Answers To Selected Exercises

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Appendix B
Answers to
Selected
Exercises
Section 2-1
2-1.
Let a, b denote a part above, below
the specification, respectively
S {aaa, aab, aba, abb, baa,
bab, bba, bbb}
2-3. Let a denote an acceptable
power supply
Let f, m, c denote a supply with
a functional, minor, or cosmetic
error, respectively.
S {a, f, m, c}
2-5. If only the number of tracks
with errors is of interest, then
S {0, 1, 2, . . . , 24}
2-7. S is the sample space of 100 possible two digit integers.
2-9. S {0, 1, 2, . . . , 1E09} in ppb
2-11. S {1.0, 1.1, 1.2, . . . , 14.0}
2-13. S {0, 1, 2, . . . ,} in milliseconds
2-17. c connect, b busy, S
{c, bc, bbc, bbbc, bbbbc, . . .}
2-21. (a) S nonnegative integers
from 0 to the largest integer
that can be displayed by the
scale S {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
S (c) {12, 13, 14, 15}

{0, 1, 2, . . . , 11}
S
{0, 1, 2, . . . , 7}

(i) {8, 9, 10, . . .}
odddd, odddo, oddod, ododd,

ooddd, ooddo, ooodd, ododo,
(d) A1
oddoo, odood, odooo, oodoo,

ooodo, ooood, oodod, ooood,
2-23. Let d denoted a distorted bit

and let o denote a bit that is not
distorted.
(a) S
ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd,

doddd, odddd, dddoo, ddodo,
doddo, odddo, ddood, dodod,
oddod, doodd, ododd, ooddd,
ddooo, dodoo, ooddo, doood,
ooodd, ododo, oddoo, odood,
doodo, doooo, odooo, oodoo,
ooodo, ooood, oodod, ooooo,
CHAPTER 2
(b) Ais, are not mutually exclusive.

A1 A2 e

f
dddoo, ddodo, ddood, ddooo

doddd, dddoo, ddodo, doddo,
(c) A1
ddood, dodod, doodd, ddooo,

dodoo, doood, doodo, doooo,
(e) A1 A2 A3 A4
{ddddd, ddddo}
(f) 1A1 A2 2 1A3 A4 2
ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd, dddoo,

ddodo, ddood, ddooo, doddd, odddo,
odddd, doddo, ooddd, ooddo
2-25. Let P denote being positive and

let N denote being negative. The
sample space is {PPP, PPN,
PNP, NPP, PNN, NPN, NNP,
NNN}.
(a) A {PPP}
(b) B {NNN}
(c) A B
(d) A B {PPP, NNN}
2-27. (a) A B 10, B 10,
A B 94
2-29. (a) A 5x 0 x 72.56
(b) B 5x 0 x 52.56
(c) A B 5x 0 52.5 x
72.5}
(d) A B 5x 0 x 06
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APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES
2-31. Let g denote a good board, m a

board with minor defects, and j
a board with major defects.
(a) S {gg, gm, gj, mg, mm,
mj, jg, jm, jj}
(b) S {gg, gm, gj, mg, mm,
mj, jg, jm}
2-34. 1024
2-35. 150
2-37. 192
2-39. 14,400
2-41. (a) 416,965,528
(b) 113,588,800
(c) 130,721,752
2-43. (a) 28 (b) 20160
(c) 720
2-45. (a) 1000 (b) 160 (c) 720
2-47. (a) 0.416 (b) 0.712
(c) 0.206
2-49. 0.01282
Section 2-2
2-55. (a) 0.5; (b) 0.7; (c) 0.5, (d) 1;
(e) 0.2
2-57. (a) 110 (b) 610
2-59. (a) S {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(b) 28 (c) 68
2-61. (a) 0.85 (b) 0.85
2-63. (1103)*(1263) 5.7 10 8
2-65. (a) 4
4 3
4 3 3 52
(b) 3652 (c) No
2-67. (a) 0.30 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.70
(d) 0.2 (e) 0.85 (f ) 0.9
Section 2-3
2-75. (a) 0.3 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.7
(d) 0.2 (e) 0.85 (f) 0.9
2-77. (a) 0.70 (b) 0.95 (c) No
2-79. (a) 350370 (b) 362370
(c) 358370 (d) 345370
2-81. (a) 13130 (b) 0.90, No
Section 2-4
2-87. (a) 0.85 (b) 0.8
(c) 78 (d) 0.82
2-89. (a) 0.903 (b) 0.591
2-91. (a) 12100 (b) 1228
(c) 34122
2-93. (a) 0.5625 (b) 0.1918
(c) 0.3333
2-95. (a) 0.0606, (b) 0.25
(c) 25100
(d) 24/99
2-97. (a) 0.023 (b) 6.243 10 4
(c) 0.947
Section 2-5
2-105. (a) 0.2 (b) 0.3
2-107. 0.024
2-109. 0.032
2-111. (a) 0.2376 (b) 0.0078
2-113. (a) 0.2 (b) 0.2
Section 2-6
2-125. (a) not independent. (b) yes
2-129. (a) 0.59 (b) 0.328
(c) 0.41
2-131. (a) 0.01 (b) 0.49 (c) 0.9
2-135. (a) 0.00003 (b) 0.00024
(c) 0.00107
2-137. 0.9702
Section 2-7
2-143. 0.921
2-145. (a) 0.97638 (b) 0.20755
2-147. (a) 0.615 (b) 0.618
(c) 0.052
2-149. (a) 0.9847 (b) 0.1184
Supplemental Exercises
2-155. 0.014
2-157. (a) 0.73 (b) 0.90 (c) 0.27
(d) 0.70 (e) 0.93 (f ) 0.97
2-161. (a) 0.2 (b) 0.202
(c) 0.638 (d) 0.2
2-163. (a) 0.02 (b) 0.98 (c) 0.5
(d) 0.04 (e) 0.01 (f ) 0.01
(g) 0.0492
2-165. (a) 0.18143 (b) 0.005976
(c) 0.86494
2-167. 0.000064
2-169. (a) 50 (b) 37 (c) 93
2-173. (a) 0.24 (b) 0.1667 (c) 0.95
(d) 0.7583 (e) 0.146
2-175. (a) No (b) No
(c) 40240 (d) 200240
(e) 234240 (f ) 1
2-177. (a) 0.282 (b) 0.718
2-179. 0.996
2-181. (a) 0.0037 (b) 0.8108
2-183. (a) 0.049 (b) 0.00095
(c) 0.95
2-185. (a) 0.9764 (b) 0.3159
2-187. (a) 0.207 (b) 0.625
(c) 0.60
2-189. (a) 0.453 (b) 0.27
(c) 0.881 (d) 0.547
(e) 0.809 (f ) 0.694
2-191. 1.58 10 7
2-193. (a)
(c)
2-195. (a)
(c)
2-197. (a)
(b)
(c)
0.67336 (b) 2.646 10 8

0.99973
367 (b) 70(266)
100(265)
0.994, 0.995
0.99, 0.985
0.998, 0.9975
Mind-Expanding Exercises
2-199. (a) n 3 (b) n 3
2-201. 0.306, 0.694
CHAPTER 3
Section 3-1
3-1. {0, 1, 2, . . . , 2000}
3-3. {0, 1, 2, . . . , 99999}
3-5. {1, 2, . . . , 591}
3-7. {0, 1, 2, . . .}
3-9. {0, 1, 2, . . . , 20}
3-11. {0, 1, 2, . . . , 10000}
3-13. {0, 1, 2, . . . , 50000}
Section 3-2
3-15. (a) 78 (b) 78 (c) 34
(d) 12
3-17. (a) 725 (b) 425
(c) 1225 (d) 1
3-19. f(0) 0.033, f(1) 0.364,
f(2) 0.603
3-21. P(X 0) 0.027,
P(X 1) 0.189,
P(X 2) 0.441,
P(X 3) 0.343,
3-23. P(X 50) 0.5,
P(X 25) 0.3,
P(X 10) 0.2
3-25. P(X 15) 0.6,
P(X 5) 0.3,
P(X 0.5) = 0.1
3-27. P(X 0) 0.00001,
P(X 1) 0.00167,
P(X 2) 0.07663,
P(X 3) 0.92169
Section 3-3
3-33. (a) 78 (b) 1
(d) 38
0,
0.008,
3-35. F1x2 0.104,
0.488,
1,
(c) 34
x0
0x1
1x2
2x3
3x
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APPENDIX B
where fx (0) 0.008,

fx (1) 0.096,
fx (2) 0.384,
fx (3) 0.512
0,
x 10
0.2, 10 x 25
3-37. F1x2
0.5, 25 x 50
50 x
1,
where P(X = 50 million) = 0.5,
P(X = 25 million) = 0.3,
P(X = 10 million) = 0.2
3-39. (a) 1 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.5
(d) 0
3-41. (a) 1 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.25
(d) 0.25 (e) 0 (f) 0
Section 3-4
3-47. 3, 2 2
3-49. 0, 2 1.5
3-51. 2.8, 2 1.36
3-53. 1.57, 2 0.311
3-55. 20
3-57. 0.0008, 2 7.9982 10 4
3-59. (a) 18.694,
2 735.9644,
27.1287
(b) 37.172,
2 2947.996,
54.2955
Section 3-5
3-55. 300, 2 6666.67
3-65. 3, 2 0.2
3-69. (a) 687.5, 2 56.25
(b) 87.5, 2 56.25
3-71. E(X ) 2.5, E(Y ) 12.5,
Y 8.54
Section 3-6
3-77. (a) 0.9298 (b) 0
(c) 0.0015 (d) 0.0016
3-79. (a) 2.40 10 8
(b) 0.999998
(c) 9.91 10 18
(d) 1.138 10 4
3-81. (a) 0 (b) 10
3-85. (a) 0.1172 (b) 0.9990 (c) 5
3-87. (a) 0.410 (b) 0.218 (c) 0.37
3-89. (a) 1 (b) 0.999997
(c) E(X ) 12.244,
V(X ) 2.179
3-91. (a) Binomial, p 104369,
n 1E09 (b) 0
(c) E(X ) 4593.9,

V(X ) 4593.9
3-93. (a) 0.8479 (b) 0.7619
Section 3-7
3-99. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.0625
(c) 0.0039 (d) 0.9375
(e) 0.0625
3-101. (a) 5 (b) 5
3-103. (a) 0.0189 (b) 0.9999
(c) 0.027
3-105. (a) 0.0228 (b) 0.8587
(c) 33.33
3-107. (a) 0.13 (b) 0.098
(c) 7.69 8
3-109. (a) 3.91 10 19
(b) 200 (c) 2.56 1018
3-111. (a) 3 108
(b) 3 1016
Section 3-8
3-117. (a) 0.4201 (b) 0
(c) 0.005148
(d) E(X ) 1, V(X ) 0.7677
3-121. (a) 0.1202 (b) 0.8522
3-123. (a) 0.087 (b) 0.9934
(c) 0.297 (d) 0.9998
3-125. (a) 0.7798 (b) 0.0378
(c) 0.2811
Section 3-9
3-129. (a) 0.0183 (b) 0.2381
(c) 0.1954 (d) 0.0298
3-131. E(X ) V(X ) 2.996.
3-133. (a) 0.264 (b) 48
3-135. (a) 0.4566 (b) 0.047
3-137. (a) 0.2 (b) 99.89%
3-139. (a) 0.6065 (b) 0.0067
(c) P(W 0) 0.0067,
P(W 1) 0.0437,
P(W 1) 0.0504
3-143. E(X ) 14, V(X ) 0.0104
3-145. (a) n 50, p 0.1 (b) 0.112
(c) P(X 49) 4.51 10 48
3-147. (a) 0.0305 10 3 (b) 0.5642
(c) 0.2443
3-149. (a) 0.1024 (b) 0.1074
3-151. (a) 3000 (b) 1731.18
3-153. (a) P(X 0) 0.0498
(b) 0.5768
(c) P(X x) 0.9, x 5
(d) 2 6. Not appropriate.
3-155.
3-157.
3-159.
3-161.
3-163.
3-165.
3-167.
3-169.
3-171.
3-173.
3-175.
733
(a) 0.1877 (b) 0.4148 (c) 15

(a) 0.0110 (b) 83
40000
0.1330
(a) 500 (b) 222.49
0.1
fX (0) 0.16, fX (1) 0.19,
fX (2) 0.20, fX (3) 0.31,
fX (4) 0.14
fx (2) 0.2, fx(5.7) 0.3,
fx (6.5) 0.3, fx(8.5) 0.2
(a) 0.0433 (b) 3.58
(a) fX (0) 0.2359,
fX (1) 0.3968,
fX (2) 0.2646,
fX (3) 0.0874,
fX (4) 0.01431,
fX (5) 0.00093
(b) fX (0) 0.0549,
fX (1) 0.1868,
fX (2) 0.2833,
fX (3) 0.2524,
fX (4) 0.1462,
fX (5) 0.0576,
fX (6) 0.0156,
fX (7) 0.0029,
fX (8) 0.0003,
fX (9) 0.00002,
fX (10) 0.0000008
37.8 seconds
CHAPTER 4
Section 4-2
4-1. (a) 0.1353 (b) 0.1286 (c) 0
(d) 0.9997 (e) 0.0025
4-5. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.9107
(c) 0.6429 (d) 0.8036
(e) 0.5714
4-7. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.4375 (c) 0.125
(d) 0 (e) 1 (f ) 0.9655
4-9. (a) 0.625 (b) 31.14
4-11. (a) 0.1
Section 4-3
4-13. (a) 0.84 (b) 0.55 (c) 0
(d) 0
F(x) 0 for x 0; 0.25x2 for
0 x 2; 1 for 2 x
4-15. F(x) 0 for x 0; 1 e 2x
for x 0
4-17. F(x) 0 for x 4; 1 e (x 4)
for x 0
4-19. 0.2
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Page 734
4-25. f (x) 0.25 for 0 x 4;

f(x) 0.04 for 4 x 9
Section 4-4
4-27. E(X ) 2.4, V(X ) 1.792
4-29. E(X ) 0, V(X ) 0.6
4-33. E(X ) 2
4-35. (a) E(X ) 109.39, V(X ) 33.19
(b) 54.70
4-37. (a) E(X ) 5.1, V(X ) 0.01
(b) 0.3679
Section 4-5
4-39. (a) E(X) 0, V(X) 0.577
(b) 0.90 (c) F(x) 0
for x 1; 0.5x
0.5
for 1 x 1; 1 for
1x
4-41. (a) F(x) 0 for x 0.90;
6.67x 6 for 0.90 x
1.05; 1 for 1.05 x
(b) 0.2 (c) 0.915
(d) E(X) 0.975
V(X) 0.00188
4-43. (a) F(x) 0 for x 0.2050;
100x 20.50 for 0.2050
x 0.2150; 1 for 0.21.50 x
(b) 0.25 (c) 0.2140
(d) E(X) 0.2100, V(X)
8.33 10 6
4-45. (a) F(X ) x90 for 0 x
90
(b) E(X) 45, V(X ) 675
(c) 0.667 (d) 0.333
Section 4-6
4-49. (a) 0.90658 (b) 0.97725
(c) 0.07353 (d) 0.98422
(e) 0.95116
4-51. (a) 0.90 (b) 0.5 (c) 1.28
(d) 1.28 (e) 1.33
4-53. (a) 0.841345 (b) 0.69146
(c) 0.9545 (d) 0.00132
(e) 0.15866
4-55. (a) 0.93319 (b) 0.89435
(c) 0.38292 (d) 0.80128
(e) 0.54674
4-57. (a) 0.99379 (b) 0.13591
(c) 5835
4-59. (a) 0.0228 (b) 0.019
(c) 152.028
(d) small (less than 5%)
4-61. (a) 0.4286 (b) 0.6997
(c) 0.6704
4-63. (a) 380.45 (b) 371.18

4-65. (a) 0.00621 (b) 0.308538
(c) 133.33
4-67. (a) 0.1587 (b) 1.3936
(c) 0.9973
4-69. (a) 0.00043 (b) 6016
(c) 18
4-71. (a) 0.0918 (b) 0.0065
(c) 0.3237
Section 4-7
4-77. (a) 0.0708 (b) 0.8584
(c) 0.0614
4-67. (a) 0.1908 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.3829
4-81. (a) 0.2743 (b) 0.8417
4-83. 0.022
4-73. 0.498
4-87. (a) 0 (b) 0.156 (c) 10,233
(d) 8.1 days/year (e) 0.0071
Section 4-8
4-91. (a) 0.3679 (b) 0.1353
(c) 0.9502
(d) 0.95, x 29.96
4-93. (a) 0.3679 (b) 0.2835
(c) 0.1170
4-95. (a) 0.1353 (b) 0.4866
(c) 0.2031 (d) 34.54
4-97. (a) 0.0183 (b) 0.9392
4-99. (a) 0.0025 (b) 0.6321
(c) 18.97 (d) same as part (c)
(e) 6.93
4-101. (a) 15.625 (b) 0.1629
(c) 3 10 6
4-103. (a) 0.2212 (b) 0.2865
(c) 0.2212 (d) 0.9179
(e) 0.2337
4-105. (a) 0.3528 (b) 0.04979
(c) 39.12 (d) 6.14 10 6
(e) e 12 (f ) same
4-107. (a) 0.3679 (b) 0.1353
(c) 0.0498
(d) not depend on
Section 4-9
4-111. (a) 720 (b) 1.32934
(c) 11.6317
4-113. (a) Erlang 5 calls/min,
r 10 (b) E(X) 2,
V(X) 0.4
(c) 0.2 minute (d) 0.1755
(e) 0.2643
4-115. (a) 50000 (b) 0.6767
4-117. (a) 5 105 (b) V(X)

5 1010, 223607
(c) 0.0803
4-119. (a) 0.1429 (b) 0.1847
Section 4-10
4-125. E(X) 12000, V(X)
3.61 1010
4-127. 1000
4-129. (a) 826.35 hours
(b) 35821.32 (c) 0.0515
4-131. (a) 443.11 (b) 53650.5
(c) 0.2212
Section 4-11
4-139. (a) 0.0016 (b) 0.0029
(c) E(X) 12.1825, V(X)
1202455.87
4-141. (a) 0.03593 (b) 1.65
(c) 2.7183
12.6965
4-143. (a) 8.4056, 2 1.6094
(b) 0.2643 (c) 881.65
4-155. (a) 0.99379 (b) 0.621%
4-157. (a) 0.15866 (b) 90.3
(c) 0.9973 (d) (0.9973)10
(e) 9.973
4-159. (a) 0.0217 (b) 0.9566
(c) 229.5
4-161. 0.8488
4-163. (a) 620.4 (b) 105154.9
(c) 0.4559
4-165. (a) 0.125 (b) 0.875
(c) 0.375
(d) F(x) 0 for x 4;
x28 x
2 for 4 x
8; 1 for 8 x
(e) E(X) 403, V(X) 90.66
4-167. (a) 0.3935 (b) 0.9933
4-169. (a) 3.43, 2 0.96
(b) 0.946301
4-171. (a) 0.7580 (b) 0.673
(c) 1.96
4-173. (a) 0.0062 (b) 0.012
(c) 5.33
4-175. 0.0022 to 0.0078
4-177. (a) 0.5633 (b) 737.5
4-179. (a) 0.999936 (b) 0.9983
4-183. (a) k2 (b) k2
k( m)2
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APPENDIX B
CHAPTER 5
Section 5-1
5-1. (a) 38 (b) 58 (c) 38
(d) 18
(e) V(X) 0.4961 V(Y)
1.8594
(f ) f(1) 14, f(1.5) 38,
f(2.5) 14, f(3) 18
(g) f(4) 1
(h) 1 (i) 2 13
( j) Not independent
5-3. (a) 38 (b) 38 (c) 78
(d) 58 (e) V(X) 0.4219
V(Y) 1.6875
(f ) f( 1) 18, f( 0.5) 14,
f(0.5) 12, f(1) 18
(g) 1 (h) 1 (i) 0.5
(j) Not independent
5-5. (b) f X (0) 0.970299,
f X (1) 0.029403,
f X (2) 0.000297,
f X (3) 0.000001
(c) 0.03 (d) f(0) 0.920824,
f(1) 0.077543, f(2)
0.001632
(e) 0.080807
(g) Not independent
5-7. (b) f(0) 1.296 10 9,
f(1) 8.59 10 7,
f(2) 2.134 10 4,
f(3) 0.0236, f(4)
0.9762
(c) 3.976 (d) equals f( y)
(e) 3.988 (f ) 0.0120
(g) Independent
5-9. (b) f X (0) 0.2511,
f X (1) 0.0405,
f X (2) 0.0063,
f X (3) 0.0009,
f X (4) 0.0001
(c) 0.0562
(d) f Y|3(0) 23, f Y|3(1) 13,
f Y|3(2) f Y|3(3) f Y|3(4) 0
(e) 0.3333 (f ) 0.0741
(g) Not independent
5-11. (c) 0.308 (d) 5.7
5-13. (a) 0.4444 (b) 0.6944
(c) 0.5833 (d) 0.3733
(e) 2 (f ) 0
(g) fX(x) 2x9; 0 x 3
(h) f Y|1.5(y) 2y9; 0 y 3
(i) 2 (j) 49
(k) f X|2(x) 2x9; 0 x 3
5-15. (a) 181 (b) 527

(c) 0.01235 (d) 1681
(e) 125 (f ) 85
(g) f (x) 4x381; 0 x 3
(h) f Y|X1(y) 2y; 0 y 1
( i) 1 ( j) 0
(k) f X |Y2(x) 2x9; 0 x 3
5-17. (a) 0.9879 (b) 0.0067
(c) 0.000308 (d) 0.9939
(e) 0.04 (f) 815
(g) f (x) 5e 5x; x 0
(h) f Y|X1(y) 3e3 3y; 1 y
(i) 43
(j) 0.9502, f Y (2) 15e 62;
0y
(k) fX|Y2(y) 2e 2x; 0 x 2
5-19. (a) 130 (b) 112 (c) 199
(d) 9745 (g) 1 (h) 0.25
5-21. (a) P(X 5, Y 5) 0.0439,
P(X 10, Y 10) 0.0019
(b) 0.0655
5-23. (a) 0.3125 (b) 0.0781 (c) 1
(d) 1 (e) 0.833 (f ) 0.25
(g) 0.0625
(h) fX|YZ(y, z) 2x; 0 x 1
(i) 0.25
5-25. (a) 0.75 (b) 34
(c) 0.875 (d) 0.25
(g) 1 for x 0
5-27. (a) 0.032 (b) 0.9684
Section 5-2
5-29. 0.6737
5-31. c 136, 0.0435
5-33. 0.5, negative
5-35. c 881, 0.4924
5-37. XY XY 0
5-39. XY XY 0
Section 5-3
5-47. (a) 0.7887
(c) 0.0044
5-49. 0.8270
(b) 0.00621
Section 5-4
5-55. (a) 18 (b) 81 (c) 0.5
(d) 0.8665
5-57. (a) E(T) 4, T 0.1414
5-59. (a) 0 (b) 1
5-61. E(X) 1290, V(X) 19600
5-63. (a) 0.002 (b) n 6
(c) 0.9612
5-65. (a) 0.0027 (b) No (c) 0
735
Section 5-5
5-67. fY (y) 14; y 5, 8, 11, 14
5-69. (b) 13.5
5-75. (a) 38 (b) 34 (c) 34
(d) 38
(e) E(X ) 78, V(X ) 3964,
E(Y ) 78, V(Y ) 3964
(h) 23 ( i) Not independent
( j) 0.7949
5-77. (a) 0.0422 ( b) Z~Bin(20, 0.15)
(c) 3 (d) 0.5951
(e) Z|X~Bin(4, 0.25)
(f ) 1.5 ( g) Not independent
5-79. (a) 1108 (b) 0.5787
(c) 34 (d) 0.2199
(e) 94 (f ) 43
5-81. 34
5-83. (a) 0.053 ( b) Z~Bin(10, 0.3)
(c) 3
5-85. (a) 0.499 (b) 0.5
5-87. (a) 0.026 (b) 0.026
5-91. (a) E(T) 1.5, V(T) 0.078
(b) 0.0367
(c) E(P) 4, V(P) 0.568
CHAPTER 6
Section 6-1
6-7. x 74.0046, s 0.00461
6-9. x 7068.1, s 226.5
6-11. x 43.975, s 12.294
6-13. 5.44
6-15. x1 287.89, s1 160.154
x2 325.01, s2 121.20
6-17. x 7.188, s 0.0198
6-19. (a) x 65.86, s 12.16
(b) x 66.86, s 10.74
Section 6-2
6-23. ~x 1436.5, lower quartile:
Q1 1097.8, and upper
quartile: Q3 1735.0
6-25. ~x 89.250, lower quartile:
Q1 86.100, and upper
quartile: Q3 93.125
6-27. median: ~x 1436.5, mode:
1102, 1315, and 1750, mean:
x 1403.7
6-31. 95th percentile 5481
6-33. x 234.2, s 12.07,
~x 234.0, and 90th percentile
250.0
736
6-35.
8/30/10
4:26 PM
Page 736
x 89.45, s 2.92, ~x 90,

and proportion 1440 35%
Section 6-4
6-53. (a) x 2.426, s2 0.271,
and s 0.5201
6-55. (a) x 511.91, s2 18.75,
and s 4.33
(b) ~x 512
6-57. (a) ~x 67.50, lower quartile:
Q1 58.50, and upper
quartile: Q3 75.00
(b) ~x 68.00, lower quartile:
Q1 60.00, and upper
quartile: Q3 75.00
6-87. (a) Sample 1 Range 4
Sample 2 Range 4
(b) Sample 1: s 1.604
Sample 2: s 1.852
6-93. (b) x 9.425, s 4.5285
6-105. s2 (old) 50.61, s2 (new)
5061.1
6-109. y 431.89, s2y 34.028
6-111. ~x 71.5
CHAPTER 7
Section 7-2
7-3. 0.9392
7-5. 0.3121
7-7. 0.188
7-9. n 12
7-11. 0.2312
7-13. (a) 0.5885
7-15. 0.983
(b) 0.1759
Section 7-3
7-21. V1 1 2 2 7 is smallest
7-27. Bias 2n
7-29. (a) 423.33 (b) 9.08
(c) 1.85 (d) 424
(e) 0.2917
7-33. (d) 0.01 (e) 0.0413
Section 7-4
7-35. x
7-39. unbiased
7-41. (a) xi2 12n2
(b) same as part (a)
7-47. (b) 0(m

x
1)(m
0
1)
7-49. (a) 2.288 (b) 2.29
7-55. 0.8664
7-57. 5.6569
7-59. n 100
7-61. x3
CHAPTER 8
Section 8-1
8-1. (a) 98.76% (b) 98.72%
(c) 93.56%
8-3. (a) 1.29 (b) 1.65 (c) 2.33
8-7. (a) 4 (b) 7
8-9. (a) Longer (b) No (c) Yes
8-11. [87.85, 93.11]
8-13. (a) [74.0353, 74.0367]
(b) [74.0354 x)
8-15. (a) [22276.65, 22523.35]
(b) [22237.64, 22562.36]
8-17. 267
8-19. 22
8-21. (a) [13.383, 14.157]
(b) [13.521, ) (c) 1 (d) 2
Section 8-2
8-23. (a) 2.131 (b) 2.064
(c) 3.012 (d) 4.073
8-27. [58197.33, 62082.07]
8-29. [29.794, 30.206]
8-31. ( , 125.312]
8-33. [443.520, 528.080]
8-35. [301.06, 333.34]
8-37. (b) [2237.3, 2282.5]
(c) [2241.4, )
8-39. (b) [4.051, 4.575]
(c) [4.099, )
8-41. (b) [2.813, 2.991]
Section 8-3
8-45. [0.00003075, )
8-47. [0.31, 0.46]
8-49. [0.626, 1.926]
Section 8-4
8-53. (a) [0.02164, 0.06408]
(b) [ , 0.06072]
8-55. (a) [0.501, 0.571]
(b) [0.506, )
8-57. (a) [0.225, 0.575] (b) 2305
(c) 2401
8-59. 666
Section 8-6
8-61. [52131.1, 68148.3]
8-63. [28.9476, 31.0524]
8-65. [292.049, 679.551]
8-67. [263.7, 370.7]
8-69. [2193.5, 2326.5]
8-71. 90% PI [2.71, 3.09]
90% CI [2.85, 2.95]
99% CI [2.81, 2.99]
8-73. [49555.54, 70723.86]
8-75. [1.06, 1.14]
8-77. TI [237.18, 734.42]
CI [443.42, 528.08]
8-79. TI [247.60, 386.60]
CI [301.06, 333.34]
8-81. TI [2.49, 3.31]
CI [2.84, 2.96]
8-85. (a) 0.0997 and 0.064
(b) 0.044 and 0.014
(c) 0.0051 and 0.001
8-87. (a) Normally distributed
(b) [16.99, )
(c) [16.99, 33.25]
(d) ( , 343.74]
(e) [28.23, 343.74]
(f ) 16.91 29.09
15.85 2 192.97
(g) mean: [16.88, 33.12],
variance: [28.16, 342.94]
8-89. (a) [13.089, 17.571]
(b) [13.24, 17.42]
8-91. (a) Yes
(b) [197.84, 208.56]
(c) [185.41, 220.99]
(d) [171.21, 235.19]
8-93. [0.0956, )
8-95. (a) Yes
(b) [1.501, 1.557]
(c) [1370, 1.688]
(d) [1.339, 1.719]
8-97. (a) [0.0004505, 0.009549]
(b) 518
(c) 26002
8-99. (a) Normally distributed
(c) [18.478, 26.982]
(e) [19.565, 123.289]
8-101. (b) [28.62, 101.98]
8-103. (a) 46 (b) [10.19, 10.41],
p 0.6004
8-105. 950 of CIs and 0.9963
8/30/10
4:26 PM
Page 737
APPENDIX B
CHAPTER 9
Section 9-1
9-1. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No
(d) No (e) No
9-3. (a) H0: 25nm
H1: 25nm (b) No
9-5. (a) 0.02275.
(b) 0.15866
(c) 0.5
9-7. (a) 11.479 Xc 11.48
(b) 11.63 Xc 11.63
(c) 11.7395 Xc 11.74
(d) 11.8155 Xc 11.816
9-9. (a) P-value 0.00135
(b) P-value 0.000034
(c) P-value 0.158655
9-11. (a) 0.09296
(b) 0.04648
(c) 0.00005
9-13. (a) 0.005543
(b) 0.082264
(c) As n increases, decreases
9-15. (a) 0.06057 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.06057.
9-17. (a) 189.67
(b) 185.93
(c) 186.6
(d) 183.2
9-19. (a) P-value 0.2148
(b) P-value 0.008894
(c) P-value 0.785236
9-21. (a) 0.0164
(b) 1 0.21186
(c) will increase and the
power will increase with
increased sample size.
9-23. (a) P-value 0.0238
(b) P-value 0.0007
(c) P-value 0.2585
9-25. (a) 0.26615
(b) 0.12513
9-27. (a) 0
(b) 0.99506
Section 9-2
9-29. (a) H0 : 10, H1 : 10
(b) H0 : 7, H1 : 7
(c) H0 : 5, H1 : 5
9-31. (a) a z 2.33
(b) a z 1.64
(c) a z 1.29
9-33. (a) P-value 0.04
(b) P-value 0.066
(c) P-value 0.69
9-35. (a)
(b)
(c)
9-41. (a)
(b)
(c)
9-43. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9-45. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
9-47. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
P-value 0.98
P-value 0.03
P-value 0.65
z0 0.95 1.96, do
not reject H0
0.80939
n 16
z0 1.79 1.65 reject H0
P-value 0.1038
0.000325
n 1 (e) 39.85
z0 1.56 1.65, do not
reject H0
P-value 0.94
Power 0.97062
n5
104.53
z0 1.77 1.65, reject H0
P-value 0.04
Power 1
n2
4.003
Section 9-3
9-49. (a) critical value 2.567
(b) critical value 1.761
(c) critical value 1.350
9-51. (a) 0.05 p 0.1
(b) 0.05 p 0.1
(c) 0.5 p 0.8
9-53. (a) 0.95 p 0.975
(b) 0.025 p 0.05
(c) 0.6 p 0.75
9-59. (a) 0 t0 0 3.48 2.064
reject; H0 P-value 0.002
(b) Yes
(c) power 1
(d) n 20
(e) 98.065 98.463
9-61. (a) 0 t0 0 0.716 2.064,
do not reject H0;
0.1 P-value 0.2.
(b) Yes
(c) power 0.70
(d) n 100
(e) 129.453 130.265
9-63. (a) 0 t0 0 1.55 2.861,
do not reject H0;
0.10 P-value 0.20
(b) Yes, see normal probability
plot
(c) power 0.30
(d) n 40
(e) 1.9 4.62
737
9-65. (a) t0 0.15 1.753.,

do not reject H0;
P-value 0.40.
(b) n 4. Yes
9-67. t0 3.46 1.833, reject H0
0.0025 P-value 0.005
9-69. (a) t0 29.66 1.6604,
do not reject H0;
P-value 0.9995
(b) Yes
(c) power 1
(d) n 15
Section 9-4
9-71. (a) critical values 5.70 and 35.72
(b) critical values 5.63 and 26.12
(c) critical values 5.89 and 22.36
9-65. (a) 21 ,n 1 7.63
(b) 21 ,n 1 6.57
(c) 21 ,n 1 10.09
9-67. (a) 0.5 P-value 0.9
(b) 0.5 P-value 0.9
(c) 0.005 P-value 0.01
9-69. (a) 20 0.27 30.14, do not
reject H0; P-value 0.995
(b) 0.07
9-79. (a) 20 109.52 71.42,
(b) 0.31 0.46
9-81. (a) 20 15.785 10.12,
do not reject H0;
0.1 P-value 0.5
(b) 5898
9-83. (a) 20 11.52 19.02, do not
reject H0; 0.2 P-value
(b) n 30
(c) 10.90 2 76.80
Section 9-5
9-87. (a) z0 1.197 1.65,
do not reject H0;
P-value 0.115
(b) p 0.0294
9-89. (a) z0 2.06 1.65, reject
H0; P-value 0.0196
(b) 0.7969 p
9-91. (a) z0 0.94 2.33 do not
(b) 0.035 p
9-93. z0 1.162 2.33 do not
reject H0
9-95. (a) z0 0.54 1.65, do not
(b) 0.639, n 118
738
8/30/10
4:27 PM
Section 9-7
9-97. (a) 20 6.955 15.09
do not reject H0
(b) P-value 0.2237
(from Minitab)
9-99. (a) 20 10.39 7.81
reject H0
(b) P-value 0.0155
9-101. (a) 20 769.57 36.42,
reject H0
(b) P-value 0
Section 9-8
9-103. 20 20.05,6, do not reject H0;
P-value 0.070
(from Minitab)
9-105. 20 20.01,9 reject H0;
P-value 0.002
9-107. 20 20.01,3, do not reject H0;
P-value 0.0021.
9-109. (a) 20 20.05,1
(b) P-value 0.005
9-124. (a) 60, Normal, p,
(b) 90, Normal, p,
p11 p2
60
p11 p2
(c) 110, Normal, p,
9-126.
9-128.
9-130.
9-132.
Page 738
90
p11 p2
110
(d) As the sample size increases,
the variance of the sampling
distribution decreases.
(a) 0.39
(a) 0.057
(a) 0.0012
(d) , decreases as the sample
size increases; larger n
(a) 0.0823
power 1 0.9177
(a) 0.00042
power 1 0.9996
(c) 0
power 1 1
(d) decreases power increases
(a) Place what we are trying
to demonstrate in the
alternative hypothesis.
(b) 0.05 P-value 0.10
(a) 20 0.78 1.24, do not
reject H0
(b) 0.00001 could have occured

as a result of sampling
variation.
9-134. (a) 20 17.929 14.07 reject
H0
(b) P-value 0.0123
9-136. (a) 20.05,5, reject the hypothesis
that date are manually
distributed
9-138. (a) z0 7.23 1.65,
reject H0
(b) P-value 0
(c) 20 12 0.5,5 11.07
reject the hypothesis that
date are manually distributed
9-140. (b) t0 1.608 2.093, do not
reject H0
(c) 0.1 P-value 0.2
(d) 2.270 4.260
9-144. (a) 2.6 20 10.53 26.76
do not reject H0
(b) 0.2 P-value
(c) 0.236 2 2.43
9-146. t0 0.47 2.228, do not
reject H0
0.5 P-value 0.8
n should be at least 50.
0.1
0.1 P-value 0.5, do not
reject H0
(b) 0.01 P-value 0.025,
reject H0
(b)
(c)
(d)
9-148. (a)
9-152. (a) z0 2.93 1.65, do not
reject H0
(c) 254.06,
z 3.21 1.65,
reject H0
CHAPTER 10
Section 10-1
10-1. (a) 1.96 z0 0.9 1.96,
do not reject H0;
P-value 0.368
(b) 9.79 1 2 3.59
(c) Power 0.14
(d) n1 n2 181
10-3. (a) z0 0.937 2.325,
do not reject H0;
P-value 0.1736
1 2 4.74
Power 0.04
Use n1 n2 339
z0 6.67 1.645, do
not reject H0; P-value 1
(b) 1 2 45.07
(c) Power 1
(d) The sample size is adequate
10-7. (a) z0 7.25 1.645
reject H0; P-value 0
(b) 3.684 1 2
2.116
(c) n1 n2 11
10-9. (a) 5.83 1 2
0.57; P-value 0.0173
(b) Yes
(c) Power 0.9616;
(d) Normal
(b)
(c)
(d)
10-5. (a)
Section 10-2
10-13. (a) t0 0.85 1.701
0.1 P-value 0.25
(b) 1 2 0.704
(c) Power 0.95
(d) n n1 n2 21
10-15. (a) 2.04 t0 0.177
2.04, do not reject
H0; P-value 0.80
(b) 0.526 1 2 0.626
10-17. (a) t0 3.11 2.485,
reject H0
(b) 1 2 0.603
10-19. (a) Assumptions verified
(b) t0 2.74 2.101
reject H0; 0.010
P-value 0.020
(c) 0.01926 1 2
0.00254
10-21. (a) t0 6.984 2.021
(b) n1 n2 38
10-23. (a) t0 3.03 2.056 reject H0;
0.005 P-value 0.010
(b) t0 3.03 1.706, reject H0
10-25. (a) t0 7.0 2.048, reject H0;
P-value 0
(b) 14.93 1 2 27.28
(c) n 8
10-27. (a) t0 2.82 2.326 reject H0;
P-value 0.025
(b) 1 2 0.178
10-29. (a) Normal
(b) t0 2.642 2.101 reject
H0; P-value 0.02
8/30/10
4:27 PM
Page 739
APPENDIX B
(c) 1.94 1 2 17.05

(d) Power 0.05
(e) n 51
Section 10-4
10-37. (a) 0.1699 d 0.3776
(b) t-test is appropriate.
10-39. 210.26 d 1947.01
10-41. (a) t0 5.465 1.761 reject
H0; P-value 0
(b) 18.20 d
10-43. (a) t0 7.906 1.833
reject H0
(b) t0 3.46 1.833 reject H0
(c) Yes
10-45. (a) Normal
(b) 0.379 d 0.349
(c) 6 n
Section 10-5
10-49. (a) f0.25,5,10 1.59
(b) f0.10,24,9 2.28
(c) f0.05,8,15 2.64
(d) f0.75,5,10 0.529
(e) f0.90,24,9 0.525
(f ) f0.95,8,15 0.311
10-51. f0 0.806 0.166, do not
reject H0
21
4.83
22
10-53. (a) f0 1.14 0.333, do not
reject H0;
21
0.38 2 3.42
2
(b) Power 0.65
(c) n 31
10-55. (a) f0 0.923 0.365, do not
reject H0
21
(b) 0.3369 2 2.640
2
1
10-57. (a) 0.4002 0.9519
2
1
(b) 0.3647 1.047
2
1
(c) 0.441
2
10-59. 0.4058 f0 1.384 2.46,
do not reject H0
10-61. 0.248 f0 0.6754 4.04,
do not reject H0;
21
0.168 2 2.723
2
10-63. 0.333 f0 1.35 3, do not
reject H0;
21
4.05
22
10-65. (a) 0.248 f0 3.361 4.03,
do not reject H0
(b) No
0.45
Section 10-6
10-69. (a) z0 4.45 2.58 reject H0;
P-value 0
(b) 0.029 p1 p2 0.11
10-71. (a) z0 5.36 2.58 reject H0;
P-value 0
10-75. (a) normality, equality of variance, and independence of
the observations.
(b) 1.40 1 2 8.36
(c) Yes
21
(d) 0.1582 2 5.157
2
(e) No
10-77. (a) t0 1.655 1.895,
reject H0
(b) t0 1.655 2.998, do not
reject H0
(c) t0 1.434 1.895, do
not reject H0
(d) t0 1.434 2.998, do
not reject H0
10-79. (a) z0 6.55 1.96, reject H0
(b) z0 6.55 2.58, reject H0
(c) z0 is so large
10-81. (a) 0.0335 p1 p2
0.0329
(b) 0.0282 p1 p2
0.0276
(c) 95% CI: 0.0238 p1 p2
0.0232
90% CI: 0.0201 p1 p2
0.0195
10-83. (a) Yes
(b) Yes if similar populations
10-85. (a) 2.259 1 2 7.741
(b) 1.735 1 2 8.265
(c) 1 2 7.741
(d) z0 3 1.96, reject H0;
P-value 0.0027
(e) n1 n2 12
10-87. (a) z0 5.36 2.58,
reject H0
(b) conclusions are the same
(c) n 60
739
10-89. (a) No
(b) data appear normal with
equal variances
(c) It is more apparent
the data follow normal
distributions.
2V
(d) 18.097 2 294.08
M
(e) f0 72.78 4.03,
reject H0
10-91. (a) Normality appears valid.
(b) 0.50 P-value 0.80,
do not reject H0
(c) n 30
10-93. (a) It may not be assumed that
21 22
(b) t0 2.74 2.131,
reject H0
(c) Power 0.95
(d) n 26
CHAPTER 11
Section 11-2
11-1. (a) 0 48.013, 1 2.330
(b) 37.99 (c) 39.39 (d) 6.71
11-5. (a) 0 6.3355,
1 9.20836, 2 3
(b) 228.67 (c) 7.59
(d) 1.98
11-7. (a) 0 16.5093,
1 0.0693554,
2 7.3212
(b) 50.07 (c) 0.9509
11-9. (b) 0 234.071,
1 3.50856,
2 398.25
(c) 128.814
(d) 156.833 and 15.1175
11-11. (b) 0 18090.2,
1 254.55, 2 460.992
(c) 12999.2
11-13. (a) 0 0.658, 1 0.178,
2 0.083
(b) 3.328 (c) 0.534
(d) 1.726 and 0.174
11-15. (b) 0 2.02, 1 0.0287,
2 0.0253
11-17. (a) y 39.2 0.0025x
(b) 1 0.0025
11-19. (b) *0 2132.41,
*1 36.9618
740
8/30/10
4:27 PM
Page 740
Section 11-4
11-23. (a) f0 74.63, P-value
0.000002, reject H0
(b) 2 1.8436,
se1 1 2 0.2696
(c) se1 0 2 0.9043
11-27. (a) f0 74334.4, P-value 0,
reject H0
(b) se1 0 2 1.66765,
se1 1 2 0.0337744
(c) t0 23.37, P-value
0.000, reject H0
(d) t0 3.8, P-value
0.005, reject H0
11-29. (a) f0 44.0279, P-value
0.00004, reject H0
(b) se1 0 2 9.84346,
se1 1 2 0.0104524
(c) t0 1.67718, P-value
0.12166, fail to reject H0
11-31. (a) f0 156.67, P-value
0.00001, reject H0
(b) se1 0 2 20.34,
se1 1 2 310.8
(c) t0 2.3456, P-value
0.0306, fail to reject H0
(d) t0 58.20, P-value
0.00001, reject H0
(e) t0 2.7455, P-value
0.0064, reject H0
11-33. (a) P-Value 0.0000,
reject H0
(b) 2 0.083
se1 0 2 0.1657,
se1 1 2 0.014
(c) Reject H0
11-35. (a) P-value 0.310, No
(b) 2 30.69
(c) se1 0 2 9.141
Sections 11-5 and 11-6
11-39. (a) ( 2.9713, 1.7423)
(b) (46.7145, 49.3115)
(c) (41.3293, 43.0477)
(d) (37.8944, 46.4826)
11-43. (a) (7643, 7.721)
(b) (128.399, 131.549)
(c) (227.4046, 229.9354)
(d) (224.6084, 232.73164)
11-45. (a) (0.03689, 0.10183)
(b) ( 47.0877, 14.0691)
(c) (44.0897, 49.1185)
(d) (37.8298, 55.3784)
11-47. (a)
(b)
(c)
11-49. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11-51. (a)
(b)
(c)
(201.552, 266.590)
( 4.67015, 2.34696)
(111.8339, 145.7941)
( 313.0885, 196.0115)
(17195.7176, 18984.6824)
(12536.8798, 13461.5202)
(10991.1952, 15007.2048)
(0.1325, 0.2235)
(0.119, 1.196)
(1.87, 2.29)
Section 11-7
11-55. (a) R2 99.986%
11-57. (a) R2 87.94%
11-59. (a) R2 85.22%
11-61. (a) R2 89.6947%
(c) R2 87.99%
(d) 2 old 460992,
2 new 188474
11-65. (a) f0 207, reject H0
Section 11-8
11-67. (a) t0 4.81, P-value
0.0005, reject H0
(b) z0 1.747, P-value
0.04, reject H0
(c) 2.26, reject H0
11-69. (a) t0 5.475, P-value
0.000, reject H0
(b) (0.3358, 0.8007)
(c) Yes
11-71. (a) y 0.0280411
0.990987x
(b) f0 79.838, reject H0
(c) 0.903
(d) t0 8.9345, reject H0
(e) z0 3.879, reject H0
(f ) (0.7677, 0.9615)
11-73. (a) y 5.50
6.73x
(b) 0.948
(c) t0 8.425, reject H0
(d) (0.7898, 0.9879)
Section 11-9
11-77. (a) Yes (b) No (c) Yes
(d) Yes
11-79. (b) y 0.8819
0.00385x
(c) f0 122.03, reject H0
11-85. (b) y 0.966824
1.54376x
(c) f0 252263.9,
P-value 0, reject H0
(d) [ 0.97800, 0.95565]
(e) t0 199.34, reject H0
11-87. y* 1.2232
0.5075x where
y* 1y
11-89. y 0.7916x
11-91. (b) y 0.6714
2964x
(c) R2 21.5%
11-93. (b) y 0.12
1.17x
(c) f0 22.75, reject H0,
P-value 0.001
(d) (4.0435, 5.6625)
11-95. (c) all data: (7194.6067,
11503.3933), outlier
removed: (7845.25,
11772.76)
CHAPTER 12
Section 12-1
12-1. (b) y 171.055
3.714x1
1.126x2
(c) 189.49
12-3. (b) 2
12-7. (a) y 49.90 0.01045x1
0.0012x2 0.00324x3
0.292x4 3.855x5
0.1897x6
(b) 2 4.965
se1 0 2 19.67,
se1 1 2 0.02338,
se1 2 2 0.01631,
se1 3 2 0.0009459,
se1 4 2 1.765,
se1 5 2 1.329,
se1 6 2 0.273
(c) 29.867
12-9. (a) y 47.2 9.74x1
0.428x2
18.2x3
(b) 2 12
(c) se1 0 2 49.58,
se1 1 2 3.692,
se1 2 2 0.2239, and
se1 3 2 1.312
(d) 91.42
12-11. (a) y 440.39
19.147x1
68.080x2
(b) 2 55563 se1 0 2 94.20,
se1 1 2 3.460, and
se1 2 2 5.241
(c) 186.675
12-13. (a) y 0.1105
0.4072x1
2.108x2
(b) 2 0.00008
se1 0 2 0.2501,
se1 1 2 0.1682, and
se1 2 2 5.834
(c) 0.97074
8/30/10
4:28 PM
Page 741
APPENDIX B
12-15. (a) y 238.56

0.3339x1
2.7167x2
(b) 2 1321
(c) se1 0 2 45.23,
se1 1 2 0.6763, and
se1 2 2 0.6887
(d) 61.5195
12-17. (a) y 2.99
1.2x3
4.6x7 3.81x10
(b) 2 4.14
(c) se1 0 2 5.88,
se1 3 2 0.097,
se1 7 2 0.38, and
se1 10 2 0.48
(d) 81.96
12-19. (a) y 361 3.75x1
0.0843x2
(b) 2 159, se1 0 2 37.08,
se1 1 2 0.5570,
se1 2 2 0.04406
(c) 182.95
(d) y 477 8.53 x1
0.211x2 0.0048x12
(e) 2 111.2,
se1 0 2 82.68,
se1 1 2 3.189,
se1 2 2 0.092,
se1 12 2 0.0032
(f ) 172.75
Section 12-2
12-23. (a) f0 184.25,
P-value 0.000, Reject H0
(b) t0 1 1 2 16.21,
P-value 0.001, reject H0
t0 1 2 2 11.04,
P-value 0.001,
reject H0
12-25. (a) P-value 8.16 E-5, 3.82
E-8, and 0.3378
(b) t0 0.98, fail to reject H0
12-27. (a) f0 19.53, reject H0
12-29. (a) f0 828.31, reject H0
(b) t0 2.58, reject H0
t0 1.84, fail to reject H0
t0 13.82, reject H0
12-31. (a) f0 99.67, reject H0,
P-value 0
(b) t0 5.539, reject H0
t0 12.99, reject H0
12-33. (a) f0 9.28, fail to reject H0,
P-value 0.015
t0 3.94, reject H0
12-37. (a) f0 97.59, reject H0,

P-value 0.002
(b) t0 6.42, reject H0
t0 2.57, fail to
reject H0
(c) f0 6.629, fail to reject H0
(d) f0 7.714, fail to reject H0
(e) f0 1.11, fail to reject H0
(f ) 111.2
Sections 12-3 and 12-4
12-41. (a) (49.927 0 292.183)
(0.033 1 7.393)
( 2.765 2 0.513)
(b) (159.58, 219.362)
(c) (127.646, 251.296)
12-43. (a) ( 20.477 1 1.269)
( 0.245 2 1.076)
(14.428 3 22.159)
(b) (77.582, 105.162)
(c) (82.133, 100.611)
12-45. (a) ( 6.9467 1 0.3295)
( 0.3651 2 0.1417)
(b) ( 45.8276 1 30.5156)
( 1.3426 2 0.8984)
( 0.03433 3 0.04251)
12-47. (a) (12.1363 1 26.1577)
(57.4607 2 78.6993)
(b) ( 233.4, 63.2)
(c) ( 742.09, 571.89)
12-49. (a) (0.0943 1 0.7201)
( 8.743 2 12.959)
(b) (0.861, 0.896)
(c) (0.855, 0.903)
12-51. (a) ( 2.173 1 2.841)
( 5.270 2 0.164)
(b) ( 36.7, 125.8)
(c) ( 112.8, 202.0)
(d) CI: (107.4, 267.2)
PI: (30.7, 344.0)
12-53. (a) 9.052 0 15.024
0.999 3 1.398
3.807 7 5.384
4.808 10 2.817
(b) 0.43
(c) (80.965, 82.725)
12-55. (a) 7.708 0 92.092
0.06 2 0.04
0.036 3 0.034
0.0053 7 0.0012
3.494 8 4.078
6.706 9 1.004
0.567 10 0.605
(c) y 61.001 0.0208x2
0.0035x7 3.457x9
741
53.614 0 68.388
0.032 2 0.01
0.0053 7 0.0017
5.662 9 1.252
Section 12-5
12-57. (a) 0.893
12-59. (a) 0.95
12-61. (a) 0.843
12-63. (a) 0.997
12-65. (a) 0.756
12-67. (a) 0.9835 (b) 0.992
12-69. (b) 0.9937, 0.9925
12-71. (a) 0.12 (b) Yes
Section 12-6
12-73. (a) y 0.97 3.75x
410x2
(b) f0 16.86, reject H0
(c) t0 0.66, fail to reject H0
12-75. (a) y 1.769
0.421x1
0.222x2 0.128x3
0.02x12
0.009x13
0.003x23 0.019x21
0.007x22
0.001x23
(b) f0 19.628, reject H0
(d) f0 1.612, do not
reject H0
12-77. (b) y 56.677 0.1457x1
0.00525x2 0.138x3
4.179x4
12-79. (a) Min Cp : x1, x2
Cp 3.0, MSE 55563.92
y 440.39
19.147x1
68.080x2
Min MSE is same as Min Cp
(b) Same as part (a)
(c) Same as part (a)
(d) Same as part (a)
(e) All models are the same
12-81. (a) Min Cp: x1
Cp 1.1, MSE 0.0000705
y 0.20052
0.467864x1
12-83. (a) Min Cp: x2
Cp 1.2, MSE 1178.55
y 253.06 2.5453x2
742
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4:28 PM
Page 742

12-85. (a) Min Cp: x1, x2
Cp 2.9, MSE 10.49
y 50.4
0.671x1
1.30x2
12-87. (a) Min. Cp 5.4)
y 3.2992
0.82871xpctcomp
0.00056xyds + 3.828xydslatt
0.08458xtd + 3.715xpcttd
4.26352xpct int
Min. MSE = 0.0227
y 0.9196
0.005207xalt
+ 0.83061xpctcomp
+ 4.008689xydslatt
0.05211xtd
3.5494xpcttd
0.0793xint 3.9205xpct int
(b) y 3.158
4.048xydslatt
4.209xpct int + 3.358xpcttd
+ 0.83xpctcomp
(c) Same as part (b)
(d) Same as min MSE model in
part (a)
12-89. (a) Min Cp 1.3:
y 61.001 0.02076xcid
0.00354xetw 3.457xaxle
Min MSE 4.0228
y 49.5 0.017547xcid
0.0034252xetw
1.29xcmp
3.184xaxle 0.0096xc02
(b) y 63.31 0.0178xcid
0.00375xetw 3.3xaxle
0.0084xc02
(c) Same as Min MSE model in
part (a)
(d) y 45.18 0.00321xetw
4.4xaxle
0.385xn/v
(e) Min Cp model is preferred
(f ) Min Cp 4.0,
Min MSE 2.267
y 10 0.0038023xetw
3.936xcmp
15.216xco
0.011118xc02 7.401xtrans
3.6131xdrv1
2.342xdrv2
Stepwise:
y 39.12 0.0044xetw
0.271xn/v 4.5xtrns
3.2xdrv1
1.7xdrv2
Forward selection:
y 41.12 0.00377xetw
0.336xn/v 2.1xaxle
3.4xtrans
2.1xdrv1
2xdrv2
Backward elimination is same
as Min Cp and Min MSE
12-91. (a) y 0.304
0.083x1
0.031x3
0.004x22
Cp 4.04 MSE 0.004
(b) y 0.256
0.078x1
0.022x2 0.042x3
0.0008x23
Cp 4.66 MSE 0.004
(c) Prefer the model in part (a)
13-7.
12-97. (a) f0 1321.39, reject H0,
P-value 0.00001
t0 19.95, reject H0
t0 2.53, fail to reject H0
12-99. (a) y 4.87
6.12x*1
6.53x*2 3.56x*3 1.44x*4
(b) f0 21.79, reject H0
t0 5.76, reject H0
t0 5.96, reject H0
t0 2.90, reject H0
t0 4.99, reject H0
12-101. (a) y* 21.068 1.404x*3
0.0055x4
0.000418x5
MSE 0.013156 Cp 4.0
(c) x4, x5 with Cp 4.1 and
MSE 0.0134
(d) The part (c) model is
preferable
(e) Yes
12-103. (a) y 300.0
0.85x1
10.4x2, y 363.5
(b) f0 55.37, reject H0
(c) 0.9022
(d) MSE 10.65
(e) f0 0.291, do not reject H0
12-105. (a) f0 18.28, reject H0
(b) f0 2, do not reject H0
(c) MSE 1reduced2 0.005
MSE 1Full2 0.004
13-27.
12-109. R2 0.566
CHAPTER 13
Section 13-2
13-3.
(a) f0 14.76, reject H0
13-5.
(a) f0 12.59, reject H0
(b) P-value 0.001
13-9.
13-11.
13-13.
13-15.
(a) f0 14.65, reject H0

(c) 95%: (140.71, 149.29)
99%: (7.36, 24.14)
(a) f0 1.86, do not reject H0
(b) P-value 0.214
(a) f0 8.30, reject H0
(b) P-value 0.002
(d) (69.17, 81.83)
(e) (8.42, 26.33)
(b) P-value 0.486,
SSE 0.146
(b) P-value 0.162
n5
Section 13-3
13-29. (a) f0 6.11, reject H0
(b) 0.00421
(c) 0.00412
13-31. (a) f0 0.75, do not reject H0
(b) 0 (c) 24
13-33. (a) H0: 2 0 H1: 2 0
(c) Set equal sample sizes,
2 0.164, 2 0
Section 13-4
13-37. (a) f0 8.92, reject H0
13-39. (a) f0 3.00, do not reject H0
13-41. (a) f0 1.51, do not reject H0
13-45. (a) f0 76.09, reject H0
(c) (132.97, 147.83)
13-47. (a) f0 7.84, reject H0
(b) P-value 0.007
13-49. (a) f0 6.23, reject H0
(c) Algorithm 5
13-51. (a) Power 0.2 (b) n 50
CHAPTER 14
Section 14-3
14-1. (a) 1. H0 : 1 2 0
H1 : at least one i 0
2. H0 : 1 2 3 0
H1 : at least one j 0
(b) f 1G 2 273.79,
f 1P 2 8.84,
f 1GP 2 1.26 reject H0
for only main effects
14-3. (a) f 1M 2 7.91,
f 1T 2 28.97,
f 1MT 2 3.56 reject H0
for both main effects and
the interaction
8/30/10
4:29 PM
Page 743
APPENDIX B
14-5. (a) Yijk

i
j
12 ij
i 1, 2, 3
ijk j 1, 2, 3, 4
k 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
(b) f 1I 2 40.07,
f 1T 2 0.32, f 1IT 2 1.70
reject H0 for only insulation
14-7. (a) f 1D 2 25.23,
f 1A 2 543.52,
f 1DA 2 3.54
reject H0 for both main
effects and the interaction
14-9.
1 14.86
3 2 0.3562
Section 14-4
14-11. (a) f 1H 2 7.64,
f 1C 2 31.66,
f 1F 2 19.92,
f 1HC 2 2.92,
f 1HF 2 2.97,
f 1CF 2 0.96
All these main effects are
significant and the hardwood concentration-freeness
interation is significant at
0.05. The P-value for
the hardwood-cooking time
interaction is 0.075.
Section 14-5
14-13. Significant effects:
A 17.00, C 10.875,
D 8.375, AD 9.125
14-15. (a) Cleaning Method
5.593
Test Position 1.280
Clean*test 1.220
(b) Cleaning Method is the only
significant factor
14-17. (a) Significant effects:
A 11.94, B 32.56,
C 9.94, AB 6.94
14-19. None of the effects are
significant
14-21. (b) A, B and AB
(c) y 380
40.625x1
32.75x2
26.625x1x2
14-23. f0 5.11, do not reject H0
14-25. (a) For model with A, B, C, AB,
s 2.92;
s 1center pts2 2.86
(b) F0 192.71, curvature is
significant
Section 14-6
14-31. Significant effects:
A 15.625, C 10.625,
D 8.875, AD 8.875,
CD 3.125, ACD 1.875
14-37. (a) Effect ABC is confounded
with blocks
(b) Marginal significant effects:
A 19.0, C 14.75,
AC 18.0, BC 25.5,
14-41. (a) 25 1
(b) A 10.8750,
B 33.6250,
C 10.6250,
D 0.6250,
E 0.3750,
AB
CDE 7.1250,
14-43. (a) E ABCD
(b) Resolution V
(c) E 0.4700,
BE 0.4050,
DE 0.3150
14-45. (c) A 1.435, B 1.465,
D 4.545, AB 1.15,
AD 1.23
14-47. (b) Design Generator: D BE,
E AC
Defining Relation:
I ACE BDE
ABCDE
Aliases
A CE BCDE ABDE
B DE ACDE ABCE
C AE ABDE BCDE
D BE ABCE ACDE
E AC BD ABCD
(c) A 1.525, B 5.175,
C 2.275, D 0.675,
E 2.275
14-49. (a) Alias Structure:
I
ABD
ACE
BCF
DEF
ABEF
ACDF
BCDE
A
BD
CE
B
AD
CF
C
AE
BF
D
AB
EF
E
AC
DF
F
BC
DE
AF
BE
CD
(b) Alias Structure: I
ABCG
ABDH
ABEF
ACDF
ACEH
ADEG
AFGH
BCDE
BCFH
743
BDFG
BEGH
CDGH
CEFG
DEFH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
AB
CG
DH
EF
AC
BG
DF
EH
AD
BH
CF
EG
AE
BF
CH
DG
AF
BE
CD
GH
AG
BC
DE
FH
AH
BD
CE
FG
Section 14-8
14-53. (b) y 82.024 1.115x1
2.408x2
0.861x21
1.59x22 1.801x1 x2
14-55. Path of steepest ascent passes
through the point (0, 0) and has
a slope 0.81.5 0.533
14-57. (a) Central composite design,
not rotatable
(b) y 150.04 58.47x1
3.35x2 6.53x21
10.58x22
0.50x1 x2
The linear terms are significant ( p 0.001), while
both the square terms and
interaction terms are
insignificant
14-61. (a) t 1 p2 2.54, t1 pc2 5.02
The main effect of pH and
the interaction of pH and
Catalyst Concentration
(CC) are significant
14-63. (a) f 1L2 63.24,
f 1S 2 39.75,
f 1LS 2 5.29
There is a significant difference between the application levels, the salts, and
there is a significant interaction between the two factors
14-65. (a) A 2.74, B 6.66,
C 3.49, AB 8.71,
AC 7.04, BC 11.46,
ABC 6.49, not
significant
744
8/30/10
4:30 PM
Page 744
14-67. (a) V 15.75, P 10.75,

G 25.00,
PG 19.25,
(b) y 102.75 7.87x1
5.37x3 12.50x4
9.63x34
14-69. V 3.25, F 10.25,
P 10.25, G 23.75,
PG 11.75
14-71. Design Generators: D AB
E AC
Alias Structure
I
ABD
ACE
BCDE
A
BD
CE
ABCDE
B
AD
CDE
ABCE
C
AE
BDE
ABCD
D
AB
BCE
ACDE
E
AC
BCD
ABDE
BC
DE
ABE
ACD
BE
CD
ABC
ADE
14-73. (a) 22 factorial with two
replicates
(b) Significant effects:
x1 0.795, x2 1.160
(c) y 0.1994
0.07688 x1
14-75. (a) H0 : 1 2 3 0
H0 : 1 2 3 0
H0 : 12 11 p
12 33 0
(b) f 1N 2 311.71,
f 1P 2 119.17,
f 1PN 2 92.94
(d) 1.22
14-76. (c) y 108.623
1.756x1
2.269x2 0.587x21
0.925x22 0.702x1x2
CHAPTER 15
Section 15-3
15-1. (a) x chart: UCL 232.91,
CL 216.81,
LCL 200.76, R chart:
UCL 66.79, CL 33.33,
LCL 0
(b) 216.81, 13.15
15-3. (a) x chart: UCL 193.91,
CL 178.4,
LCL 162.89
S chart: UCL 22.693,
CL 13.58, LCL 0
(b) 178.4, 11.557
15-7. (a) x chart: UCL 96.21,
CL 85.80, LCL 75.40,
R chart: UCL 13.35,

CL 5.65, LCL 2.05
(b) x chart: UCL 93.86,
CL 85.24, LCL 76.63,
R chart: UCL 12.68,
CL 5.74, LCL = 121
2.8714
15-9. (a) x chart: UCL 17.48,
CL 15.12, LCL 12.75
R chart: UCL 5.947,
CL 2.31, LCL 0
(b) x chart: UCL 18.362,
CL 13.232,
LCL 15.797
R chart: UCL 6.454,
CL 2.507, LCL 0
(c) x chart: UCL 17.48,
CL 15.12, LCL 12.75
S chart: UCL 3.106,
CL 1.209, LCL 0
Revised
x chart: UCL 18.362,
CL 15.797,
LCL 13.232
S chart: UCL 3.371,
CL 1.312, LCL 0
15-11. (a) x chart: UCL 0.158748,
CL 0.157404,
LCL 0.156060
R chart: UCL 0.004926,
CL 0.002330,
LCL 0
(b) x chart: UCL 0.161335,
CL 0.157579,
LCL 0.153823
CL 0.00651, LCL 0
(c) x chart: UCL 0.161335,
CL 0.157579,
LCL 0.153823
CL 0.00263, LCL 0
Revised:
CL 0.157579,
LCL 0.153823
CL 0.00263, LCL 0
15-15. s 2.956, rd2 1.251
Section 15-4
15-17. (a) Individual chart:
UCL 60.66, CL 53.1,
LCL 45.54
MR chart: UCL 9.29,
(b)
15-19. (a)
(b)
15-21. (a)
(b)
CL 2.84, LCL 0
The process appears to be
in control.
53.1, 2.158
Individual chart:
UCL 10.564,
CL 10.029,
LCL 9.494
MR chart: UCL 0.6575,
CL 0.2012, LCL 0
The process appears to be
in control.
10.029, 0.17837
Initial study: Individual
chart: UCL 130.5,
CL 100.78, LCL 71.06
CL 11.18, LCL 0
Revised: Individual chart
UCL 127.08,
CL 99.48, LCL 71.88
CL 10.38, LCL 0
99.4792, 9.20059
Section 15-5
15-25. (a) 1.6667 (b) 35
15-27. (a) PC PCRK 1.45
(b) 0
15-29. Proportion nonconforming is
0.000185
PCR 1.267
PCRK 1.187
15-31. 0.00045
PCR 1.73
PCRK 1.11
15-33. (a) PCR 3.38,
PCRK 3.38
(b) 0
15-35. 0.8944
PCR 0.591,
Section 15-6
15-41. (a) The process is out of
control UCL 0.0835,
CL 0.0645, LCL 0.0455
(b) Revised P-chart:
UCL 0.1252,
CL 0.0561, LCL 0
15-43. (a) P chart: UCL 0.2001,
CL 0.1519,
LCL 0.1037
8/30/10
4:30 PM
Page 745
APPENDIX B
(b) Revised P chart:

UCL 0.2013,
CL 0.153,
LCL 0.1047
15-45. (a) The limits need to be
revised. UCL 3.836,
CL 1.958, LCL 0.081,
sample 5 and 24 exceed
limits
(b) U chart: UCL 3.504,
CL 1.736, LCL 0
Section 15-7
15-49. (a) 4 (b) 0.0228.
(c) 43.8596
15-51. (a) 0.2177 (b) ARL 4.6
15-53. (a) 0.1867 (b) ARL 5.4
15-55. (a) 0.1020 (b) ARL 9.8
15-57. (a) 0.2877 (b) ARL 3.48
Section 15-8
15-61. (a) h 4, k 0.5,
UCL 3.875,
LCL 3.875
Yes, this process is in-control.
(b) Observation 20 is out of
control, CUSUM 6.08
15-63. (a) 0.1736
(b) h 4, k 0.5,
UCL 0.0678,
LCL 0.0678, out of
control at the specified
target level
15-65. (a) ARL 38.0
(b) ARL 10.4
15-67. (a) 0.169548
(b) The process appears to be
in control. UCL 10.17,
CL 10, LCL 9.83
(c) Out of control at observation 13, UCL 10.29,
CL 10, LCL 9.71
15-69. (a) prefer 0.1 and L 2.81
(a) prefer 0.5 and L 3.07
(c) 9
15-73. (a) x chart: UCL 64.02395,
CL 64.00155,
LCL 63.979
CL 0.01796, LCL 0
(b) 64.002, 0.01294
(c) PCR 0.359
(d) PCRk 0.576
(e) 2 10.00372 2 0.0000137
(f ) ARL 32.26
15-75. (a) The process appears to be in
control.
(b) P chart: UCL 0.1717,
CL 0.1063,
LCL 0.04093
15-77. (a) Individual chart:
UCL 60.327362,
CL 60.32641,
LCL 60.325458
CL 0.000358, LCL 0
(b) Individual chart:
UCL 0.001362,
CL 00.00041,
LCL 0.000542
CL 0.000358, LCL 0
(c) 60.3264
0.0003173
PCR 1.0505
PCRk 0.9455
15-79. (a) Trial control limits
CL 86.42, LCL 2.59
CL 558.77,
LCL 447.53
Revised S chart:
UCL 158.93,
CL 80.68, LCL 2.42
CL 551.95,
LCL 448.10
(b) PCRK 0.8725
745
36.9917
ARL 18.6
ARL 43.9
ARL 6.30
ARL 2.00
CL 139.49,
LCL 138.812
CL 1.175, LCL 0
(b) Revised: x chart:
UCL 140.417,
CL 139.709,
LCL 139.001
R chart: UCL 2.596,
CL 1.227, LCL 0
0.5276
(c) PCR 1.26
PCRk 1.08
(d) 2 0.081
(e) ARL 5.55
15-93. P1X USL2 0.00135
15-95. (a) P1U 11.79 when
16) 0.99061
(b) P1U 10.19 when
16) 1
15-97. (a) ARL 17.5
(b) ARL 3.63
(c)
(d)
15-89. (a)
(b)
(c)
15-91. (a)
15-103. 0.125, 0.004
15-105. (b) ARL 1p where
p 1 1k 1n2
1 k 1n2
(c) ARL 22.0 for k 2
(d) ARL 4.47
15-107. n
k 2 11 p2
p
15-111. (a) C chart
CL 8
UCL 16.49
LCL 0
(b) Yes
8/30/10
4:30 PM
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JWCL232_AppB_731-748.

S (c) {12, 13, 14, 15}

odddd, odddo, oddod, ododd,

oddoo, odood, odooo, oodoo,

2-23. Let d denoted a distorted bit

ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd,

(b) Ais, are not mutually exclusive.

ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd,

ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd,

ddood, dodod, doodd, ddooo,

ddddd, ddddo, dddod, ddodd, dddoo,

2-25. Let P denote being positive and

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

2-31. Let g denote a good board, m a

0.67336 (b) 2.646  10 8

where fx (0) 0.008,

(c) E(X ) 4593.9,

(a) 0.1877 (b) 0.4148 (c) 15

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

4-25. f (x) 0.25 for 0 x 4;

4-63. (a) 380.45 (b) 371.18

4-117. (a) 5  105 (b) V(X)

5-15. (a) 181 (b) 527

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

x 89.45, s 2.92, ~x 90,

7-47. (b) 0(m

9-65. (a) t0 0.15 1.753.,

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

(c) 110, Normal, p,

(b) 0.00001 could have occured

(c) 1.94  1 2  17.05

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

12-15. (a) y 238.56

12-37. (a) f0 97.59, reject H0,

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

(d) Same as part (a)

(a) f0 14.65, reject H0

14-5. (a) Yijk

APPENDIX B ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES

14-67. (a) V 15.75, P 10.75,

R chart: UCL 13.35,

(b) Revised P chart:

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0.67336 (b) 2.646 10 8

4-117. (a) 5 105 (b) V(X)

(c) 1.94 1 2 17.05