CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1
 This circuit automatically turns ON a night lamp when bedroom light
is switched OFF. The lamp remains ‘ON’ until the light sensor senses
daylight in the morning. A white LED is used as the night lamp. It gives
bright and cool light in the room. When the sensor detects the daylight in
the morning, a melodious morning alarm sounds. The circuit utilizes light
depandent resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness and light in the room. IC
NE555, which is configure as a monostable. NE555 is activated by a low
pulse applied to its trigger pin2. Once triggered, output pin3 of NE555 goes
high and remains in that position until timer is triggered again at its pin2.
The musical tone of the alarm is generated by UM66 IC. The circuit can be
easily assembled on a general purpose PCB. Enclose it is a good quality
plastic case with provisions for LDR and LED. Use a reflective holder for
reading. Placing LDRs away from the LED, preferably on the backside of
the case, to avoid unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small so
as to make the gadget compact.

2
 CHAPTER-2
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

3
 2.1: FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

ac line
Transformer Bridge Filter IC Voltage Night
rectifier regulator lamp

9V Backup
Fig 2.1: Functional block diagram of automatic
power
night Morning
supply alarm
lamp with morning
alarm.

2.2: Explanation of block diagram:-

2.2.1. AC mains:-

230v Transformer Rectifier Filter IC

Regulated
AC mains Regulator
Regulated
9v dc
Fig 2.2.1: Block diagram of a regulated power supply.

Each of the blocks is described in detail below,

Transformer: - Steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.
Rectifier: - Converts AC to DC, but the DC output is not perfect it is
pulsating type.
Filter: - Filtering the DC from varying greatly to a small voltage.
Regulator: - Eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

4
 Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a
circuit diagram and a graph of their output.

2.2.2. Transformer only:-

Fig 2.2.2: Transformer and output waveform

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC
motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a
rectifier and rectifying capacitors.

2.2.3. Transformer + rectifier:-

Fig 2.2.3: Transformer + rectifier and output waveform

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard

motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a
filtering capacitor.

5
2.2.4. Transformer + rectifier + filter:-

Fig 2.2.4: Transformer + rectifier + filter and output waveform

The filter DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.

2.2.5. Transformer + rectifier + filtering +

regulator:-

Fig 2.2.5: Transformer + rectifier + filtering + regulator and output

waveform

6
 The regulated DC output is very filter with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

2.3. Transformer:-

Fig 2.3: An ideal transformer

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric

current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that
a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the
primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing
magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

7
 An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent Fig2.3. Current passing
through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and
secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic
permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary coils.

2.4. Bridge rectification:-

8
 Fig 2.4: Full wave bridge rectifier circuit and rectified output
voltage / current waveforms.

The four-diode rectifier circuit shown to the right serves very nicely to
provide full-wave rectification of the ac output of a single transformer
winding. The diamond configuration of the four diodes is the same as the
resistor configuration in a Wheatstone bridge. In fact, any set of
components in this configuration is identified as some sort of bridge, and
this rectifier circuit is similarly known as a bridge rectifier.

To understand how the bridge rectifier can pass current to a load in only
one direction, consider the figure to the left. Here we have placed a simple
resistor as the load, and we have numbered the four diodes so we can
identify them individually.

During the positive half-cycle, shown in red, the top end of the
transformer winding is positive with respect to the bottom half. Therefore,
the transformer pushes electrons from its bottom end, through D3, which is
forward biased, and through the load resistor in the direction shown by the
red arrows. Electrons then continue through the forward-biased D2, and
from there to the top of the transformer winding. This forms a complete
circuit, so current can indeed flow. At the same time, D1 and D4 are
reverse biased, so they do not conduct any current.

9
 During the negative half-cycle, the top end of the transformer winding is
negative. Now, D1 and D4 are forward biased, and D2 and D3 are reverse
biased. Therefore, electrons move through D1, the resistor, and D4 in the
direction shown by the blue arrows. As with the positive half-cycle,
electrons move through the resistor from left to right.

In this manner, the diodes keep switching the transformer connections to

the resistor so that current always flows in only one direction through the
resistor. We can replace the resistor with any other circuit, including more
power supply circuitry (such as the filter), and still see the same behavior
from the bridge rectifier.

2.5. IC Voltage regulator:-

The latest generation of IC voltage regulators has devices with only three
pins: one for the unregulated input voltage, one for the regulated output
voltage and one for ground. The new devices can supply load current from
100mA to more than 5A. Available in plastic or metal packages, these three
terminal voltage regulators have become extremely popular because they
are inexpensive and easy to use. Aside from a couple of bypass capacitors,
the need any external component.

Vout fixed value

Thermal
shutdown
current limiting
Error
Series-pass amplifier
element
-
+

10
Precision
reference
element
 Fig 2.5: Fundamental block diagram of a three- terminal IC voltage
regulator.

The integrated three-terminal voltage regulator typically incorporate

many of the function discussed so far in a single package as illustrated in
Fig 2.5.

2.6. 9V BATTERY BACKUP:-

A 9V battery is connected across the circuit. When the AC is not
available then the required voltage is supplied by the battery to the circuit.

2.7. NIGHT LAMP:-

This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is
switched OFF. The lamp remains ON until sensor senses daylight in the
morning. A super bright white LED is used as the night lamp. It gives
bright and cool light in the room.

2.8. MORNING ALARM:-

An alarm gives a warning signal to let people know that something has
happened. When the sensor detects the daylight in the morning, a
melodious morning alarm sounds.

11
 CHAPTER-3
OVERVIEW OF COMPONENTS

12
3.1 IC7806:-

Fig 3.1: 78xx adjustable output regulator 7-30v thumb.

The 78xx series is designed to output one voltage level, as they come in
5v, 6v, 7v, 8v, 9v, 10v, 12v, 15v, 20v and 24v fixed output voltages and can
output up to 1A of current as a positive voltage regulator.
The 78xx series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. The
‘xx’ indicates the output voltages of the device as generally the series
named e.g. 7805, 7806,7807,7809,7810,7812,7815,7820 and 7824 and depend
on every manufacturer for differing naming schemes.

13
 But there is space to tweak the 78xx series such they can deliver over 1A
output current or need to obtain adjustable voltages and currents even this
device mainly as a fixed voltage regulators, following each datasheet for
this purpose. The series 7800 regulators provide eight voltage options,
ranging from 5 to 24v, as indicated in table.
Table 3.1: Positive voltage regulators in 7800 series.
Device Output Maximum Minimum
type voltage in input voltage input voltage
volts in volts in volts

7805 +5 35 7.3
7806 +6 35 8.3
7808 +8 35 10.5
7810 +10 35 12.5
7812 +12 35 14.6
7815 +15 35 17.7
7818 +18 35 21.0
7824 +24 40 27.1

These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with adequate
heat sinking can deliver output currents in excess of 1A. Although these
devices do not require any external component, such component can be
employed for providing adjustable voltages and currents. These ICs also
have internal thermal overload protection and internal short-circuit
current limiting.

3.2 NE555 TIMER:-

Introduction:
The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the Signetics
Corporation as the SE555/NE555, was called “The IC Time Machine”, and
was the very first and only commercial timer IC available. It provided
circuit designers and hobby tinkerers with a relatively cheap, stable and

14
user-friendly integrated circuit for both monostable and astable
applications. The 555 come in two packages, either the round metal-can
called the 'T' package or the more familiar 8-pin DIP 'V' package. About
20-years ago, the metal-can type was pretty much the standard (SE/NE
types). The 556 timer is a dual 555 version and comes in a 14-pin DIP
package, the 558 is a quad version with four 555's also in a 14-pin DIP case.
Inside the 555 timer, are the equivalent of over 20 transistors, 15 resistors,
and 2 diodes, depending of the manufacturer. The equivalent circuit, in
block diagram, providing the functions of control, triggering, level sensing
or comparison, discharge, and power output. Some of the more attractive
features of the 555 timer are Supply voltage between 4.5 and 18 volt, supply
current 3 to 6 mA, and a Rise/Fall time of 100 nSec. It can also withstand
quite a bit of abuse. The Threshold current determine the maximum value
of Ra + Rb. For 15-volt operation, the maximum total resistance for R (Ra
+Rb) is 20 Mega-ohm. The supply current, when the output is 'high', is
typically 1 milli-amp (mA) or less.
General Description:-
The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays
or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting
if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely
controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as
an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately
controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be
triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source
or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits.

Features:-

15
  Direct replacement for SE555/NE555
 Timing from microseconds through hours
 Operates in both astable and monostable modes
 Adjustable duty cycle
 Output can source or sink 200 mA
 Output and supply TTL compatible
 Temperature stability better than 0.005% per °C
 Normally on and normally off output.

Pin Diagram:-

16
 Fig 3.2.1: Pin diagram of NE 555 timer.
Pin1 (Ground): The ground (or common) pin is the most-negative
supply potential of the device, which is normally connected to circuit
common (ground) when operated from positive supply voltages.

Pin2 (Trigger): This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is
used to set the latch, which in turn causes the output to go high. This is the
beginning of the timing sequence in monostable operation. Triggering is
accomplished by taking the pin from above to below a voltage level of
1/3V+ (or, in general, one-half the voltage appearing at pin 5).

Pin3 (Output): The output of the 555 comes from a high-current totem-
pole stage made up of transistors Q20 - Q24. Transistors Q21 and Q22
provide drive for source-type loads, and their Darlington connection
provides a high-state output voltage about 1.7 volts less than the V+ supply
level used. The state of the output pin will always reflect the inverse of the
logic state of the latch, and this fact may be seen by examining. Since the

17
latch itself is not directly accessible, this relationship may be best explained
in terms of latch-input trigger conditions.

Pin4 (Reset): This pin is also used to reset the latch and return the
output to a low state. The reset voltage threshold level is 0.7 volt, and a sink
current of 0.1mA from this pin is required to reset the device. These levels
are relatively independent of operating V+ level; thus, the reset input is
TTL compatible for any supply voltage. The reset input is an overriding
function; that is, it will force the output to a low state regardless of the state
of either of the other inputs. It may thus be used to terminate an output
pulse prematurely, to gate oscillations from "on" to "off", etc. Delay time
from reset to output is typically on the order of 0.5 μS, and the minimum
reset pulse width is 0.5 μS.

Pin5 (Control Voltage): This pin allows direct access to the 2/3 V+
voltage-divider point, the reference level for the upper compared to indirect
access to the lower comparator, as there is a 2:1 divider (R8 - R9) from this
point to the lower-comparator reference input, Q13. Use of this terminal is
the option of the user, but it does allow extreme flexibility by permitting
modification of the timing period, resetting of the comparator, etc. When
the 555 timer is used in a voltage-controlled mode, it’s voltage-controlled
operation ranges from about 1 volt less than V+ down to within 2 volts of
ground (although this is not guaranteed). Voltages can be safely applied
outside these limits, but they should be confined within the limits of V+ and
ground for reliability. By applying a voltage to this pin, it is possible to vary
the timing of the device independently of the RC network. The control
voltage may be varied from 45 to 90% of the Vcc in the monostable mode,

18
making it possible to control the width of the output pulse independently of
RC.
Pin6 (Threshold): Pin 6 is one input to the upper comparator (the
other being pin 5) and is used to reset the latch, which causes the output to
go low. Resetting via this terminal is accomplished by taking the terminal
from below to above a voltage level of 2/3 V+ (the normal voltage on pin 5).
The action of the threshold pin is level sensitive, allowing slow rate-of-
change waveforms. The voltage range that can safely be applied to the
threshold pin is between V+ and ground. A dc current, termed the
threshold current, must also flow into this terminal from the external
circuit. This current is typically 0.1μA, and will define the upper limit of
total resistance allowable from pin 6 to V+. For either timing configuration
operating at V+ = 5 volts, this resistance is 16 Mega- ohm. For 15-volt
operation, the maximum value of resistance is 20 Mega Ohms.

Pin7 (Discharge): This pin is connected to the open collector of an

NPN transistor (Q14); the emitter of which goes to ground, so that when
the transistor is turned "on", pin7 is effectively shorted to ground. Usually
the timing capacitor is connected between pin7 and ground and is
discharged when the transistor turns "on". The conduction state of this
transistor is identical in timing to that of the output stage. It is "on" (low
resistance to ground) when the output is low and "off" (high resistance to
ground) when the output is high. In both the monostable and astable, time
modes, this transistor switch is used to clamp the appropriate nodes of the
timing network to ground. Saturation voltage is typically below 100mv
(milli-Volt).

19
Pin8 (V+): The V+ pin (also referred to as VCC) is the positive supply
voltage terminal of the 555 timer IC. Supply-voltage operating range for
the 555 is +4.5 volts (minimum) to +16 volts (maximum), and it is specified
for operation between +5 volts and +15 volts. The device will operate
essentially the same over this range of voltages without change in timing
period. Actually, the most significant operational difference is the output
drive capability, which increases for both current and voltage range as the
supply voltage is increased. Sensitivity of time interval to supply voltage
change is low, typically 0.1% per volt. There are special and military
devices available that operate at voltages as high as 18 volts.

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit details:-

Pin 1 is grounded. Trigger input is applied to pin 2. In quiescent condition
of output this input is kept at + VCC. To obtain transition of output from
stable state to quasi-stable state, a negative going pulse of narrow width (a
width smaller than expected pulse width of output waveform) and
amplitude of greater than + 2/3 VCC is applied to pin 2. Output is taken
from pin 3. Pin 4 is usually connected to + VCC to avoid accidental reset. Pin
5 is grounded through a 0.01 u F capacitor to avoid noise problem. Pin 6
(threshold) is shorted to pin 7. A resistor Ra is connected between pins 6
and 8. At pins 7, a discharge capacitor is connected while pin 8 is connected
to supply VCC.

555 monostable-multivibrator-operations
The operation of the circuit is explained below-
Initially, when the output at pin 3 is low i.e. the circuit is in a stable state,
the transistor is on and capacitor- C is shorted to ground. When a negative
pulse is applied to pin 2, the trigger input falls below +1/3 VCC, the output of

20
comparator goes high which resets the flip-flop and consequently the
transistor turns off and the output at pin 3 goes high. This is the transition
of the output from stable to quasi-stable state, as shown in figure. As the
discharge transistor is cutoff, the capacitor C begins charging toward +VCC
through resistance Ra with a time constant equal to RaC. When the
increasing capacitor voltage becomes slightly greater than +2/3 VCC, the
output of comparator 1 goes high, which sets the flip-flop. The transistor
goes to saturation, thereby discharging the capacitor C and the output of
the timer goes low, as illustrated in fig 3.2.1 Thus, the output returns back
to stable state from quasi-stable state. The output of the Monostable
Multivibrator remains low until a trigger pulse is again applied. Then the
cycle repeats. Trigger input, output voltage and capacitor voltage
waveforms are shown in fig 3.2.1

Monostable Multivibrator Design Using 555 timer IC:-

The capacitor C has to charge through resistance Ra. The larger the time
constant RaC, the longer it takes for the capacitor voltage to reach +2/3VCC.
In other words, the RC time constant controls the width of the output pulse.
The time during which the timer output remains high is given as tp
=1.0986RaC
Where Ra is in ohms and C is in farads. The above relation is derived as
below. Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is
given as, VC = VCC (1- e-t/RaC)
Substituting VC = 2/3 VCC in above equation we get the time taken by the
capacitor to charge from 0 to +2/3VCC. So
+2/3VCC = VCC (1 – e-t/RaC) or t – RaC loge 3 = 1.0986 RaC
So pulse width, tP = 1.0986 RaC s 1.1 RaC

21
 The pulse width of the circuit may range from micro-seconds to many
seconds. This circuit is widely used in industry for many different timing
applications. In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot.
The external capacitor is initially held discharged by a transistor inside the
timer. Upon application of a negative trigger pulse of less than 1/3 VCC to
pin 2, the flip-flop is set which both releases the short circuit across the
capacitor and drives the output high. The voltage across the capacitor then
increases exponentially for a period of t = 1.1 RaC, at the end of which time
the voltage equals 2/3 VCC. The comparator then resets the flip-flop, which
in turn discharges the capacitor and drives the output to its low state. Since
the charge and the threshold level of the comparator are both directly
proportional to supply voltage, the timing interval is independent of supply.

(a)

22
 (b)
Fig 3.2.2 :( a) Monostable Mode and (b) Waveforms generated in this mode
of
operation.

3.3 MUSIC GENERATOR UM66:-

General Description:-
UM66 is a pleasing music generator IC that works on a supply voltage of
3V. The required 3V supply is given through a zener regulator. Its output is
taken from the pin no1 and is given to a push pull amplifier to drive the low
impedance loud speaker. A class A amplifier before push pull amplifier can
be used to decrease the noise and improve output. UM66 is a 3-pin IC
package just looks like a BC547 transistors. Here is the simplest melody
generator circuit you can make using an IC. The UM66 series are CMOS
IC’s designed for using in calling bell, phone and toys. It has a built in
ROM programmed for playing music. The device has very low power
consumption. The melody will be available at pin3 of UM66 and here it is
amplified by using Q1 to drive the speaker. Resistor R1 limits the base

23
current of Q1 within the safe values. Capacitor C1 is meant for noise
suppression.

Features:-
62 Note ROM Memory
Voltage rating: 1.3V to 3.3 V
Power on reset

Fig 3.3: Pin diagram of UM 66.

3.4 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTER (LDR):-

Fig 3.4: Light Dependent Resistor figure

Operation:-

24
 A light dependent resistor or photo resistor is a resistor whose resistance
decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referenced
as a photoconductor. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency,
photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons
conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
Photo resistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide
cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters,
streetlights, clock radios, alarms, and outdoor clocks. LDRs or Light
Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as
1000000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops
dramatically. The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned
on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through it.
When the light level is low, the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents
current from flowing to the base of the transistors. Consequently the LED
does not light. However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls
and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second
transistor. The LED lights. The preset resistor can be turned up or down to
increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or
less sensitive.
A photoresistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell
is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light
intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor. A photoresistor is
made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of
high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting

25
free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance. A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An
intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient
semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices, the only available electrons
are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to
excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have
impurities, also called dopants, and added whose ground state energy is
closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to
jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower
frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has
some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be
extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic
semiconductor.

Applications:-
Photoresistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium
sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light
meters, streetlights, clock radios, alarms, and outdoor clocks. They are also
used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent
lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction. Lead sulfide (PbS)
and indium antimonite (InSb) LDRs (light dependent resistor) are used for

26
the mid infrared spectral region. Ge: Cu photoconductors are among the
best far-infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy
and infrared spectroscopy.

27
 CHAPTER-4
CIRCUIT WITH DESIGN GUIDE
LINES

4.1 CIRCUIT DAIGRAM WITH EXPLANATION

28
 Fig 4.1: Circuit diagram of automatic night lamp with morning alarm.

EXPLANATION:-
This circuit is powered from a standard 0-9v transformer. Diodes D1
through D4 rectify the AC voltage and the resulting DC voltage is smoothed
by C1. Regulator IC 7806 gives regulated 6v DC to the circuit. A battery
backup is provided to power the circuit when mains fail. When main supply
is available, the 9v rechargeable battery charges via diode D5 and resistor
R1 with a reasonable constant current. In the event of mains failure, the
battery automatically takes up the load without any delay. Diode D5
prevents the battery from discharging backwards following the mains
failure and diode D6 provides current path from the battery.
The circuit utilizes light-dependant resistors (LDRs) for sensing darkness
and light in the room. The resistance of LDR is very high in darkness,
which reduces to minimum when LDR is fully illuminated. LDR1 detects
darkness, while LDR2 detects light in the morning.
The circuit is designed around the popular timer IC NE 555(IC2), which
is configured as a monostable. IC2 is activated by a low pulse applied to its
trigger pin2. Once triggered, output pin3 of IC2 goes high and remains in
that position until IC2 is triggered again at its pin2.

29
 When LDR1 is illuminated with ambient light in the room, its resistance
remains low, which keeps trigger pin2 of IC2 at a positive potential. As a
result, output pin3 of IC2 goes low and the white LED remains OFF. As the
illumination of LDR1’s sensitive window reduces, the resistance of the
device increases.
In total darkness, the specified LDR has a resistance in excess of 280-kilo
ohms. When the resistance of LDR1 increases, a short pulse is applied to
trigger pin2 of IC2 via resistor R2 (150kilo-ohms). This activates the
monosatable and its output goes high, causing the white LED to glow.
Low-value capacitor C2 maintains the monostable for continuous
operation, eliminating the timer effect. By increasing the value of C2, the
ON time of the white LFD can be adjusted to a predetermined time.
LDR2 and associated components generate the morning alarm at dawn.
LDR2 detects the ambient light in the room at sunrise and its resistance
gradually falls and transistor T1 starts conducting (IC3) gets supply voltage
from the emitter of T1 and it starts producing the melody. The musical tone
generated by IC3 is amplified by single-transistor amplified T2. Resistor R7
limits the current to IC3 and zener diode ZD limits the voltage to a safer
level of 3.3 volts.
The circuit can be easily assembled on a general-purpose PCB. Enclose it
in a good-quality plastic case with provisions for LDR and LED. Use a
reflective holder for white LED to get a spotlight effect for reading. Place
LDRs away from the white LED, preferably on the backside of the case, to
avoid unnecessary illumination. The speaker should be small to make the
gadget compact.

4.2 DESIGN GUIDELINE

30
FORMULAS
TRANSFORMER:
Turns ratio = VP/VS = NP/NS and power out= power in
VS×IS = VP×IP
Where,
VP =Primary (input) voltage VS =Secondary (output) voltage
NP =Number of turns on primary coil NS =Number of turns on secondary
coil
IP = Primary (input) current Is =Secondary (output) voltage

RECTIFICATION:

Where:

Vdc, Vav - the average or DC output voltage,

Vp - the peak value of half wave,
Vrms - the root-mean-square value of output voltage.
π = ~ 3.14159

555 timer IC:

Monostable mode:

The pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3
of the supply voltage, is given by

Where,
t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads.

31
Astable Mode:
The frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 and C:

The high time from each pulse is given by

and the low time from each pulse is given by

Where,
R1 and R2 are the values of the resistors in ohms and C is the value of
the capacitor in farads.

32
4.3 COMPONENT SPECIFICATION

4.3.1. IC
NE
555N
4.3.2.
IC 7806

4.3.3. MUSIC GENERATOR UM66 4.3.4. LIGHT DEPENDENT

RESISTOR

4.3.5. 8Ω, 4.5W SPEAKER 4.3.6. RESISTORS 220Ω,

560Ω, 580Ω, 1k,
120k, 150k

33
4.3.7. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 4.3.8. ZENER DIODE

4.3.9. TRANSISTOR BC548 4.3.10. CAPACITOR 0.01Μf

4.3.11. Transformer 230v, AC 50Hz. 4.3.12. 9v Battery.

34
4.4 COST

Serial Name of the components used Cost

nos. (Approx)

1. Resistors 10
1k (2Pcs), 150k (2Pcs), 120k,
220k, 580k, 560k

2. Capacitors 12
1000μ, 0.01μ (2Pcs)

3. Diode 30
1N4007 (4Pcs), 1N4001 (2Pcs)

4. Zener diode 10
3.3v, 0.5w

5. Transistors 10
BC548 (2Pcs)

6. LED White 4

7. LDR (2Pcs) 10

8. IC 60
(7806, NE555, UM66)

9. Transformer 30
(230v AC 50Hz)

10. Battery (9v) 10

11. Speaker (8Ω, 4.5w) 20

12. T
PCB 25
OTAL =
13. Wire (1Pkt) 30

261(approx.)

35
 CHAPTER-5
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

36
5.1: RESULT:
MEASURED VALUE:
Light Condition:
Night Lamp:
LDR value: 638kΩ
IC NE555 (Pin8) VCC: 5.86v
IC NE555 (Pin3) VCC: 5.85v

Morning Alarm:
LDR Value: 788kΩ
LDR VCC: 5.86v
T1 (Base): 5.02v
R7: 4.44v
R7(IC UM66, Pin 2) VCC: 3.28v
IC UM66 (Pin1): 0.95v

Night Condition:
Morning alarm:
LDR Value: 220kΩ
T1 (Base): 2.92v
R7: 1.25v
IC UM66 (Pin2) VCC: 1.05v [Varying w.r.t. light]
IC UM66 (Pin1): 0.66v

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5.2: ANALYSIS:
The advantage of the project is low cost, reliable circuit
and applicability like bedrooms, hostels and hotels.

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 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

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 In our day-to-day life, we always want to satisfy our needs to makes our
life comfortable and easy. As we know, every alarm needs to be set first, to
work on and the alarm will automatically OFF according to how long the
time that we set. This concept is very good because it is very useful in our
life especially for working person. However, the common alarm also has
their own disadvantages. First, it was wasting our time because we need to
set alarm every day. Besides, we also got trouble. As we know, the function
of alarm is a machine that we can set to make a noise at a particular time to
wakeup. Hence, the best alternative is to design an alarm that is
automatically set. This is what we have tried to achieve here. Our project is
to make a night lamp with morning alarm.

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CHAPTER-7
PHOTO

41
42
 CHAPTER-8
BIBLIOGRAPHY

43
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOK:-
1. Electronic devices and
circuits…..................J.B.Gupta.
2. Op-Amps and linear integrated
circuits…….Gayakwad.

WEBSITES:-
1. www.electronics.Com.

2. www.scridb.Com.

3. www.efy.Com.

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APPENDIX-A
DATASHEET

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