HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT

Ancient Nations: China y y Influence of isolation due to topography and Great Wall Influence of Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism which stressed the contemplative life o Physical activity meant individual freedom of expression, which was contrary to the ancient teachings. Con Fu gymnastics: To keep the body in good organic condition and ward off certain diseases caused by inactivity. Activities: wrestling, jujitsu, boxing, ts u chu, chui wan, shuttle coach, and kite flying

y y

Ancient Nations: India y y y y Strong religious influence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Focus on spiritual needs, not the needs of the body and worldly things. Buddhism emphasized right living and thinking, including self-denial, to help the soul reach a divine state. Activities: Yoga, throwing, tumbling, chariot races, riding elephants and horses, marbles, swordsmanship, dancing, wrestling, foot races

Ancient Nations: Ancient Near East y y Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia, Syria, Palestine, and Persia o believed in living a full life, including engaging in physical activity Influence from the military to build a stronger army o Emphasize strength, stamina, endurance, agility for imperialistic means, not for the individual. Activities: Gymnastics, horsemanship, bow and arrow, water activities, wrestling, jumping, hunting, fishing, physical conditioning for strength and stamina

Greece y y y Golden Age of physical education and sport Striving for perfection, including physical development Vital part of the education of every Greek boy o Exercise for the body and music for the soul

y y

o Gymnastics - courage, discipline, and physical well-being, a sense of fair play, and amateurism National festivals Activities: wrestling, jumping, running, javelin and discus, marching, horseback riding, and hunting

Renaissance y y y Educational opportunities for the common people as well, but few for females. Class differences appear in participation of some sports. Physical education was important for learning, necessary for health, and preparation for warfare.

Modern Europe: Germany y y Basedow - inclusion of physical education in the schools curriculum. Guts Muth - Gymnastics for the Young and Games - illustrated various exercises and apparatus; explained the relationship of physical education to education Jahn - Turnverein societies to build strong and hardy citizens; turnplatz (exercise ground)

Modern Europe: Germany y Spiess -Founder of school gymnastics in Germany. o Schools should be interested in the total growth of the individual; Physical education should receive the same consideration as other academic subjects o Adapted physical activity for girls and boys o Exercises combined with music o Progressive program

Modern Europe: Sweden y Per Henik Ling o Scientific study of physical education o Establishment of training institutes o Design of gymnastic programs to meet specific individual needs o 3 Types: Educational gymnastics, military gymnastics, and medical gymnastics

o Teachers of physical education must have foundational knowledge of the effects of exercise on the human body. Great Britain y Home of outdoor sports o Wrestling, throwing, riding, fishing, hunting, swimming, rowing, skating, archery, hockey, quoits, tennis, football (soccer), cricket

Influences of PE in the U.S. y European ideals o Systems of gymnastics (exercises) o Philosophies of physical education Ancient Asian cultures o Yoga o Martial arts o Relationships between the mind, body, and spirit

National Period (1784-1861) y y y y Growth of private schools for females Introduction of German gymnastics to schools 1852: First intercollegiate competition: a crew race between Harvard and Yale. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) o Calisthenics performed to music o One of the first to advocate for daily physical education Invention of baseball Horseracing, foot races, rowing, and gambling on sport events

y y

Civil War Period until 1900 y Growth of American sport in popularity o Tennis o Golf o Bowling o Basketball (Naismith) Founding of forerunner of Amateur Athletic Association (AAU) Revival of Olympics in Athens Colleges and universities develop departments and expand programs

y y y

Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970) y y y Impact of WW II - physical training programs Physical fitness movement o Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Athletics o Increase opportunities for girls and women o Increased interest in lifetime sports o Sport programs below high school level increase o Increased number of intramural programs

The Growth of Sport y y y y y y Phenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levels Youth sports involve more than 25 million children Interscholastic sports involve more than 6 million boys and girls o Trend toward early specialization Intercollegiate sports involve over 450,000 athletes o Growth of sport as big business in some institutions Growth of recreational sport leagues and amateur sports for adults of all ages Professional sports continue to expand

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

Liezl Marie E. Lagrimas AT09103 July 1, 2010 Prof. Roberto Esguerra