INABB-ATDM_M - 1 SS/ATDM-M/12.09..

2003

Basic Principles of Motor

Motors - General
Terminal Box End shield

Shaft Base

Stator Rotor

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AC-motor
AC-motor Stator and Rotor Squirrel-cage Stator coupling Star and Delta

Simplified 1-phase equivalent circuit R1 U1

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Phasor diagram (simplified)

U1 I1 I1 = stator current I2 = rotor current I2 Im = excit. current = flux Im = U1/f1

L1 Im

L2

I1

f1

Lm

I2

R2/s

Equivalent circuit
R1 = stator resistance R`2 = rotor resistance L1 = stator stray inductance
I1

L`2 = rotor stray inductance

R1
j 1 L1
'

j 1 L2
'

Lm = stator inductance
I2

I1 = phase current Im = magnetizing current

1 2

Im U1, f1 Ui
j 1 Lm
'

R
' 2

I`2 = rotor current U1 = phase voltage Ui = air gap voltage

1

= (2 f1) angular speed of supply voltage = (2 p n) angular speed of rotor voltage

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Star-delta starting

star

delta

I/IN

7 6 5 4 3 I-delta

T/TN 2,5 2,0 1,5 I-star T-star T-load 0 0,25 0,5 1,0 0,5 0 0,75 n/nS 1,0

T-delta

2 1

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Torque and slip

TK motor torque TM

T Tacc = acceleration torque TA TN Tacc = TM - TG counter torque TG (load)

S = slip

n n s= n
s s

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nN ns

Torque and current of AC-motor

ns =

f p

n min
s

= 1

60 * f / Hz p

current I Torque T TA

TA = breakaway torque TK = peak torque TN = nominal torque ns = synchronous speed p = pole pairs Example of 4-pole motor, ns = 1500 1/min: -1 = reverse 1500 1/min 0 = stop 0 1/min 1 = forward 1500 1/min 2 = forward 3000 1/min

T I

TK

eddy-current motor braking -1 0

TN

n/ns

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generator

Power

The mechanical power P2 depends on torque T and rotation speed n:

P2 = 2 n T
P2 1 n T = kW 9 5 5 0 1 / m in N m

T 4. quadrant n < 0 reverse T>0 P2<0 generating 3. quadrant n < 0 reverse T<0 1. quadrant n > 0 forward T>0 P2 > 0,motoring 2. quadrant n > 0 forward T<0 n

P2 > 0 motoring P2<0 generating

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Efficiency and losses

P1 electrical power Pcu1 copper losses in stator Efficiency of AC-motor: stator PFe iron losses

P P
=

2 1

P loss P
1 1

Padd additional losses P air gap power Pcu2 copper losses in rotor rotor Pfri friction losses

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P2 mechanical power

Torque = k * flux * rotor current

With no load: Phasor diagram for torque = 0 two different load rotor current = 0 stator current = exciting current cos = ca. 0 U1
U1

Torque is proportional to the triangular area 0AB

U1

A
I1

I1b T=0 I = I 1
I
U 1 / f1

I2b

0
= k1*I
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T
I

I2

B
U1 / f1

I2 = 0

I1a I

Tb Ta

I2a
U 1 / f1

T = k2* *I2 = ca. k2* *I1*cos

Speed control of AC-motor

Speed of ACmotor:

Speed can be affected by: 1. Changing the number of pole pairs p gradual adjust of the speed 2. Changing the slip s a) Additional resistance in rotor with slip-ring motor b) Changing the terminal voltage (stator) c) Current transformer cascade (feeding the energy from the rotor back to the net) 3. Changing the stator frequency Converter a) VSI-converter b) CSI-converter

n = n (1 s) f = n p (1 s)
s s

standstill: s=1 slip at nominal speed: sN = 0,5%...6%

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Possibilities to adjust the speed

by changing the number of poles, slip of frequency

number of poles
P=4

P=2
f = (1 s) p n = speed p = pole pairs s = slip f = frequency

slip-ring machine

load

load

n T current
i1 i2 i3
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n T frequency
f1 f2 f3

load

load

n
i1< i2 < i3

n
F1< f2 < f3

Torque depends on the rotor slot type

three different winder slots

T/TN 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5

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1.

2.

3.

3 2 1

0 0 0,5

n/ns

1,0

Thermal endurance

continuous duty S
P

intermittent duty S3, S4, S5

P P time

time

short time duty S2

P
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continuous periodic duty S6

P P

time

time