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Executing SQL over Encrypted Data in the

Database-Service-Provider Model
Hakan Hacgum
us



Bala Iyer

Chen Li

Sharad Mehrotra

Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
hakanh@acm.org,  chenli,sharad  @ics.uci.edu


IBM Silicon Valley Lab., San Jose, CA 95141, USA, balaiyer@us.ibm.com


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ABSTRACT


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1.

INTRODUCTION

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Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for
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not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies
bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to
republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific
permission and/or a fee.
ACM SIGMOD 2002 June 4-6, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Copyright 2002 ACM 1-58113-497-5/02/06 ... } 5.00.

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5 0M

/ J0CuP ) U"=$ IM

4 ("
$.=B/ J0

6-,(* 4 @:E 0+F/.56-E(1-0+F(*:F 8


E<4:FF($8/.@+4*<*&' '+7(* @7A*-F 8

9@@7 ,+$7,A1F+$.@

E<4-FFA$8

zK ("=$ I$ K.) 23_JVW"$2 U$2WJ =266$.7 ) U"=$ $   &


"$ IM
$"$  XD="$ JV2bJV02CZaF;"=HD Z$.B"$2'' 4 $.B"$0 ($  O

=0$ B b "$7Q$ B JVU3+$.+ 5 $"vQ O"$ 5 0$ &9 

!

$.>n 5 "=HB="$!=.2'X [e1 & 5 "$



 7
 ,CKe1  00IHLO$. 1="$Z2 [JV

4 002' &S (=="$ J 5 $


96 4*<*:'+,+1F+$.

4 "B=+D I-"$O)$.6("="$= V &9="$6 B89%D I`)2b$

$.Xn 5 ,"=Hg="$[=.2'\ Re1 & 5 "$D

6 *:0A$A*-F $&% O E<4-FA@2%3$7 OZ 

 *:0A$A*:F+$&%
 7 ,+$7A4

E<4-FA@2%3$7

5 = &X$.60 4 =MN 5 $"

= 89 0 ("7$$.' 89 089L/ ($  X 4 =Z I-"=M

S = 5 ==2u u$.9 D"$%  5 W=$ ,C

()

yg "$= 4 

=$ X$+ 0 5 ($!$.>=,ZD I-"$' (@$.!=,"$3"2C@a!.!="$ /#


?$P"$,>"$ $6$.6==MD -,"$6 V"/ ($("

*=*=*

y]xuBBy\C rB7 4 $.Z 89 5 =M

$.;0 %[ ( "/D &g$] 5 "60 L<(=,"$3"[ ("$/. I$ 5 "$CP?0IM

/ U$ W 4 $._==M I-"$@ V"/ U$ "@D = 5 ==26 +$._ "$%  5 

< S V"/ U$ "

(

5 =2$.ZxZ0U>`=.X"=HD $ [ 0&("$ I$.8


3 2 DC

I72 89 089%$

, C (7G"%G "%@/.?" .)$


0l (==S 4

N$@(+"%G1

. u

5 =W2n 5 M' D$.W ()62n 5 IM

( $P  ("=$ I$ ^$.W U/

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4 "
<ZbD I-"$L

n 5 "$ Ct7n 5 IM' D$.f )m2n 5 IM D$.c. Q$&("/ 89


5 =2P )X %3Q$ & ($29 9$.'L$G%7 4 =M

. 23'JV9' 0IH

0,$ % I<HXQ$ 8P ($ S b (/ (J) =

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$.'="$"!=0,$7$.

&*5(+"%*A3.jZ = ,"$2W!+D I-"$LKn


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5 ,"$  4 "$8ia>zZ7M

$.6 I-"$L
= V$B 4

$.j U"$,. I$ 5 "$ C{a!.h`"$Q]n 5 "=HLOB g=.2'


n 5 "=H

b j=0$  

4 "$ 8

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= )c u$. I"/dJ) ("$[=.2Y$.gn 5 ,"=HDMNGD 5 $ j$ 89

 O- + X89%D `2g3,"$=  h 4 a>zZ7MN~n 5 "=Hb 5 8[JV" DO-DM

 $2

%CYa!. ]n

5 "=Hk %303b Q 

4 ("

GD 5 $2; 9 5 "! U"$,. I$ 5 "$ C

a!.=?GD V"$ 89L$K=.2k$.) (

5 "! U"$,. I$ 5 "$?DL7 7 %="$% 5 >= &  I`)2 (L!U3"$.2 X 5 
$+$.' D"$ V=P898

5  2 U$  X "$($L0JV<Z90 L> ()

="$3,"2C

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j= &0^/ J0O? k IS S(P M

0322< h V"/ U$ C?a!.6=^n 5 "=HLO 


=.2'^ ^e1 & M
5 "$

0 5 89 4 "$8~$.',"=H D$2[/ UM

$.>=,"$3"_= ? ;0 LZ= !"$= V$ 30IH;'.;$.'n 5 "=HW 

4 Q=" 5 $ &X2n 5 IM D$.b. Q$& "/ (89' '& ] 

J KQL:N'P9J

J0O ()P V" 4 ("$89Z$.?"$2 0n 5 "=HXb$.


=0$2S"$2'C7a!.

V"/ ($ JV!

6.2 Experiment 2

*<S$.+=]=? 4 GD V"$ 89L$O%!Q 5  2]n 5 "$ >$.) (

0 5 Q 9 V"/ ($  C7@GD V"$ 89L$@ U"$


J =2X ;$.'89%DM
I`)2q"$= t 4

 e1 & 5 "$  S
o 
 q$.Ra>z77MN JV/.8P U"$#-C
7
 @=.2f$.
0 L=MN= O%=,"$3"=MN= OD ()X$.

ju`"$Q\ 5 = 45 00IH


E<4-FA@#%<$7
@7,+$7(4 C
"$,>"$ $>$.>& 9n 5 "$  5 = &B$.!"$,>"$ $ &+" 5 07="$ JV2

$ / (0Dn 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $  +$ 89 4 ("@ "$2 (= &B 5 8[JV"| 4 J 5 /#3$

W$.Z  V"2O W$.6GD 5 $6$.Z="/ =0l U$2;n 5 "$ K W$.

Q ] (=="$ J 5 $O 890IHLO

!q/ (J0O

()

0 L<U="$3"1 ("$/. I$ 5 "$_' I$.6 I-"$%| ) U"=$ I$   &'=/.89C

e1 & 5 "$

: O_$

E<4-F3($8



E<4-FFA$8

"$2 (=;3,"=H^=.) U"$ 0IH]' I$.^$.W "$2 (= &g 5 8[JV"? 4

m&)*A(&?3 *AB
 4d(7@  / , 0

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@/.

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="$3,"
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4 ("$8P ' 7= & I`2 L$0IHX 89 "$U3



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;BA H*1?
. 8+1
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5 0I$+ 4 $.6$Q$C
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5   ($ [QZ ;0 L=M= I$'n 5 ,"=HDMNGD 5 $ 

J 5 /#3$CWa!.W"$2 = j  5 [$P$.;,"$2 = &b 5 8;JV,"B 4

"$2'+"$ 5 "$2hJLH]$.[="$3"2Ct.^$.[ 5 8;JV"


4

J 5 ,#3,$

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4 0=P"$U'OK'. ,.dD](W$ ($  4 H

t. 06,<!("$#g Q+ ()g0 L=MN= I$

n 5 "=H%M,G 5 $ P$ 89+D"$2 (==.) ("$ 0IHLO% ' '(>$.


2 =

4 "

$.@="$3"=MN= I$Zn 5 "=H%M,G 5 $ ?$ 89C1*B$.@GD V"$ 89L$O$.


=0$ D IHd 4

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CRxZ2 5 =b 4

$.> V== J 0 I<H[ 4 D"$ 4 $/.;J ($/.;*<r[s O% &
/ (J0>=2 (;"$M
8P ( 26 |$._JVQ1/. 
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4 ("1$.7 U/ J =Z $ 89 v"2CFBO

4 "$8$.[ 5 8;JV,"+ 4

J 5 ,#3,$O| D"$2 2 U$X 0IM

5 ($ g > V," 4 "$89b%  X [=2n 5 L$ l (0/ (J0+=2 (|O2 5 = &;$.
Q$ DHbJV. U%  "? g=,"$3"=MN= I$6n 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $  S$ 89C
*B$.=7GD V"$ 89L$V!_ (0=? 89 ) ("$
$._n 5 
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/. I$, 5 "$C+a!.

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45 $ >=,"$ JVS P$.


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4 "$89"
"$ "$=L$
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$.9n 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $  
O 

4 ("= & 0,M=,"$3"6 ()

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&3 ( PZ
D"$=LZ$.>"$ 5 0I$

7. CONCLUSIONS

 0 2 ($  jE%"$% XzK"$UD D"

BEz'89%D0 4 ("L$"$ D"$ =

 89 5 $ &b. 689"$& 2R' I$.\$.;"$ =9 4

*L$"$$,.0(M

& C_*X$.
+Ezu89%D0OD ="$% B "$U% "Z2 P D"$(% ?= 4 =M
> U"$> 1 ?="$% _$B '3"=H0 U"$&!0 L=MNJ) (=ZU3"|$._*<L$"$,2C

0 #X8P LH^($."W="$% OK.2!3,"2O1 (/ J =[ ("$9= V,M

  0C

T (/ u g u "$  5 b"$= 5 "$\ 4

"$ 5 02OF "$  HR ()\= 5 "$ I<HR 4

(

L$"$ "$ =C~?g

 U/ g ($.X="$% MN "$U% "

= I$] P ) ("/ (89 5 %2Cm*m$. 9  V"2O7!^ %"$==2f R= V I`)
 U/ (MN "$  Hg,. 00& 

b'.) U+ 4

$.WU'"+ 4

$.; (/ (J) =

L+(B=" 5 Q
$.6="$% ; D"$UD D"B' I$.^$.[ U/ 3fr

5 "B=(M

0 5 $ \ +$bQ$("$;$.; (/ b (+$.;="$% X D"$UD D"6 4 $"6DM


"=HD $ &; I2O'. ,.] ] 0IHSJV6"=HD D$2SJLHP$.BU'"2Cvu
.) 23?D30 V9$,. n 5 
4

5 = &'. /.9$.?J 5 0#[ 4 $.>!("$#

,G 5 $ &R$.REo+pn 5 "$ P2 (qJVh ^JLHd$.^=,"$D 

"$U% "?' I$. 5 B$.g$bD"=HD '$.WQ$("$2h U/ DC?a!.


$/. ln 5 
D 02HDZ ^:3 U"$=+ ),GADO3'. /.S 00U'>  ("=$  0G%M
 5 $ d 4

(cEo+pfn 5 "=HRj$.9 "$U% "W= C]a!.X"$ 5 0I

4 $. 
n 5 "=Hb 
=%?$X$.60 L2C?a!.6("="$
"$ 5 0I
4 $.
n 5 "=HW  4

5 )WJLH;D"=HD $ &


$.! (/ %OL ()[,G 5 $ &+ B8XM

V$ ($ 9n 5 "=HW (K$.!0 L@= $ C?u! D"$ V =2W$/. n 5 7$

E J

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4 "'D 4 M

B a!.60 %=MN= I$6n 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $ b$ 89 (0=9 0 5 D?$.+,=M


!("$#P898 5  2 U$ PQ'"$2n 5 "$P$W="/  4 "'=0$b"$2'
JLHP$.+="$"2C

4 "$L' 5 8[JV"$Z 4 J 5 ,#$C@a!.


`"$Q>J ("> b$.
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=.2'
$.;n 5 "=H%M,G 5 $ ]$ 89

4 "$8

$ 89C

jg M

J 5 /#3$C
e1 & M

$ 896= & `2 L$0IHhD"$2 (=W' I$.]$.6 ,"$2 =[ ]$.6 5 8;JV"
4

= 'n 5 ,"=HDMNGD 5 $ $ 89Z' I$. 5 _"=HD $ O '. /.; @ 0(=M
$2RJ%Hh"$89U% &g"=HD D$  j Q

0 L=MN="$3"_ U"$,. $ 5 "$CKa!.7"$ 5 0I$K 4 $.=7$Q$@ ("$> (0=

$.]n 5 
 "=H%MNGD 5 $ d$ 89g k 5 "P U"$,. I$ 5 "$ C

<Z "$#W898

O J[=.2'X$.gn 5 "=Hu"$= V=b$ 89X 4

0 L=MN= lD+n 5 ,"=HDMNGD 5 $ X$ 89>' I$.gD"=HD $ S ()90 L=M

'> (+Q 5 D 2] R 5 "


`"$Q
=+GD V"$ 89L$O-e1 & 5 "$

*;$.7`"$Q_=7 4 GD V"$ 89L$O(!'Q 5 D [$.> 89 VL$

5 "$

D"=HD $  R V," 4 "$89\ U+$.[0 %+= $ CXaFSGD "$=

4 2O>e1 & 5 "$

$. 

=.2'B$.W$(/ 0Kn 5 "=H%M,G 5 $ ]$ 89

6.1 Experiment 1
4

0=S=.2'+Q$ \D"$2 (=O- I+ B&("$2 ($,"+$.) (]$.6="$3"=MN= 


n 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $ j$ 89CRa!.P"$ =m ; 5 9$^$.S 89 ) L

&?3 *ABO4d@ ( 3 *A8:@/.?B-3 *5G0@04*@?)=v*5(+"


/ , 0 ;BA 
H *1.?8+1
CE( vH

 

4 ("!JV($.90 %Z X="$3"

= [n 5 "$ C'?0I$. 5 &.]$.W0 L=MN= Wn 5 "=H%MNGD 5 $ b$ 89

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  !+C%D  )      8 $  E' 
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6F 8 .G 
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$ % &'    
( ) *  )  '!+-, ./ !%- 10 %232a 0 
8 !
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:9' (  a ;
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HC3 *AB

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n 5 "=HLC+a!.W`)& 5 "$; 00 5 Q="/ ($+$.) (n 5 "=Hg"$= V=[$ 89+,M

4 ("$.6= & 0,M=,"$3"6= 5 |O)'."$

Network cost
Server site

Query Execution Time

Query Execution Time

Client site

Single server
Server site (C/S)
Client site (C/S)

Number of Buckets

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4 $("$

Number of Buckets

4 "

n 5 "=H%M

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! "$'&(7*-,).

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Q="/ ($&(H
Q="/ ($&(HLC

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*A8:G2@04[.& Hv*A(m@=4 H&8 *5G3@/.

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 (/ 6 V"$= Q$O%$. 5 Z L$  5 7$6JV`

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REFERENCES

W 

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IU

C)z@  (/ ($,$=#%H%M<ED.  "$X )g


C-Z 00C)
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Q$ 8P ($ ] 4 $. 5 8;JV"Z 4  5 0>$ ($  4 HD &P

8P () (&89L>=,"$D 6 4 $. (/ (J) =6="$%  D"$(% ,"2C

% TW 

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CV
CVrB O) () C Mp_Ca1 (|C
> 0 J) (0F D$ 89 v ($ ] 4 . Q$ & "/ 89C*<9 W 
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=>< S -O FFD C

$.P="$% b D"$(% ,"2CRa!.S0 %;L;(;2j$h8P  & 

4 ("60 %=MN="$"

Q="/ ($&(Hh-C C= &0MN="$3"+Q="/ (=M


& H

@04B.& H*5(D@04 H&?8 *5G3V@/.

0 LBn 5 "=HLC7a!.=,"$D 6 D"$(% ,"?"$,/ '$.+"$= V = J 0 I<H

$)&*5(+"%*A3:H

7
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$[8P  &?$.
V"$= Q$B 4 $.+ (/ DC7a!.B0 L'&$!$(/ 0

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