.3, Appendix From
5
=
=
w
w
T
u
( )
3
kPa 8 . 206
2 1
1
2
1
2
1 2
kg/m 509 . 1
35 . 101
8 . 206
74 . 0
on depend is
, For
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
p
p p
p p
p
p
T T
T
T
P
P
P & T
RT
PM
RT PM RT
V
m
PM
RT
M
m
PV nRT PV
) 6000 ( 10 122 . 1
10 6 . 2
) 509 . 1 )( 62 . 7 ( 10 4 . 25

4
5
3
Re
> =

=
=

u
up D
N
( ) ( )
.K W/m 2 . 63
0264 . 0
0260 . 0
686 . 0 10 122 . 1 027 . 0
03894 . 0
) 10 4 . 25 (
027 . 0
2
14 . 0
3
1
8 . 0
4
3
14 . 0
3
1
Pr
8 . 0
Re
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

L
L
w
b L
Nu
h
h
N N
k
D h
N
u
u
( )
( )
2
W/m 1 . 701
6 . 477 7 . 488 2 . 63
=
=
=
bm w L
T T h
A
q
flow rent countercur
flow parallel
ho
T
hi
T
hi
T
ho
T
co
T
co
T
ci
T
ci
T
1
T A
1
T A
2
T A
2
T A
hi
T
hi
T
ho
T
ho
T
ci
T
ci
T
co
T
co
T
EXAMPLE 4.5-4 Page 268: Heat Transfer Area and
Log Mean Temperature Difference
A heavy hydrocarbon oil which has a c
pm
= 2.30kJ/kg is
being cooled in a heat exchanger from 371.9 K to 349.7 K
and flows inside the tube at a rate of 3630 kg/h. A flow of
1450kg water/h enters at 288.6K for cooling and lows
outside the tube.
a) Calculate the water outlet temperature and heat-transfer
area if the overall U
i
= 340 W/m2.K and the streams are
countercurrent
b) Repeat for parallel flow
flow rent countercur (a)
1
T A
2
T A
hi
T = K 1 . 397
K 7 . 349 =
ho
T
K 6 . 288 =
ci
T
co
T
kg/h 3630 oil, = m
kg/h 1450 water, = m
( ) ( )
| |
W 51490
3600 / ) 7 . 349 9 . 371 )( 3 . 2 ( 3630
=
=
=
hi ho
h
p
T T c m q
( )
( )
?
.K W/m 340
kJ/kg.K 187 . 4
kJ/kg.K 3 . 2
2
=
=
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forces. driving perature larger tem
gives ws counterflo because occurs This w. counterflo for than area larger a is This
Radiation heat transfer is the
transfer of heat by
electromagnetic radiation
Occur in solid, liquid and gas
Not require heat transfer
medium
Fastest energy transfer
Example: microwave, radar,
cordless telephones
Absorptivity
When thermal radiation (light waves) falls
upon a body, part is absorbed, part is
reflected into space and part is
transmitted through the body.
BLACK BODY one that absorb all radiant
energy and reflect none.
0 reflected n ty/fractio reflectivi
1.0 absorbed n ty/fractio absorptivi
= =
= =
p
o
Kirchoffs Law states at the same
temperature T1
For
For a perfect black body with :
Substances that have emissivity < than
1.0 are called gray bodies
1 body, Black = c
body black of power emissive total
surface a of power emissive total
, Emissivity = =
B
E
E
c
1 body, Gray < c
1 1
o c =
1 = c
4
T A q o =
4
T A q co =