Carbonate Complexity : Characterization, Modeling and Simulation April 22nd 25th, 2008, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Carbonate Reservoirs Challenges in Facies Modeling & Fracture Characterization

By Subrata K. Chakraborty Mega Ardhiani Puspa Schlumberger Data Consulting Services, Jakarta

Contents
Introduction Facies Modeling of Carbonates Fracture Characterization of Carbonates

Carbonate Reservoir in Indonesia

Arun Vanda Natuna DAlpha Serang Ara Salawatir Klalin Oseil Walio

Oil Production in Carbonate vs Clastic from Indonesia in 1976

Rawa Ramba Kampung KajiKrisna Baru Bima Semoga Bawean KLY Air Serdang Kangean Krisna Poleng Rama Ujung Pangkah

Klamono

92%

8%

Ref. : Warren C Leslie

Worldwide 60% HC in Carbonates, in ME 75%

Field
Arun Ramba, Rawa, Soka, Kaji-Semoga Air Serdang, Mandala Bima, Rama, Krisna, "AA", Selatan, Kandanghaur Timur, Arimbi X, Yvonne, Nora, Kitty, Cinta, Gita Arjuna FF, Arjuna FZ, Pondok Tengah, Tambun L structure Carbonate complex 80-6 Limestone, CN-9 zone Vanda Limestone Kangean PSC, Poleng Poleng, Ujung Pangkah, Jaya, Bawean, JS Randublatung, Kedunglusi, Kedung Tuban Oseil

Basin
North Sumatra Basin South Sumatra Basin

Formation
Arun Limestone Batu Raja

Age
Early Miocene Lower Miocene

Sunda East Natuna/Sarawak Basin Kutai Basin Tarakan Basin East Java Basin Seram East Sengkang Basin Salawati Basin

Batu Raja Natuna D-Alpha block Serang Vanda Ngimbang Kujung Manusela

Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Mid - Late Miocene Late Miocene Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Mid-Upper Miocene Late Oligocene-Early Miocene Early-Middle Jurassic Lower Miocene Miocene

60 Carbonate Fields

Tacipi Limestone Kampung Baru, Walanga, Sampi Sampi Kais, Textularia II, "U" marker Kasim, Walio Cendrawasih, Moi, Jaya, Kais Klamono, Linda, Sele, Salawati A,C,D,E,F&N Arar, Klalin, Kasim Utara, Kasim Barat

Part-I Facies Modeling in Carbonates

Regional Carbonate Depositional Model

Carbonate Ramp Model

Rimmed Platform Model

te na o ??

Ba

j Ra tu

rb Ca a

Stratigraphy South Sumatra

Facies Modeling-Workflow
Facies Modeling

Facies Interpretation At Wells Core Facies

Most Definite Limited Vertical Distribution

3D Modeling

Image Facies
More Definite Reasonable Vertical Distribution

Electro Facies
Less Definite Wide Vertical Distribution Result depends on Log Availability

Seis Facies
Least Definite Wide Aerialal Distribution Limited Vertical Resolution Results depend On data quality

Pixel Based
Works well with good quality Seismic Data & Good Well Density

Object Based
Works best With Knowledge of Paleo-geography & Paleo-environment

Used Mostly For Calibration

Most Widely Used

Less Widely Used

3D Facies Model

Facies Interpretation Neural Net Based Approach

9 originally identified Carbonate sub-facies narrowed down to 4 Carbonate Facies from fluid flow behavior point of view. Deep water Shale Facies Tight Platform Facie Coral Rich Wackstone & Packstone Reworked Skeletal Facies VCALY, RHOB, PHIE used as key logs for Neural Network based facies Electro Facies Interpretation in Petrel. Neural Network was trained with above core facies where key logs showed significant variation for different facies type and Supervised Neural Network was run. Petrel-Make Log utility was used to generate trained electrofacies in other wells having the key logs. Generated electro facies in each well was examined and corrections made by editing wherever required.

Neural Network Training

Neural Network : An algorithm that takes multiple log inputs and returns one or several outputs. Each input is multiplied by a weight, the result is summed and the result passed through a non-linear function to produce the output. It is of two types Supervised or Trained (Sigmoidal Basis Function Regression Network) or Untrained (Competitive Selective Learning).
Electro Logs Electro Logs in Training Facies

Correlation Analysis : Neural Network BRF Carbonate Facies

BRF Carbonate 3D Facies Model General Workflow

Facies Model Object Based Model Stochastic Object Modeling Algorithm Well Data
Guided by

Object Trend

Facies Interpretation in Wells as Logs

Upscale Logs to Model Cells

Data Analysis

Vertical Proportion Analysis

Variogram Analysis

Facies Modeling

Object Based

Identification of Depositional Elements (Objects)

Hard Data : Facies Log Interpolation Guide : Objects

Q/C

Progradational Line Reef Trends

Reef Geometry

Reefal Facies Object Modeling

SUMMARY Developed 3D Facies Model captures the Field Carbonate Geology. The 3D Facies Model becomes the basis of modeling other reservoir properties.

Part-II Fracture Characterization of Carbonates

Definition : Naturally Fractured Reservoirs are defined as formations in which the fracture permeability substantially enhances productivity.
A fracture is a commonest type of geological structures and may be seen in any rock exposures. There are two kinds of fracture: (a) Joint : no displacement, or displacement is too small to be visible. (b) Fault : has measurable displacement across the fracture plane
A Breccia Clasts B Breccia Matrix C Open Fractures D Healed Fracture E Fractures filled with breccia material Core from Oseil-1 (Ref IPA 2002)

Carbonates are more prone to fracturing than Clastics.

Dual Porosity Permeability System

OUTCROP EXAMPLE : Fractured Carbonates from Oman

EXAMPLE From Cores

Fracture number

E = tensile stress / tensile strain

E-Modulus high -> Flow Mudloss and rubble in cores only seen in outcrop E-Modulus low -> Storage

E = ca. 90 GPa (low frac toughness)

400
E = ca. 20 GPa

Quartzite

Sst.

100

Dolomite

Limestone
Ductile Lithology

Brittle

Ref. : Tyler 1988

Fracture toughness is regarded as being the opposite of Rock strength: A weak/ soft rock accomadate more strain before fracturing. Youngs Modulus (E) is related to capability of storage of strain energy.

Fractured Carbonate Rocks

Carbonate Rocks are More Prone to Fracturing than Clastic Rocks. In a carbonate reservoir, fracturing intensity may be controlled by different carbonate facies present.

Difference of Fractured Reservoirs from Conventional Reservoirs

High Transmissivity of Fracture Network Pressure drop around producing well is low. Production is driven by complex mechanisms that governs fracture/matrix-block communication. GOR of fractured reservoirs remains lower throughout during production, if reservoir is properly managed. Fracture reservoirs lack transition zones. OWC/GWCs are knife sharp surfaces. High fracture permeability ensures rapid contact equilibrium even during production. Water cut is strictly a function of production rate. PVT properties remain constant throughout a fractured reservoir due to conductive circulation. (REF. : SPE 84590)

Fracture Reservoir Classification (After Nelson, R.A., 1999, 2002)

Type 1- Fractures provide the essential porosity and permeability to the reservoir. Example : Amal (Libya) 1700 MMBL, Ellenburger (Texas) 108 MMBL, Edison (California) 42 MMBL, TaHe (China) (SPE 49221, 106986) Type 2- Fractures provide the essential permeability to the reservoir. Example : Agha Jari (Iran) 9500 MMBL, Haft Kel (Iran) 2660 MMBL, Rangely (Colorado) 600 MMBL, La Paz/Mara (Venezuella) 800 MMBL, NWRA (Kuwait). (SPE 35309, 5023, 97834) Type 3- Fractures provide a permeability assist to the reservoir. Example : Kirkuk (Iraq) 15000 MMBL, Gachsaran (Iran) 8000 MMBL, Hassi Messaoud (Algeria) 6000 MMBL, Dukhan (Qatar), UmLulu/Asab/Bab (UAE) (SPE 36228, 62608, 65186, 87238, 96955, 102453, 11164) Type 4- fractures do not provide significant storage capacity or permeability in an already producible reservoir but instead create anisotropy.

If Fracture Porosity-Permeability is Not Modeled Consequences ?

Unexpected decline in from predicted Field Performance. In case of thick gas cap & active aquifer, early gas coning & water breakthrough reducing oil recovery. In case of oil reservoir with active water drive, early water breakthrough reducing oil recovery. Water injection schemes may get jeopardized by preferential water front movement along fractures. Severe mud loss during drilling of horizontal wells aligned across unfriendly fractures. Improperly aligned horizontal wells may have low productivity.

Field Recovery Curve

Recovery Factor
Gas Cap Oil Column Water Fractures

So, it is Important ....

Thin Oil Column in Fractured Reservoir

Fractures & Tectonic Style

Tectonic styles and fracture type identified to three plate boundaries : Divergent (tensional normal faults) Transform (shear strike slip faults) Convergent (compressive reverse faults) Fractures in extensional area are parallel to the main fault. Fractures in strike slip area will be concentrated near the master faults and is 60o offset to the strike slip fault. Fractures in compressive area will be concentrated on the anticlinal bent areas of the folds and will be perpendicular to the direction of maximum compressive stress.
Extensional System, e.g., Rifting & Drifting of Plates

Left lateral Strike Slip System, e.g., rotation of plates

Microsoft owerPoint Presentatio

Compressional System, e.g., Collision of Plates

Effect of Present Day Stress Field on Faults & Fractures

In Indonesia the dominant present day maximum horizontal stress direction is NE-SW, hence in Indonesian fractured reservoirs fractures having fracture sets of this orientation are likely to be more Open in general (Leading Edge 2005).

http://www.world-stress-map.org/

World stress map of Austral-Asia Plate

Fracture Modeling Workflow (Petrel)

Interpreted Image Logs

Fracture Modeling Input Data Ant Tracking Fault from 3D Cube Tadpole Rose Diagram Create DFN Create Fracture Property
Upscale Fracture Property Volumetric Estimation

Stereo Net Analysis Display & Analysis Create Intensity Log Model Intensity Log Create DFN Create Fracture Property Upscale Fracture Property 3D Display Well Section

Advanced Options of Using Collocated Co-Krigging

Uncertainty Analysis

Fracture From Image Log

Conductive Fractures : Assumed open Resistive Fractures : Assumed sealed Interpretation is done for Conductive Fractures

Basic Fracture Analysis Data

Apertur e
Azimuth Dip

Fracture Density/ Intensity Log

Tadpole Fracture

Advance Fracture Analysis Data

Aperture Density Porosity

Fracture

Fracture Interpretation from Array Sonic Logs

FMI Log Array Sonic

Quantitative Tool

Qualitative Tool

Shallow Penetration

Deeper Penetration

Fracture Analysis From Image Log Data

Tadpole & Rose Diagram Display

Stereo-net Display & Filtering

Rose diagram showing dip azimuth Rose diagram showing dip azimuth Intensity log Tadpole Fracture Intensity from Image FractureLog Intensity Log

Tadpole

Fracture log

Tadpole Helps to understand fracture Intensity and orientation. Rose Diagram helps to understand fracture orientation and sets. Stereo-net helps to understand fracture dip angle and azimuth.

After Nelson 1999

Field-X

Aerial Distribution of Rose Diagrams brings out the Imprint of Different Tectonic Events Clearly

3D Modeling of Fracture Intensity Creation

Create Intensity Log Upscale Intensity Log Model Intensity Log
Created from the fracture set

Upscaling

Modeling

Fracture Intensity Cube

Create Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

Orientation
Distribution

Fracture Orientation Fracture Intensity

Fracture Density

Geometry
Fracture Length

Analysis of DFN

Stereonet Display

Consists of no of fractures of certain orientation, dip and length.

Discrete Fracture Network (DFN)

Real Life Analogue

Create Fracture Attributes

Aperture (Required for Fracture Porosity)
By 3D Modeling By Calculator Operation Fracture_length=Sqrt( Surface_area) Aperture=Fracture_length*Normal( 0.005, 0.0005)

Upscale Fracture Attributes Oda Method

Permeability (Fracture Permeability depends on Aperture & Permeability)

By 3D Modeling By Calculator Operations Permeability=Pow( Aperture, 3)

Output
Fracture Porosity Permeability Tensors (I, j & k directions) Sigma Factor (connectivity between fractures and matrix)

3D Fracture Modeling From AntTracking Interpretation

DFN Main Faults in 3D Model Ant Tracked Faults/Fractures

Create DFN Create Fracture Property Upscale Fracture Property

Create DFN From AntTracked Fractures

3D Fracture Modeling Secondary Porosity & Permeability

Upscaled Fracture Ki Model

Upscaled Fracture Porosity Model

Upscaled Fracture Kj Model

Dual Porosity / Permeability Simulation Input

Can be done in Petrel RE, using the Define Simulation case process. Matrix properties should be ready, and the fracture properties from upscaling should now be available.

Matrix Poro/Perm Sigma Factor Fracture Poro Perm

Validation of Fracture Model

Difficult in Green Field compared to in Brown Field. Transient Well Test matching in Green Field. Dynamic history match data is the main data to validate model. Explanation of uneven injection water movement. Explanation of early gas coning, early water breakthrough. Explanation of mud-loss in horizontal wells. Explanation of higher production from some horizontal wells.

Fractured Reservoirs in Indonesia

Fractures related to Syn-Rift Tectonics. Fractures related to Collision Tectonics & Inversion. Fractures related to Strike Slip movements. Fractures related to Local Structuring (trap formation).

Examples
Jatibarang fractured basement, East Java (Operator : Pertamina) Pase A Gas Field, Pase PSC, North Sumatra (Operator : Mobil Oil Indonesia) Darajat Field (Operator : Amoseas Indonesia Inc) Oseil Oil Field, Seram Island, Eastern Indonesia (Operator : KUFPEC). Kasim, Jaya, Kasim Utara, Cendrawasih, Moi, Arae fields, Salawati Basin, Irian Jaya.

Ujung Pangkah, East Java Sea ?? (Operator : Amerada Hess)

25 my

20
my

Talang Akar
Syn Rift/Drift (Normal Fault)

Batu Raja Carbonate

Syn Rift/Drift (Normal Fault)

Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Sumatra & Java of Indonesia showing the active Syn Rift/Drift Phase (Likely Fracture Orientation NW-SE)

12
my

09my

Air Benakat Time

Strike Slip Movement + End of Drift

Structural Inversion
Strike Slip Movement + Collision + Plate rotation Reverse & Strike Slip faults

Plate Tectonic Reconstruction of Sumatra & Java of Indonesia showing the active Strike Slip Movement due to Plate Rotation and the Collision Phase (Likely Fracture Orientation N-S to NE-SW and NW-SE)

Data Acquisition Program for Naturally Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs

FMI/Sonic Scanner Logs Advanced Fracture Interpretation FMI/Sonic Scanner Logs from

Image Log

High Quality 3D Seismic Data with acquisition optimized for Target Reservoir

Sonic Scanner Logs

Completion
Fracturing might be necessary to Enhance Fractures

Stage Frac Completion Assembly

Thanks for Your Attention