MCAT G-Chem Formula Sheet

Nuclear and Atomic Chemistry Avogadro's number: N A = 6.02 10 N A amu (u) = 1 gram
23

Electron Configurations e quantum numbers: n , l, m l , m s n = 1, 2, K l = 0, 1, K , n 1 [l = 0 s , l = 1 p , l =2 d, l = 3 f ] m l = l, ( l 1), K , ( l 1), l 5f

1 u = 1.66 10 24 g = 1.66 10 27 kg mp = 1.0073 u, mn = 1.0087 u

7p 6d 5d 4d 3d 6p 5p 4p 3p 2p

7s 6s 5s 4s 3s 2s 1s

Z = # protons, N = # neutrons mass defect: m = ( Zmp + Nmn ) mnucleus

nuclear binding energy: E B = ( m ) 1 eV = 1.6 10 19 J, 1 MeV = 10 6 eV E photon = hf = hc electron energy levels: E n = for any 1-electron atom Radioactive Decay
Z2 n2
931 MeV 1u

ms = +

1 2

or

1 2

4f

in subshell l, max # of electrons = 4 l + 2 in energy level n , max # of electrons = 2n 2

( 13.6 eV)

Z = # protons = atomic number, N = # neutrons, A = Z + N = mass number Decay Description Z N A eject = 4 He 2 2 4 2 +1 1 0 n p + e 1 +1 0 + p n + e+ 1 +1 0 EC p+e n X* X + 0 0 0
Periodic Trends & Bonding
Atomic Radius
se rea s

Stoichiometry / Lewis Structures mass in grams moles of solute # moles = ; molarity: M = MW L of solution mass of X % composition by mass of X = 100% mass of molecule 1 formal charge: FC = V ( 2 B + L) V = (# of valence e ' s), B = ( # of bonding e ' s), L = (# of lone-pair e ' s)

Molecular Geometry (VSEPR theory)

# lone pairs on central atom 0

Electron Affinity
re mo e ativ neg

Geometric Family
Linear Trigonal planar Tetrahedral Trigonal bipyramid Octahedral

inc

Ionization Energy
inc rea ses

Electronegativity
inc rea ses

shape = geometry

Acidity
inc rea ses

Basicity
inc rea ses

1
2001 by The Princeton Review, Inc. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited.

shape =

Bent

Trigonal pyramid

See-saw

Square pyramid

electronegativity of some common atoms: F > O > Cl > N > Br > (I S C) > H intermolecular forces (D = dipole, I = induced, i = instantaneous): ionD > DD (incl. H-bonds) > DID > iDID (London)

shape =

Bent

T-shaped

Square planar

Gases Avogadros law: V n Vat STP = n(22.4 L) STP: T = 0 C = 273 K, P = 1 atm Boyles law: V 1/P (at constant T ) Charles law: V T (at constant P ) Combined: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 Ideal-Gas law: PV = nRT Daltons law of partial pressures: P = pi Grahams law of effusion: rate of effusion of gas 2 m v 2,rms = v 1,rms m 1 = 2 rate of effusion of gas 1

Colligative Properties moles of solute molality: m = kg of solvent equivalents (eq) normality: N = L of solution BP elevation: Tb = kbim FP depression: Tf = kfim moles of S mole fraction: XS = total moles o Raoults law: PA = X APA o vapor pressure depression: PA = (1 X A )PA osmotic pressure: = iMRT Thermochemistry

m1 m2

T (in K) = TC + 273, 1 cal 4.2 J q = mc T = C T (no phase change) q = n Hphase change enthalpy change: H = heat of rxn at const P H < 0 exothermic, H > 0 endothermic Arrhenius equation: k = Ae E a RT standard state: one most stable at 25C, 1 atm o o o H rxn = nH f,products nH f,reactants for generic balanced reaction a A + b B c C + d D, Laws of Thermodynamics: excluding [C]c eq [D]d eq at at pure solids 1) Energy is conserved: E = q + W equilibrium constant: K eq = a b [A]at eq [B]at eq and liquids 2) spontaneous rxn S [entropy] 0 3) S = 0 for pure crystal at T = 0 K (gas rxns use partial pressures in K eq expression) Gibbs Free Energy: G = H TS [const. T ] K eq is a constant at a given temperature. G < 0 spontaneous K eq < 1 equilibrium favors reactants G = 0 at equilibrium K eq > 1 equilibrium favors products G > 0 reverse rxn is spontaneous c d kJ [C] [D] G o RT ln K 2.3RT log K (5.7 mol ) log K reaction quotient: Q = [A]a [B]b Redox and Electrochemistry Law of Mass Action (Le Chtelier's principle): Rules for determining oxidation state (OS ): Q < K eq rxn proceeds forward 1) sum of OS s = 0 in neutral molecule; Q = K eq rxn at equilibrium sum of OS s = charge on ion Q > K eq rxn proceeds in reverse 2) Group 1 metals: OS = +1; Group 2 metals: OS = +2 Acids and Bases + + pH = log [H ] = log [H3O ] 3) OS of F = 1 pOH = log [OH] 4) OS of H = +1 Kw = [H+][OH] = 1 1014 at 25 C 5) OS of O = 2 pH + pOH = 14 at 25 C 6) OS of halogens = 1; OS of O family = 2 If one rule contradicts another, rule higher in [H + ][A ] , pK a = log K a Ka = list takes precedence. [HA] F = faraday 96,500 C/mol e [ OH][HB + ] G = nFEcell , pK b = log K b Kb = Ecell > 0 spontaneous [B] Ecell < 0 reverse rxn is spontaneous K aK b = K w = ion-product constant for water 0.06 logQ HendersonHasselbalch equations: Nernst equation: E = E o n [weak acid] Faradays Law of Electrolysis: pH = pK a log [conjugate base] The amount of chemical change is [weak base] pOH = pK b log [conjugate acid] proportional to the amount of electricity that flows through the cell. acidbase neutralization: N V = N V
a a b b

Kinetics and Equilibrium [reactant] [product] concentration rate = or + time time 1 [reactant] 1 [product] reaction rate = or + coeff time coeff time rate law for elementary reaction: rate = k [reactant1 ]coeff1 L