In the last stage of aerobic respiration,____ is the final acceptor of electrons that originally resided in glucose.

oxygen In alcoholic fermentation,____ is the final acceptor of the electrons stripped from glucose. acetalaldehyde Glycolysis reactions start and end where? cytoplasm metabolic water

So to speak, the ship of the desert (camels) sails (depends) on_____? When molecules are broken apart in respiration____. channeled/used into making ATP Which of the following has the most energy? glucose

the energy released in respiration is

The most widely used source of chemical energy for most animals and also humans is____. carbohydrates Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of____. NAD+ acetalaldehyde

Sour cream and sour milk are produced by bacteria that form____ anaerobically. The Krebs Cycle CANNOT take place in cells that lack ____. mitochondria

To break down a glucose molecule completely to CO2 and H2O requires how many passes/turns through the Krebs Cycle? 2 The first compound produced in the Krebs cycle is____, where as the last compound produced in the Krebs cycle is____. citrate, oxaloacetic acid Animals that live where there is no oxygen and rely on glycolysis (such as parasitic worms, tapeworms) must have ____ to survive. lots of sugar for making ATP The compound that is produced by yeasts that causes bread to rise is____. carbon dioxide

Enzymes lower the reaction energy between two molecules so they can react more easily. T/F? true Loss of heat energy occurs in essentially all chemical reactions. T/F? true true

Only sugar, not amino acids or lipids, can net two ATPs by glycolysis. T/F?

During aerobic metabolism via glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, how many (NET) NADs and FADs are reduced, respectively? 12,1 Metabolizing lipids/fats is associated with aerobic exercise, but not anaerobic exercise. T/F? true

Animals like gerbils live in the desert would be wise to eat as many___ containing seeds as possible because it produces more___. fat, water

If hydrogens and electrons enter the electron transport chain at FAD/FMN___ or NAD____, how many ATPs are produced from each site? 1,3 The enzymes of glycolysis occur in the ____, while those of Kreb's cycle occur in the ____. mitochondria For amino acids to be used for energy, they must first lose the nitrogen/amino group. T/F? If oxygen is present, each turn of the Kreb's cycle will produce____ ATPs. Some amino acids can be converted into____. -pyruvic acid -acetyl-CoA -alpha-ketoglutaric acid -oxaloacetic acid Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and will burn only carbohydrates and proteins, but NOT fats. false Electrons and hyrdrogens start out in a high chemical energy state and gradually release their chemical energy, which is used to form ATP. T/F? true Catabolism refers to glycolysis and Kreb's cycle, while anabolism would refer to protein and starch synthesis as examples. T/F? true Reduced compounds have more chemical energy than do oxidized compounds. T/F? Where or in which reaction is glucose split in half___? Glycolysis is rare in all animal cells. T/F? false Where or in which reaction is ATP FIRST used to 'jump start' glycolysis? glucose-6-phosphate Going from Glucose-->glucose-6-phosphate--->fructose-6-phosphate-->fructose-1,6-diphosphate--->PGAL---->pyruvic acid results in the production of a NET of____ ATPs and ____ NADHs. 2,2 The reaction in glycolysis of phosphoenolpyruvic---->pyruvic acid results in the production of____. 1 ATP Glycerol from fats can be made into carbohydrates, but fatty usually CANNOT be made into carbohydrates. T/F? true Excess carbohydrates, such as eating two cakes and a pie each day, will be _____. stored as fat glucose true 12 cytosol,

true

PGAL (phosphoglycheraldehyde)

All the different kinds of plant sugars can be used for energy by first being converted to ____.

During the cell cycle the two organelles, other than the nucleus, that have the ability to divide would be ____ and____? chloroplasts, mitochondria Fatty acids from dietary or stored fat cannot be converted to____. proteins

When the chromosomes are lined up in a row with the members of homologous pairs side by side (synapsed) rather than in different places along the equator, this stage would be____ of ____? first metaphase, meiosis When the chromosomes are migrating to opposite poles of the cell, this phase is called? anaphase DNA is lined up along the equator during: metaphase

In telophase of mitosis each chromosome consists of a single chromatid that will become a new chromosome. T/F? true Cytokinesis or cytoplasmic division always occurs along with or shortly after telophase of mitosis. T/F? true Synapses is first noted and occurs during the first prophase of meiosis. T/F? true

In man, the cells produced by meiotic divisions typically develop into gametes or sex cells. T/F? true During the cell cycle, replication/duplication of the genetic material (DNA) takes place during which stage? S1 stage How many chromatids would you expect to find in a cell whose diploid chromosome number is 10 at that stage in the mitotic cycle when the nuclear membrane disappears? 20 Spindle fibers are microtubular structures that function in the separation/migration of chromatids to opposite poles. T/F? true The stage of mitosis in which a new nuclear membrane forms and the nucleolus reappears is called: telophase When one chromosome (DNA) replicates or duplicates itself to form two identical chromatids, and these two identical chromatids then migrate together to one end of the cell. This is called? reduction division The orderly sequence of the phases of mitosis are: prophase, interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. T/F? false After a cell divides into two new cells, organelles for the new cells are made during what phase of the cell cycle? interphase When the chromosomes are moving (migrating) to opposite poles of the cell, this phase is called: anaphase

Identical twins have the same genetic info and should be identical in every way. T/F?

true

In which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids detach from one another, pull apart and become visibly distinct chromosomes? anaphase The chromosome count of a haploid human sperm cell is___? half that of a diploid kidney cell

When mitosis of a single-celled organism results in two completely separate and independent daughter cells, the process is called: asexual reproduction In humans, each diploid oocyte gives rise to___? one ovum and three polar bodies

An animal cell having two rather than one of each type of chromosome has a____ chromosome number. diploid After mitosis, the chromosome number of a new daughter cell is____ parent cell. Proteins that form little spools on which the chromosomal DNA is wound are called: The distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells is accomplished during: cytokinesis G1, G2, and S are the three stages of____that of its parent cell. interphase In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes replicated? interphase the same as histones

How many pairs of homologous pairs of chromosomes will a liver or kidney cell from a human contain? none of these correct What is the sequence of bases on the complementary DNA strand to this I-DNA strand (3' ATCCTTCAGCCT 5')? TAGGAAGTCGGA What is the sequence of bases on the strand of mRNA that is synthesized from the I-DNA strand? UAGGAAGUCGGA Name the organelle where the synthesis of mRNA takes place. ribosome What is the anticodon on the tRNA for the (1st) codon on mRNA transcribed from this segment of DNA (TAGGAAGUTCGGA)? UAG Name the organelle where the codon and anticodon couplings take place. ____ is coiled in a double helix. DNA ____ contains thymine. DNA ____ contains cytosine. DNA and RNA ____ contains uracil. RNA ribosome

___ brings amino acids to the ribosome. TRNA ___ is present in the ribosome. ribosomal RNA ___ is involved in transcription. DNA polymerase ___ is involved in translation. RNA polymerase

A certain gene codes for a polypeptide that is 126 amino acids long. The portion of the gene that codes for this polypeptide is probably how many nucleotides long? 378 How many possible codes are there from the universal genetic code of three bases? The enzyme that put an amino acid on a TRNA is called DNA synthetase. T/F? false 64

Helicase opens up the DNA molecule, while DNA polymerase hooks nucleotides together on the new forming chain. T/F? true Chlorophyll is located in thylakoids of the mitochondria. T/F? false plant

Cells that have chloroplasts, cell walls and a large vacuole would be called ____ cells? Which correctly indicates the sequence of increasing organization of living organisms? cell,tissue,organ,organ system The smallest unit of life is the ____. cell

Living things differ from non-living things by having which of the following characteristics? adaptability and assimilation That reactions go from useable energy to non-useable energy (heat), or to more random, or more entropy, or things run down hill, or *No free lunch law are all statements that apply to the____ law of thermodynamics. second Because carbon can share___electrons it can form millions of carbon compounds-proteins, carbs, DNA, RNA, and lipids. Therefore, life is built around the carbon atom. four In reference to population growth pyramids of countries, which one of the following statements would be true about Mexico and Egypt? many more children than old people & middle aged people As the world population continues to explode, it will be ___ to improve food shortages, the environment, save many animals and plants from extinction, and to educate people. very difficult According to the second law of thermodynamics, all forms of energy will eventually change to or show up as___ energy. kinetic/heat Eukaryotes would NOT include: bacteria

The sum of the increase in carbon dioxide in the air is due to the release of large amounts of stored carbon from ancient deposits all except one of these are examples. wood Oxidizing agents are reduced when they gain electrons from some other atom, while reducing agents are oxidized when they lose electrons from some other atom. T/F? false The genetic code depends on how many bases side by side? T/F? During DNA replication/duplication, ____ are joined by ____. false

deoxyribonucleotides, DNA polymerase

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together by ____ bonds, while amino acids are held together by ____ bonds. glycosidic, peptide Amino acids differ from one another by what the 'R' group is. T/F? true

Name the organelle where the synthesis/production of TRNA and ribosomal RNA takes place____. nucleolus The conversion of nuclear energy to light energy %% then to chemical energy all can be explained by the ____ law of thermodynamics. first Plants first convert light energy into chemical energy of ____ and then into other foodstuffs. There are 22 different kinds of amino acids used in ____. proteins sugars

A positive subatomic particle would be called a/an_____, while a negative one would be called a ____? proton, electron Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and other small molecules cross the plasma membrane through the process of ____ through membrane pores: simple diffusion Proteins that form little spools on which the chromosomal DNA is wound around are called: histones The CH3 group is called the ____ group, while the COOH group is known as ____ group. methyl, carboxyl According to the second law of thermodynamics when converting one form of energy to another, which form of energy always show up to some amount? heat/kinetic Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, & K and water soluble ones are Vitamins B & C. T/F? Which type of energy on/in the sun drives or is responsible for the energy on earth? The NH2 group is called the ____ group. amino An acid is any substance that can donate: a proton (H+ ion) true light

The number of protons determines which element and atom it is. T/F? true Ionic bonds are formed with gain or loss of electrons, whereas covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons. T/F? true Vitamins are organic molecules that are needed for survival and growth in all cells, but are not made by plants. T/F? false Wood consists mostly of ____ along with some other compounds? cellulose

Phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group each forming an ester bonds with glycerol. T/F? true To dissolve in water, a molecule must have an electric charge(+ or -). T/F? true

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison had read Malthus' essay and were concerned as to its predictions. T/F? true Malthus predicted that populations of animals would grow exponentially and would eventually cover the earth if not controlled by _____. -disease -predators -lack of space -lack of food DNA consists of thousands of deoxyribonucleotides, each of which consists of glucose, phosphate, and purines or pyrimidines. T/F? false Human population growth entered exponential/geometric growth starting about 1400 AD and really increased after 1950 because ____ and ____. industrial revolution, dev. of antibiotics Because of their population structure/growth pyramid today, which countries will probably continue to have large numbers of poor children? Mexico and India Populations increase in size when ____? births are greater than deaths As human populations increase, the world will be able to feed more people by having them eat more meat, and thus they will be healthier. T/F? false What part of the plant has the most nutrients for animals? seeds

Cell membranes consist of mostly phospholipids and cholesterol with proteins scattered on both surfaces and in the middle. T/F? true The world is facing a protein shortage, or actually a shortage of____. dietary essential amino acids

Fast growing children that need large quantities of protein, usually cannot meet their needs alone by eating plants. T/F? true Immigration in and emigration out of a country/population can have an important impact on population of the country. T/F? true Most carbs are soluble/dissolve in water because of nonpolar hydroxyl groups. T/F? false

The most common disaccharide in nature and the sweetest disaccharide are ____ and ____. maltose, sucrose Starch is easier to digest than cellulose because it has the alpha type glycosidic bond, while cellulose has the beta type glycosidic bond. T/F? true Saturated fatty acids have one, two, or more double bonds (C=C) and are less dangerous to the cardiovascular system than unsaturated fatty acids. T/F? false Dietary essential amino acids are NOT synthesized in large enough quantities (arginine) or must be synthesized by some other organism (plants usually, 8 others). T/F? true Of the fatty acids, mammals appear to have dietary requirements for ____? lenolenic only lenoleic, and

Amino acids are bonded together by a reaction of a/an ____ with ____ on another amino acid. amino group, a carboxyl group The flame of life is fueled by ____? carbohydrates

Primary structure refers to the chain of amino acids, secondary structure refers to coiling of chain due to hydrogen bonding, and the tertiary structure refers to the folding of the protein chain due to R group interaction. T/F? true The order or sequence of ____, determines the order or sequence of ____ in the chain, which determines the ____ of the protein molecule that thus determines how protein works (its unique biological properties) DNA bases/nucleotides The concentration of glucose is 10 times more concentrated in a cell than outside the cell, yet glucose is continuously moving into the cell against a concentration gradient. The process by which glucose moves is by____? active transport The golgi apparatus functions in ____. packaging molecules like glycoproteins and hydrolytic enzymes into vacuoles for export out of the cell Unidirectional transport of molecules into or out of the cell with the expenditure of chemical energy (ATP) would be called ____? active transport

Glycoproteins and other proteins of the plasma membrane could participate in which of the following ____? -hormone receptor -active transport -structural support -cell to cell recognition A process by which large particles and fluid can enter a cell may be by ___, while large particles and fluid can leave a cell by ____.endocytosis, exocytosis In the cell cytoplasm, the cytoskeleton is composed of ____. -intermediate filaments -microtubules Membrane sacs of digestive enzymes that function in removing 'old' cell parts and in general digesting unwanted cell structures are called ____? lysosomes In osmosis, movement or diffusion of water is always from a lower water concentration/less water molecules toward the solution with the higher water concentration/more water molecules. T/F? false The ribosome's function in/as____? of protein synthesis -microfilaments

Protein synthesis for export out of the cell occurs primarily on/in____. ribosomes on the rough er As a source of protein in nutrition, among seeds, ____ would have the highest quality/more dietyary essential amino acids. soy beans The sharing of electrons is called _____, while gain or loss of electrons leads to ____. bonding, ionic bonding covalent

Which of the following statements are NOT true/false? we, (the world) are running out of water (false) Carbon forms four covalent bonds rather than gaining or losing electrons because it takes too much energy to gain or lose four electrons. T/F? true All the following are features of the scientific method except ___? supernatural causes

Alexander Fleming observed a patch of mold that bacteria were not able to grow near. Which of these statements was his hypothesis? the mold produced a substance that killed nearby bacteria In the scientific method, controls differ experimental in only one variables and the scientific method is 'nothing but trained or organized common sense'- Darwin. T/F? true

Put simply, the scientific method is 'nothing but trained or organized common sense.' T/F? Before photosynthesis evolved,___ was rare in Earth's atmosphere. The products of photosynthesis are: glucose and oxygen stomata O2

true

What structural feature of a leaf allows a leaf to obtain CO2 from the air? The vast majority of chloroplasts found in a leaf are located where?

mesophyll thylakoids

Specifically, molecules of chlorophyll are located in membranes of sacs called: What factors influence the rate of photosynthesis? -temperature -CO2 -water availability -light intensity

All of the following compounds are required at some state of green plant photosynthesis EXCEPT: oxygen The cellular organelle of eukaryotic organisms which is responsible for photosynthetic activity is the: chloroplast Imagine a scientist discovers a mutant plant seedling that appears to lack stomata. What would be the effect of this? CO2 would not be able to enter as a reactant for photosynthesis Imagine a plant in your garden doesn't receive an adequate amount of water. Which of the following would be most affected by this? both the light dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis The grana are disk-shaped, interconnected membranous sacs embedded in the stroma that form thylakoids when stacked on one another. T/F? false The majority of the leaf's chloroplasts are found in the mesophyll cells. T/F? true

Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis. For each reactant, indicate where the plant acquires it. For each product, note during what part of photosynthesis it is produced. photosynthesis is: 6CO2+6H2O+light energyC6H12O6+6O2 CO2 comes through the stomata, water comes from the vascular bundles to the mesophyll cells, and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast absorb sunlight. The glucose is produced during the light-independent reactions and the oxygen is produced during the lightdependent reactions.

Explain how the leaf is adapted for capturing energy from the Sun and acquiring carbon dioxide and water. CO2 comes through adjustable pores (stomata) and water comes from the vascular bundles to the mesophyll cells. Leaves are broad and flat, and provide a large surface area to the sun. Chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast absorb sunlight. Light dependent reactions occur in the ____ and light independent reactions occur in the ____ of the chloroplast of a typical mesophyll leaf cell. thylakoids, stroma The cells in the ____ layer of the leaf contain the majority of a leaf's chloroplasts. mesophyll

The process of photosynthesis converts solar energy into ____ energy stored in the bonds of glucose. chemical Albino corn has no chlorophyll. You would expect these seedlings to: The energy source in photosynthesis is: visible light Energy is passed around different chlorophyll molecules until it reaches a specific chlorophyll molecule called the: reaction center Where are carotenoid pigments found? in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts The pigments that absorb light energy to drive photosynthesis are: -carotenoids A pigment that absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light is: Which of the following is NOT true of chlorophyll? chlorophyll -chlorophyll fail to thrive

it is found in mitochondria

You are experimenting with different types of lighting for your indoor green plants. Which of the following colors of light will be most effective? red-blue Which statement is TRUE regarding the light-dependent reactions? would shut down without water, the system

The replacement electrons for the reaction center of photosystem II come from: H2O Which sequence accurately reflects the flow of electrons in photosynthesis? >Photosystem I->NADP The ATP and NADPH synthesized during the light dependent reactions are: H2O->Photosystem II-

dissolved in the stroma ATP

What is produced in the electron transport system associated with photosystem II? Light-dependent photosynthetic reactions produce: ATP, NADPH, O2 H2O

Where the O2 released during photosynthesis come from?

During the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into:

chemical energy

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis result in which of the following? phosphorylation of ADP What is the role of water in photosynthesis? to provide electrons H2O

Which of the following is a source of electrons used for reduction reactions by green plants?

According to the chemiosmotic theory, hydrogen ions cross the thylakoid membranes from the stroma by: active transport The energy of the movement of electrons down their concentration gradient via electron transport within chloroplasts and mitochondria is used to generate molecules of: ATP The energy of the movement of electrons down a concentration gradient via electron transport within the thylakoid membrane generates: ATP Which process of photosynthesis is linked to the production of ATP? photosystem II

Suppose you are studying photosynthesis in a research lab. You grow your plants in a chamber with a source of water that has a radioactively labeled oxygen atom. What photosynthetic product will be radioactive? oxygen Glucose synthesis requires which of the following? available products of energy-capturing reactions must be

Which of the following is TRUE about the light-dependent reactions? while photosystem I generates NADPH

photosystem II generates ATP,

Which of the following statements about the light reactions of photosynthesis is FALSE? The proton gradient is used to reduce NADP The NADPH required for carbon dioxide fixation is formed: during the light reactions

The primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis is: to produce energy-rich ATP and NADPH You are carrying out an experiment on an aquatic plant in your fish tank. You decide to expose the plant to varying wavelengths of light to determine which wavelength is best for the light dependent reactions. Which of the following products could you measure to determine what wavelength of light is optimum for the light dependent reactions? oxygen bubbles You are carrying out an experiment on several aquatic plants in your fish tank. You decide to expose 2 of the plants to green light and 2 of the plants to blue light. You want to determine which type of light is best for the light dependent reactions so you decide to measure the amount of oxygen bubbles produced to reach your conclusions. Which of the following results would be expected? There would be more bubbles from the plants in blue light compared to green light.

The photosystems are involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. T/F? true Carbon dioxide is required in the light-dependent reaction. T/F? false The carotenoids and other accessory pigments in the chloroplast help harvest light energy toward the reaction center chlorophyll molecules. T/F? true _____ is the main light-capturing molecule in chloroplasts and is responsible for giving most leaves their charcteristic green color. chlorophyll What is the role of green pigment chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Critical in light-dependent reactions to harness light energy and begin the flow of electrons which in turn creates the proton gradient allowing for chemiosmosis ATP formation which is required for the light-independent reactions. In the process of photosynthesis, ____ and ____ are required from the light dependent reactions to completely reduce carbon dioxide to glucose in the Calvin Cycle. ATP; NADPH During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the synthesis of ____ is coupled to the diffusion of protons. ATP Describe the two major comoponent of a photosystem. What is the function of each? The light harvesting complex absorbs light and passes the energy to a specific chlorophyll molecule called the reaction center. The electron transport system is a series of electron carrier molecules that are responsible for directly donating electrons to the elctron carrier molecule NADP+ and indirectly driving the synthesis of ATP. Light harvesting pigments in the chloroplast include chlorophyll and the accessory pigments,____. carotenoids The ____ is composed of a light-harvesting complex and an electron transport system. photosystem Imagine you are conducting a photosynthesis experiment on a plant in the lab. You block any sunlight from reaching the plant. Explain the specific effect this will have on the light dependent reactions. Light will not be present to hit the chlorophyll and electrons will not be excited. Therefore the light reactions will not occur and no energy will be produced to be used in the dark reactions. In C3 photosynthesis, what fixes the carbon? RuBP

How many molecules of CO2 are fixed to form one molecule of glucose? 6 The term 'cycle' is used to describe the light-independent reactions (Calvin-Benson Cycle) because: the process begins and ends with RuBP Where is glucose synthesized? cytoplasm What is the correct order for the reactions of the Calvin-Benson cycle? carbon fixation, synthesis of G3P, regeneration of RuBP

Which of the following occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?carbon dioxide is converted into sugars All of the following are part of the Calvin-Benson cycle EXCEPT: generation of ATP Suppose the stomata of a typical C3 plant close in the middle of the day. What will occur? of photosynthesis will decrease Which of the following are required for the C3 cycle? -RuBP enzyme -ATP -NADPH Which of the following provides O2 as an end product? light-dependent reaction In the C3 cycle, where does the carbon come from to form glucose? from atmospheric CO2 -CO2 the rate

What happens to CO2, when it moves into the stroma? It becomes a carbohydrate In green plants, the primary function of the Calvin cycle is to: dioxide Glucose is made during which of the following reactions? During photosynthesis when is CO2 utilized? construct simple sugars from carbon

light-independent reactions only

during the light-independent reactions only

ATP is required during which of the following reactions? during the light-independent reactions only Enzymes are required during which of the following reactions? during the light-dependent reactions only Water is required during which of the following reactions? only during the light-dependent reactions

NADPH is synthesized during which of the following reactions? during the light-dependent reactions only You are conducting an experiment to track what happends to the carbons from CO2 molecules used in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis. You add a radioactive tag to the carbons of the CO2 reactants and then collect the products following the reactions. Which products would then be radioactive? glucose Why is no glucose produced if a plant is kept for long periods in the dark, even though the sugar producing reactions are called light-independent? The light-indepedent reactions require ATP and

NADPH produced from the light-dependent reactions to drive the synthesis of glucose in the Calvin cycle reactions. Is glucose a direct product of the Calvin-Benson cycle reactions? No, G3P is the carbohydrate produced and two of these molecules must combine to form one molecule of glucose Which component of the Calvin-Benson cycle is recycled and why is this important for the lightindependent reactions? The RuBP molecule is recycled and this is essential for the cycle nature of the process to be maintained Differentiate the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis from the light-independent reactions: The light-dependent reactions capture solar energy and convert it to energy carrier molecules, ATP and NADPH, while in the light-independent reactions the ATP and NADPH is used to drive the chemical reactions required for the synthesis of glucose. Photosystem II generates____ and Photosystem I generates____, both of which are required by the light-dependent reactions. ATP;NADPH How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions related to one another? The lightdependent reactions produce the ATP and NADPH required to drive the light-dependent reactions which results in the synthesis of sugar(glucose). What happens to the photosynthetic reactions when there is no sunlight present? ATP and NADPH levels from the light dependent reactions become limiting and that in turn can lead to the decrease in sugar production from the light independent reactions. In the reduction of CO2 during C4 photosynthesis, which of the following initially combined with CO2? PEP Where does one expect to find the reactions of a C4 pathway occurring in a plant such as corn? mesophyll cells -bundle-sheath cells In the C4 cycle, what is the source of carbon? carbon dioxide hot and dry

What kind of habitat does a C4 pathway plant favor? Photorespiration is bad for a plant because:

no ATP is produced

Where does the C4 cycle get its name? the first product in the cycle has four carbons If C4 photosynthesis prevents photorespiration, why haven't all plants evolved to use the C4 pathway? C4 is not advantageous in all climates When water supplies are plentiful for the plant: -CO2 uptake will increase

-the stomata remain open C3 plants are adapted to____ conditions, while C4 plants are adapted to____ environmental conditions. wet;dry In C4 photosynthesis, where does the carbon come from to synthesize glucose? from atmospheric CO2 Under dry conditions, a C4 plant is more photosynthetically efficient than a C3 plant. T/F? true

The combination of oxygen with RuBP during the light-independent reactions, rather than carbon dioxide, is called____. photorespiration Some plants, called the____ plants, have evolved a way to reduce photorespiration. During the process of ____, RuBP combines with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. photorespiration In C3 plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplasts of ____cells, but in C4 plants the cycle occurs in the ____ cells. mesophyll; bundle sheath Many plants have evolved leaves that have adjustable pores, called____, which allow for gas exchange and water loss. stomata Why does photorespiration reduce photosynthesis efficiency? Photorespiration doesn't produce any useful cellular energy and it prevents the synthesis of glucose in C3 plants What is photorespiration? Describe how C4 plants have evolved the ability to reduce photorespiration. Photorespiration occurs when RuBP combines with O2 rather than CO2 not allowing the plant to fix carbon and produce glucose. C4 plants use a two stage carbon-fixation pathway where PEP is used instead of RuBP which specifically reacts with CO2 and O2, the CO2 is then shuttled to the bundlesheath cells and creates a high CO2 concentration that favors the regular C3 cycle reactions without competition from O2. The dinosaurs died off from a lack of sunlight. What does this statement imply about the extinction of the dinosaurs? Meteor hit or massive volcano eruptions both would have led to reduced sunlight which would have had an immediate impact on photosynthesis and reducing the food source for herbivores which then limited the food source for the carnivores (chain reaction type event) The two hormones of birth control pills would be ____. estrogen and progesterone After about 4 months into pregnancy, the placenta begins to produce____, and removal of the ovaries has ____ effect on pregnancy. progesterone, a lot The pituitary gland of both males and females produced FSH and LH, but the cell receptors are different. T/F? true Follicles in the ovary rupture to release the egg on/or about____ days in the cycle. 15 C4

In controlling 'mall/bull' fertility, the urethra is ligated/cut to stop sperm from leaving the testes. T/F? false The fertilized egg develops to term in the ____. uterus The characteristic/gene that causes maleness is located on the___? 'Y' chromosome

The tip of the clitoris which has lots of touch responding sensory neurons like its homolog, the penis, would be called the ____. glans clitoris More than one sperm is required to fertilize an egg because the ____ surrounding the egg must be separated. follicle cells Seminal fluid, excluding the sperm, is produced by all except____. vas deferens

Approximately how many sperm probably actually reach the egg for fertilization and what is the sugar sperm use for energy? several hundreds to a thousand, fructose Which hormone stimulates milk production____, and the uterine smooth muscle activity and cause milk release from mammary glands during sucking____? oxytocin, prolactin The sugar fructose in the seminal fluid provides the sperm nutrition, while pH buffers protect the sperm from acids. T/F?true The labia major and minor of females are derived from the same tissue as the supporting tissue of the scrotal sac and penis of males. T/F? true The hormone progesterone inhibits production of ____?LH & FSH Initiation of both egg and sperm production is controlled by___, whereas testosterone production by the interstitial cell of Leydig is controlled by___. FSH & LH The egg must be fertilized in the upper 1/3 of the oviduct because the egg only lives about 24 hrs after ovulation. T/F? true Sperm are no longer ejected after a vasectomy because the ___ is or ligated? vas deferens

Sperm is produced by the seminiferous tubules of the testes, while eggs are produced by the germinal epithelium of the ovaries. T/F? true Both the clitoris and penis become erect because of ____? blood pressure -corpora cavernosa

By filling with blood, which tissues play a major role in the penile erection? -corpora spongiosum

The female hormone that influences female secondary characters (higher voice, less hairiness, less mascular), female behavior, and guides female development in the fetus would be____? estrogen

The so called abortion pill 'RU-486', blocks the action of ____.

progesterone

In females the urogenital opening and canal of the developing fetus becomes the ___ and ____? urethra, vagina The menstrual cycle begins when which hormone starts being produced again? FSH In days it takes about how long for an ovum or egg to travel down the oviduct (fallopian tubes) 3-4 The endometrium or lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy each month by becoming more cellular and vascular under the influence of which two hormones. -estrogen -progesterone The tip of the penis which has lots of touch responding sensory neurons like its homolog the clitoris would be an extension of the____? corpora spongiosum Sperm are stored mostly in____? seminal vesicle

The production of sperm occurs in the____under the influence of ____. seminiferous tubules, FSH In males, the urogenital opening and canal of the developing fetus becomes the___and___. the urethra If the oviduct is ligated/cut, the egg can not be fertilized or reach the uterus/womb. T/F?true In the human ejaculate of 2.5 ml, if there are ___million sperm or less a person is considered sterile. 50 In men when the supply of sperm is adequate which hormone is produced____ to stop more sperm being made? inhibin The egg must be fertilized before ovulation. T/F? false prostate gland only

Which of the following will give males trouble in the future if they live long enough? Two hormones that occur in both males and females would be____. FSH, LH

When pregnancy occurs, the hormone that will keep the corpus luteum functioning is____? chorionic gonadotropin Castration or removal of the testes after puberty will effect___? aggressiveness

human

The initiation of egg formation and development at the beginning of each menstrual cycle is caused by____? estrogen Follicles in the ovary rupture to release the egg, some blood, and there are many follicle cells surrounding the egg. T/F? true

The fertilized egg develops initially deep inside the ___ of the uterus.

endometrium

Some of the anabolic steroids taken by athletes cause a lower production of testosterone. T/F? true In mammals the testes must be descended outside of the body for the sperm to viable. T/F? true

The midpiece of the sperm carries the hyaluronidae while the acrosome contains the mitochondrium. T/F? false The energy used by the sperm to swim up the female system comes primarily from glycolysis. T/F? true If two sperm enter the ovum at the same time, the embryo will develop into a functioning triploid adult. T/F? false The labia major and minor of females are openings that open and lead directly into the uterus. T/F? false In the breasts the milk producing glands are modified sweat glands. T/F?true Sex interest or drive of females is controlled by____? none of these

Sperm is produced by the seminiferous tubules of the testes, whereas eggs are produced by the germinal epithelium of the ovaries. T/F? true The so called abortion pill 'RU-486' blocks the aciton of___. progesterone

In females the urogenital opening and canal of the developing fetus becomes the ____ and ____? urethra, vagina The uterus from outside to inside has which layers___? serosa, myometrium, endometrium The endometrium or lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy each month by becoming more cellular and vascular under the influence of which two hormones? estrogen & progesterone The highest concentration of FSH, LH, and estrogen ____ ovulation, whereas progesterone levels are highest____? before, after Bishop Ussher decided the earth was created 4004 BC, and Buffon proposed the earth was 70,000 years old and that some species might change over time. Who disproved both of these views by using geologic evidence. Lyell and Hutton The two products of primitive cyclic photophosphorylation____,____, but not____? NADPH ATP, O2,

That it requires about 1.4 times as many ATPs to make glucose in photosynthesis than you get back when you use it for energy does not matter because there is so much light energy. T/F? true

The products of the light reactions necessary to drive the Calvin-Benson Dark reactions are ____. ATP,NADPH The light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the ___ of the chloroplast whereas the dark reactions take place in the ____? thylakoids, stroma Many of the cells in the mesophyll of a ___leaf are usually arranged in a ring around the bundle sheath. C-3 In a C4 plant, carbon dioxide is first combined/fixed with a compound called____, which is then converted to____ which next enters the bundle sheath cells. oxaloacetic acid, citric acid Under conditions of high light intensity, intense heat, and dryness, a C-3 plant would ____, and produce only ___ as much glucose. photorespire, 50% The 'first step' in photosynthesis is the ____. light The light reactions of photosynthesis____. energizing of an electron of chlorophyll by a photon

provide the energy required for the dark reactions

In biology a 'limiting factor' is a condition or substance that, by its absence or short supply, limits the rate at which a biological process can proceed. Which one of the following would be most likely to be a limiting factor for photosynthesis? carbon dioxide Which of the following occurs in noncyclic, but not in cyclic photophosphorylation? NADPH The oxygen in our atmosphere is a product of ____. synthesis of

only noncyclic photophosphorylation

In a C-3 plant like an oak tree, most photophosphorylation takes place in ____. the mesophyll cells of the leaves Which of the following compounds is involved in both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis? chlorophyll All of the following take place in both photosynthesis and respiration EXCEPT:____. electrons to carrier molecules transfer of

About ____% of the carbon dioxide released into the air is consumed by the algae in the ocean. 50 The most productive parts of the oceans are located in____. ____light penetrates deepest in the ocean. blue in the surface waters along the shores

With the increasing release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels, the earth should see a/an____in plant growth. increase

It is easy to walk through the forest of tall trees because the high light penetration and abundant moisture reduces growth of weeds, bushes and grasses from growing. T/F? false Most of the fossil fuels come from passed/ancient____. photosynthesis The waxy coating on the surface of a leaf functions ____. Stomata open and close in relation to water conditions. T/F? keeps water from evaporating true

The cells that control the amount of water, CO2, and O2 that enters and leaves the leaf are called____. guard cells At night___ plants fix most of their CO2, while in the hot afternoon___plants fix some CO2 and in the hot afternoon____plants do not fix CO2. CAM, C-4, C-3 Corn arose in the tropics and therefore is a ___ plant that can carry out photosynthesis at lower concentrations of carbon dioxide, whereas trees and bushes are ___plants. C-4, C-3 The P700 chlorophyll will not use wavelengths of light greater than 700nm, while the P680 chlorophyll will not use wavelengths of light greater than 680nm because the higher wave lengths have less energy. T/F? true From six RuBP and 6 carbon dioxides how many glucose____ and PGAL molecules are made? 1, 12

RuBisCO, the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide is absent in Mesophyll of C-4 plants, but not C-3 plants. T/F? true To complete one cycle of the Calvin-Benson cycle and making one glucose requires about how many ATPs equivalents? 54 Carbon dioxide is fixed on PEPA and then is converted to oxaloacetic acid; oxaloacetic acid then moves into the bundle sheath cells where CO2 is released and put on RuBP. T/F? true Shading reduces light and effects NADPH and ATP formation thus increasing plant growth. T/F? false When forests burn, grasses and bushes which were not found growing in the forest, now appear with the trees killed because of ____. more available light Photons are packets of light energy; those with the most energy travel as the longest wavelenths(blueviolet light); shorter wavelengths has less energy(yellow-red light). T/F? false Other colored pigments such as carotenoids and xanthophylls absorb the same wavelengths of light as does chlorophyll. T/F? false Recessive characteristics like hemophilia occur on the___, and therefore show up____. 'x' chromosome, more often in males

Assuming no linkage and independent assortment in the polygenic cross of two parents both A/A B/b, what would be the number of offspring A/A b/b in the F1 generation? 1/4 Mendel's paper on inheritance did not include: prin. of unit of isolation Genetic info flows from___. genes->mRNA->protein->phenotype -new mutations

Genetic variation observed in natural populations arises from___? -migration of individuals in and out of the population -recombination of sex cells -independent assortment of chromosomes

Considering only independent assortment of chromosomes, an animal with 20 pairs of chromosomes could make___different sex cells. 2^20 To determine the genotype of an individual, it must be test crossed with a ___. homozygous recessive individual The physical expression of characteristics are referred to as___, while the genetic makeup is referred to as___. phenotype, genotype Many different genotypes intermediate to their parents, like intelligence & height, would most likely be controlled by___. multiple gene effects A monohybrid cross will usually result in___phenotypes and ____ genotypes if both parents are heterozygous. 2, 3 A mutation in the DNA occurs such that adenine is substituted by guanine. This would be called a ___ mutation. point Which of the following would NOT usually be important in the formation of new species of animals, but would be in plants? polyploidy A gene that has many different copies in a chromosome would be an example of ___, while a loss of a gene would be a ___. duplication, deletion Nature selects___, not____. phenotypes, genotypes

Benjamin Franklin stated 'There is in short, no bound to the prolific nature of plants and animals, but what is made by their crowding and interfering with each others means of subsistence' Franklins views were similar to those of___, but occurred earlier? Malthus In a dihybrid cross where both parents are heterozygous for both characters (EeVgvg X EeVgvg), about how many offspring out of 16 will be homozygous dominant? 1

A,B,&O characters would be an example of ___? multiple allele characters The concept of a non-random/non-representative small sample of a population establishing a new population somewhere else is referred to as___? genetic drift/neutral selection Breeding the F1 offspring back to one of the parents is referred to as____. introgression

The intense selection for average sized snake eggs is an example of ___selection, while selection against medium sized monkeys would be an example of___ selection. stabilizing, disruptive All of the characters that Mendel chose were___,and____. dominant recessive, not linked

If two plants are crossed, one white flowered and the other red flowered, and some of the F1 flowers were pink, this is an example of___. codominance Mendel discovered reduction division when he discovered the Principle of___. segregation Characters that do not show up together are usually____. unlinked characters

The occurrence of large numbers of marsupials and monotremes on Australia and no where else would be best explained by___&___. geographic isolation, continental drift One of the best fossil records of vertebrates is that of the___, which arose in___. america horse, north

Dogs, coyotes, and wolves are isolated from one another by___isolation, while horses and donkeys are isolated by___. behavioral genetic If two different alleles are present in the organism, it is referred to as being___. heterozygous Natural selection operates on populations that usually grow exponentially and are usually limited by ___. -food -predators -disease -shortage of space For severe selection to occur environmental resources must become limiting. T/F? true

During a storm a small flock of sparrows were driven out to sea. The establishment of a new population of birds on an island where none had previously existed is an example of___. founder's effect Nondysjunction of chromosomes occurs in all chromosomes of species, but has little effect on survivors except with the___. sex chromosomes

When the spanish invaded the Americas only a few thousand soldiers were ever in Cuba and Mexico at one time, and the Spanish didn't bring women over to colonize their territories as did the Dutch, French and English. So, breeding by the Spanish soldiers was with millions of native American/Indian women that they did not murder. The migration of Spanish alleles into the Indian population would have had a ___ genetic effect on the native population? little when a few individuals of a species survive a natural catastrophe such as a fire by chance or luck, change in allelic frequencies in surviving population is referred to as having passed through a/an____: evolutionary bottleneck The corn, squash, tomatoes, and many peppers arose in____, while the wheat arose in___. america, africa north

Vestigial characters, like the appendix or poorly formed hind limbs on some snakes, are characters that were in ones ancestors but have now lost their function. T/F? true That glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, meiosis, mitosis, protein synthesis are all similar in all cells suggests: common ancestors to all cells Klinefelder's or Turner's syndrome are examples of ___. aneupolyploids The region of the chromosome occupied by a gene is called a locus. T/F? true A gene is a portion of DNA that resides at a particular locus or site on a chromosome and encodes a protein that is used in a particular function/trait. T/F? true Multiple gene effects would include all but___. A,B,O blood groups Mendel's paper on inheritance did not include___? A recessive allele is one___? prin. of unit isolation

whose effect is masked by a dominant allele

Blood typing is often used as evidence in paternity cases in court. In one case, the mother had blood type B and the child had blood type O. Which of the following blood types could the father NOT have? AB Two little miracles were caused by___? independent assortment of chromosomes The technique used in cloning Dolly, and also possibly cloning a mammoth, is called nuclear transfer technology. T/F? true The correct order of events for introducing genetic info from one kind of sheep into a different kind of sheep would be___? 5,6,1,2,3,4 Because the recipient egg has MRNA and many organelles iin its cytoplasm unfamiliar to the introduced nucleus, the clone may be slightly different from the donor. T/F? true

The resulting genetic changes will be passed on to the patient's offspring only in___? therapy

germline gene

A vector, like a virus, is simply a 'transporter' for the genetic material that allows it to enter the target cell. T/F? true Which of the following allows the vector to penetrate the cell? protein outer protective viral coat The type of cell that a given virus will infect is determined by the ___? coat protein outer protective viral

Who predicted such events as the famine in the 1840s in Ireland where the introduction of a new food source for the Irish allowed their population to soar until along comes the potato blight? Malthus Which of the following individuals read Malthus' paper and also came up with the idea of natural selection, but didn't get much credit for it? Wallace Anaximander, who believed that organisms evolve through time and become different kinds of organisms and Empedocles tried to further the concept of one organism changing into another organism. T/F? true If 5 chondrodystrophic dwarfs are born to normal parents (dd) out of a total of 200,000 babies, what is the mutation rate of the normal allele to the dwarf allele? 1/80,000 Any debate on evolution in ancient Greece died with the rise of Christianity and the decline of science. T/F? true